lectures notes for 2013

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Addresses in TCP/IP...................................................................................................................... 42 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) (RFC 791) ............................................................................... 43 IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700) ..................................................................................................... 44 Basic communication mechanism: datagram................................................................................. 52 Basic Ethernet + IP Software Architecture.................................................................................... 53 Common Used Simple Services..................................................................................................... 54 Link Layer...................................................................................................................................... 55 Simple Campus Network ............................................................................................................... 56 Connecting Devices ....................................................................................................................... 57 How important are switches vs. routers? ....................................................................................... 58 LAN Protocols ............................................................................................................................... 59 Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) ................................................................................................ 60 IEEE 802.2/802.3 Encapsulation (RFC 1042)............................................................................... 61 IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest....................................................................................................... 62 SLIP (RFC 1055) ........................................................................................................................... 63 SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compressed SLIP .............................................................................. 64 Robust Header Compression (rohc)............................................................................................... 65 PPP: Point to Point Protocol .......................................................................................................... 66 PPP frames..................................................................................................................................... 67 PPP summary................................................................................................................................. 68 Loopback interface......................................................................................................................... 69 Loopback interface summary......................................................................................................... 70 Maguire iii of xlii maguire@kth.se 2012.02.28 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Virtual Interface (VIF)................................................................................................................... 71 Using VIF <strong>for</strong> tunneling................................................................................................................. 72 Wireshark, tcpdump, etc. ............................................................................................................... 73 Exporting data to other tools.......................................................................................................... 77 Comma Separated Values.............................................................................................................. 79 Importing in to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.............................................................................. 80 Example of what can be done ........................................................................................................ 83 Using a Perl script.......................................................................................................................... 84 Choosing which columns to display .............................................................................................. 86 IP addresses.................................................................................................................................... 89 Classful addressing ........................................................................................................................ 90 Classless addressing: Subnetting IP networks................................................................................................................. 91 Special Case IP Addresses............................................................................................................. 92 Subnet mask................................................................................................................................... 93 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)....................................................................................... 94 IP address assignments .................................................................................................................. 96 Private addresses............................................................................................................................ 97 Problems with the dual functions of IP addresses ......................................................................... 98 ifconfig, route, and netstat Commands .......................................................................................... 99 Standardization Organizations..................................................................................................... 100 Summary...................................................................................................................................... 101 Maguire iv of xlii maguire@kth.se 2012.02.28 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Page 1 and 2: IK1550 & IK1552 Internetworking/Int
Page 3: Internetworking....................
Page 7 and 8: Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
Page 9 and 10: Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
Page 11 and 12: ICMP Redirect .....................
Page 13 and 14: Building a UDP packet from scratch
Page 15 and 16: Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
Page 17 and 18: Problems with multiple connections.
Page 19 and 20: Module 6: SCTP ....................
Page 21 and 22: Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
Page 23 and 24: BGP Open Message ..................
Page 25 and 26: IGMP Implementation Details........
Page 27 and 28: Capacity Assignment ...............
Page 29 and 30: Network Management Systems ........
Page 31 and 32: Module 10: IPv6 ...................
Page 33 and 34: Why IPv6? .........................
Page 35 and 36: Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 37 and 38: Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
Page 39 and 40: Module 13: Future and Summary......
Page 41 and 42: Peer to peer networking ...........
Page 43 and 44: Module 14: Some exercises..........
Page 45 and 46: Welcome to the Internetworking cour
Page 47 and 48: Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
Page 49 and 50: Learning Outcomes Following this co
Page 51 and 52: Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
Page 53 and 54: Topics • What an internet is and
Page 55 and 56:
Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
Page 57 and 58:
Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
Page 59 and 60:
Literature The course will mainly b
Page 61 and 62:
Schedule for Period 4 2013: Lecture
Page 63 and 64:
Context of the course “The networ
Page 65 and 66:
Running out of IPv4 addresses IPv4
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
Page 71 and 72:
Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
Page 85 and 86:
Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
Page 89 and 90:
IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
Page 91 and 92:
Decimal Keyword Protocol References
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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LAN Protocols Data link Layer LLC S
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IEEE 802.2/802.3 Encapsulation (RFC
Page 109 and 110:
SLIP (RFC 1055) IP datagram c0 1 db
Page 111 and 112:
Robust Header Compression (rohc) He
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PPP frames FLAG ADDR CNTL 7E FF pro
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Loopback interface IP output functi
Page 117 and 118:
Virtual Interface (VIF) IP output f
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Wireshark, tcpdump, etc. Wireshark
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Example: Comma Separated Values "No
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Figure 20: Second step in conversio
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Example of what can be done Figure
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print PTMP "$time $RSSId\n"; $count
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From an eariler version of the prog
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Address types • Unicast = one-to-
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Classless addressing: Subnetting IP
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Subnet mask 32 bit value with a 1 f
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Slash notation continued Length (CI
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Private addresses Private addresses
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ifconfig, route, and netstat Comman
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Summary • Course Introduction •
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References [1] Barry M. Leiner, Vin
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IK1550 & IK1552 Internetworking/Int
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Connection-oriented vs Connectionle
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Direct vs. indirect Delivery • Di
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Routing Table Search - Classless
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Routing Tables • Aggregate IP add
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Host vs. router - two behaviors •
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Routing Control Plane Routing Table
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ARP and RARP Address resolution (lo
Page 167 and 168:
Address Resolution: ARP, RARP Host
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ARP example 1 hostname ftp://B.kth.
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ARP Timeouts • If there is no rep
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Proxy ARP (RFC 826) Lets a router o
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Additional ARP commands • publish
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non ARP example 1 B packet demultip
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RARP - as seen with ethereal Time S
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Alternatives to RARP In a later lec
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For looking at and generating packe
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nucmed30:/home/maguire # /usr/sbin/
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Wireshark (formerly Ethereal) First
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Linux Socket filter If you want to
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Tools Used: sock + tcpdump tcpdump
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} if (inet_aton(destination_host, (
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Some statistics on this packet trac
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Traffic generators • Distributed
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References [1] Renesas Technology C
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Page 203 and 204:
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
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MTU≡Maximum Transmission Unit MTU
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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Application Recommended Value for T
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Problems with precedence • As soo
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Differentiated services If bits 3,
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Header Checksum • Ensures integri
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IP Options Encoding Two styles: •
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Internet Control Message Protocol (
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ICMP Redirect ICMP Redirect message
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PING examples On a Solaris machine:
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Ping with record route option $ pin
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ICMP Summary • Destination (Netwo
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References [1] K. Ramakrishnan, S.
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• UDP • Socket API • BOOTP
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Main Transport layer protocols Thre
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8 byte header + possible data UDP H
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Reserved and Available UDP Port Num
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MTU and Datagram Fragmentation If d
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Interaction between UDP and ARP Wit
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Still a problem? A UDP with 8192 pa
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Maximum UDP Datagram size • theor
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Socket API • int socket(int domai
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include #include #incl
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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packetsize+=ip->ihlcheck=0; /* igno
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• the router gets all 100 packets
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BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol (RFC 951)
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Vendor specific information (RFC 14
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• DHCP Message Type - the type of
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other identification information ab
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DHCP performance problems Most impl
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DHCP and DNS • There is no dynami
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IP header UDP header 20 bytes 8 byt
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DNS: Domain Name Service (RFC 1034,
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DNS Message format 0 16 31 Identifi
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New top level domains There is a pr
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Country Code Top-Level Domains (CCT
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See Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2, p
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kth.se kth.se kth.se Authoritative
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Another examine in MX RR format: MX
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Storing other attributes - TXT reco
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Root servers ROOT-SERVERS.NET IP ad
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F root nameserver nodes Site Code L
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Where is i.root-servers.net ? trace
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DDNS RFC 2136: Dynamic Updates in t
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DNS performance From www.dnsserverl
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Web performance Using Page Speed (h
Page 303 and 304:
Public/Commercial DNS services A nu
Page 305 and 306:
References [1] Joe Abley, f.root-se
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Lecture 4: Outline • TCP • HTTP
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Page 311 and 312:
TCP Header 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 16
Page 313 and 314:
Control field - indicates the purpo
Page 315 and 316:
SYN Flooding Attack It is clear tha
Page 317 and 318:
TCP options These options are used
Page 319 and 320:
Sliding window Flow control • rec
Page 321 and 322:
keystroke Flow for an rlogin sessio
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Nagle Algorithm telnet/rlogin/... g
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Delayed acknowledgements Rather tha
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Bandwidth-Delay Product How large s
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Congestion Control We introduce a C
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• cwnd starts at number of bytes
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Karn’s algorithm When a retransmi
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Van Jacobson’s Fast retransmit an
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TCP Persist Timer If the window siz
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TCP Performance TCP’s path MTU di
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Measuring TCP Performance Measured
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TCP servers Stevens, Vol. 1, pp. 25
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2 message types: • request HTTP P
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HTTP Header names (See Stevens, fig
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Client Caching Client can cache HTT
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Multiple simultaneous connections t
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Problems with multiple connections
Page 355 and 356:
What happens when you make an HTTP
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HTTP performance Joe Touch, John He
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Network File System (NFS) NFS is ba
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• program number, program version
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Port Mapper RPC server programs use
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NFSspy problem Imagine several stud
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NFS protocol, version 2 (RFC 1094)
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NFS File Handles To reference a fil
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NFS Procedures Procedure NFSPROC_GE
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NFS Statelessness NFS is designed t
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• All clients (even those on diff
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Xscope Interpose a process between
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Program tcptrace xplot testrig aspa
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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Page 385 and 386:
Stream Control Transmission Protoco
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SCTP Header 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 16
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Association establishment - 4-way h
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• Transmission sequence number (T
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State Cookie Use of the COOKIE prev
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COOKIE ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Multiple-Streams Sending Process Re
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ERROR chunk Sent when an endpoint f
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Association Shutdown Active close t
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SCTP Example - Daytime [6] server#
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT-A
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - SACK F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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Fault Management • Endpoint Failu
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Heartbeat and ACK Frame x … Sourc
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Path MTU Discovery • IPv4 • Bas
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SCTP header continued • Reliabili
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• Receiver can use the Stream i a
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Transport Protocol Functional Overv
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References [1] G. Sidebottom, K. Mo
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Page 429 and 430:
Routing Control Plane Routing Table
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Basic Router Software Architecture
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Routing packets in the Internet Rou
Page 435 and 436:
Routing Metrics A measure of which
Page 437 and 438:
Intradomain routing protocols also
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RIP v1 operation As carried out by
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Problems with RIP v1 • RIPv1 does
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Split Horizon To counter the count
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RIP extensions (aka RIP-2) Defined
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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (
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IGRP Route Poisoning IGRP poisons r
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Enhanced IGRP (EGRP) [6] Uses the d
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OSPF uses the Shortest Path First a
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Common header The 5 types of OSPF p
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Database Description packet 0 7 8 1
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• Length of the whole packet in b
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Link state request packet 0 7 8 15
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Interdomain routing protocols also
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BGP - Border Gateway Protocol An ex
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BGP operation BGP routers exchange
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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Resulting BGP Architecture AS1 AS2
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BGP Open Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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BGP Keepalive Message 0 7 8 15 16 2
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Interconnections of networks Since
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Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
Page 481 and 482:
Some of Sweden’s Internet exchang
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NAPs today Using GigE, switch fabri
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Internet Routing Registry (IRR) •
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Cisco’s NetFlow Switching Routing
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Cisco’s Tag Switching Combine rou
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Tag Locations • in the Layer 2 he
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Routers do more than routing Routin
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References [1] J. Hawkinson and T.
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Page 499 and 500:
Multicast and IGMP Maguire Multicas
Page 501 and 502:
Filtering up the protocol stack UDP
Page 503 and 504:
Other approaches to One-to-Many and
Page 505 and 506:
Multicast Backbone (MBONE) Expandin
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Core Problem How to do efficient mu
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IP WAN Multicast Requirements • C
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Internet Multicast Addresses http:/
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Mapping Multicast (Class D) address
Page 515 and 516:
IGMP: Internet Group Management Pro
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Joining a Multicast Group • a pro
Page 519 and 520:
Group membership State Transitions
Page 521 and 522:
IGMP Version 3 [4] • Joining a mu
Page 523 and 524:
Frame 1: IGMP Membership Query Ethe
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Frame 12: IGMP v1 Membership Report
Page 527 and 528:
Multicast routing AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 A
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Multicasting Example: Transmitting
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Delivery Trees: different methods
Page 533 and 534:
Link-State Multicast: MOSPF [5] Jus
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• RPF results in a different span
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RPB + Prunes ⇒ Reverse Path Multi
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Multicast Routing - Steiner Tree’
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Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM
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Multicast backbone (MBONE) [2] Why
Page 545 and 546:
Benefits for Conferencing • IP Mu
Page 547 and 548:
MBONE growth 1600 1400 1200 Nodes 1
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MBONE connections MBONE is an “ov
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Multicast Source Discovery Protocol
Page 553 and 554:
Single Source Multicast (SSM) [15]
Page 555 and 556:
Tools for managing multicast “Man
Page 557 and 558:
Protocol-Specific Multicast Routing
Page 559 and 560:
QoS & Scheduling algorithms Predict
Page 561 and 562:
Functionality • RSVP is receiver
Page 563 and 564:
Jitter Control • if network has e
Page 565 and 566:
RSVP Protocol Mechanism • Sender
Page 567 and 568:
RSVP operation S 1 R 1 R 2 S 2 Figu
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RSVP Summary • RSVP supports mult
Page 571 and 572:
Further reading IETF Routing Area,
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References [1] Joe Abley, f.root-se
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
ISO FCAPS Network Management Model
Page 579 and 580:
Network Management Process Simple N
Page 581 and 582:
SNMPv3 March 1997, the SNMPv3 Worki
Page 583 and 584:
Management Information Base: MIB MI
Page 585 and 586:
SNMP Traps Agent sends a trap to ma
Page 587 and 588:
RMON Probes or Monitors Network mon
Page 589 and 590:
Ethernet Statistics Group “These
Page 591 and 592:
EtherHistoryEntry::= SEQUENCE { eth
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Host Top N group Used to prepare re
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RMON2 Information collected from ne
Page 597 and 598:
Proprietary MIBs to extend RMON fun
Page 599 and 600:
WEB based Management Using the Web
Page 601 and 602:
Web Based Enterprise Management Ini
Page 603 and 604:
Four Elements of DMI • a format f
Page 605 and 606:
Java and Management Java Management
Page 607 and 608:
Policy Based Management See the rec
Page 609 and 610:
Voice over IP (VoIP) First we will
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Deregulation continued ⇒ New oper
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Increasingly IP based data+voice in
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Voice over IP (VOIP) Gateways not o
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VOIP Modes of Operation • PC to P
Page 619 and 620:
Cisco 3800 supports even more CODEC
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Intranet Telephone System On Januar
Page 623 and 624:
http://www.homerun.telia.com/ Telia
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VOIP vs. traditional telephony In
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VON (Voice on the Net) Conferences
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on the path. The one signal is read
Page 631 and 632:
VoIP details Carry the speech frame
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RTP and H.323 for IP Telephony audi
Page 635 and 636:
Alice invites Bob to a SIP session:
Page 637 and 638:
Bob’s response 1 SIP/2.0 200 OK V
Page 639 and 640:
SIP Status codes SIP status codes a
Page 641 and 642:
Further Reading IP Telephony (iptel
Page 643 and 644:
Twitter Twitter is a service based
Page 645 and 646:
References [1] Paul McFedries, twit
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• IPv6 Lecture 6: Outline Maguire
Page 649 and 650:
Growth • Currently IPv4 serves a
Page 651 and 652:
Networked Entertainment Your TV wil
Page 653 and 654:
IPv6 features • Expanded Addressi
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Demultiplexing Initially, it was as
Page 657 and 658:
Quality-of-Service Capabilities •
Page 659 and 660:
IPv4 Protocol type ⇒ IPv6 Next He
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Addressing • 128 bits long • th
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Address Allocation [17] and [22] Bi
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For an analysis of use from the poi
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Special Address Formats Unspecified
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Multicast Addresses 4 bit 4 bit 111
Page 671 and 672:
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:3 FF02:0:0:0:0:1:1 F
Page 673 and 674:
Anycast Sending a packet to a gener
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Routing header Next Header (8 bits)
Page 677 and 678:
Destination Options header Next Hea
Page 679 and 680:
Hop-by-Hop Options header Same basi
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IPSEC IPv6 implementation The US Na
Page 683 and 684:
Type: 1, 2, 3, or 4: IPv6 ICMP Erro
Page 685 and 686:
IPv6 ICMP and groups Three group me
Page 687 and 688:
DNS and IPv6 A new record type “A
Page 689 and 690:
Why IPv6? • solves Internet scali
Page 691 and 692:
RIR assignments of IPv6 addresses T
Page 693 and 694:
Migration to IPv6 A set of prioriti
Page 695 and 696:
Further information See: http://www
Page 697 and 698:
References [1] S. Deering and R. Hi
Page 699 and 700:
[26] J. Rajahalme, A. Conta, B. Car
Page 701 and 702:
• Mobile IP Outline Maguire Outli
Page 703 and 704:
Mobility γ Z C X A1 Y B α γ Z C
Page 705 and 706:
Objectives of Mobile IP • To prov
Page 707 and 708:
How can Z continue to communication
Page 709 and 710:
Establishing Identity When a node a
Page 711 and 712:
Could the MSR functionality be coll
Page 713 and 714:
Back to the original problem: Z wan
Page 715 and 716:
Alternative 2 Initially X is locate
Page 717 and 718:
Alternative 4 Initially X is locate
Page 719 and 720:
How does Z know to send things to M
Page 721 and 722:
Wireless Local Area Networks cell a
Page 723 and 724:
Simulcasting in Wireless Local Area
Page 725 and 726:
A Mobile-IP(V4) Scenario IP in IP t
Page 727 and 728:
IP-in-IP Encapsulation In-in-IP vs.
Page 729 and 730:
Temporary Address Assignment Two ty
Page 731 and 732:
Agent Advertisement Message Format
Page 733 and 734:
MN Requirements An MN must have:
Page 735 and 736:
HA Requirements Each HA must have:
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Problems of Mobile IP (RFC2002) •
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CDMA2000 Extension to Mobile IP A d
Page 741 and 742:
HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
Page 743 and 744:
Cellular IP (CIP): Location Update
Page 745 and 746:
Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 747 and 748:
Why not simply use Dynamic DNS (DDN
Page 749 and 750:
References [1] . B. Aboba and M. Be
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• IPSec, VPN, … • Firewalls &
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Virtual Private networks (VPNs) lea
Page 755 and 756:
GSS-API Generic Security Services A
Page 757 and 758:
ESP packet Consists of: • a contr
Page 759 and 760:
ISAKMP ISAKMP is based on the Diffi
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Firewalls exterior interior (often
Page 763 and 764:
Firewall Design apply basics of sec
Page 765 and 766:
SOCKs Permeo Technologies, Inc.’s
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MBONE through firewalls http://www.
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U.S. DOE CIAC’s Network Security
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The Network Mapper (NMAP) Network M
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Demilitarized zone (DMZ) Internet e
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Security Organizations and Companie
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[1] IETF Security Area http://sec.i
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Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN 0-13-0861
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Outline • Third generation of net
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Third generation of networking Van
Page 785 and 786:
From PANs to RANs and beyond The co
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Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) Trad
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Growth rates n = number of users Sa
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Growth in Internet hosts 6e+08 ✧
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Long tail Frequency Items Figure 3:
Page 795 and 796:
Free Chris Anderson’s Free: The F
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Working for free Once you have food
Page 799 and 800:
Quality of Service (QoS) QoS refers
Page 801 and 802:
Constraint-based Routing QoS routin
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Routers: Performance 1/2 to 1 Milli
Page 805 and 806:
From the X2T11 standards activity F
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• Internet Fibre Channel Protocol
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Clustering Myricom, Inc. http://www
Page 811 and 812:
Very high-speed Backbone Network Se
Page 813 and 814:
Gigapops Who will be operating them
Page 815 and 816:
Terabit per second == 10 12 Future
Page 817 and 818:
Active networks A C F,d C F(d) A B
Page 819 and 820:
Internetworking as the future? Now
Page 821 and 822:
Counter currents However, there are
Page 823 and 824:
Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
Page 825 and 826:
Peer to peer networking Lots of the
Page 827 and 828:
Resource pooling Damon Wischik, Mar
Page 829 and 830:
Context of the module Personal comm
Page 831 and 832:
Personal monitoring Darwin Valderas
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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)
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Packages Logistics (tracking, routi
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Appliances • Is the refrigerator
Page 839 and 840:
Environment Monitoring air and wate
Page 841 and 842:
Trossen’s Tussle Internet User Ag
Page 843 and 844:
Trossen’s Design principles to Ar
Page 845 and 846:
• Server and Network Bandwidth an
Page 847 and 848:
Evolution of new varieties of netwo
Page 849 and 850:
How do I know where I am? Location
Page 851 and 852:
Requirements • Systems with which
Page 853 and 854:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
Page 855 and 856:
Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
Page 857 and 858:
A view of the packaged badge As sho
Page 859 and 860:
Split the functions between access
Page 861 and 862:
Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 863 and 864:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
Page 865 and 866:
Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
Page 867 and 868:
Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
Page 869 and 870:
Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
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Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
Page 877 and 878:
Adding a firewall and router Intern
Page 879 and 880:
Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
Page 881:
Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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