Lectures notes for 2011

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W. Richard Stevens...................................................................................................................... 102 References.................................................................................................................................... 103 Maguire v of xlii maguire@kth.se 2011.03.20 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP, and RARP...................................... 1 IP Basics Outline.............................................................................................................................. 2 Connection-oriented vs Connectionless........................................................................................... 3 Routing............................................................................................................................................. 4 Direct vs. indirect Delivery.............................................................................................................. 5 Forwarding....................................................................................................................................... 6 Processing ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Forwarding module.......................................................................................................................... 8 Routing Table Search - Classless..................................................................................................... 9 Fast forwarding .............................................................................................................................. 10 Routing Tables............................................................................................................................... 11 Routing table ................................................................................................................................. 12 Host vs. router - two behaviors...................................................................................................... 13 Host routing ................................................................................................................................... 14 Routing........................................................................................................................................... 15 Combining layers........................................................................................................................... 16 ARP and RARP.............................................................................................................................. 17 What to do with a new computer? ................................................................................................. 18 Address Resolution: ARP, RARP.................................................................................................. 19 ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol (RFC826) ............................................................................ 20 ARP example 1 .............................................................................................................................. 21 Address Resolution Cache ............................................................................................................. 22 Maguire vi of xlii maguire@kth.se 2011.03.20 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Page 1 and 2: IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
Page 3 and 4: Internetworking....................
Page 5: Virtual Interface (VIF)............
Page 9 and 10: Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
Page 11 and 12: ICMP Redirect .....................
Page 13 and 14: Building a UDP packet from scratch
Page 15 and 16: Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
Page 17 and 18: Problems with multiple connections.
Page 19 and 20: Module 6: SCTP ....................
Page 21 and 22: Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
Page 23 and 24: BGP Open Message ..................
Page 25 and 26: IGMP Implementation Details........
Page 27 and 28: Capacity Assignment ...............
Page 29 and 30: Network Management Systems ........
Page 31 and 32: Module 10: IPv6 ...................
Page 33 and 34: Why IPv6? .........................
Page 35 and 36: Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 37 and 38: Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
Page 39 and 40: Module 13: Future and Summary......
Page 41 and 42: Peer to peer networking ...........
Page 43 and 44: Module 14: Some exercises..........
Page 45 and 46: Welcome to the Internetworking cour
Page 47 and 48: Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
Page 49 and 50: Learning Outcomes Following this co
Page 51 and 52: Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
Page 53 and 54: Topics • What an internet is and
Page 55 and 56: Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Schedule for Period 4 2011: Lecture
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Context of the course “The networ
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Running out of IPv4 addresses IPv4
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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LAN Protocols Data link Layer LLC S
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IEEE 802.2/802.3 Encapsulation (RFC
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SLIP (RFC 1055) IP datagram c0 1 db
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Robust Header Compression (rohc) He
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PPP frames FLAG ADDR CNTL 7E FF pro
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Loopback interface IP output functi
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Virtual Interface (VIF) IP output f
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Wireshark, tcpdump, etc. Wireshark
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Figure 17: Select the interface Not
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Exporting data to other tools By ex
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Example: Comma Separated Values "No
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Figure 21: Second step in conversio
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Example of what can be done Figure
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print PTMP "$time $RSSId\n"; $count
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Figure 25: Add a column and place i
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Address types • Unicast = one-to-
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Classless addressing: Subnetting IP
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Subnet mask 32 bit value with a 1 f
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Slash notation continued Length (CI
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Private addresses Private addresses
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ifconfig, route, and netstat Comman
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Summary • Course Introduction •
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References [1] Barry M. Leiner, Vin
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Connection-oriented vs Connectionle
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Direct vs. indirect Delivery • Di
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Routing Table Search - Classless
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Routing Tables • Aggregate IP add
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Host vs. router - two behaviors •
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Routing Control Plane Routing Table
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ARP and RARP Address resolution (lo
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Address Resolution: ARP, RARP Host
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ARP example 1 hostname ftp://B.kth.
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ARP Timeouts • If there is no rep
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Proxy ARP (RFC 826) Lets a router o
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Additional ARP commands • publish
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non ARP example 1 B packet demultip
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RARP - as seen with ethereal Time S
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Alternatives to RARP In a later lec
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For looking at and generating packe
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nucmed30:/home/maguire # /usr/sbin/
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Wireshark (formerly Ethereal) First
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Linux Socket filter If you want to
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Tools Used: sock + tcpdump tcpdump
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} if (inet_aton(destination_host, (
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Some statistics on this packet trac
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Traffic generators • Distributed
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References [1] Renesas Technology C
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Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
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MTU≡Maximum Transmission Unit MTU
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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Application Recommended Value for T
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Problems with precedence • As soo
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Differentiated services If bits 3,
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Header Checksum • Ensures integri
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IP Options Encoding Two styles: •
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Internet Control Message Protocol (
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ICMP Redirect ICMP Redirect message
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PING examples On a Solaris machine:
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Ping with record route option $ pin
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ICMP Summary • Destination (Netwo
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References [1] K. Ramakrishnan, S.
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• UDP • Socket API • BOOTP
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Main Transport layer protocols Thre
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8 byte header + possible data UDP H
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Reserved and Available UDP Port Num
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MTU and Datagram Fragmentation If d
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Interaction between UDP and ARP Wit
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Still a problem? A UDP with 8192 pa
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Maximum UDP Datagram size • theor
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Socket API • int socket(int domai
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#include #include #include #incl
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#include #include #include #incl
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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packetsize+=ip->ihlcheck=0; /* igno
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• the router gets all 100 packets
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BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol (RFC 951)
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Vendor specific information (RFC 14
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• DHCP Message Type - the type of
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other identification information ab
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DHCP performance problems Most impl
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DHCP and DNS • There is no dynami
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IP header UDP header 20 bytes 8 byt
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DNS: Domain Name Service (RFC 1034,
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DNS Message format 0 16 31 Identifi
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New top level domains There is a pr
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Country Code Top-Level Domains (CCT
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See Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2, p
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kth.se kth.se kth.se Authoritative
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Another examine in MX RR format: MX
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Storing other attributes - TXT reco
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Root servers ROOT-SERVERS.NET IP ad
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F root nameserver nodes Site Code L
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Where is i.root-servers.net ? trace
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DDNS RFC 2136: Dynamic Updates in t
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DNS performance From www.dnsserverl
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Web performance Using Page Speed (h
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Public/Commercial DNS services A nu
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References [1] Joe Abley, f.root-se
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Lecture 4: Outline • TCP • HTTP
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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TCP Header 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 16
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Control field - indicates the purpo
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SYN Flooding Attack It is clear tha
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TCP options These options are used
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Sliding window Flow control • rec
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keystroke Flow for an rlogin sessio
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Nagle Algorithm telnet/rlogin/... g
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Delayed acknowledgements Rather tha
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Bandwidth-Delay Product How large s
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Congestion Control We introduce a C
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• cwnd starts at number of bytes
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Karn’s algorithm When a retransmi
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Van Jacobson’s Fast retransmit an
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TCP Persist Timer If the window siz
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TCP Performance TCP’s path MTU di
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Measuring TCP Performance Measured
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TCP servers Stevens, Vol. 1, pp. 25
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2 message types: • request HTTP P
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HTTP Header names (See Stevens, fig
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Client Caching Client can cache HTT
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Multiple simultaneous connections t
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Problems with multiple connections
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What happens when you make an HTTP
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HTTP performance Joe Touch, John He
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Network File System (NFS) NFS is ba
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• program number, program version
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Port Mapper RPC server programs use
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NFSspy problem Imagine several stud
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NFS protocol, version 2 (RFC 1094)
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NFS File Handles To reference a fil
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NFS Procedures Procedure NFSPROC_GE
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NFS Statelessness NFS is designed t
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• All clients (even those on diff
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Xscope Interpose a process between
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Program tcptrace xplot testrig aspa
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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Stream Control Transmission Protoco
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SCTP Header 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 16
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Association establishment - 4-way h
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• Transmission sequence number (T
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State Cookie Use of the COOKIE prev
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COOKIE ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Multiple-Streams Sending Process Re
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ERROR chunk Sent when an endpoint f
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Association Shutdown Active close t
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SCTP Example - Daytime [6] server#
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT-A
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - SACK F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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Fault Management • Endpoint Failu
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Heartbeat and ACK Frame x … Sourc
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Path MTU Discovery • IPv4 • Bas
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SCTP header continued • Reliabili
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• Receiver can use the Stream i a
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Transport Protocol Functional Overv
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References [1] G. Sidebottom, K. Mo
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Routing Control Plane Routing Table
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Basic Router Software Architecture
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Routing packets in the Internet Rou
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Routing Metrics A measure of which
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Intradomain routing protocols also
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RIP v1 operation As carried out by
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Problems with RIP v1 • RIPv1 does
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Split Horizon To counter the count
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RIP extensions (aka RIP-2) Defined
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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (
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IGRP Route Poisoning IGRP poisons r
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Enhanced IGRP (EGRP) [6] Uses the d
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OSPF uses the Shortest Path First a
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Common header The 5 types of OSPF p
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Database Description packet 0 7 8 1
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• Length of the whole packet in b
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Link state request packet 0 7 8 15
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Interdomain routing protocols also
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BGP - Border Gateway Protocol An ex
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BGP operation BGP routers exchange
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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Resulting BGP Architecture AS1 AS2
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BGP Open Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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BGP Keepalive Message 0 7 8 15 16 2
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Interconnections of networks Since
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Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
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Some of Sweden’s Internet exchang
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NAPs today Using GigE, switch fabri
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Internet Routing Registry (IRR) •
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Cisco’s NetFlow Switching Routing
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Cisco’s Tag Switching Combine rou
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Tag Locations • in the Layer 2 he
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Routers do more than routing Routin
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References [1] J. Hawkinson and T.
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Multicast and IGMP Maguire Multicas
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Filtering up the protocol stack UDP
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Other approaches to One-to-Many and
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Multicast Backbone (MBONE) Expandin
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Core Problem How to do efficient mu
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IP WAN Multicast Requirements • C
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Internet Multicast Addresses http:/
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Mapping Multicast (Class D) address
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IGMP: Internet Group Management Pro
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Joining a Multicast Group • a pro
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Group membership State Transitions
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IGMP Version 3 [4] • Joining a mu
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Frame 1: IGMP Membership Query Ethe
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Frame 12: IGMP v1 Membership Report
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Multicast routing AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 A
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Multicasting Example: Transmitting
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Delivery Trees: different methods
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Link-State Multicast: MOSPF [5] Jus
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• RPF results in a different span
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RPB + Prunes ⇒ Reverse Path Multi
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Multicast Routing - Steiner Tree’
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Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM
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Multicast backbone (MBONE) [2] Why
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Benefits for Conferencing • IP Mu
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MBONE growth 1600 1400 1200 Nodes 1
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MBONE connections MBONE is an “ov
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Multicast Source Discovery Protocol
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Single Source Multicast (SSM) [15]
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Tools for managing multicast “Man
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Protocol-Specific Multicast Routing
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QoS & Scheduling algorithms Predict
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Functionality • RSVP is receiver
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Jitter Control • if network has e
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RSVP Protocol Mechanism • Sender
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RSVP operation S 1 R 1 R 2 S 2 Figu
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RSVP Summary • RSVP supports mult
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Further reading IETF Routing Area,
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References [1] Joe Abley, f.root-se
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ISO FCAPS Network Management Model
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Network Management Process Simple N
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SNMPv3 March 1997, the SNMPv3 Worki
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Management Information Base: MIB MI
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SNMP Traps Agent sends a trap to ma
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RMON Probes or Monitors Network mon
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Ethernet Statistics Group “These
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EtherHistoryEntry::= SEQUENCE { eth
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Host Top N group Used to prepare re
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RMON2 Information collected from ne
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Proprietary MIBs to extend RMON fun
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WEB based Management Using the Web
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Web Based Enterprise Management Ini
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Four Elements of DMI • a format f
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Java and Management Java Management
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Policy Based Management See the rec
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Voice over IP (VoIP) First we will
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Deregulation continued ⇒ New oper
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Increasingly IP based data+voice in
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Voice over IP (VOIP) Gateways not o
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VOIP Modes of Operation • PC to P
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Cisco 3800 supports even more CODEC
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Intranet Telephone System On Januar
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http://www.homerun.telia.com/ Telia
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VOIP vs. traditional telephony In
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VON (Voice on the Net) Conferences
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on the path. The one signal is read
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VoIP details Carry the speech frame
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RTP and H.323 for IP Telephony audi
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Alice invites Bob to a SIP session:
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Bob’s response 1 SIP/2.0 200 OK V
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SIP Status codes SIP status codes a
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Further Reading IP Telephony (iptel
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Twitter Twitter is a service based
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References [1] Paul McFedries, twit
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• IPv6 Lecture 6: Outline Maguire
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Growth • Currently IPv4 serves a
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Networked Entertainment Your TV wil
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IPv6 features • Expanded Addressi
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Demultiplexing Initially, it was as
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Quality-of-Service Capabilities •
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IPv4 Protocol type ⇒ IPv6 Next He
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Addressing • 128 bits long • th
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Address Allocation [17] and [22] Bi
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For an analysis of use from the poi
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Special Address Formats Unspecified
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Multicast Addresses 4 bit 4 bit 111
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FF02:0:0:0:0:0:3 FF02:0:0:0:0:1:1 F
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Anycast Sending a packet to a gener
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Routing header Next Header (8 bits)
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Destination Options header Next Hea
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Hop-by-Hop Options header Same basi
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IPSEC IPv6 implementation The US Na
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Type: 1, 2, 3, or 4: IPv6 ICMP Erro
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IPv6 ICMP and groups Three group me
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DNS and IPv6 A new record type “A
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Why IPv6? • solves Internet scali
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RIR assignments of IPv6 addresses T
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Migration to IPv6 A set of prioriti
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Further information See: http://www
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References [1] S. Deering and R. Hi
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[26] J. Rajahalme, A. Conta, B. Car
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• Mobile IP Outline Maguire Outli
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Mobility γ Z C X A1 Y B α γ Z C
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Objectives of Mobile IP • To prov
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How can Z continue to communication
Page 711 and 712:
Establishing Identity When a node a
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Could the MSR functionality be coll
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Back to the original problem: Z wan
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Alternative 2 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 4 Initially X is locate
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How does Z know to send things to M
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Wireless Local Area Networks cell a
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Simulcasting in Wireless Local Area
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A Mobile-IP(V4) Scenario IP in IP t
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IP-in-IP Encapsulation In-in-IP vs.
Page 731 and 732:
Temporary Address Assignment Two ty
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Agent Advertisement Message Format
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MN Requirements An MN must have:
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HA Requirements Each HA must have:
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Problems of Mobile IP (RFC2002) •
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CDMA2000 Extension to Mobile IP A d
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HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Cellular IP (CIP): Location Update
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Why not simply use Dynamic DNS (DDN
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References [1] . B. Aboba and M. Be
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• IPSec, VPN, … • Firewalls &
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Virtual Private networks (VPNs) lea
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GSS-API Generic Security Services A
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ESP packet Consists of: • a contr
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ISAKMP ISAKMP is based on the Diffi
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Firewalls exterior interior (often
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Firewall Design apply basics of sec
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SOCKs Permeo Technologies, Inc.’s
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MBONE through firewalls http://www.
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U.S. DOE CIAC’s Network Security
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The Network Mapper (NMAP) Network M
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Demilitarized zone (DMZ) Internet e
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Security Organizations and Companie
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[1] IETF Security Area http://sec.i
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Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN 0-13-0861
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Outline • Third generation of net
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Third generation of networking Van
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From PANs to RANs and beyond The co
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Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) Trad
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Growth rates n = number of users Sa
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Growth in Internet hosts 6e+08 ✧
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Long tail Frequency Items Figure 3:
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Free Chris Anderson’s Free: The F
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Working for free Once you have food
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Quality of Service (QoS) QoS refers
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Constraint-based Routing QoS routin
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Routers: Performance 1/2 to 1 Milli
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From the X2T11 standards activity F
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• Internet Fibre Channel Protocol
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Clustering Myricom, Inc. http://www
Page 813 and 814:
Very high-speed Backbone Network Se
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Gigapops Who will be operating them
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Terabit per second == 10 12 Future
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Active networks A C F,d C F(d) A B
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Internetworking as the future? Now
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Counter currents However, there are
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Peer to peer networking Lots of the
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Resource pooling Damon Wischik, Mar
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Context of the module Personal comm
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Personal monitoring Darwin Valderas
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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)
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Packages Logistics (tracking, routi
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Appliances • Is the refrigerator
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Environment Monitoring air and wate
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Trossen’s Tussle Internet User Ag
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Personal Portal Near Future systems
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Situational awareness and Adaptabil
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Human centered • Computer - human
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Dumb Badge, Smart Badge, and Intell
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Smart Badge 3 Microphone & Speaker
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Badge 3 Maguire Badge 3 13: 74 of 9
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MEDIA High integration (goal of MED
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Future home/office/… network acce
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Uploading ourselves to the net In B
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Bionic Technologies, Inc.’s Intra
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What is your time line? • What is
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Summary • Telecom operators are r
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http://www.law.stanford.edu/publica
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Updated edition, July 8, 2008: ISBN
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Internets - configuration 2 Figure
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Adding a satellite link Internets -
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Adding multimedia Configuration 6 F
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