Who Food Additives Series 59 Safety Evaluation Of ... - ipcs inchem

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE First draft prepared by Dr D.J. Benford, 1 Ms F. Hill, 1 Mr P. Jackson, 2 Dr J.C. Larsen 3 and Dr J.-C. Leblanc 4 1 Food Standards Agency, London, United Kingdom 2 WRc-NSF, Reading, United Kingdom 3 National Food Institute, Søborg, Denmark 4 French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA), Maisons-Alfort, France Explanation ................................................................................ Introduction ......................................................................... Compounds considered in the toxicological evaluation ...... Chemical and technical considerations ............................... Biological data ........................................................................... Biochemical aspects ........................................................... Absorption, distribution and excretion ........................... Acidified sodium chlorite ......................................... Sodium chlorite and chlorate .................................. Biotransformation .......................................................... Effects on enzymes and other biochemical parameters .................................................................... Toxicological studies ........................................................... Acute toxicity ................................................................. Short-term studies of toxicity ........................................ Acidified sodium chlorite ......................................... Sodium chlorite ....................................................... Sodium chlorate ..................................................... Long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity ......... Sodium chlorite ....................................................... Chlorate .................................................................. Genotoxicity................................................................... Reproductive toxicity ..................................................... Acidified sodium chlorite: developmental toxicity .................................................................... Sodium chlorite: reproductive and developmental toxicity .................................................................... Sodium chlorate: developmental toxicity ................ Special studies .............................................................. Blood ...................................................................... Thyroid: sodium chlorate ........................................ Nephrotoxicity ......................................................... Sperm quality ......................................................... Immune system ...................................................... Observations in humans ..................................................... Case reports ................................................................. Volunteer studies .......................................................... Population studies ........................................................ 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 11 11 13 15 17 17 18 20 20 20 25 29 29 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 36 - 3 -
4 ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE Dietary exposure ....................................................................... Sources other than food additives ...................................... Information related to residues in food products treated with acidified sodium chlorite ...................................................... Overseas food categories and use levels ........................... Food categories and use levels actually regulated ....... European Union ..................................................... USA ........................................................................ Canada ................................................................... Australia ................................................................. Food categories and use levels proposed by the sponsor ......................................................................... Residue evaluation of chlorite and chlorate ........................ Poultry meat .................................................................. Red meat ...................................................................... Seafood and fish ........................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................... Eggs .............................................................................. Assessment of dietary exposure ......................................... Assessment of per capita dietary exposure based on data from food balance sheets ..................................... Assessment based on individual dietary records .......... Comments ................................................................................. Toxicological data ............................................................... Assessment of dietary exposure ......................................... Evaluation .................................................................................. References ................................................................................ 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 42 42 42 42 43 43 46 46 48 49 50 1. EXPLANATION 1.1 Introduction Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) possesses antimicrobial properties and is intended for use primarily as a spray or dipping solution for poultry, meats, vegetables, fruits and seafoods. It is also used in poultry chilling water. ASC is produced by the addition of a food-grade acid (e.g. citric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, malic acid or sodium hydrogen sulfate) to an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite. Combining the acid with sodium chlorite results in conversion of chlorite to chlorous acid, which can subsequently form a mixture of chlorite, chlorate, chlorine dioxide and chloride. The Committee has not previously evaluated ASC or sodium chlorite used in the preparation of ASC. Among the acids mentioned above that may be used in the preparation of ASC, sodium hydrogen sulfate has not been evaluated by the Committee. ASC was evaluated by the Committee at its present meeting as requested by the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants at its thirty-eighth session (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2006). The Committee was asked to provide a risk assessment for ASC for use in food contact (as a processing aid).
Page 2 and 3: WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES: 59 Safet
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS Preface Specific food addi
Page 6: PREFACE The monographs contained in
Page 12 and 13: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 5 The saf
Page 14 and 15: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 7 (b) Sod
Page 16 and 17: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 9 Methaem
Page 18 and 19: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 11 Table
Page 20 and 21: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 13 (b) So
Page 22 and 23: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 15 Monkey
Page 24 and 25: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 17 2.2.3
Page 26 and 27: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 19 incide
Page 32 and 33: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 25 agents
Page 34 and 35: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 27 Sodium
Page 36 and 37: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 29 Groups
Page 38 and 39: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 31 relate
Page 40 and 41: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 33 sperm
Page 42 and 43: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 35 also r
Page 44 and 45: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 37 result
Page 46 and 47: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 39 approv
Page 50 and 51: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 43 The oc
Page 54 and 55: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 47 Agency
Page 56 and 57: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 49 Dietar
Page 58 and 59: ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 51 Codex
Page 60 and 61:
ACIDIFIED SODIUM CHLORITE 53 Linder
Page 62 and 63:
ASPARAGINASE FROM ASPERGILLUS ORYZA
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70:
Page 73 and 74:
66 CARRAGEENAN AND PROCESSED EUCHEU
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 94 and 95:
CYCLOTETRAGLUCOSE AND CYCLOTETRAGLU
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
ISOAMYLASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS AMYLODE
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124:
Page 127 and 128:
120 PHOSPHOLIPASE A1 FROM FUSARIUM
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
126 SODIUM IRON(III) ETHYLENEDIAMIN
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 154 and 155:
INTRODUCTION Eight groups of flavou
Page 156:
INTRODUCTION 149 Figure 1 Procedure
Page 159 and 160:
152 ALIPHATIC ACYCLIC AND ALICYCLIC
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 182 and 183:
SIMPLE ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC SULFI
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
ALIPHATIC ACYCLIC DIOLS, TRIOLS AND
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256:
Page 259 and 260:
252 SULFUR-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
276 ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC AMINES A
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 312 and 313:
AFLATOXINS: IMPACT OF DIFFERENT HYP
Page 314 and 315:
AFLATOXINS (INTAKE FROM TREE NUTS A
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) First draft
Page 366 and 367:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 359 Estimat
Page 368 and 369:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 361 enteroh
Page 370 and 371:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 363 The maj
Page 372 and 373:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 365 mild ne
Page 374 and 375:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 367 The Uni
Page 376 and 377:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 369 Table 4
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 375 In cont
Page 384 and 385:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 377 opossum
Page 386 and 387:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 379 (a) Rat
Page 388 and 389:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 381 (b) Imm
Page 390 and 391:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 383 (d) Epi
Page 392 and 393:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 385 time po
Page 394 and 395:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 387 precede
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 391 et al.,
Page 400 and 401:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 393 cyanopr
Page 402 and 403:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 395 niger.
Page 404 and 405:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 397 kinds o
Page 406 and 407:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 399 ability
Page 408 and 409:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 401 6.1 Win
Page 410 and 411:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 403 of the
Page 412 and 413:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 405 Food an
Page 414 and 415:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 407 (0.07
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 411 and its
Page 420 and 421:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 413 obtaine
Page 422 and 423:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 415 growing
Page 424 and 425:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 417 The cur
Page 426 and 427:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 419 Creppy,
Page 428 and 429:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 421 cortex
Page 430 and 431:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 423 Leong,
Page 432 and 433:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 425 with in
Page 434 and 435:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 427 Sava, V
Page 436:
OCHRATOXIN A (addendum) 429 Ventura
Page 440 and 441:
ANNEX 1 REPORTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
Page 442 and 443:
ANNEX 1 435 28. Specifications for
Page 444 and 445:
ANNEX 1 437 68. Specifications for
Page 446 and 447:
ANNEX 1 439 111. Toxicological eval
Page 448 and 449:
ANNEX 1 441 156. Compendium of food
Page 450 and 451:
ANNEX 2 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE M
Page 452 and 453:
ANNEX 2 445 LDH lactate dehydrogena
Page 454 and 455:
MEMBERS ANNEX 3 JOINT FAO/WHO EXPER
Page 456:
ANNEX 3 449 Professor A.G. Renwick,
Page 459 and 460:
452 ANNEX 4 Food additive Specifica
Page 461 and 462:
454 ANNEX 4 Food contaminant Ochrat
Page 463 and 464:
456 ANNEX 4 Flavouring agent JECFA
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 470 and 471:
ANNEX 5 SUMMARY OF THE SAFETY EVALU
Page 472 and 473:
ANNEX 5 465 1638 cis-9-Octadecenyl
Page 474 and 475:
ANNEX 5 467 1692 (±)-3-(Methylthio
Page 476 and 477:
ANNEX 5 469 1717 1-Hydroxy-2-butano
Page 478:
ANNEX 5 471 Moutiez, M., Aumercier,
show all

Who Food Additives Series 59 Safety Evaluation Of ... - ipcs inchem

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?