RTD info - European Commission - Europa

22 RTD info Special Science and Media September 2002 I N T E R N E T
With its wealth of scientific resources, the Internet is an
exceptional communication tool for professionals or
mediators. New search tools are now also making it easier for
the general public to navigate a path through this profusion
of information. Two experts on this new mass medium,
Jon Bing, of the Norwegian Research Centre for Computing
and Law, and Robert Cailliau, a physicist at CERN in Geneva,
share their thoughts.
Science
‘Although conferences, exhibitions and other events organised
directly or indirectly by the scientific community have a role to
play, it is from the media that members of the public obtain
most of their scientific information.’ This was the view
expressed by Claude Birraux of the European People’s Party on
25 January, addressing the Parliamentary Assembly of the
Council of Europe in Strasbourg. Among the potential information
resources, his Report on scientific communication gives pride
of place to the Internet, which ‘makes available to those interested
a multitude of information on science subjects, explained
at very different levels by researchers, individuals, laboratories,
museums, universities, etc.’ Is this simply a concession to the
prevailing mood of the times or does the Internet really have a
part to play in disseminating scientific information? If so, what
are its distinguishing features? What sections of the population
is it aimed at? Who runs the sites? And under what conditions
could the web satisfy the hopes invested in it?
T
The benefit of immediacy Jon Bing, of the Norwegian
Research Centre for Computing and Law in Oslo,
believes that the Internet is different to other media by virtue of
its ‘interactivity, which enables the web surfer to obtain information
on subjects of his or her own choosing, although the
search engines still need to be improved.’ Robert Cailliau, a
physicist at CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research,
Geneva) and one of the co-inventors of the World Wide Web,
believes that ‘the Internet can also function as a meeting place
as it is connected to electronic mail.’
The other distinctive feature of the web is the immediate availability
of the information. You simply type on your computer
keyboard and it appears on your screen. ‘This is a key feature for
most people who would not take the time to go to the local
library to look for a book on science, even if they knew it was
available,’ stresses Jon Bing. He admits, however, that the
absence of any survey on Internet use and the lack of a historical
perspective prevents us from really knowing who uses the
Internet, apart from the professional providers of scientific information
whose working practices it has revolutionised (see The
media’s medium on page 25).
D
Dangers of excess Paradoxically, the Internet’s very
accessibility, interactivity and abundance of information can be
an obstacle to its use by the general public. How can the layman
find his or her way around this huge resource and separate
the good from the bad? ‘The same questions were raised when
printing was first invented,’ points out the Norwegian
researcher. ‘The need now is to develop the navigating and
guidance strategies – what we call meta-information – to enable
us to take our bearings in a prolific environment, comparable to
that of a large library. In Europe, these strategies have not been
developed sufficiently to enable the correct use of the web, and
in particular to determine what information is reliable. It will
take time for solutions to emerge. Traditional librarians and
documentalists will certainly have a pilot role to play in sorting
out this chaos.’ This is exactly what is happening, in fact, at the
major US universities which provide remarkable scientific metasites,
serving as directories and sending visitors to carefully
selected sites on specific subjects, on-line libraries and learning
tools (see box).
But of course you first have to know they exist. The surest way
of finding your way around the web is therefore to consult other
media which cover the subject. ‘Ideally, the press could compile
Internet orientation and navigation indexes. An announcement
of scientific news would then be the occasion to go on the
Internet to find out more,’ believes Jon Bing.