中小尺度劇烈天氣預報技術發展

93 1 1 93 12 31
93 12

1

2

3
3.

4

5

6

two dimensional
beam pattern
7

8
8

9

10

11

12

13
3.2

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15

16

17

18

19
A
B

20
C
D

21

A
B
C
D
22

E
F
23

A
B
C
D
24

E
F
25

A
B
C
D
26

E
F
A
B
27

28
C
D

Z
HH
( m+
1 ) 2 2 − 2 β a
2
− β a − β b
6 3
[( 1 − 2σ
) α Λ ⋅ Γ( 2 β + m + 1) + 2σ
α α Λ ⋅ Γ( β + β + m + 1)
] mm
4 4
λ
−
N
−
4 2 0Λ
φ a
a
φ a b
a b
K
ω
= m
π
Z
VV
( m+
1 ) 2 2 −2β
b
2 −β
a −β
b
6 3
[( 1 − 2σ
φ ) αb
Λ ⋅ Γ( 2β
b + m + 1) + 2σ
φα
aαbΛ
⋅ Γ( βa
+ β b + m + 1)
] mm
4 4
λ
−
N
−
4 2 0Λ
Kω
= m
π
29

Z
DR
= 10log
Z / Z = f ( m,
Λ)
HH
VV
m = −0.016Λ
2
+ 1.213Λ −1.957
-? ( )
26 m-?
30

-? ( )
27 m-?
31

R
( 3.67+
m+
1) −1
( )
−3
−
= 7.125 × 10 N0Λ
Γ 3.67 + m + 1 mmhr
K
α
β
k
k
180λ
=
π
= 1.44×
10
DP
= 4.61
2
−( β k + m+
1) ( 1−
2σ
) N α Λ Γ( β + m + 1)
−8
φ
0
k
32
k
deg km
−1
R
−3
−4.86
−1
( Z , Z ) = 6.86×
10 Z Z mmhr
DR
HH
DR
R(
K
DP
)
0.866 −1
= 40.56KDP
mmhr

33

Z DR K DP
ZHH
K DP
K DP
34

C-Band NEXRAD S-Band ISS VHF
Z-R
Gamma
Gamma
? mN 0
F DP K DP
F DP K DP
35

NCAR/ATD
Aydin, K., V. N. Bringi, and L. Liu, 1995: Rain rate estimation in the presence of hail
using S-band specific differential phase and other radar parameters. J. Appl.
Meteor., 34, 404-140.
Bringi, V. N., D. A. Burrows, and S. M. Menon, 1991: Multiparameter radar and
aircraft study of raindrop spectral evolution in warm-based clouds. J. Appl.
Meteor., 30, 853-880.
Bringi, V. N., V. Chandrasekar, and R. Xiao, 1998: Raindrop axis ratio and size
36

distributions in Florida rainshafts: an assessment of multiparameter radar
algorithms. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., 36, 703-715.
Balakrishnan, N., and D. S. Zrnic, 1990a: Estimation of rain and hail rates in
mixed-phase precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 565-583.
Goddard, J., S. Cherry and V. N. Bringi, 1982: Comparison of dual-polarization
radar measurements of rain with ground-based disdrometer measurements.
J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 252-256.
Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnic, 1995: Comparison of dual-polarization radar
estimators of rain. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 249-256.
Seliga, T. A., K. Aydin and H. Direskeneli, 1986: Disdrometer measurements
during an intense rainfall event in Central Illinois: Implications for
differential reflectivity radar observations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25,
835-846.
Zhang, G., J. Vivekanandan, and E. Brandes, 2001a: A method for estimating rain
rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements. IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 39, 830- 841.
Zrnic, D. S., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 1999: Polarimetry for weather surveillance radars.
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 389-406.
37

NCU Radar Operations and Maintenance Training
Dr. R. Jeffrey Keeler
rJK Consulting
Boulder, Colorado
November 2004
1. Dual polarization radar components
a. Antenna – Hor and Ver 2D antenna patterns
b. Transmitter – Magnetron vs kystron/TWT
c. Receiver – Digital
d. Processor – RVP8 Dual Pol
2. Polarimetric Data
a. Co-polar vs Cross polar data
b. Differential quantities for accurate measurement
c. Applications
1. Precipitation estimation
2. Particle and Echo Classification
3. Data Quality improvement
3. Data acquisition procedures
a. Slow rotation – lots of averaging
b. Range averaging with short pulses in precip
c. Oversampling and linear prediction whitening
d. Phase coding for overlaid echo suppression
e. Dual PRT/PRF for velocity de-aliasing
f. PBL water vapor from refractivity measurement
4. Scanning procedures
38

a. Slow PPI, slow RHI
b. Vertical pointing for calibration
c. Solar scanning for alignment and calibration
5. Maintenance procedures – periodic, preventative
a. Record keeping
b. Equipment spares
1. Magnetron and TR tube rotation
2. Rcvr LNA
3. Processor spare cards
c. Mechanical
1. Pedestal motor and gear lubrication
2. Leveling pedestal
3. WG inspection
4. Air conditioners
5. UPS testing
6. Lightning protection
d. Scheduled down time for periodic maintenance
e. Fault detection testing
6. Performance monitoring
a. Test pulse injection
b. A-scope of H and V power or Z channels
c. Noise level
d. Transmit pulse waveform and power
e. Clutter filtering performance
f. Phase noise measurement
g. Antenna gain measurement
h. Communications throughput and error rate (?)
7. NEXRAD dual pol status
a. Testing at Norman/KOUN
b. Implementation schedule
c. AMR option
39

(Z) (Z)
6 1708 7 0300 RPH_DPRF_VOL
7 0304 7 0330 RPH_DPR_SEC
7 0334 7 0342 RPH_DPRF_VOL
7 0349 7 0402 RPH_DPR_SEC
7 0404 7 1052 RPH_DPRF_VOL
25 0722 25 1514 FFT_VOL 02,03
8 0107 8 0244 FFT_VOL
22 0526 22 0849 FFT
03
02
19 1700 20 0013 FFT_VOL
20 0030 20 0200 RPH_DPRF_VOL
20 0206 20 0849 FFT_VOL_1M
28 0003 29 0115 FFT_VOL_1M
7 0842 9 0508 FFT_VOL_FAR
11 1915 12 0551 FFT_VOL_1M
18 0742 18 0904 FFT_VOL_1M
19 0037 19 1347 FFT_VOL_1M
19 1359 23 0015 FFT_DEEP
25 0142 25 0545 FFT_VOL_1M
25 2345 26 1100 FFT_VOL_1M
27 0115 28 0400 FFT_VOL_1M
04
(Z) (Z)
6 1000 8 0045 FFT_VOL_1M
9 1859 10 0332 FFT_VOL_1M
22 2829 23 0154 FFT_VOL
26 0633 27 0134 FFT_VOL
27 0442 27 1511 TEST05A&B
04
Jeff
14 0641 14 0914 TEST06 Jeff
3 0645 6 0700 FFT_VOL_1M 05
6 0719 7 0842 FFT_SMOO
40

3 0444 3 0505 RJKFFTVOL
3 0515 3 0551 DRJKSECFA
3 0617 3 0819 RJKFFTVOL2
3 0837 3 1016 DRJKSECFA
3 1037 3 1149 RJKFFTVOL2
3 1254 3 1400 RJKFFTVOL2
3 1549 3 1556 RJKFFTVOL
3 1603 3 1633 DRJKSECFA2
3 1702 3 1941 RJKFFTVOL2
5 0545 5 1032 RJKFFTVOL2
7 0159 7 0635 FFT_VOL
7 0643 7 1129 RJKFFTVOL2
7 1508 8 0326 RJKFFTVOL2
8 1350 8 1451 RJKFFTVOL
8 2055 9 0017 RJKFFTVOL3
9 0042 9 0200 RJKFFTVOL
9 0209 11 0015 RJKFFTVOL3
11 0025 11 0934 RJKFFTVOL2
12 0357 12 0632 RJKFFTVOL
12 1520 12 1541 DRJKSECFA2
12 1544 13 0154 RJKFFTVOL2
13 0200 13 1441 RJKFFTVOL3
13 1446 14 0624 RJKFFTVOL
14 0631 15 0301 RJKFFTVOL3
29 0245 30 0132 FFT_VOL_1M
30 0140 30 1442 RJKFFTVOL2
16 1109 19 0137 RJKFFTVOL3
24 0124 25 0912 RJKFFTVOL2
6 0226 8 0319 RJKFFTVOL3
8 0825 10 0804 RJKFFTVOL3
10 1541 11 0638 RJKFFTVOL2
11 0641 14 0712 RJKFFTVOL3
14 0718 14 1016 RJKFFTVOL4
14 1023 16 1626 RJKFFTVOL3
06
08
09
17 0528 17 0628 RJKFFTVOL3 10
17 0339 17 0628 RJKFFTVOL3 10#2
6 0429 7 0557 RJKFFTVOL3 10
41

13 0432 14 0923 RJKFFTVOL2
14 0159 14 0505 RJKFFTVOL3
6 0429 7 0557 RJKFFTVOL3
13 0432 14 0202 RJKFFTVOL2
19 1756 19 1806 RJKFFTVOL2
24 0834 25 1319 FFT_DEEP
1 0114 1 1436 RJKFFTVOL3
10 0307 10 2340 RJKFFTVOL3
18 0756 18 0756 FFT_DEEP
20 0026 27 1227 RJKFFTVOL3
30 0617 30 2617 RJKFFTVOL3
5 1806 9 1209 RJKFFTVOL3
13 0117 13 0657 RJKFFTVOL3
13 0703 13 0923 RJKFFT_SEC
13 0926 15 1444 RJKFFTVOL3
21 1219 23 0643 RJKFFTVOL3
1 1219 3 1729 RJKFFTVOL3
10#2
(Z) (Z)
24 0131 25 0127 RJKFFTVOL3
28 0225 28 0430 CLEARSKY
29 1007 29 2358 RJKFFTVOL2
1 0002 1 1523 RJKFFTVOL3
1 2246 2 0715 RJKFFTVOL3
2 0721 4 0308 RJKFFTVOL2
6 0055 7 0944 RJKFFTVOL3
19 0719 23 1402 RJKFFTVOL2
23 1405 23 1445 DRJKSECFA3
23 1548 24 0053 RJKFFTVOL3
24 0059 25 0814 RJKFFTVOL2
25 0817 27 0540 RJKFFTVOL3
27 1419 29 1416 RJKFFTVOL2
11
12
13
42

29 1419 30 0114 RJKFFTVOL3
3/30 0120 6 1105 RJKFFTVOL3
7 0044 7 0851 RJKFFTVOL2
7 0854 8 0152 RJKFFTVOL3
8 0158 8 0901 RJKFFTVOL2
14
12 0649 12 0901 RJKFFTVOL2
13 0037 16 0038 RJKFFTVOL2
4 0006 4 0101 RJKFFTVOL2
4 0104 4 0140 RJKFFTVOL2
4 0146 4 0208 SEC300_90
4 0211 4 0329 RJKFFTVOL3
4 0335 5 0153 RJK641VOL3
15
5 0159 12 0753 RJKFFTVOL2
12 0757 15 1429 RJKFFTVOL3
15 1435 16 0805 RJKFFTVOL2
16 1248 26 0355 RJKFFTVOL3
26 0401 28 0623 RJKFFTVOL2
29 0737 29 0909 RJKFFTVOL3
16
31 0753 6/1 1448 RJKFFTVOL3
1 0459 3 0815 RJKFFTVOL2
4 0741 4 1048 RJKFFTVOL2
7 0738 10 0207 RJKFFTVOL3
17
11 0023 11 0537 RJKFFTVOL2
16 1617 17 0910 RJKFFTVOL3
20 0233 24 0306 RJKFFTVOL2
27 1204 29 0737 RJKFFTVOL2
29 0740 7/4 1206 RJKFFTVOL3
4 1212 5 0012 FFT_DEEP
5 0021 5 0309 RJKFFTVOL3
5 0315 5 0647 FFT_DEEP
5 0657 5 0838 RJKFFTVOL3
18
5 0844 8 0034 RJKFFTVOL2
8 0037 11 1400 RJKFFTVOL3
13 0711 13 0943 RJKFFTVOL2
14 0301 15 0054 RJKFFTVOL2
15 0353 15 1644 RJKFFTVOL3 19
16 0628 16 0906 FFT_DEEP
43

16 1027 16 1405 RJKFFTVOL3
17 0200 17 0403 RJKFFTVOL3
17 0409 17 1622 FFT_DEEP
18 0028 18 0348 FFT_DEEP
18 0357 18 0829 RJKFFTVOL3
18 0834 18 1335 FFT_DEEP
18 1344 19 0703 RJKFFTVOL3
19 0709 20 0208 FFT_DEEP
20 0217 22 0942 RJKFFTVOL2
23 1017 23 1803 RJKFFTVOL3
01 1441 3 0732 RJKFFTVOL3
03 0744 4 0032 FFT_DEEP
05 0701 6 0159 RJKFFTVOL3
11 0234 11 1304 FFT_DEEP
11 1313 11 1338 RJKFFTVOL2
11 1348 11 1552 RJKFFTVOL3
11 1557 12 0056 FFT_DEEP
12 0105 13 0522 RJKFFTVOL3
13 0528 14 0705 RJKFFTVOL2
14 0714 15 0025 RJKFFTVOL3
17 0104 20 0620 RJKFFTVOL3
20 0626 20 1136 FFT_DEEP
20 1145 21 0701 RJKFFTVOL3
21 0707 21 1519 FFT_DEEP
21 0032 23 1434 RJKFFTVOL2
23 1434 24 0906 RJKFFTVOL3
24 0912 24 0957 RJKFFTVOL2
24 1001 25 0750 RJKFFTVOL3
25 0756 31 2355 RJKFFTVOL3
9 1 0001 9 0301 RJKFFTVOL3
9 0306 9 0553 RJKFFTVOL3
9 0559 9 0847 RJKFFTVOL2
9 0850 10 0104 FFT_DEEP
10 0114 11 1448 RJKFFTVOL3
11 1454 11 1536 RJKFFTVOL2
11 1539 14 0109 RJKFFTVOL3
14 0546 15 0154 RJKFFTVOL3
20
21
22
911
&
44

15 0200 15 0704 RJKFFTVOL2
15 0723 16 0410 RJKFFTVOL3
16 0416 17 0048 RJKFFTVOL2
17 0444 17 0725 RJKFFTVOL3
17 0731 17 0912 FFT_DEEP
17 0931 17 1545 RJKFFTVOL2
17 1548 22 0121 RJKFFTVOL2
22 0133 24 0843 RJKFFTVOL3
23
*
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47

48

49

50

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