Table of Content - Reduplication Graz

Acknowledgement
Many people have helped me get this work done.
First of all, I am grateful to my supervisor Bernhard Hurch, for his stimulating comments and
discussions, for his encouragement, support and confidence in my work. To Ralf Vollmann,
for sharing the interest in the topic and discussing with me especially the issue of lexical
reduplication. To Eva Schultze-Berndt, for her attentive comments on several chapters of this
work, and for providing me with very valuable literature.
Sincere thanks to my dear colleagues and “lunch mates” Dina El Zarka, Barbara Schrammel,
and Ralf Vollmann for their daily support, for discussion and encouragement, especially in
dispirited moments. Many thanks also to Angela Fessl, for the „reduplication finder“ and her
straightforward remedies for my troubles with technical questions.
Outside of the Institute of Linguistics in Graz, I want to thank the following linguists who
provided me with precious data, contacts and other important information: Pier Marco
Bertinetto, Isabelle Bril, Steven Fincke, Livio Gaeta, Nikolaus Himmelmann, Manfred Krifka,
Jason Lobel, Richard Rhodes, Carl Rubino, Patricia Shaw.
I also owe many thanks to Anton Tenser for his reliable proofreading of this work.
Furthermore I am very grateful to the Office of International Relations and the Faculty of
Humanities of the University of Graz for their financial support of my field trips, as well as to
the staff of the Library of the University of Graz and the Library of the Bavarian State in
Munich for their friendly help.
Special thanks to my family, my friends and to Michael for their concern, their
encouragement, and their patience.
My deepest gratitude must be expressed to all the Philippine people who made an essential
contribution to my research and my immersion into Philippine life and culture: Manuel
Lobrigo, my indispensable language consultant in Graz, my first Bikol teacher and my most
important contact person for all further research activities. Maria Ave Galeria and her family,
friends and neighbors in Daraga, Legaspi, Dao and Calongay, for being my host and my
guide, for the many hours she spent with me, for teaching me, and for organizing and
transcribing speech recordings. Family Lobrigo, for being my generous host, providing me
with delicious food, and taking care of me. Agnes Cabredo and Josefa Cabredo-Berces, the
most precise and concentrated, ingenious and humorous consultants one can imagine.
Merriam Maldo and her family for their great hospitality and their enjoyable Bikol stories.
Blanca and Romeo Abanes for receiving me as a friend in their house in Dao, Pilar. Paul
Mangitara for his funny anecdotes. Angela Lorenzana and all the helpful people at the Bicol
University and at the library there. Many thanks also go to Carl Rubino for inspiring my
interest in Philippine languages, and to his wife Grace Llenado and her family, Winnie and
Beng Lleando, for hosting me so generously in Manila.
Last but not least, very special thanks to Thess, Che, Rodel, Francis, and Chonie with their
friends and families: for their warm hospitality and friendship, for spending so much time
with me and for showing and explaining to me (almost) the whole Bikol region.
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Dedication
Para sa mga amigo ko sa Pilipinas.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................................... i
Dedication ................................................................................................................................ ii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................vii
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
Chapter II: REDUPLICATION..................................................................................................4
1 Definition of Reduplication................................................................................................4
2 Criteria for the classification of reduplication types...........................................................6
2.1 Formal classification...................................................................................................6
2.2 Functional classification.............................................................................................8
2.3 Correspondence between form and function............................................................10
3 Distribution.......................................................................................................................11
4 Brief history of the research on reduplication...................................................................12
4.1 Typological approaches to reduplication..................................................................12
4.2 Reduplication in Generative Grammar.....................................................................13
4.2.1 Wilbur ..............................................................................................................14
4.2.2 The copy-and-association model.......................................................................14
4.2.3 The full-copying model.....................................................................................16
4.2.4 Reduplication in Optimality Theory..................................................................17
4.2.5 Raimy's Readjustment Rule..............................................................................17
4.2.6 An alternative approach: The Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT)..........18
4.3 Central questions/problems in the research on reduplication...................................20
Chapter III: BIKOL..................................................................................................................23
1 The language and the data................................................................................................23
2 A short grammar sketch of Bikol......................................................................................26
2.1 Phonology and Morphonology..................................................................................26
2.1.1 The Phoneme inventory.....................................................................................26
2.1.2 Nasal assimilation.............................................................................................27
2.1.3 /h/-epenthesis.....................................................................................................28
2.1.4 /r/ and /l/............................................................................................................28
2.2 Prosody......................................................................................................................29
2.2.1 Syllable Structure..............................................................................................29
2.2.2 Stress.................................................................................................................29
2.2.3 Stress shift.........................................................................................................30
2.3 Spelling.....................................................................................................................31
2.4 Syntax.......................................................................................................................32
2.5 Morphology..............................................................................................................37
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2.5.1 Voice- and TAM-affixes...................................................................................37
2.5.2 Pronouns............................................................................................................41
2.5.3 Number..............................................................................................................43
2.5.4 Morphological marking of properties and states ..............................................44
2.5.5 Further derivational affixes...............................................................................46
2.6 Parts-of-Speech.........................................................................................................47
2.6.1 Functional elasticity..........................................................................................47
2.6.2 Derivations........................................................................................................48
2.6.3 Roots.................................................................................................................49
2.6.4 Conclusion.........................................................................................................51
Chapter IV: THE REDUPLICATION SYSTEM OF BIKOL..................................................53
1 Reduplication in the Austronesian language family.........................................................53
2 A survey of the reduplication types in Bikol....................................................................54
3 Lexical Reduplication.......................................................................................................58
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................58
3.2 Bisyllabic reduplicated roots.....................................................................................58
3.2.1 Origin and development....................................................................................58
3.2.2 Child language expressions...............................................................................60
3.2.3 Sounds and Movements....................................................................................61
3.2.4 Animals, plants and Co.....................................................................................62
3.3 Lexical partial reduplication.....................................................................................64
3.3.1 Forms and origin...............................................................................................64
3.3.2 Diseases and plurality........................................................................................65
3.3.3 Sounds...............................................................................................................65
3.3.4 Animals, mythological figures and Co..............................................................66
3.3.5 General remarks on lexical partial reduplication..............................................66
3.4 Lexical full reduplication..........................................................................................67
3.4.1 Form..................................................................................................................67
3.4.2 Reversative movements.....................................................................................68
3.5 Echo-words...............................................................................................................68
3.5.1 Form..................................................................................................................68
3.5.2 Meaning.............................................................................................................70
3.6 Summary...................................................................................................................71
Excursus I: Iconicity of Reduplication.........................................................73
4 Productive reduplication...................................................................................................80
4.1 Partial reduplication..................................................................................................80
4.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................80
4.1.2 Imperfective CV- reduplication.........................................................................80
4.1.2.1 Form..........................................................................................................81
Excursus II: The "Identity Constraint".........................................................84
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Excursus III: The Preference for the Unmarked Syllable in Reduplication. 89
4.1.2.1.1 Base of reduplication.........................................................................92
4.1.2.1.2 Imperfective reduplication and infixation..........................................94
4.1.2.1.3 Output Constraints.............................................................................94
4.1.2.2 Function.....................................................................................................95
4.1.2.2.1 Aspect marking for actions and events..............................................95
4.1.2.2.2 Continuative aspect in nominalized words........................................97
4.1.2.3 Diachronic development of aspect systems in Central Philippine languages
...............................................................................................................................99
Excursus IV: Grammaticalization of Reduplication..................................101
4.1.3 CV-reduplication with numerals.....................................................................104
4.1.4 Infixal -Vr-reduplication for plural actors.......................................................106
4.1.4.1 Form........................................................................................................106
Excursus V: Infixes....................................................................................107
4.1.4.1.1 Diachronic development of Bikol -Vr-............................................110
4.1.4.1.2 r-l-metathesis...................................................................................112
4.1.4.1.3 Infixal plural reduplication and other infixes..................................113
4.1.4.2 Function...................................................................................................114
4.1.4.3 Plural reduplication for ma-derived word forms.....................................116
4.1.5 Summary.........................................................................................................117
Excursus VI: Verbal Plurality....................................................................118
4.2 Full reduplication...................................................................................................123
4.2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................123
4.2.2 Form and meaning of full reduplication..........................................................124
4.2.2.1 Different accent patterns for different meanings?...................................129
4.2.2.2 "Full reduplication" or rather "repetition"?............................................130
4.2.3 The Curu- reduplicant: an alternative to full reduplication.............................132
4.2.3.1 Prosodic conditions for the selection of the Curu-reduplicant................132
4.2.3.2 Functions of Curu-reduplication.............................................................134
4.2.3.3 The origin of Curu-reduplication............................................................135
Excursus VII: Reduplication with Fixed Segmentism...............................136
4.2.4 Two different types of full reduplication in Bikol..........................................138
4.2.5 Specifications of the intended meanings.........................................................140
4.2.5.1 One form – several meanings?................................................................140
4.2.5.2 Disambiguation of homonymous full reduplication type I and type II
through the context..............................................................................................141
4.2.5.3 Differentiation of the meaning nuances of type I through the interaction of
the semantics of the base and reduplication........................................................143
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4.2.5.4 Semantic and Cognitive explanations for polysemy of plural and
diminutive............................................................................................................148
4.2.5.4.1 Regier...............................................................................................149
4.2.5.4.2 Kouwenberg and LaCharité ............................................................150
4.2.5.5 Polysemy as a strategy in optimization of language................................152
4.2.6 Summary.........................................................................................................154
4.3 Combinations of various reduplication types..........................................................156
5 Summarizing comments on reduplication in Bikol........................................................158
Chapter V: CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................160
1 Reference to the central questions of the research on reduplication...............................160
2 Further perspectives........................................................................................................163
References..............................................................................................................................165
Appendix A: Maps.................................................................................................................183
Appendix B: Glossing abbreviations and symbols.................................................................185
Appendix C: Content of the dialogs, poems and stories of the corpus..................................186
Appendix D: List of Bikol reduplications..............................................................................190
Bisyllabic reduplicated stems................................................................190
Lexical partial reduplication..................................................................207
Lexical full reduplication......................................................................219
Echo words............................................................................................235
Productive partial reduplication............................................................240
Full (and Curu-) reduplication..............................................................245
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Table of Figures
Figure 1. Marantz' description of Agta initial CVC-reduplication (Marantz 1982: 445) ....... 15
Figure 2. Raimy's loop representation of kætkæt (Raimy 2000: 1) ........................................ 18
Figure 3. Inkelas and Zoll's basic schema of the Morphological Doubling Theory
(cf. Inkelas 2005: 65) ................................................................................................ 19
Figure 4. Genetic affiliation of some Philippine languages ................................................... 24
Figure 5. McFarland's subgrouping of nine Bikol dialects ..................................................... 25
Figure 6. The iconicity continuum for reduplication .............................................................. 76
Figure 7. Rule for imperfective aspect reduplication ............................................................. 83
Figure 8. Stages of grammaticalization (Niepokuj 1997: 63) ...............................................101
Figure 9. Development path of reduplication (Bybee et al. 1994: 172) ................................102
Figure 10. Rule for numeral limitation ..................................................................................105
Figure 11. Rule for plural actor .............................................................................................106
Figure 12. Rule for the plural of ma-derived word forms .....................................................117
Figure 13. Rule for the diminutive of entities ...................................................................... 144
Figure 14. Rule for the diminutive of unbounded events and states .....................................145
Figure 15. Rule for the plural of bounded events ..................................................................146
Figure 16. Rule for the plural of numerals ............................................................................146
Figure 17. Regier’s model: The interaction of iconicity and semantic extension
(Regier 1998: 888) .................................................................................................................149
Figure 18: Kouwenberg and LaCharité’s model (Kouwenberg and LaCharité 2005: 540) ..150
Figure 19. Semantic categorization of the two full reduplication types of Bikol .................155
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