BIL 226, General Botany – Krempels Study Guide for Exam I ...

BIL 226, General Botany – Krempels
Study Guide for Exam I
Introduction
Recall the general characteristics of plants, and their importance in various ecosystems.
Know the meaning/significance of: species, population, community, ecosystem, biome
Know the difference between the Individualistic and Interactive hypotheses of community structure.
Know the general characteristics of each of the six types of symbiosis we discussed in class, and be able to
recognize an example of each, even if you've never heard of it before.
Recall the contributions of some of the earliest plant biologists, Marcello Malpighi, Nehemia Grew, Johann
Baptista van Helmont, Carl Linne (a.k.a. Linnaeus).
Know the definition of a biome, and the names of the examples given: arctic polar ice, tundra, boreal
forest/taiga, deciduous forest, desert, tropical rainforest, prairie, savannah, chapparal.
Know the meaning/significance of: flora, fauna, biome, xeriphyte, coevolution (review the link to the UC
Berkeley site)
Plant Molecules
Know the basic structure of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and their monomers.
Know the types of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins that are most common in plants, and what they confer
upon plants in terms of structure or function.
Know the definition/significance (and where you'd be most likely to find, if appropriate): amylose,
amylopectin, starch (simple vs. complex), fructans, polysaccharide, polymer, cellulose, alpha and beta
glucose, hemicellulose, glycogen, triglyceride, fat vs. oil, saturated vs. unsaturated fat, cutin, suberin,
cuticle, steroid, lignin, pectins, glycoproteins,
Know the definition/significance/function and recognize examples of: primary metabolites, secondary
metabolites, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics
Know the definition and general description of SAR (Systemic Acquired Resistance) in plants. (You don't
have to know the metabolic pathway at this point)
Plant Cells
Know the definition/significance/morphologies of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
Know the names and basic functions of the cell organelles found in plant cells.
Know the Endosymbiont and Autogenous Models of eukaryotic cell evolution.
Know the definition/significance/composition of: protoplast, cytosol, plasma membrane, tonoplast, cell
sap, peroxisome
Know the three types of plastids, as well as the meaning/significance of: protoplastid, etioplast,
prolamellar body
Know the structure/significance of: plasmodesmata, desmotubule, primary pit field, pit, pit pair
Know the ways in which plant mitosis differs from animal mitosis.
Know the definition/significance/structure of: phragmosome, phragmoplast, preprophase band, primary
cell wall, secondary cell wall, middle lamella, and the order of their appearance during mitosis.
Plant Development
Know the general difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms and within the angiosperms, the
general difference (in terms of development) between dicots and monocots.
Know the meaning of Alternation of Generations, and the function/ploidy of each of the following:
sporophyte, gametophyte, spore, microspore, megaspore, sporangium, microsporangium, megasporangium,
sporophyll, microsporophyll, megasporophyll, gamete, seed
Know the general anatomy of a flower and all its parts, as well as which parts are male and female, and
which parts correspond to the life cycle stages in the Alternation of Generations list above.
Know the anatomy of an angiosperm male and female gametophytes. Know the names and fates of the
gametophyte nuclei.
Know the meaning/significance of: ovule, ovum, ovulary, pistil, style, stigma, carpel, endosperm, zygote,
pollen, sperm
Know the general anatomy of monocot and dicot seeds, and be able to identify the parts of the embryo.

Know the meaning/significance of chalazal pole, micropylar pole, apical cell, basal cell, embryo, suspensor
(which comes from which, and at which pole), the various stages of the embryo, from globule to mature
embryo.
Know the three primary meristems, their relative positions in the embryo, and the tissues to which each
gives rise.
Know the ploidy of the various parts of the angiosperm seed: seed coat, endosperm, embryo, etc.
Review different modes of seed dispersal. Understand the concept of after-ripening, and what
environmental factors can be involved in this process.
Know the difference between epigeous and hypogeous growth at germination.
Plant Tissues
Know the factors that allowed plants to truly colonize land and become more independent of water as a
medium in which to live.
Know the three organs of a plant.
Know the meaning/significance/morphology of: meristem, ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue,
simple vs. complex tissue, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, sclerid, fiber, sieve
cell, sieve tube element, companion cell, albuminous cell (see text), tracheid, vessel element, xylem,
phloem, guard cells, trichomes, glabrous, pubescent, hirsute.
Know the meaning/significance/morphology of: cells that are totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent.
Know the general anatomy of a plant: root, stem, leaf, node, internode, leaf axil, apical bud, axillary bud,
leaf scar, vascular and cork cambia, stele (and relative locations of xylem and phloem therein), periderm
Know the meaning/significance of: primary growth, secondary growth, determinate vs. indeterminate
growth, annual vs. perennial life history
The Leaf
Know the structure and significance of the following leaf parts and leaf-related structures: petiole, base,
midrib, veins, margins, blade, apex, axil, axillary bud, stipule
Know the basic forms of phyllotaxy, and be able to recognize illustrations of them, including: helical,
distichous (alternate), opposite, opposite and dicussate, and whorled leaf arrangements
Recognize the most common leaf shapes and the names of those shapes (in both simple and compound
form, as applicable): pinnate, palmate, orbicular, ovate, obovate, cordate, reniform, acuminate, peltate,
lobed
Recognize the following vein morphologies: palmate, pinnate, reticulate, parallel
Know the layers and locations of the various structures and internal layers of the leaf, including: cuticle,
epidermis, pallisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, stomates, guard cells, trichomes, leaf gap adn leaf
trace (on the stem), and the vascular tissue locations in the veins.
Know the meaning/significance of hydrophyte, mesophyte, xerophyte
Know the meaning/significance/function of minor veins, major veins, bundle sheath, bundle sheath
extensions
Know the general course of new leaf formation from the apical meristem, and the morphology, location,
and function of: founder cells, leaf buttress, leaf primordia
Recognize the various types of leaf specializations and their functions.