Journal of Insect Science | www.insectscience.org ISSN: 1536-2442 neonicotinoids were evaluated as foliar sprays: imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid. Results from all three trials will be presented at the meeting. Data were transformed using an arcsine transformation prior to analysis. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separation was accomplished by using the least significant difference test (LSD) at the P
Journal of Insect Science | www.insectscience.org ISSN: 1536-2442 3 Valent USA Corporation, Snellville, GA, USA mitochondrial COI DNA sequence. Results of the 4 Cornell University Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, Long conventional cotton that received no insecticide Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, New applications and plots of conventional cotton in which York, USA insecticides were used regularly for control of 5 Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A&M University, Overton, TX, USA bollworms. The results indicated that mean population 6 densities of whitefly did not differ significantly in Bt College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA cotton plots and conventional cotton plants. However, 7 Mid-Florida Research and Extension Center, IFAS, University of populations in Bt cotton plots showed fluctuations and Florida, Apopka, FL, USA reached peaks at different times than in conventional 8 Society of American Florists, Alexandria, VA, USA cotton. The population of predators (Chrysoperla, Biotype “Q” of <strong>Bemisia</strong> tabaci was first detected in the coccinelids, predatory bugs and spiders) was United States on poinsettias from a southwest retail significantly lower in insecticide treated plots of outlet in Arizona during December 2004. During the conventional cotton than untreated plots of past 20 months, biotype Q has been detected in 22 conventional and Bt cotton. states and appears to be spreading. Although indistinguishable in appearance from silverleaf Current Situation of <strong>Bemisia</strong> tabaci in whitefly (biotype B), these insects are much less Vegetable Crops in Portugal susceptible to insect growth regulators and many neonicotinoid insecticides. Our primary objective was Célia Mateus, F. Amaro, D. Louro, and A. Mexia to monitor populations of B. tabaci from grower sites Plant Protection Department. Estação Agronómica Nacional, Oeiras, throughout the United States, in an effort to document Portugal. Correspondence: mateuscelia@yahoo.com the distribution of the Q-type within the ornamental In Portugal, <strong>Bemisia</strong> tabaci was first recorded in 1992 industry. The ornamental grower response to the Q in vegetable crops and since 1995, it has been an biotype issue has been tremendous, and many have important pest in Algarve, southern Portugal. In this sent in samples for testing. Without their contribution, region, B. tabaci is present year-round in greenhouse the extent of the Q problem in the United States would crops, with high infestation levels during summer. It is not be known. Molecular techniques used to a serious problem to several vegetable crops, due distinguish whitefly biotypes included esterase assays, partly to direct damage, but mainly to acquisition and analysis of mitochondrial COI DNA sequence, and transmission of plant viruses. The most severely microsatellite technology. Q biotype <strong>Bemisia</strong> can be affected crops are greenhouse tomato and cucurbits. distinguished from B biotype insects based on IPM is considered the best way to deal with the electrophoresis of the banding patterns of their sustainable management of this problem. Nevertheless, esterases and this method was used to routinely the presence of the viruses complicates the confirm biotype status results utilizing cytochrome implementation of IPM programs and the integration oxidase I (COI) sequence and microsatellite data and synergy of multiple control tactics has to be analysis. For COI and microsatellite biotype considered. The work presented here gives an determination, DNA was extracted from single overview of the results obtained through research whitefly using the Cartagen Genomic DNA extraction activities carried out in this country regarding B. kits following the manufacturer’s protocols (Cartagen tabaci: geographical distribution, bioecology, biotype Molecular Systems, Inc. Seattle, WA). Mitochondrial identification, virus transmission, monitoring, risk COI sequence analysis was performed, by first PCR assessment and control methods. amplification of an approximately 800 bp COI DNA fragment and then sequencing the PCR amplified DNA. Sequencing reactions were analyzed on an Monitoring the U. S ornamental industries B’s and Q’s Applied Biosystems 3730XL sequence analyzer and the resulting sequence was compared and edited using C. L. McKenzie 1 , Jim Bethke 2 , Laura Boykin 1 Sequencher software (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, MI). , Frank Byrne 2 , Joe Chamberlin 3 , Dan Gilrein 4 Biotype determination was inferred from neighbor , Scott Ludwig 5 , Ron Oetting 6 , Lance Osborne 7 joining methods of phylogenetic analysis of the COI , Lin Schmale 8 , and Robert G. Shatters Jr. 1 sequences using CLUSTALW alignments of each sequence type. Two microsatellite primers developed 1 Subtropical Insect Research Unit, U. S. Horticultural Research by De Barro et al. (2005), BEM6 -(CA)8IMP and Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fort Pierce, FL, USA. Correspondence: cmckenzie@ushrl.ars.usda.gov BEM23 -(GAA)31IMP, were found to be diagnostic 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, for B and Q biotypes and were used to determine CA, USA biotype status in conjunction with analysis of monitoring effort revealed 100 % concurrence in biotype determination using COI sequence and Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 8 | Article 4 30
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