operational analysis of a select spinning mill - International ...

OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A SELECT SPINNING MILL
-AN EMPRICAL STUDY
1 Dr.G.GANESAN & C.DHANAPAL 2
ABSTRACT
The Indian Textile Industry is the second largest in the world, next to Chinese and is one of the largest
foreign exchange earners for the country. Textile is a key contributor to GDP to the order of 4%. The textile sector
employs over 20 million people and is the second largest employment generator. Textile businesses are also
affected by the global melt down. The industry in India is experiencing an increase in the collaboration between
national and international companies. International apparel companies like Hugo Boss, Liz Claiborne, Diesel,
Ahlstorm, Kanz, Baird McNutt, etc have already started their operations in India and these companies are trying to
increase it to a considerable level.
National and the international companies that are involved in collaborations include Rajasthan Spinning
& Weaving Mills, Armani, Raymond, Levi Strauss, De Witte Lietaer, Barbara, Jockey, Vardhman Group,
Gokaldas, Vincenzo Zucchi, Arvind brands, Benetton, Esprit, Marzotto, Welspun, etc. Therefore, it is the right
time to concentrate on operational cost to compete with the global leaders by concentrating on the world class
quality products. An empirical study is made on the cost aspects of a textile mills discloses the possibility of cost
reduction and improvement for profitability. This paper presents proactive aspects and relationship of the
production with raw material consumption and yield .Cobb Douglas production function has been used to find the
behavour of costs with the production per spindle shift. It also presents suggestions for improving productivity
and profitability.
Key words: Cobb-Douglas Production Function, WTO: World Trade Organization, KPI: Key performance
Indicators, BI: Business Intelligence. MFT: Multi Fiber Agreement. ANOVA: Analysis of Variances.
1 Dean, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore Tamilnadu State, India.
E-Mail: drganesanbu@rediffmail.com
2 Associate Professor of Commerce, Salem Sowdeswari College, Salem, Tamilnadu State, India.
E-Mail: dhanapal.c@gmail.com
1

1. INTRODUCTION
The Indian textile industry, until the economic liberalization of Indian economy was
predominantly an unorganized industry. The economic liberalization of Indian economy in the
early 1990s led to stupendous growth of this Indian industry. Now Textile industry is the most
prominent industry in India as it supplies cloth to the populations. It also assists for the survival
of other small scale industries. Textile industry has shown its major growth in the post quota
regime under the WTO agreement. Textile accounts for 14% of the total Industrial production
and contributes nearly 30% of the total exports. Textile is a key contributor to GDP to the order
of 4%. The intense global competition in textiles has stimulated cost-cutting measures and new
investments that have significantly increased the efficiency of transforming cotton fiber into
yarn. Continuous improvement in production, waste reduction and productivity would
automatically lead of success of the enterprise.
The Spinning Industry in India is on set to hit the global market with other fabrics as well
like the cotton textiles with its enthusiasm and consistency in work. It has already reached a
phenomenal status in India by beating the obstacles that caused a downfall since past few years
and is now on its way to cover a wider area in the spinning sector.
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Indian Spinning Industry has gone from strength to strength since a very long time now as it
was the hub of cotton manufacturing. Cotton is not only consumed to the highest extent in India
but it has also become one of the most profitable textiles in the export industry. The productivity
in case of spinning mill is confined to gms per spindle shift. An elaborate and detailed
assessment is made on various sectors of the yarn spinning such as, production, consumption,
and materials. Everyone should try to get increased production at the least possible cost.
For this purpose it is necessary to find the behaviour of the production, raw material and
yield .Tuning this well would enhance the productivity. On the other hand the costs associated
with the production should also be evaluated to achieve the production with the least possible
costs. It is necessary for everyone to improve productivity as well as profitability for their
survival in the global economic crisis. It is right time to find solution to this type of problems.
__________________________________________
1 Dean, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore Tamilnadu State, India.
E-Mail: drganesanbu@rediffmail.com
2 Associate Professor of Commerce, Salem Sowdeswari College, Salem. Tamilnadu State, India. E-Mail:
dhanapal.c@gmail.com
2

3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The following may be taken as the objectives of the study:
3.1. To find the relationship between production and raw material consumption and yield.
3.2. To find the association between Spinning production and costs.
3.3. To predict the spinning production using Cobb Douglas production function.
3.4. To offer plausible suggestions for improvement in cost and efficiency.
4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1 Imran Sharif Chaudhry et al (2009) have made study on “Factors Affecting Cotton
Production in Pakistan: Empirical Evidence from Multan District”. They examined the factors
affecting cotton production. In that study Cobb-Douglas Production Function was used to assess
the effects of various inputs like cultivation, seed and sowing, irrigation, fertilizer, plant
production and labour cost on yield.
2 Moosup Jung, et al (2008) made a study on” Total Factor Productivity of Korean Firms
and Catching up with the Japanese firms “.They measured and compared the TFP of both
Korean and Japanese listed firms of 1984 to 2004.They used the Chain Linked Index Number
method developed by Good et. al.(1999). They found that the average TFP of Korean firms grew
about 44.1% between 1984 and 2005, with 2.1% annual growth rates. Industry was observed to
be outstanding.
3 Danish A. Hashim made research on” Cost and Productivity in Indian Textiles” for
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. His observations and findings
are: There is an inverse relationship between the unit cost and productivity: Industry and States,
which witnessed higher productivity (growth) experienced lower unit cost (growth) and vice -
versa. Better capacity utilization, reductions in Nominal Rate of Protection and increased
availability of electricity are found to be favourably affecting the productivity in all the three
industries.
___________________________________
1 Imran Sharif Chaudhry, Muhammad Bashir Khan ( Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan,Pakistan )
and Mumtaz Anwar(University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan)-“ Factors Affecting Cotton Production
in Pakistan: Empirical Evidence from Multan District”- Journal of Quality and Technology Management,
Volume V, Issue I1, Dec, 2009, pg. 91-100.
2 Moosup Jung, Keun Lee( School of Economics, Seoul National University korea) and Kyoji Fukao
(Hitoshubashi University, Japan )- Total Factor Productivity of Korean Firms and Catching up with the
Japanese firms- Seoul Journal of Economics, vol 20,no 1, March 2008.
Gokhale 1992 in Cotton Mill Sector', Productivity, January- March.
3 Danish A. Hashim (2004)- cost and productivity in Indian Textiles- Indian Council For Research On
International Economic Relations. Multan District” Journal of Quality and Technology Management,
Volume V, Issue I1, Dec, 2009, pg. 91-100
3

4 Gokhale, G S (1992) an important factor that affects material productivity is the quality
of cotton that is used to produce a particular kind of yarn or cloth. Using too good a cotton
variety would contribute to excessive cost, but using cotton that is not good enough would mean
increased breakage, a heavier work load for the worker, who consequently can only attend to a
lesser number of machine units. The material productivity is influenced by a number of factors
such as quality of material used, type of technology used, level of maintenance and life of
machinery, count produced and the like.
5 Productivity also depends upon such factors as layout of machines, mechanical transport
for material handling and machine maintenance. As a result of all these factors, productivity of
the worker is largely governed by a proper machine allocation. This can easily be determined by
work-study.
6 SITRA (1998) stated that the size of the mills decides the volume of business and also the
economic viability of the business unit. Selection of suitable size is important for smooth conduct
of business, over-capacity as well as under- capacity would bring pressure on the business.
5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The new textile policy is to be seen in the backdrop of fast changing international
scenario in the post-.GATT era and its implications on Indian textile sector. Textile and clothing
have been brought within the framework of GATT in the Uruguay round of the multilateral trade
negotiations. The first impact of this negotiation would be felt by the Indian textile industry after
the expiry of Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA) on December 31, 2004. Expiry of MFA would have
implications on both inter-national as well as domestic markets. The Indian textile industry has to
be globally competitive to be able to sustain its presence not only in the international market but
also in the domestic.
On the other side technological capability is embodied in the human and physical capital
in command of the industry. In a dynamic sense it means the ability of the industry to articulate
its business problems in terms of technology and also the ability to access human, physical,
financial and organizational resources to find solutions to the articulated technological problems.
_______________________________________________
4 Gokhale, G S (1992) 'The Role of Productivity in Cotton Mill Sector', Journal of Productivity, January-
March.
5 Porter, Michael (1992): Quoted in G S Gokhale, 'Role of Productivity in Cotton Textile Mill Industry',
Productivity, Vol 33, No 1 April- June.
6 SITRA (1998): 'Productivity Performance in Spinning', SITRA Publication, South Indian Cotton Textile
Research Association, Coimbatore, p 4.
4

6. METHODOLOGY:
Comprehensive research work was done to achieve the objectives of the study. Ten year
data - 1998-99 to 2007-08 of Sambandam Spinning Mills Salem has been employed for this
study. In the first step the association between productions, raw material consumption and yield
are arrived by employing the multiple regressions. In the next step the relationship between
spinning production per spindle shift and related costs per spindle shifts are arrived by using the
Cobb Douglass production function. Based on this spinning production per spindle shifts are
estimated and the production achievements are compared between the two units of the same
company.
Statistical tools such as Regressions, Analysis of variance technique has been employed
to the test the hypotheses.
6.1. DATA ANALYSIS:
The data related to the two units of SSM Ltd has been analyzed towards its production
and operational costs. The following table shows the production, raw material consumption and
yield of SSM Ltd Unit-1 and Unit-2 for 10 years from 1998-99 to 2007-08.
Table No: 1 Production, Raw Material Consumption and Yield
SSM LTD –UNIT-1
Production
(in-akh
Kgs)
Raw material
Consumed
(in-Lakh Kgs)
Production
(in-Lakh
Kgs)
SSM LTD –UNIT-2
Rawmaterial
Consumed
(in-Lakh
Kgs)
Yield
(Ratio)
1998-99 20.33 26.38 0.77 21.58 32.18 0.67
1999-00 19.27 26.60 0.72 19.54 30.49 0.64
2000-01 19.19 26.12 0.73 18.56 29.02 0.64
2001-02 19.19 26.12 0.73 18.08 28.31 0.64
2002-03 18.00 24.38 0.74 19.41 28.08 0.69
2003-04 17.52 22.90 0.77 25.10 36.18 0.69
2004-05 20.91 26.45 0.79 23.90 36.97 0.65
2005-06 20.98 27.03 0.78 24.35 37.55 0.65
2006-07 19.25 30.63 0.63 27.65 41.78 0.66
2007-08 26.55 40.28 0.66 29.59 45.09 0.66
Yield
(Ratio)
The following hypotheses have been framed to test the relationship between production and costs
of the two units.
HYPOTHESIS.1:
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YARN PRODUCTION,
RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION AND YIELD RATIO OF SSM LTD UNIT-1.
To study the significant relationship between the yarn production, raw material
consumption and yield ratio multiple regression analysis is employed.. Here we take the yarn
production as dependent variable and other factors as independent variables. The following
table shows the results of fitting a multiple linear regression model:
5

Graph 1
RAWMATERIAL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION OF
SSMLTD UNIT-1 AND UNIT-2
In Lakh Kgs.
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
45.09
41.78
40.28
36.18 36.97 37.55
32.18
30.49
30.63
29.02 28.31
26.38 26.6
28.08
26.12 26.12
26.45 27.03
26.55
24.38
22.9
20.33
20.91 20.98
19.27 19.19 19.19
19.25
18 17.52
1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
YEAR
S1.Production S1.Rawmaterial S2.Production S2.Raw- material
Table .2
Coefficients:
Standard
Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value
CONSTANT -18.4159 1.76891 -10.4109 0.0000
Raw material consumption 0.673339 0.0197851 34.0326 0.0000
Yield 27.1733 1.84076 14.762 0.0000
The fitted multiple regression models involving the explanatory variables are given
below:
PRODUCTION = -18.4159 + 0.673339*RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION +
27.1733*YIELD.
From the model it is observed that there is a positive relationship between yarn
production and raw material consumption. It shows that yarn production would increase by 0.67
units, if the raw material consumption increases by 1 unit assuming the yield remains the same.
It also shows that there is a positive relationship between yield and yarn production. That is
the yarn production would increase by 27 units if the yield increases by 1 unit assuming the
consumption remains the same.
T
6

The validity of the model has been tested by ANOVA. The output of the ANOVA is
presented as :
Table No.3 - Analysis of Variance
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
Model 56.9084 2 28.4542 646.83 0.0000
Residual 0.307931 7 0.0439901
Total (Corr.) 57.2163 9
Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.05, there is a statistically significant
relationship between the variables at the 95.0% or higher confidence level. Hence fitted model
is the most suitable model to describe the relationships of the variables.
Table.4. Related Statistics
R2
Standard
Mean Absolute Error Dubin-Watson Statistics
Error of Estimate
99.4618 percent 0.209738 0.136684 1.30309(P=0.0942)
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 99.4618%of the
variability in production. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the
residuals to be 0.209738.
The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.136684is the average value of the residuals. The
Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if the re is any significant
correlation based on the order in which they occur. Since the P-value is greater than 0.05, there is
no indication of serial autocorrelation in the residuals at the 95.0% confidence level.
HYPOTHESIS.2:
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT REATIONSHIP BETWEEN YARN PRODUCTION, RAW
MATERIAL CONSUMPTION AND YIELD RATIO OF SSM LTD UNIT-2
To study the Significant Relationship between the Yarn Productions, Raw Material
Consumption and yield ratio multiple regression analysis is employed. Here we take the yarn
production as dependent variable and other factors as independent variables. The following
table shows the results of fitting a multiple linear regression model:
7

Table 5
Coefficients:
Standard T
Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value
CONSTANT -20.9637 0.963011 -21.7689 0.0000
s2rawmaterial consumption 0.657836 0.00502045 131.031 0.0000
s2yield 31.8798 1.45079 21.9741 0.0000
The fitted multiple regression models involving the explanatory variables are given below:
S2YARN-PRODUCTION = -20.9637 + 0.657836*S2RAWMATERIAL CONSUMPTION +
31.8798*S2YIELD.
From the model it is observed that there is a positive relationship between yarn
production and raw material consumption. It shows that yarn production would increase by 0.66
units, if the raw material consumption increases by 1 unit assuming the yield remains the same.
It also shows that there is a positive relationship between yield and yarn production. That is the
yarn production would increase by 31.88 units if the yield increases by 1 unit assuming the raw
material consumption remains the same. The validity of the model has been tested by ANOVA.
The output of the ANOVA is presented as :
Table No.6
Analysis of Variance
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
Model 142.31 2 71.1552 8996.15 0.0000
Residual 0.0553666 7 0.00790951
Total (Corr.) 142.366 9
Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.05, there is a statistically significant
relationship between the variables at the 95.0% or higher confidence level. Hence fitted model
is the most suitable model to describe the relationships of the variables.
Table .7-Related Statistics
R2
Standard
Mean Absolute Error Dubin-Watson Statistics
Error of Estimate
99.9611 percent 0.0889355 0.0593909 3.17366 (P=0.9427)
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 99.9611% of the
variability in production. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the
residuals to be 0.0889355. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0593909 is the average value of
the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any
significant correlation based on the order in which they occur. Since the P-value is greater than
0.05, there is no indication of serial autocorrelation in the residuals at the 95.0% confidence level
COBB DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION:
Generally for the same level of input factors, everyone should get almost the same level
of output. In spinning mills the production and cost related to the spinning department has been
considered as the important indicator of the operational performance. Therefore production and
cost related to the spinning department has been taken for the analysis. To test production
achievement of the companies, the Cobb-Douglas Production Function is employed. The Cobb-
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Douglas Production Function assess the effects of various inputs like raw material, labour store
cost, power, interest, depreciation and other costs involved in the production of yarn. The log
linear form of production function used is based on the following equation.
LnY =α+β1LnX1+ β2LnX2 + β3LnX3+ β4LnX4 + β5LnX5 + β6LnX6 + β7 LnX7 +uµ
Where,
Ln Y = Dependent Variable –Spinning production per Spindle shift.
X1= Xn are independent variables;
X1 = Raw Material cost /Spindle shift; X2 = Salaries and Wages/spindle shift
X3= Stores cost / Spindle shift; X4 = Power cost / Spindle shift
X5 = Other costs/ spindle shift; X6 = Interest cost/ spindle shift
X7 = Depreciation cost/ spindle shift
α = constant /Intercept.
β = co-efficient;
u =Random disturbance term;
Ln = Natural Logarithms.
To predict the production, first of all the dependent and independent variables are to be
fixed in the production function equation and processed to get constants and co efficient. To
arrive this following steps are carried out.
In the first step data related to the production function as given in the following tables
have been applied in the multiple regression models after converting the same in its log form to
arrive the constants and coefficients. In the second step the resultant constants and coefficients
are applied in the Cobb Douglas production function to estimate the production. In the third step
the ten year averages of independent variables of all the four companies have been calculated. In
the fourth step such average cost is applied in the production function along with the constants
and co-efficient to predict the production of each company to evaluate the production
achievement of the companies. The following table shows the unit wise constants and
coefficients variables related to the production function.
Table 8.
Constants and Coefficients –SSM Ltd Unit-1 and Unit-2
COMPANY SSM-UNIT-1 SSM-UNIT-2
CONSTANTS 3.66 3.92
CO-EFFICIENTS
Mat. cost /sple sft 0.21 0.72
S& Wages/sple sft -0.06 0.29
Stores/Sple Sft -0.08 0.36
Power/Sple Sft 0.77 -0.83
Other costs/Sple Sft -0.51 1.77
Interest/Sple Sft -0.29 -0.5
Dep/Sple Sft 0.01 0.93
The regression equation for SSM LTD UNIT-1 is given below:
Ssm-1.pdnpersplesft = 3.6585 + 0.206866*ssm-1.rawpersft - 0.0619988*ssm-
1.swpersplesft - 0.0816154*ssm-1.storpersplesft + 0.773897*ssm-1.powerpersplesft -
0.510007*ssm-1.otherpersplesft - 0.287602*ssm-1.intpersplesft + 0.0112882*ssm-
1.deppersplesft.
9

It shows that there is a positive relationship between production per spindle shifts and raw
material cost, power cost and depreciation. That is the production per spindle shift increases by
the respective co-efficient level if the raw material, power and depreciation increases by one unit
assuming the other variables remain constant.
Similarly the equation shows negative relationship between production per spindle shifts
and salaries and wages, stores, other cost and interest cost. That is the production per spindle
shift decreases by the respective co-efficient level if salaries and wages, stores, other cost and
interest cost decreases by one unit assuming the other variables remain constant.
The regression equation for SSM LTD UNIT-2 is given below:
pdnpersplesft = 3.92029 + 0.71877*rawpersft + 0.294551*swpersplesft +
0.361561*storpersplesft - 0.833235*powerpersplesft + 1.7669*otherpersplesft -
0.497305*intpersplesft + 0.933198*deppersplesft
.
It shows that there is a positive relationship between production per spindle shifts and raw
material cost, salaries and wages, stores, other costs and depreciation. That is the production per
spindle shift increases by the respective co-efficient level if the raw material cost, salaries and
wages, stores, other costs and depreciation by one unit assuming the other variables remain
constant.
Similarly the equation shows negative relationship between production per spindle shifts
and power cost and interest cost. That is the production per spindle shift decreases by the
respective co-efficient level if power cost and interest cost decreases by one unit assuming the
other variables remain constant.
Table 9
PREDICTED PRODUCTION--COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION
COMPANY SSM-UNIT-1 SSM-UNIT-2
PREDICTED PRODUCTION
1 Gms/Sple Sft 112.45 109.4
COST-APPLIED
Average uniform cost applied
2 Mat.cost/Sple Sft 7.08 7.08
3 S& Wages/ Sple Sft 0.89 0.89
4 Stores/Sple sft 0.28 0.28
5 Power/Sple sft 2.21 2.21
6 Other costs/sple sft 1.43 1.43
7 Interest/sple sft 0.67 0.67
8 Dep/sple sft 0.72 0.72
9 Total Cost /Sple Shift 13.28 13.28
10 Cost per Gms 0.1181 0.1214
11 RANKS-Production 1 2
12
Spindle Shifts-one day ( assuming
25,000 spindle and 3 shift working) 75000 75000
13 predicted production –One day 8434 8205
14 Total Costs-one Day 996000 996000
15 cost per kg 118 121
10

It has been observed that predicted production differs within the units of the same
company. The production achievement ranks given .It also shows that increased production
causes reduction in cost
7. FINDINGS
The following are finding arrived from the data analysis:
1. The yarn production depends on the raw material input and yield percentage. The data
have been tested with the multiple regression analysis. It shows that there is a significant
association between the Production, raw material consumption and yield ratio.
2. The Cobb Douglass production function shows the relationship between production per
spindle shift and various component costs per spindle shifts. Prediction of production is made
based on the co-efficient and constants arrived from the regression equation. It shows that there
is a difference in production though the same uniform costs are applied. The table also shows the
one day production and respective costs and also the cost per Kg. The cost per kg in SSM Ltd
Unit-1 is lesser because of greater production per spindle shift.
8. SUGGESTIONS
The following strategies may help the Textile Mills to meet the global challenges to grow
up as a global leader by improving the profitability:
1. Buy high yield raw cottons after testing the samples. Cottons without contamination would
give more yields. Before going for production the cotton has to be tested for its yield and then
order for raw materials. This would increase the productivity.
2. Reduction in cost per machine shift would reduce the cost of manufacturing. Monitor the costs
by applying activity based costing and remove the unnecessary activities and save the costs.
3. Increase the spindle utilization and make spin plan before starting the production so that count
change, count run outs and other reasons for spindle stoppage may be reduced to optimize the
spindle utilization.
4. Interest Charges: Due to the injection of more debt funds heavy interest charges occurs. Mills
are unable to use debt funds to magnify the profit as they are very often subject to so many risks.
Borrowing at lower rate of interest and timely use of debt capital shall reduce the interest burden.
To avoid heavy interest use matching principle in the mixing of Short term and long term funds.
Long-term funds in the form of issue of bonds for specific period and short term funds like
commercial papers may be planned in addition to the other sources of finding funds so as to get
optimal capital-mix.
5. TUF loan: Government has been giving Technology Up gradation Fund to modernize the plant
at lower rate of interest. This is a boon to the textile sector since it would increase the
productivity as well as the profitability.
6. Business Intelligence: It is a process through which the performance of the organization is
monitored with KPI’s (Key Performance Indicators) and reported for immediate action and
follow up. It is a “Measure-Monitor-Manage- Analyze-Plan system. Alerts and work flow
corrections are also indicated by the business Intelligent Software. Close watch over the financial
leverage, Asset leverage, Cash flow management and working capital shall make a concern to
reduce the interest burden and at the same time enjoy the benefit of zooming profit by taking
timely actions with the help of the business Intelligence software.
7. Unused capacity management: The actual situation would show the unused capacity in a
particular period may be managed by doing job works so as to recover the cost and increase
profitability.
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9. CONCLUSION
The improvement in profitability depends on the improvement in productivity of an
individuals and operational performance of a company. In this paper the relationship between
production, raw material consumption and yield are arrived to find the behavour of the same.
This can be used for improving the productivity. The Cobb Douglass production function and
prediction of production also exposes the cost areas to be concentrated. Every company can
enhance their productivity and profitability if they improve the operational activities at lesser
cost. These are within the control of the management. Hence, one makes drill down approach to
increase the profitability as well as the productivity by ascertaining the association successfully.
10. REFERENCES
1. Imran Sharif Chaudhry, Muhammad Bashir Khan and Mumtaz Anwar ( 2009) (Factors
Affecting Cotton Production in Pakistan: Empirical Evidence from Multan District” Journal of
Quality and Technology Management, Volume V, Issue I1, pg. 91-100.
2. Gokarn, S (1998): 'Economic Reforms in India: Towards a Strategic Perspective' in T Roy (ed),
Economic Reforms: The Next Step, Vol II, Frank Bros, Delhi.
3. Nath, Pradosh and N Mrinalini (2000): 'Benchmarking the Best Practices of Non- corporate R and
D Organisations', Benchmarking: An International Journal, Vol 7, November 2.
4. Roy, T (1996): 'Market -Resurgence, Deregulation and Industrial Response; Indian Cotton
Textiles in the 1990s', Economic and Political Weekly, XXXI(21), Review of Industry, May. -
(1998): 'Development or Distortion?
5. Sandesara, J C (1966): 'Scale and Technology in Indian Industry', Bulletin of the Oxford
University Institute of Economiics and Stati.tics, Vol 28, No 3. Textiles Committee (Govt of
India) (1999): 'Census of Textile Power Processin g Industry in India'. Economic and Political
Weekly September 27, 2003.
6. Saha, J and P R Shukla (1998): 'The Indian Primary Textile Industry' in P Chandra (ed) (1998),
Technology, Practices and Competitiveness: The Primary Textile Industry in Canada, China and
India, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
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