Annex 4: Case study “Organic Farming” - ITAS

plantations and contracted smallholder farms as reported by KNBS [2006 in Bues 2007, p.7].
Other than environmental degradation, Bues [2007, p.14] also describes health hazards as a
consequence of the inappropriate use of such chemicals.
In this context, deep soil preparation by Double-Digging represents one approach towards
more sustainable land cultivation since the incorporation of compost/manure improves soil
fertility and structure via an increased organic matter content. This deep loosening of the soil,
thereby, can lead to two beneficial effects: First, to facilitate the establishment of an optimal
soil structure for the nutrient and water supply of the crops, and second, to the prevention of
soil erosion, leaching, and organic matter losses [Bues 2007, p.40]. The Double-Digging
Method is recommended for use in compacted, heavy, or rocky soils, and soils whose
structure has been degraded by chemicals and frequent ploughing [Mundy 1998].
Constraints
The system of Double-Digging has not been mentioned as a traditional farming system. Thus,
successful adaptation may be constrained by farmer’s scepticism. The farmer’s acceptance of
the method can be regarded as critical since Mundy (1998) already mentions the required
labour intensity as a disadvantage. This is particular problematic for relatively high-input
systems, where a initial decline in yields is expected according to Parrot et al. [2006 in Bues
2007, p.13].
Improvement potential and technologies
The use of natural insecticides incorporates considerable potential for production
improvements. This is due to Kenya’s favourable position as an important producer of
Pyrethrum daisy (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium), which is used effectively for the
production of natural insecticides. Currently, extracts are only exported to developed
countries and Kenyan farmers are left with the option to prepare their own insecticide from
flowers combined with soapy water. A more professional local processing and
commercialisation of the plant could therefore significantly raise the use of such a natural
product [Omare and Woomer 2003].
Effects for small-scale farmers
For the adaptation of organic farming practices such as Double-Digging, several general
advantages have been identified for the specific case of Kenya. Less health risks and yield
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