The Fauna of Sri Lanka - IUCN

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Edirisinghe & Wijerathna: Current Status THE of FAUNA Aphid OF Taxonomy SRI LANKA (2006): in Sri Lanka 35-42 © IUCN - The World Conservation Union Current Status of Aphid Taxonomy in Sri Lanka Jayanthi P. Edirisinghe* and M.A.P. Wijerathna § *Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya § Wildlife Trust, TREE Centre, Randenigala, Rantambe Abstract Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) are a group of minute insects (with winged and wingless adults) that live on plants. They are plant sap feeders and thereby act as vectors of viral diseases of plants. Hence, aphids are of much economic importance. Presently, the known aphid fauna of Sri Lanka consists of 84 species in 46 genera and 6 subfamilies. Two species of aphids are considered to be endemic to Sri Lanka, while 74 of our aphid species are shared with India. The aphids that are found particularly on upcountry vegetables are cosmopolitan in distribution. Distribution of aphids in Sri Lanka is associated more with the distribution of their host plants than the geography of the country. Field studies indicate that aphids are more abundant in the Mid Country Wet Zone. Majority of the aphid species are polyphagous, inhabiting a variety of unrelated host plants. Aphids have been recorded from 300 species of plants belonging to 71 families. To fill the gaps in aphid taxonomic research it is necessary to make extensive field collection covering parts of the country where previous collections have not been made. Furthermore, the balance of the flowering plants including crops need to be examined for aphids. Specially, host specific or oligopahgous aphid species on crops need to be identified. Since aphids are considered as potential pests and viral vectors, their management becomes more important than conservation. Key words: Aphids, Taxonomy, Affinities, Host plants, Distribution Introduction Aphids (Homoptera:Aphididae) are one of the most harmful insect groups as plant sap feeders, plant gall formers and vectors of viral diseases of plants. They occur both in the tropics and the temperate regions of the world. The greatest distribution of aphids is in the temperate region. The world aphid fauna comprises over 4,000 species in 493 genera and 9 subfamilies (Blackman et al., 1982). In India, where both tropical and temperate climates prevail a rich aphid fauna is present nearing 1,000 species in 214 genera and 9 subfamilies (Blackman and Eastop, 1984; Gosh and Agarawala, 1982). Presently, 82 species of aphids in 46 genera and 6 subfamilies have been recorded from Sri Lanka (Wijerathna and Edirisinghe, 1999). The aphids documented from Sri Lanka have been recorded from 300 species of plants belonging to 21 families. Eighteen species of aphids have been documented from vegetable crops and over 20 species from weeds. Among the aphid species are several potential vectors of plant viruses. Aphids have been proven to be the vector of viral diseases in several local crops (Abeygunawardena and Perera, 1964; Jeyanadarajah and Liyanage, 1994). Systematics The early records of aphids of Sri Lanka date back to the British Period (Westwood, 1890; Scoutenden, 1905; van der Goot, 1918) during which several aphid species collected on water traps have been described. Therefore, the aphid species recorded are without host records. Thereafter, Judenko and Eastop (1963), Caver (1965) and Blackman and Eastop (1984) reported several aphid species from Sri Lanka with their host records. The most comprehensive study so far conducted of aphids is by Wijerathna (1997). In this study aphids were collected from 26 sites located in 7 agroecological regions within the Wet, Intermediate and Dry Zones of the country. The collection sites came within 17 Administrative Districts of Sri Lanka. A total of 47 species of aphids in 28 genera and 5 subfamilies were collected during this study. Over 1,000 plant species were examined for aphids and of them, aphids were present on 300 plant species in 71 plant families. 35
The Fauna of Sri Lanka (2006) The list of aphids so far recorded from Sri Lanka is given in Table 1. Aphids of the Family Aphididae is represented in Sri Lanka by 6 subfamilies. Within each subfamily are several tribes. Subfamily Aphidinae includes 2 tribes; Aphidini and Macrosiphini. Each of the remaining subfamilies includes only a single tribe in Sri Lanka. In the tribe Aphinidi, 7 genera are included of which the Genus Aphis is represented by the largest number of species. The Tribe Macrosiphini includes the largest number of genera (22). Each of these genera is represented by 1-3 species. Subfamily Drephanociphinae includes two tribes with a single Genus in each. Subfamily Pemphiginae has a single tribe represented by 5 genera. A comprehensive list of the taxonomy of the currently known aphid species from Sri Lanka is provided in Wijerathna and Edirisnghe, 1999. Table 1: Aphid taxa recorded from Sri Lanka Subfamily Tribe Genus No. of species Aphidinae Aphidini Aphis 6 Hylopterus 1 Hysteroneura 1 Melanaphis 1 Rhopalosiphum 3 Schizaphis 4 Toxoptera 3 Macrosiphini Acyrthosiphon 3 Akkaia 1 Aulacorthum 2 Brachycaudus 1 Chaetosiphon 1 Dysaphis 1 Ipuka 1 Liaphis 1 Macrosiphoniella 2 Macrosiphum 2 Matsumuraja 1 * Micromyzus 3 Myzuz 6 Neotoxoptera 1 Pentalonia 1 Phorodon 1 Rhodobium 1 Rhopalosiphoninus 1 Sinomegoura 1 Sitobion 8 Uroleucon 1 Vesiculaphis 1 Drepanosiphinae Tinocallis 1 Phyllaphidini Phyllaphidini 1 36
Page 1 and 2: The Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of T
Page 3 and 4: Contents Message from the Country R
Page 5 and 6: Message from the Country Representa
Page 7 and 8: Dedication This publication is dedi
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The World Conserva
Page 11 and 12: This recent research also highlight
Page 13 and 14: Land snails: Patterns of diversity
Page 16 and 17: Abstract An Overview of the Taxonom
Page 18 and 19: Wijesekera: An Overview of the Taxo
Page 26 and 27: Karunaratne & Edirisinghe: Current
Page 34 and 35: Ecological Significance of Dragonfl
Page 36 and 37: Bedjanic: Current Status of Taxonom
Page 46 and 47: 59.) Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942 6
Page 50 and 51: Edirisinghe & Wijerathna: Current S
Page 56 and 57: Abstract Dias: Current Taxonomic St
Page 58 and 59: Dias: Current Taxonomic Status of A
Page 66 and 67: Abstract Perera & Bambaradeniya: Sp
Page 68 and 69: Perera & Bambaradeniya: Species Ric
Page 70 and 71: Reference Perera & Bambaradeniya: S
Page 78 and 79: Abstract Dilrukshi: Taxonomic THE F
Page 80 and 81: Dilrukshi: Taxonomic Status of Tick
Page 82 and 83: Dilrukshi: Taxonomic Status of Tick
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Ranawana: Land Snails in Sri Lanka
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Trachypithecus vetulus Vimukthi Wee
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Conservation of Sri Lankan Freshwat
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Pethiyagoda: Conservation of Sri La
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Amarasinghe et al.: Some Aspects of
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Pethiyagoda et al.: Sri Lankan Amph
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De Silva: Current Status of the Rep
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Warakagoda & Sirivardana: Status of
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Weerakoon & Goonatilake: Taxonomy S
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Wijesinghe: Ecological Traits of En
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Abstract Miththapala: The Ecology T
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Miththapala: The Ecology of the Wil
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Linckia laevigata Saman Liyanage Da
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Abstract Coral Associated Invertebr
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Fernando: Coral Associated Inverteb
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FAMILY BRISSIDAE Brissus latecarina
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De Silva:Current Status of Taxonomy
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De Silva: Taxonomy and Status of th
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Ilangakoon: Taxonomy and Current St
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