MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND PONS
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<strong>MEDULLA</strong> <strong>OBLONGATA</strong> <strong>AND</strong> <strong>PONS</strong><br />
form lower part of brainstem (oblongata, pons, midbrain)<br />
Medulla oblongata<br />
- is uper continuation of the spinal cord<br />
Its caudal part is alike the spinal cord, while<br />
- its cranial half is split open to form lower part of the floor of the 4 th ventricle<br />
External features of oblongata<br />
the sulci and funiculi of spinal cord are continuous on the oblongata<br />
- anterior median fissure<br />
is crossed by<br />
pyramidal decussation - marks the point of transition from the spinal cord to the oblongata<br />
- anterior funiculi terminate in<br />
pyramids of oblongata (contain corticospinal tracts)<br />
- anterolateral sulcus – 12 th cranial n. emerges from it<br />
- olive (elevated by underlying olivary nucleus) lies behind the anterolateral sulcus<br />
- lateral funiculus is continuous into the inferior cerebellar peduncle (joins with the cerebellum)<br />
- posterolateral sulcus – here the 11 th , 10 th and 9 th cranial nerves emerge from the oblongata<br />
- gracile and cuneate fasciculi are continuous from the spinal cord to the oblongata and terminate<br />
in :<br />
- the gracile tubercle elevated by the gracile nucleus<br />
- the cuneate tubercle elevated by the cuneate nucleus<br />
- posterior median sulcus is continuous from the spinal cord to the oblongata<br />
D o r s a l d i s t r i c t of upper half of oblongata<br />
forms lower part of floor of the 4 th ventricle<br />
The bulbopontine sulcus separates oblongata and pons ventrally<br />
the 6 th, the 7 th and the 8 th cranial nerves arise from the bulbopontine sulcus<br />
Pons<br />
- v e n t r a l s u r f a c e is prominent convex and marked by<br />
sulcus basilaris occupied by basilar artery<br />
- laterally pons narrows to form middle cerebellar peduncles terminating in the cerebellum<br />
- the 5 th cranial nerves emerge from the anterolateral parts of the pons<br />
d o r s a l s u r f a c e of pons forms upper part of the floor of the 4 th ventricle<br />
the 4 th ventricle<br />
- is upper expanded continuation of the central canal of oblongata<br />
- pyramidal in shape<br />
- laterally projects into the lateral recesses<br />
the floor of the 4 th ventricle is named<br />
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the rhomboid fossa<br />
– this is formed by dorsal surface of the pons and open upper half of the oblongata<br />
rhomboid fossa is marked by:<br />
- median sulcus<br />
- limitans sulci<br />
- median eminences<br />
on the median eminence some elevations are found:<br />
- hypoglossal triangle - elevated by underlying hypoglossal nerve nucleus<br />
- vagal triangle – (in lower part) elevated by vagus nerve nucleus<br />
- facial coliculus (in upper part of the eminence) overlies abducent nerve nucleus and facial<br />
nerve fibres<br />
- vestibular area and acoustic tubercle – are placed in the lateral recess<br />
- striae medullares – the strips of white matter running from the lateral recesses towards the<br />
median sulcus<br />
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF <strong>OBLONGATA</strong> <strong>AND</strong> <strong>PONS</strong><br />
under the floor of the 4 th ventricle the oblongata and pons contain<br />
CRANIAL NERVES NUCLEI arranged in four lines in each half<br />
medial and lateral lines of motor nuclei and<br />
medial and lateral lines of sensory nuclei<br />
MOTOR nuclei<br />
medial line of motor nuclei:<br />
1. hypoglossal nucleus – is located in the oblongata in lower part of rhomboid fossa<br />
2. abducent nucleus – in pontine part of rhomboid fossa<br />
lateral line of motor nuclei:<br />
1. 1a: nucleus ambiguus - – (placed lateral to the hypoglossal)<br />
is a motor nucleus of the 9 th , the 10 th and the 11 th nerves<br />
1b: dorsal (PS) nucleus of vagus n.<br />
1c: inferior salivary nucleus – parasymp. ncl. of the 9 th n.<br />
2. 2a: facial nerve nucleus (motor) - its fibres loop around the 6 th n. nucleus to form internal<br />
genu facial n.<br />
2b: superior salivary nucleus – parasympathetic ncl. of facial n. for the nerve supply of<br />
salivary glands – submandibular and sublingual<br />
2c: lacrimal nucleus – parasympathetic ncl. of facial n. for nerve supply of the lacrimal<br />
gland<br />
3. masticatory nucleus - motor ncl. of the trigeminal n.<br />
SENSORY nuclei<br />
are placed laterally to the motor nuclei<br />
1. nucleus of the tractus solitarius is located lateral to the dorsal nucleus of vagus n.<br />
receives:<br />
- gustatory fibres via the 7 th , the 9 th and the 10 th cranial nerves and<br />
- visceral sensory fibres from the 9 th and the 10 th nerves (gastropulmonary system)<br />
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2. trigeminal nerve nucleus<br />
long nucleus traversing all the brainstem, extends from the upper cervical segments of spinal<br />
cord to the midbrain<br />
trigeminal nucleus is subdivided into:<br />
the spinal, pontine and mesencephalic parts<br />
the axons of trigeminal n. nucleus ascend in the trigeminothalamic tract (trigeminal lemniscus)<br />
to reach special thalamic nuclei<br />
3. vestibular nuclei – inferior, medial, superior and lateral<br />
are contained in the lateral recesses of rhomboid fossa<br />
receive afferents from vestibular apparatus and send efferents to the cerebellum and spinal cord<br />
-vestibulocerebellar tract, vestibulospinal tract – related to maintaining of equilibrium<br />
4. cochlear nuclei – ventral and dorsal (ant. and post.)<br />
placed lateral to the vestibular nuclei<br />
receive acoustic nerve fibres and send efferents to the diencephalon – the tract is named the<br />
lateral lemniscus (a part of auditory path)<br />
Except the cranial nerves nuclei the grey matter of oblongata and pons includes:<br />
1. gracile nucleus and<br />
2. cuneate nucleus<br />
- two nuclei receive nerve fibres from the spinobulbar tract – fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus<br />
- the axons of gracile and cuneate nuclei cells cross median plane as lemniscal decussation<br />
and<br />
- ascend upwards to form bulbothalamic tract- medial lemniscus terminating in<br />
the special thalamic nuclei<br />
3. olivary nucleus (inferior)<br />
is a folded mass of grey matter, open medially as hilum<br />
axons cross midline to form olivocerebellar tract interconnecting cerebellum with the spinal<br />
cord, red nucleus and reticular formation<br />
accessory olivary nuclei are found near the hilum of main olivary nucleus<br />
4. reticular formation<br />
is represented by a numerous nerve cells located near the midline<br />
receiving afferent fibers from<br />
and sending efferent fibers to all parts of CNS<br />
5. arcuate nuclei<br />
- are placed under the surface of pyramids<br />
represent caudally displaced pontine nuclei - send efferents to the cerebellum<br />
6. pontine nuclei<br />
- scattered in the ventral part of pons among the corticospinal tract fibres<br />
- are relay stations in the cortico-ponto-cerebellar path<br />
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THE WHITE SUBSTANCE OF THE <strong>OBLONGATA</strong> <strong>AND</strong> <strong>PONS</strong><br />
is composed of ascending and descending tracts<br />
ASCENDING TRACTS:<br />
are coming from the spinal cord:<br />
1. spinothalamic tract (spinal lemniscus)<br />
2. spinotectal tract<br />
3. spinoreticular tract<br />
4. spinocerebellar tracts<br />
starting in the oblongata and pons:<br />
5. medial lemniscus (bulbothalamic tract)<br />
contains crossed axons of gracile and cuneate nuclei cells ascending to the thalamic nuclei<br />
6. trigeminothalamic tract (trigeminal lemniscus)<br />
7. solitariothalamic tract – begins in the ncl. of the tractus solitarius (gustatory pathway)<br />
8. lateral lemniscus – starts in the cochlear nuclei (auditory pathway)<br />
DESCENDING TRACTS:<br />
1. corticospinal tract<br />
2. corticonuclear tract – terminate on the motor nuclei of cranial nerves<br />
3. tectospinal<br />
4. rubrospinal<br />
5. reticulospinal and<br />
6. vestibulospinal tract<br />
7. medial longitudinal fascicle contains ascending and descending fibres connecting<br />
some nuclei of cranial nerves, upper cervical segments and midbrain<br />
motor fibres of cranial nerves<br />
SM (somatomotor) – supply voluntary muscles developed from the somites<br />
VM ( visceromotor) – supply inner organs<br />
Special VM – supply voluntary muscles developed from the branchial arches<br />
General VM = PS – supply involuntary muscles and glands<br />
sensory fibres of cranial nerves<br />
VS (viscerosensory) - sensations from the inner organs<br />
Special VS – carry special sensations from the inner organs - taste<br />
General VS – carry general sensations from the inner organs - mainly pain<br />
SS (somatosensory) – carry informations from skin, mucous membranes, muscles,<br />
General SS – convey general sensations (temperature, touch, pain…)<br />
Special SS – convey auditory<br />
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MESENCEPHALON – MIDBRAIN<br />
- joins pons with the diencephalon and hemispheres<br />
- is connected with cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncles<br />
- v e n t r a l p a r t -<br />
crura cerebri – emerge from the hemispheres and enter the pons<br />
- anteriorly crura are crossed by optic tracts<br />
crura cerebri border interpeduncular fossa - interpeduncular perforate substance marked by<br />
minute openings (for passage of central branches of circulus arteriosus)<br />
- oculomotor nerves emerge on the medial border of crura<br />
d o r s a l s u r f a c e<br />
tectum - consists of<br />
superior colliculi<br />
inferior colliculi<br />
colliculi are connected with diencephalon (metathalamus)<br />
by brachium of superior colliculus<br />
brachium of inferior colliculus<br />
- trochlear nerves emerge below the inferior colliculi<br />
Internal structure of the midbrain<br />
on the cross section midbrain consists of:<br />
- tectum<br />
- tegmentum<br />
- crura cerebri<br />
TECTUM<br />
contains visual and auditory reflex centres<br />
superior colliculi<br />
contained grey matter is a centre of visual reflexes<br />
receives afferent fibres from: retina and visual cortex<br />
spinal cord (spinotectal tract)<br />
inferior colliculi<br />
sends efferent fibres to: the oblongata, pons (motor nuclei of cranial nerves) - tectonuclear tract<br />
the spinal cord (motor nuclei in the anterior horns) – tectospinal tract<br />
pretectal nucleus<br />
lies cranial to the superior colliculi<br />
is a centre for the light reflex<br />
receives afferent fibres: from the retina - optic tract<br />
sends efferent fibres: to the Edinger-Wesphal nucleus<br />
(parasympathetic nucl. of oculomotor n.)<br />
inferior colliculi<br />
grey matter of inf. colliculi represents auditory reflex centres<br />
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afferent fibres: lateral lemniscus (auditory pathway)<br />
efferent fibres: to the superior colliculi<br />
to thespinal cord – tectospinal tract<br />
to the nuclei of cranial nerves – tectonuclear tracts<br />
TEGMENTUM<br />
cerebral aquaeduct indicates subdivision of the midbrain on the tectum and tegmentum<br />
grey matter of tegmentum:<br />
1. red nucleus<br />
is an important part of the extrapyramidal system (belongs to the subcortical motor centres)<br />
receives afferents from:<br />
cerebellum<br />
basal nuclei<br />
thalamus<br />
sends fibres to:<br />
spinal cord<br />
reticular formation<br />
nuclei of the 3 rd , 4 th , 6 th and 11 th cranial nerves<br />
thalamus<br />
2. substantia nigra<br />
is a lamina of grey matter (contained cells are pigmented)<br />
substantia nigra is also a part of extrapyramidal system<br />
connected with:<br />
cerebral cortex<br />
basal nuclei<br />
reticular formation<br />
3. nucleus of oculomotor n. – motor nucl.<br />
lies in the tegmentum at the level of the superior colliculus<br />
accessory nucleus of oculomotor n. – Edinger-Westphal nucl.<br />
is a parasympathetic nucleus supplying fibres for the sphincter pupillae<br />
and ciliaris muscles<br />
4. nucleus of trochlear n.<br />
is located in tegmentum at the level of the inf. colliculus<br />
trochlear nerves emerge on the dorsal side of midbrain<br />
5. mesencephalic part of trigeminal n. nucleus<br />
6. interstitial nucleus<br />
lies near the oculomotor nucl.<br />
is an reflex centre sending fibres to the medial longitudinal fascicle<br />
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7. reticular formation<br />
groups of nerve cells placed near the midline<br />
8. interpeduncular nucleus – mediates autonomic response on the olfactory stimuli<br />
white matter of tegmentum:<br />
1. medial lemniscus – bulbothalamic tract<br />
2. trigeminal lemniscus – trigeminothalamic tract<br />
3. lateral lemniscus – auditory path<br />
4. spinal lemniscus – spinothalamic tract<br />
5. spinotectal tract<br />
6. tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts<br />
7. tracts to and from the cerebellum<br />
8. medial longitudinal fasciculus – contains ascending and descending fibres connecting:<br />
- interstitial nucleus – main reflex centre<br />
- vestibular nuclei<br />
- nuclei of the 3 rd , 4 th , 6 th , 7 th , 11 th cranial nerves<br />
- motoneurons of the spinal cord<br />
med. long. fasciculus coordinates movement of eyes and head in<br />
response to the stimulation of the vestibular apparatus<br />
CRURA CEREBRI<br />
consist of white matter – fibres descending from the cortex<br />
1. corticospinal fibres<br />
2. corticonuclear fibres<br />
3. frontopontine fibres<br />
parietotemporopontine fibres<br />
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CEREBELLUM<br />
1. takes part in maintenance of the muscular tone<br />
2. co-ordinates the various groups of muscles<br />
3. helps to maintain the balance and equilibrium<br />
receives impulses mainly from:<br />
muscles and joints<br />
vestibular apparatus<br />
cortex<br />
cerebellum is placed in the posterior cranial fossa<br />
connected with oblongata, pons and midbrain by<br />
the cerebellar peduncles – superior, middle, inferior<br />
cerebellum has superior and inferior surfaces – separated by horizontal fissure<br />
superior surface is separated from the occipital lobes by the tentorium cerebelli<br />
cerebellum is subdivided into:<br />
vermis - central part<br />
hemispheres - lateral parts<br />
THE SURFACE OF CEREBELLUM<br />
is grooved by sulci separating folia, and fissures which separate lobules and lobes<br />
lobules and lobes of cerebellum<br />
Vermis (lobules) Hemispheres (lobules) LOBES<br />
lingula vinculum lingulae anterior lobe<br />
(central) lobule ala of central lobule<br />
culmen<br />
quadrangular lobule<br />
Fissura prima<br />
declive simplex lobule posterior lobe<br />
folium<br />
superior semilunar<br />
Horizontal fissure<br />
tuber<br />
inf. semilunar<br />
pyramis<br />
biventer lobule<br />
uvule<br />
tonsil<br />
nodule flocculus noduloflocular lobe<br />
FYLOGENETICAL <strong>AND</strong> FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISION OF THE CEREBELLUM<br />
archicerebellum - noduloflocular lobe<br />
the oldest part – vestibular in connections (receives vestibulocerebellar tracts)<br />
paleocerebellum – anterior lobe<br />
phylogenetically following (next) part – spinocerebellar in connections (receives spinocerebellar<br />
tracts)<br />
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neocerebellum - posterior lobe<br />
the youngest part – corticocerebellar in connections (receives cortico-ponto-cerebellar tracts)<br />
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBELLUM<br />
grey matter – cortex and nuclei<br />
white matter – central core, laminae – arbor vitae<br />
cerebellar nuclei:<br />
- dentate nucleus – is a folded plate of grey matter open medially as the hilum<br />
- embolifom nucleus – elongated nucleus placed near the hilum<br />
- globose nuclei – small nuclei also placed near the hilum<br />
- fastigial nucleus – located in vermis (the oldest of all the nuclei)<br />
efferent tracts begin in cerebellar nuclei<br />
White matter of the cerebellum<br />
1. fibrea propriae (do not leave cerebellum)<br />
- commissural fibres<br />
- association fibres<br />
2. projection fibres – connect the cerebellum with the other parts of CNS (afferent and efferent<br />
fibres)<br />
AFFERENT FIBRES - TRACTS<br />
1. vestibulocerebellar tract comes from the vestibular nuclei and vestibular apparatus<br />
2. spinocerebellar tract ant. and post.- carries the impulses from the muscles – essential for<br />
the muscle tonus<br />
3. bulbocerebellar tract – from gracile and cuneate nuclei – brings the impulses from the<br />
exteroreceptors – necessary for the muscular coordination<br />
4. nucleocerebellar tract – contains fibres from the nuclei of some cranial nerves – mainly<br />
trigeminal<br />
5. tectocerebellar tract – for passage of auditory and visual impulses<br />
6. rubrocerebellar tract – is a part of extrapyramidal connections<br />
7. olivocerebellar tract – similar than the preceding<br />
8. reticulocerebellar tract<br />
9. (cortico)pontocerebellar tract<br />
EFFERENT FIBRES<br />
1. cerebellothalamic tract<br />
2. cerebellorubral tract<br />
3. cerebellovestibular tract<br />
4. cerebelloreticular tract<br />
5. cerebelloolivary tracts<br />
all the tracts serve for performing of crebellar functions – maintaining of muscle tonus,<br />
equilibrium and muscular coordination<br />
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