Hydro Non-Thermal Plasma for Advanced Oxidation of Water
Hydro Non-Thermal Plasma for Advanced Oxidation of Water
Hydro Non-Thermal Plasma for Advanced Oxidation of Water
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<strong>Hydro</strong> <strong>Non</strong>-<strong>Thermal</strong> <strong>Plasma</strong> <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>Advanced</strong> <strong>Oxidation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
Andrew Salveson<br />
Carollo Engineers<br />
Dvir Solnik<br />
AquaPure Technologies, Ltd.<br />
Andreas Kolch<br />
Hytecon<br />
Dan Gerrity<br />
Southern Nevada <strong>Water</strong> Authority<br />
Shane Snyder<br />
Southern Nevada <strong>Water</strong> Authority<br />
13 th Annual <strong>Water</strong> Reuse & Desalination Research Conference,<br />
Huntington Beach, CA, May 18, 2009
Overview<br />
1. Limitations <strong>of</strong> <strong>Advanced</strong> <strong>Oxidation</strong> Process<br />
2. Technology Overview<br />
3. Lab Studies<br />
4. Pilot Studies<br />
5. Next Step<br />
WRF06-019/2
Current Limitations <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Advanced</strong> <strong>Oxidation</strong><br />
Process (AOP)<br />
WRF06-019/3
Company Pr<strong>of</strong>ile<br />
Conventional <strong>Water</strong> Treatment are<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten Ineffective in Removing or<br />
Destroying Microconstituents<br />
Trichloroethylene<br />
Methyl tert-butyl Ether<br />
N-nitrosodimethylamine<br />
Microconstituents/TOrCs/EDCs/PPCPs<br />
WRF06-019/4
Company Pr<strong>of</strong>ile<br />
Current AOP Technologies Have<br />
Limitations<br />
NDMA<br />
Cost Efficiency<br />
O 3 /H 2 O 2 UV/H 2 O 2<br />
Trace<br />
Organics<br />
WRF06-019/5
WRF06-019/6<br />
Technology Overview
What is <strong>Plasma</strong>?<br />
<strong>Plasma</strong> is a partially ionized gas. More than 99% <strong>of</strong><br />
the visible universe is in the plasma state.<br />
Nebular<br />
Aurora<br />
Lighting<br />
Sun<br />
WRF06-019/7<br />
Neon light<br />
Fire<br />
<strong>Plasma</strong> TV
AquaPure Company Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>Advanced</strong> <strong>Oxidation</strong><br />
Technology (AOT) System Utilized<br />
<strong>Non</strong>-<strong>Thermal</strong> <strong>Plasma</strong> to Destruct<br />
Contaminants<br />
AquaPure Ltd, at upper Galilee, Israel<br />
AquaPure <strong>Advanced</strong> <strong>Oxidation</strong><br />
Technology (AOT) System<br />
WRF06-019/8
How does <strong>Non</strong>-<strong>Thermal</strong> <strong>Plasma</strong> Work?<br />
AquaPure AOT System<br />
Short high-voltage pulse<br />
creates non-thermal plasma<br />
OH*, O 3 and<br />
UV is created in<br />
ambient air<br />
WRF06-019/9
Schematics <strong>of</strong> AquaPure AOT System<br />
Air Line<br />
<strong>Water</strong> Line<br />
Static<br />
Mixer<br />
Injector<br />
Pump<br />
Effluent Air<br />
Ambient Air<br />
Carbon<br />
Electrode<br />
Generator<br />
High Voltage<br />
Pulse<br />
Ozone<br />
Contactor<br />
Influent<br />
Ground<br />
Electrode<br />
Thin <strong>Water</strong><br />
Layer<br />
<strong>Water</strong><br />
Tank<br />
Effluent<br />
WRF06-019/10
Benefits <strong>of</strong> AquaPure HNTP<br />
• No chemicals as input<br />
• Zero waste to treat<br />
• Potentially cost-effective<br />
• One stage, continuous flow process<br />
• Simple to operate<br />
WRF06-019/11
WRF06-019/12<br />
Lab Studies
Lab Studies were Conducted to<br />
Determine Kinetic Constants <strong>for</strong><br />
the Destruction <strong>of</strong> TCE and MTBE<br />
Trichloroethylene<br />
Methyl tert-butyl Ether<br />
WRF06-019/13
Kinetic Equations <strong>for</strong> TCE and<br />
MTBE are First Order<br />
MTBE<br />
Concentration (μg/L)<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
MTBE = MTBE *t<br />
t t=0 *e-7.5*10-4<br />
R 2 =0.991<br />
0 20 40 60 80 100<br />
Time (minute)<br />
WRF06-019/14
Company Pr<strong>of</strong>ile<br />
Pilot Studies<br />
WRF06-019/15
Pilot Scale Study were Tested at<br />
Two Sites<br />
Aerojet General Corporation, CA<br />
Southern Nevada <strong>Water</strong> Authority, NV<br />
WRF06-019/16
The Optimum Operational Conditions<br />
and Costs were Evaluated at Aerojet<br />
WRF06-019/17
Impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Flow on EEO were<br />
Minimal<br />
The system efficiency may be further increased by<br />
increased flow through the system.<br />
WRF06-019/18
Impact <strong>of</strong> Air Flow on EEO were<br />
Minimal<br />
However, tests without air flow (0 L/h) at the other groundwater<br />
site increased the EEO. A lower optimum air flow may be<br />
determined to save energy and improve efficiency.<br />
WRF06-019/19
Impact <strong>of</strong> Recirculation on EEO<br />
were Minimal Recirculation is not required.<br />
WRF06-019/20
Impact <strong>of</strong> Frequency on EEO were<br />
Not Significant<br />
A reduced frequency could be used to save energy.<br />
WRF06-019/21
Results <strong>of</strong> TCE Reduction Showed<br />
that AquaPure System was Costeffective<br />
System<br />
EEO:<br />
kW-hr/liter/<br />
Order <strong>of</strong> Magnitude<br />
Total Chemical and Energy<br />
Cost per 1 log TCE Reduction<br />
<strong>for</strong> 1 million liter <strong>of</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
UV/H 2 O 2<br />
$145<br />
0.00172<br />
$217*<br />
AquaPure AOT<br />
0.00121<br />
* Lamp replacement & cleaning costs not included<br />
WRF06-019/22
Preliminary Results Showed that<br />
AquaPure System was Cost-effective<br />
WRF06-019/23
The Removal <strong>of</strong> PPCPs and Disinfection<br />
By-products by <strong>Non</strong>-<strong>Thermal</strong> <strong>Plasma</strong><br />
were Evaluated at Southern Nevada<br />
<strong>Water</strong> District<br />
WRF06-019/24
The Degradation <strong>of</strong> Ambient PPCPs in<br />
Tertiary-treated Wastewater was<br />
Evaluated<br />
most resistant compounds to NTP:<br />
Meprobamate and primidone<br />
most susceptible compounds to NTP:<br />
Carbamazepine and trimethoprim<br />
WRF06-019/25<br />
Courtesy: Daniel Gerrity, Southern Nevada <strong>Water</strong> Authority
The Degradation PPCPs with Spiked<br />
Surface <strong>Water</strong> was Evaluated<br />
Meprobamate<br />
and dilantin<br />
Carbamazepine<br />
and trimethoprim<br />
WRF06-019/26<br />
Courtesy: Daniel Gerrity, Southern Nevada <strong>Water</strong> Authority
Excitation Emission Matrices <strong>of</strong> <strong>Non</strong>-<br />
<strong>Thermal</strong> <strong>Plasma</strong> with Ambient PPCPs<br />
in Tertiary-Treated Wastewater<br />
1.75 0.710 kWh/m 3 3<br />
IV<br />
V<br />
I II III<br />
WRF06-019/27<br />
Courtesy: Daniel Gerrity, Southern Nevada <strong>Water</strong> Authority
Destruction <strong>of</strong> TCE & NDMA<br />
Concentration (μg/L)<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
NDMA<br />
0 2 4 6 8<br />
Generator Energy Consumption (kWh/m3)<br />
WRF06-019/28<br />
Courtesy: Daniel Gerrity, Southern Nevada <strong>Water</strong> Authority
Next Steps<br />
Find a pilot site to demonstrate:<br />
a. Longer term operation.<br />
b. NDMA destruction to low ppt levels.<br />
c. Robust destruction <strong>of</strong> EDCs/PPCPs.<br />
d. Pathogen destruction to reclaimed water<br />
standards.<br />
e. Per<strong>for</strong>mance from a larger reactor (50 gpm).<br />
WRF06-019/29
WRF06-019/30<br />
Questions?
<strong>Hydro</strong> <strong>Non</strong> <strong>Thermal</strong> <strong>Plasma</strong> Pilot<br />
Reactor – Process Schematic<br />
<strong>Water</strong> flow<br />
Air flow<br />
Generator<br />
Reactor I<br />
Reactor II<br />
Tank<br />
Tank<br />
WRF06-019/31
Pilot Reactor<br />
WRF06-019/32
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