Analysis of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology ... - denix
Analysis of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology ... - denix
Analysis of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology ... - denix
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DRAFT - Inventory <strong>an</strong>d Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Life Cycle Assessments <strong>of</strong> N<strong>an</strong>otechnologies<br />
Lipsticks; Skin creams; Toothpaste<br />
Displays<br />
Data memory<br />
Laser diodes; Fiber optics; Optical switches; Filters;<br />
Conductive, <strong>an</strong>tistatic coatings<br />
Energy<br />
Lighting<br />
Fuel cells; Solar cells; Batteries; Capacitors<br />
Engineering<br />
Protective coatings for tools, machines; Lubric<strong>an</strong>t-free<br />
bearings<br />
Environmental<br />
Environmental monitoring; Soil <strong>an</strong>d groundwater<br />
remediation<br />
Toxic exposure sensors; Fuel ch<strong>an</strong>ging catalysts;<br />
Green chemistry<br />
Food <strong>an</strong>d Drink<br />
Packaging; Storage life sensors; Additives; Juice<br />
clarifiers<br />
Household<br />
Ceramic coatings for irons; Odor removers; Cle<strong>an</strong>ers<br />
for glass, ceramics, metals<br />
Medicine<br />
Drug delivery systems; Contrast medium; Rapid<br />
testing systems; Prostheses <strong>an</strong>d impl<strong>an</strong>ts;<br />
Antimicrobial agents; In-body diagnostic systems<br />
Sports<br />
Ski wax; Tennis rackets; Golf clubs; Tennis balls;<br />
Antifouling coatings for boats; Antifogging coatings<br />
for glasses, goggles<br />
Textiles<br />
Surface coatings; “Smart” clothes (<strong>an</strong>ti-wrinkle, stain<br />
resist<strong>an</strong>t, temperature controlled)<br />
Warfare<br />
Neutralization materials for chemical weapons<br />
a Source: VDI 2004 <strong>an</strong>d Hood 2004.<br />
b Source: Azon<strong>an</strong>o.com 2005.<br />
Steinfeldt et al. 2004 - semiconductor crystals in<br />
Org<strong>an</strong>ic Light Emitter Displays b <strong>an</strong>d carbon<br />
n<strong>an</strong>otubes<br />
Steinfeldt et al. 2004 - qu<strong>an</strong>tum dots <strong>an</strong>d<br />
semiconductor crystals in Light Emitting Diodes b<br />
5.3 Life Stages Assessed<br />
The LCAs presented here have addressed some, but not all life stages. In Table 5, the life stages<br />
included for each study are denoted with <strong>an</strong> “X.” All <strong>of</strong> these studies addressed the use phase,<br />
<strong>an</strong>d all, except the LCA on LEDs <strong>an</strong>d qu<strong>an</strong>tum dots, assessed the production phase. Impacts<br />
during tr<strong>an</strong>sportation <strong>an</strong>d end-<strong>of</strong>-life (l<strong>an</strong>dfilling, recycling, reuse, composting, or incineration)<br />
were areas least addressed by the studies. Researchers left these <strong>an</strong>d other life stages out <strong>of</strong> the<br />
scope <strong>of</strong> particular LCAs primarily due to a lack <strong>of</strong> data or because they deemed such life stages<br />
upfront to have minimal impact. For inst<strong>an</strong>ce, Volz <strong>an</strong>d Olson indicate: “other processes such as<br />
tr<strong>an</strong>sportation, oil refining, reuse, mainten<strong>an</strong>ce, <strong>an</strong>d incineration have been excluded <strong>from</strong> this<br />
LCA due to lack <strong>of</strong> data or inconsistency <strong>of</strong> data.” This was not surprising given that estimating<br />
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