Fall - University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing

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ISSN 1049-2259
Fall 2008 Vol. 20
Bates Center Moving to Newly Renovated
Space in the School of Nursing
Since 1985, the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing resided
in a beautifully designed space on the School of Nursing’s third floor. The Center,
known primarily for its distinguished scholarship, was also popular with School
of Nursing’s faculty, staff, and visitors for occupying an inviting site in which to carry
out historical research. However, major changes for the Bates Center physical space
are in the works.
Beginning with the
Fall, 2008 academic
year, the Bates Center
will move to a brand
new state of the art
facility in Claire M.
Fagin Hall. The new
location on the 2U
section of the school
building, will offer the
Bates Center additional
space, access to up-todate
technology, and a
perfect area in which
to accommodate scholars Bates Center before the move. Photo: Ira Joel Sartorius
engaged in cutting edge
research.
The move to the new space is part of major renovations to the School of Nursing’s
building facility. Beginning in June 2007, the third and fourth floor of Fagin
Hall began substantial re-construction to better serve the School community. During
the past year, faculty, staff and administrative centers previously located on the third
and fourth floor of the school building enjoyed temporary quarters in the School of
Nursing’s LIFE program at 4508 Chestnut Street while the renovation work took
place.
For the Bates Center, this meant a major re-location project to expedite the move.
And for the Bates Center staff, and in particular, Curator Gail Farr and Administrative
Assistant Betsy Weiss, this involved packing up our extensive archival, art, and
artifact collection for storage for the year during the construction period. The work,
a labor intensive undertaking, would not have been successful without the assistance
of student workers as well as Consultant Ira Joel Sartorius who provided expertise in
packing, arranging and keeping track of valuable Center holdings. Faculty joined in
the effort by packing a good share of the collection. The prodigious labors of all were
supported by the knowledge that when the Center returns to Fagin Hall in August,
2008, it will be well served by its new space.
Despite the move, the Bates Center continued uninterrupted operations throughout
the year. The archival collection, temporarily housed at the University Archives
was available as always to scholars. Betsy Weiss insured carrying out Center activities
from the temporary administrative office at 4508 Chestnut Street. Faculty offices
were also located at the LIFE building.
(continued on page 4)

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Barbara Bates Center
for The Study of The
History of Nursing
News from the Center
The Barbara Bates Center for The Study of
The History of Nursing was established in
1985 to encourage and facilitate historical
scholarship on health care history and nursing
in the United States. The Bates Center
maintains resources for research; to improve
the quality and scope of historical scholarship
on nursing; and to disseminate new
knowledge on nursing history through education,
conferences, publications, and interdisciplinary
collaboration.
Current projects at the Center range from
studies of international nursing, home-based
nursing, and research on care of the critically
ill to the twentieth-century relationship
between nursing and American philanthropy.
We also continue to collect, process, and
catalogue an outstanding collection of primary
historical materials.
Center Hours are Monday through Friday,
9:00 am. to 5:00 pm. Scholars planning to
conduct research at the Center should contact
the Center’s curator at 215-898-4502. Our
curator will respond with a description of the
scope and content of relevant materials in the
various collections.
Center Advisory Board
Ellen D. Baer, Chair
M. Louise Fitzpatrick, Vice Chair
Lillian Sholtis Brunner
Ruth Schwartz Cowan
Hannah Henderson
Jeanne Kiefner
Ann P. Knight
Nadine Landis
Mark Frazier Lloyd
Charles E. Rosenberg
Rosalyn Watts
Center Staff
Julie Fairman, PhD, RN, FAAN
Director
Patricia D’Antonio, PhD, RN, FAAN
Barbra Mann Wall, PhD, RN
Associate Directors
Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, PhD, RN, FAAN
Joan E. Lynaugh, PhD, RN, FAAN
Directors Emerita
Julie Solchaski, PhD, RN, FAAN
Fellow
Jean C. Whelan, PhD, RN
Special Projects Director
Gail E. Farr, MA, CA
Curator
Betsy Weiss, Administrative Assistant
Rita Beatty, Volunteer
From left to right: Joan Lynaugh, Julie Fairman and Ellen Baer on the occasion of
Karen Buhler Wilkerson’s retirement party. Photo: Ira Joel Sartorius
Since the publication of the last
Chronicle, the Bates Nursing History
Center has seen major changes, accomplishments,
and achievements.
In July, 2006, Dr. Karen Buhler-
Wilkerson began a well deserved retirement
from the Faculty of the School
of Nursing and the Directorship of
the Bates Nursing History Center. Dr.
Buhler-Wilkerson served as the second
Director of the Bates Center succeeding
Dr. Joan Lynaugh in 1995. Dr. Buhler-
Wilkerson is engaging in a very active
retirement period as she continues her
research activities here at the Bates Nursing
History Center and serves as Center
Director Emerita.
Dr. Julie Fairman, well known to all
at the Bates Nursing History Center, was
named Center Director in 2006 following
Dr. Buhler-Wilkerson’s retirement.
Dr. Fairman, an Associate Professor of
Nursing, has been connected with the
Bates Nursing History Center since 1985
when she began doctoral studies. She has
held numerous teaching positions at the
School since 1981 and was appointed
to the faculty in 1995. Dr. Fairman is
well recognized in the nursing history
community for her research on the emergence
of hospital critical care units and
the nurse practitioner movement.
In the Fall, 2006, Dean Afaf Meleis
announced the appointment of two faculty
members to newly created positions
for nursing history naming Drs. Patricia
D’Antonio and Barbra Mann Wall to Associate
Professorships. Dr. D’Antonio
was and still is an Associate Director of
the Bates Nursing History Center and
had been an Adjunct Associate Professor
of Nursing since 1995. In her research,
Dr. D’Antonio positions nurses as absolutely
central to the larger interdisciplinary
histories of institutions, clinical
practice, health care policy, and women’s
care work.
Dr. Barbra Mann Wall comes to the
Center from Purdue University where
she was Associate Professor and Director
of the Center for Nursing History, Ethics,
and Innovation. She is widely known for
her studies on women and health care institutions.
Dr. Wall is also a Bates Nursing
History Center Associate Director.
Dr. Julie Solchaski joined the Bates
Nursing History Center as a Fellow in
the Fall, 2007. Her research centers on
the relationship between the structure
and the quality of care and patient outcomes,
and on domestic and international
trends in the healthcare workforce and
their implications for public policy.
Dr. Ellen Baer, Professor Emerita of
Nursing, University of Pennsylvania and
Visiting Professor of Nursing, Florida
Atlantic University assumed the Chairpersonship
of the Bates Nursing History
Center Advisory Board in September,
2006.

Dr. Rosalyn Watts, Professor
Emerita of Nursing at the University of
Pennsylvania School of Nursing joined
the Advisory Board in 2006.
Grants
Dr. Julie Fairman received a prestigious
Investigator Award Grant from
the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
for a three year study entitled Practice
Politics: History of Nursing 1975 to
the Present. Dr. Fairman uses the nurse
practitioner movement to explore the
public and private forces propelling the
specialization of nursing in the U.S.
Her project takes a comprehensive
look at nurse practitioners and their
role in health care delivery – their
aspirations for professional growth
and autonomy, their education and professional
certification, state regulation,
reimbursement for their services, federal
and philanthropic funding for nursing
education, and the influences of nurse
specialty organizations and the American
Nurses Association. Her work will
reveal how the nursing profession has
helped shape the American health care
system as it responded to the need and
demand for health care services while
also promoting its own political and economic
self-interests.
Center Associate Directors Patricia D’Antonio (left)
and Barbra Mann Wall Photo: Ira Joel Sartorius
Dr. Patricia D’Antonio recently
completed a three year National Library
of Medicine grant for a study entitled
Nursing in the US: A History of People
and Places’ which examined the work
of nurses in hospitals and as members of
geographically, ethnically, racially diverse
families and communities.
In 2008, Dr. D’Antonio received a
National Endowment for the Humanities
Faculty Fellowship to complete her upcoming
work, American Nursing: Neighborhood
Work and National Mission.
This support will allow her to complete a
book that will be the first major re-thinking
of nursing’s history since the seminal
works of the 1980s. Dr. D’Antonio’s research
situates nurses and nursing within
families and communities as well as
within hospitals and health care agencies.
This award recognizes the importance of
Dr. D’Antonio’s prior historiographical
and data based research. It allows her to
continue to explore how nursing helped
women and some men, including those
of color and different ethnic and religious
backgrounds, construct consequential
personal as well as professional lives.
In 2007, Dr. Barbra Mann Wall received
a University of Pennsylvania Research
Foundation grant for her study, A
Comparative History of Catholic Hospitals
in the Twentieth Century. This award
allowed her to lay the methodological
groundwork that extends the analysis of
her first book, Unlikely Entrepreneurs:
Catholic Sisters and the Hospital Marketplace,
1865-1925, into the 20 th century.
Dr. Wall’s long-term goal is to complete
a full-length book manuscript that
will examine the problem of how Catholic
hospitals were and are simultaneously
religious and secular institutions.
Dr. Wall has also received the Trustees’
Council of Penn Women Faculty
Summer Research Fellowship in support
of her study, Clash and Compromise:
Women, Gender, and Reproductive Services
in Catholic Hospitals, 1960-2000.
This research focuses on the history of
hospitals from 1925 to 2000 through the
lens of religious nursing congregations,
with special reference to how Catholic
sisters balanced their mission to serve
the poor with the need to comply with
church teachings on women’s reproductive
issues.
Dr. Wall received a 2008 Fichter
Research Award from the Association for
the Sociology of Religion and an H-15
Grant Historical Research Award from
the American Association for the History
of Nursing for her proposal, Clash and
Compromise: Catholic Hospitals, Secularization,
and the State in 20 th Century
America. This study continues her work
on Catholic hospitals.
Dr. Julie Solchaski was awarded
a grant to carry out the 2008 National
Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NS-
SRN). The NSSRN is completed every
four years and is the most comprehensive
enumeration of nurses in the United
States. Dr. Sochalski is also a Co-Investigator
on a five year National Institute
of Health grant entitled Health Related
Quality of Life: Elders in Long-Term
Care
Dr. Jean Whelan continues work on
two National Library of Medicine grants.
The first grant entitled Never Enough:
Nurse Supply and Demand, 1900-1965
examines how professional nurses organized
their work and analyzes the
relationship between professional nurses’
working conditions and supply and demand
problems related to the delivery
of nursing care between 1900-1965. Dr.
Whelan is also a Co-Investigator on a
second National Library of Medicine
grant, Nursing, History and Healthcare:
A Website, which will result in the creation
of a website that will document,
analyze and place in historical context
the most compelling and controversial
political and social issues influencing the
provision of nursing care and connect
them to relevant policy implications
Dr. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson is Co-
Investigator on the National Library of
Medicine grant Nursing, History and
Healthcare: A Website (see above).
Doctoral student Jonathan Gilbride
is completing a T-32 Pre-doctoral fellowship
through the Center for Health Policy
and Research Outcomes. The title of Mr.
Gilbride’s doctoral study is Nurses’ Involvement
in Health Policy: The Clinton
Health Plan.
Doctoral student J. Margo Brooks
Carthon received a Ruth L. Kirschstein
National Research Service Pre-Doctoral
Fellowship Award from the Agency for
Health Care Research and Quality for her
proposal. We Will Not Be Moved:
The Black Church Health Movement.
To support her studies, recent
graduate, Dr. Jennifer Hobbs received a
Department of Veterans Affairs Pre-Doc-
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(continued on page 4)

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Stephanie A. Stachniewicz, Founding Member
by Joan Lynaugh
Long before the
Bates Center was
conceived of in 1985
and actually opened
in 1989, Stephanie
Stachniewicz was its
innovative, vigorous,
thoughtful and committed
advocate. With
history initiatives just
in the talking stage
during the early 1980s,
Lillian Shotis Brunner
decided to introduce
Joan Lynaugh to
Stephanie over lunch.
And, from there, all
sorts of important happenings
emanated. As
a long time influential
leader of the Philadelphia
General Hospital
Alumnae Association,
Stephanie was able to
bring the support of
these important nurses
Stephanie Stachniewicz and Mayor of Philadelphia James Tate.
Photo: Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nursing Collection
BBCSHN
to the Center. Their decision to place their collections with the Center had a major impact
on other individuals and groups. Stephanie became the Secretary of the Advisory
Board of the Center when the Board was organized under Lillian Brunner’s guidance
in 1985. She served on that Board for the next seventeen years. She gave sound advice,
she raised money to support the work of history, she encouraged us when we wondered
if it all would work, and she made sure that everything about the Center was the best.
One of Stephanie’s great ideas was the Alice Fisher Summer Fellowship underwritten
by a major gift from the Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nursing
(PGH) Alumnae which has supported 14 scholars to date. Another was the revival of
the annual procession to the graves of Alice Fisher and Lillian Clayton (both influlential
PGH nurse educators) which occured in May for many years. Everyone had fun,
ate well in the Hamilton Mansion and shared prideful thoughts about our predecessors.
After graduating from the PGH School of Nursing in 1947 (as a member of
the Cadet Nurse Corps) she practiced in the Pulmonary Department and then Emergency
Service; later, she taught and practiced in the Out Patient Department. As part
of her faculty role in the PGH School of Nursing she taught History of Nursing. Meanwhile,
Stephanie earned a BSNE from Penn in 1956 and her MSN in 1967. Her intellectual
strength and decision making ability made it seem inevitable that she would be
selected for the huge job of Director of the School of Nursing and Nursing Service at
PGH in 1972. During the conflicted and difficult years leading to the closing of PGH
and its School of Nursing in 1977, Stephanie Stachniewicz exhibited leadership which
is recalled with respect and fondness by all those involved.
In 1978, she and Jean Axelod published The Double Frill: The History of the
Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nursing . This is an outstanding work which
is used to this day as an exact and accurate history of nursing in Philadelphia.
(Rennovations, continued)
Although all associated with the
Center were very comfortable in the
old space, the new space will be more
user friendly, expansive, and will allow
faculty, staff, and researchers to interact
in contiguous spaces. Upon entry to the
new Center, Betsy Weiss, who will
occupy a desk in a central reception
area, will as always, immediately greet
visitors. The Alumnae Association of
the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
will have a prominent office
and display space. Faculty offices are
located within the Center. There are designated
spaces for doctoral students and
a post-doctoral fellow. A conference
room with state of the art technology will
support our seminar series and meeting
needs.
The new reading room will provide
much needed research space for visiting
scholars and help us apply archival
access policies similar to those found at
other established repositories. Researchers
will have lockers to store personal
belongings, and there is a public seating
section behind our reception area to
accommodate them when Betsy Weiss
must leave her desk to retrieve needed
collection items. The reading room is
glass-enclosed, creating an atmosphere
of openness and light, and at the same
time, providing a quiet space for concentrating
on and accomplishing critical
work.
(News from the Center, continued)
toral Nurse Fellowship; the Bates Center
Alice Fisher Fellowship; NANDA~I
Foundation Grant; the American Association
for the History of Nursing Doctoral
Student Research Award; and the
Gamma Gamma and Xi Chapters of Sigma
Theta Tau International Grant. She
completed her dissertation in June and
will begin a post-doctoral Department of
Veteran Affairs Fellowship this fall.
Center Publications
Karen Buhler Wilkerson, “Care of
the Chronically Ill at Home: An Unresolved
Dilemma in Health Policy for
the US,” Milbank Quarterly, 2008, (4),
611-639.

Patricia D’Antonio, “Nurses – and
Wives and Mothers: Women and the
Latter Day Saints Training School’s
Class of 1919,” Journal of Women’s
History, 2007, 19 (3): 112-136.
Julie Fairman and Patricia
D’Antonio, “Reimagining Nursing’s
Place in the History of Clinical Practice,”
Journal of the History of Medicine
and Allied Sciences, Advance Access
published on March 28, 2008.
Julie Fairman, “Context and Contingency:
The Post World War II History
of Nursing Scholarship.” Journal
of Nursing Scholarship, 2008 40 (1):
4-11.
Barbra Mann Wall, “Twenty-Five
Years of Historical Scholarship.” Pennsylvania
Nurse, 2008 63 (2): 10-12.
Barbra Mann Wall, “Looking
Back: Celebrating Nursing History,”
American Journal of Nursing, 2008,
108 (6): 26-29.
Barbra Mann Wall, Nancy Edwards,
and Marjorie Porter, “Textual
Analysis of Retired Nurses’ Oral Histories,”
Nursing Inquiry, 2007, 14 (4):
279-288.
Patricia D’Antonio, Ellen Baer,
Sylvia Rinker & Joan Lynaugh (2007).
Nurses’ Work: Issues Across Time and
Place. New York: Springer Publishing.
Several faculty also contributed
chapters to a newly released book on the
research methodology of nursing history
See Sandra Lewenson and Eleanor Herrmann
(Eds.) (2008), Capturing Nursing
History. New York: Springer Publishing.
A New Book
Making Room in the Clinic: Nurse
Practitioners and the Evolution of
Modern Health Care by Julie Fairman
(Rutgers University Press) is a welcome
addition to anyone’s bookshelf. As noted
on the book jacket, “In Making Room in
the Clinic, Julie Fairman examines the
context in which the nurse practitioner
movement emerged, how large political
and social movements influenced it,
and how it contributed to the changing
definition of medical care. Drawing on
a wealth of primary source material,
including interviews with key figures in
the movement, Fairman describes how
this evolution helped create an influential
foundation for health policies that
Julie Fairman’s book, Making Room in the Clinic:
Nurse Practitioners and the Evolution of Modern
Health Care
emerged at the end of the twentieth
century, including health maintenance
organizations, a renewed interest in
health awareness and disease prevention,
and consumer-based services.”
Dr. Fairman’s book is an insightful
look into the history of nurse practitioners
which advances our knowledge of
this critical movement and provides a
scholarly lens through which to view
the present status of health care and
health care policy in the United States.
Making Room in the Clinic is a highly
recommended must read!
International Happenings
Faculty and students of the Bates
Center have been active on the international
scene delivering papers at
conferences and universities including
Germany, Canada and Denmark. Drs.
Patricia D’Antonio and Julie Fairman
presented their research at the 2nd International
History of Nursing Conference
sponsored by the Institut für Geschichte
der Medizin der Robert Bosch
Stiftung in March 2008 in Stuttgart,
Germany.
5
Dr. Barbra Mann Wall has been busy
initiating and coordinating a movement
to have nursing history included as a
section of the International Council of
Nurses (ICN). In January 2008, directors
of nursing history centers in the United
States, Canada, Australia, Germany,
England, Ireland, and Denmark wrote to
the Executive Director and the President
of the ICN, requesting that nursing history
be included as a section in the 2009
ICN conference in Durban, South Africa
to which Dr. Judith Oulton, Executive
Director of the ICN, concurred. At the
Canadian Nursing History Association
meeting in Toronto in June 2008, nursing
historians made tentative plans for
the Durban meeting deciding to form a
panel to discuss steps needed to become
an Affiliate of the ICN.Through the ICN,
historians from across the globe can participate
in the international exchange of
ideas, experience, and expertise for the
nursing profession. This joint project will
allow significant collaborations that can
bring important historical, sociological,
and cultural contexts to events that have
shaped the nursing profession.
Dr. Wall also gave one of three
keynote addresses at the First Danish
Nursing History Conference in a talk
titled, The History of Nursing History in
Kolding, Denmark in September, 2007.
She presented Public Representations of
Religion: The American Catholic Hospital
at the Religion in Education, Culture
and Society Conference in Bremen, Germany,
sponsored by the European Association
for the Study of Religion, Sept.
25, 2007.
At the American Association of the
History of Medicine Annual Conference
in April, 2008, three of our faculty,
Drs. Julie Fairman, Patricia D’Antonio
and Barbara Wall organized, hosted and
presented at the Sigerist Circle Panel
entitled Nursing and Activism. Joining
them on the panel were fellow historians
Drs. Meryn Stuart, Cynthia Connolly and
Arlene Keeling.
Presenting at the Canadian Association
for the History of Nursing’s International
Nursing History Conference in
Toronto, Canada in June, 2008 were Drs.
Barbra MannWall, Patricia D’Antonio,
Julie Fairman and Jennifer Hobbs and
doctoral student Winifred C. Connerton.
(continued on page 6)

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Donors to The Barbara Bates Center for The Study of The History of Nursing
January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007
ACNM Inland Desert Chapter
Dr. Linda H. Aiken
Alumnae Association of Mercy Douglas
Dr. Lauren S. Arnold
Mrs. Ann C. Baiada
Mr. J Mark Baiada
Mr. Jack D. Barchas
Dr. Nira Bartal
Dr. Elizabeth M. Bear
Miss Rita T. Beatty
Dr. Jeanne Quint Benoliel
Ms. Marilyn Bicking
Dr. Nettie Birnbach
Dr. Eleanor Crowder Bjoring
Mrs. Marion Bryde Bogen
Dr. Geertje Boschma
Dr. Ann Marie Walsh Brennan
Dr. Joan U. Bretschneider
Dr. Barbara Brodie
Mrs. Frances Brouse
Dr. Lillian Sholtis Brunner
Dr. Karen A. Buhler-Wilkerson
Dr. Kathleen G. Burke
Mr. and Mrs. John C. Burnham
Mrs. Barbara Chamberlain
Ms. Pamela Frances Cipriano
Mrs. Beryl Boardman Cleary
Mrs. Linda Clougherty
Dr. Cynthia A. Connolly
Mr. Nicholas Connolly
Ms. Grace K. Coulson
Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm F. Crawford
Ms. Sarah T. Cunningham
Dr. Joseph C. D’Antonio
Dr. Patricia O. D’Antonio
Dr. Katherine L. Dawley
Dr. Lynore D. Desilets
Robert M. Elfont, MD
Dr. Grace P. Erickson
Ms. Jean K. Ferguson
Ms. Janet L. Fickeissen
Dr. M. Louise Fitzpatrick
Dr. Marilyn E. Flood
Mrs. Sylvia Waltz Fuller
Ms. Barbara Gaines
Mr. William C. Garrow
Dr. Carol P. Germain
Miss Erna I. Goulding
Ms. Isabella S. Harrison
Mrs. Patricia A. Heffner
Dr. Carol S. Helmstadter
Dr. Eleanor K. Herrmann
Dr. Christy Hoover
Ms. Lynn Houweling
Aram K. Jerrehian, Jr., Esquire
Mrs. Jacqueline M. Jerrehian
Mrs. Dorothy Goldstein Kapenstein
Dr. Arlene W. Keeling
Mrs. Josephine D. Keiser
Mrs. Alda E. Kerschner
Mr. Robert S. Killebrew, Jr.
Mrs. Pedie Killebrew
Ms. Ann P. Knight
Mr. Berton E. Korman
Mrs. Sallie G. Korman
Dr. Mary Ann Krisman-Scott
Ms. Jan L. Lee
Charles E. Letocha, MD
Mrs. Helene B. Kuritz Levy
Ms. Martha P. Livingston
Mr. Mark F. Lloyd
Mrs. Elizabeth P. Losa
Mrs. Barbara Lund
Dr. Joan E. Lynaugh
Dr. Diane J. Mancino
Mrs. Barbara Barden Mason
Ms. Diana J. Mason
Dr. E. Ann Matter
Ms. Rose Ann McGarrity
Dr. Therese Meehan
Ms. Adrian S. Melissinos
Ms. Kathryn M. Mershon
Ms. Mary Alice Musser
Mr. William H. Nace
Ms. Pauline Reid Oliver
Dr. Ann L. O’Sullivan
Ms. Maral Palanjian
Mrs. Julia Boland Paparella, RN
Mr. John L. Parascandola
Steven J. Peitzman, MD
Mrs. Annette Marie Pettineo
Ms. Adele W. Pike
Ms. Laura M. Randar
Mrs. Joan S. Randolph
Dr. Elizabeth A. Reedy
Dr. Susan Reverby
Ms. Natalie N. Riegler
Dr. Deborah A. Sampson
Ms. Alice Savastio
Mrs. Norma Rohrbaugh Shue
Ms. Grace Sills
Miss Grace A. Slotterback
Dr. Suzanne C. Smeltzer
Ms. Janet E. Smith
Ms. Maude M. Smith
Miss Nancy T. Snyder
Ernest B. Spangler, Jr., MD
Mrs. Jean Martin Spangler
Miss S. A. Stachniewicz
Mrs. Lucy E. Stetter
Dr. Rosemary A. Stevens
Mrs. Norma H. Stewart
Robert J. Stewart, Esq.
Dr. Bayard T. Storey
Mrs. Frances E. Storey
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Strumpf
Dr. Neville E. Strumpf
Mr. and Mrs. D. W. Van Dusen
Ms. Jeanette Waits
Dr. Barbra M. Wall
Dr. Rosalyn J. Watts
Dr. Jean C. Whelan
Mr. James Wiest
(News from the Center, continued)
Awards
In 2007, Dr. Fairman received
the prestigious Christian R. and Mary
F. Lindback Award for Distinguished
Teaching at the University of Pennsylvania
School of Nursing.
Dr. D’Antonio received the Penn
Humanities Forum Mellon Faculty Fellowship
for the 2008-2009 academic
year.
Patrica D’Antonio, Ellen Baer, Sylvia
Rinker, and Joan Lynaugh, the editors
of Nurses Work: Issues Across Time
and Place (New York: Springer Publishing,
2007) won the American Journal of
Nursing’s Book of the Year Award – History
and Health Policy.

Dr. Sochalski received the School of
Nursing’s Dean’s Award for Exemplary
Teaching in 2008.
Doctoral Dissertations
Three Bates Center doctoral students
successfully completed and defended
their dissertations.
In 2006, Mary Gibson defended
her dissertation, From Charity To An
Able Body: The Care And Treatment
Of Disabled Children In Virginia 1910-
1935. This historical study examined the
processes that led to the care of crippled
children in Virginia between 1910 and
1935. The study aimed to unravel the
complex social, economic, and political
climate of that time, and rediscover the
professional knowledge and values that
drew attention to this population and
set the stage for developments in their
care. Virginia, a segregated society during
these years, served as a case study
and provided an example of a southern
state with a large rural population along
with two urban centers. The efforts of the
maturing professions, philanthropists,
lay persons and government programs
shaped the care of children in the state.
Crippled children’s care emerged in
Virginia in the second decade of the 20th
century in conjunction with the introduction
to the Richmond area of orthopedic
surgery as a specialty, the success of
visiting nursing in the identification and
provision of care for poor urban children
and the promotion of health for all Vir-
Dr. Jennifer Hobbs
ginians by the State Health Department.
Fundamental differences in rural and urban
populations, racial tensions and compromises,
and progressive ideas as they
developed in a southern state are discussed.
The study illustrated two waves
of US crippled children’s programs that
roughly corresponded to the prevalence
of two crippling diseases, tuberculosis
and polio. Poverty became a defining
qualification for state supported care, and
the preparation of crippled children for
self support was the prevailing motive.
In February, 2007, Jeannine Uribe
defended her dissertation entitled Nurses,
Philanthropies, and Governments: The
Public Mission of Chilean Nursing,
1900-1945. Dr. Uribe’s dissertation
examines the nursing profession’s response
to the philosophical and financial
influences of foreign nurses, national
and international philanthropies, and the
Chilean government. By examining U.S.
and Chilean documents, Dr. Uribe found
that Chilean nursing developed according
to the goals and funding set by physicians
and government officials. They did
not plan for clinical experience which
left the nurses vulnerable to criticism
due to their lack of skill in caring for
hospital patients. Public health nurses
trained under a U.S. program gained
some status for nurses by maintaining
higher entrance requirements and further
education but positions were limited.
Changes in presidential administrations
as well as the advice of nurse consultants
from the Rockefeller Foundation
helped to bring changes to the public
health system making small improvements
in morbidity and mortality levels.
At the same time, Chilean public health
nurses began to take leadership positions
in nursing education and employment
in the 1940s after fellowships in the U.
S. and Canada. With educated and clinically
experienced visiting nurses working
in the community, patient education
reached the poor in their homes and
communities and nurses were better accepted
as professionals when the Chilean
health care system became nationalized.
Our most recent graduate is Dr.
Jennifer Hobbs who defended her dissertation
this past spring. The title of her
dissertation is Naming Power: A Historical
Analysis of Clinical Information Systems,
1970-1990. Her study approaches
clinical information systems (CIS) as a
compilation of skills, tools and knowledge
needed to provide patient care. Dr.
Hobbs examined how nurses involved
(continued on page 11)
7
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Your contribution is tax deductible. Thank you.

8
Brunner and Fisher Fellows
Each year the Bates Nursing History Center offers fellowships to support residential study at the Center. In 2007 two of the Fellows
were from Germany. Below they share their research interests and experience during their fellwoship.
Susanne Kreutzer, PhD ,Postdoctoral Research Fellow,
Institute of Sociology, Leibniz University of Hanover
Thanks to a Lillian Sholtis Brunner Fellowship from July to September 2007 I had the opportunity
to stay as a visiting scholar at the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of
Nursing. My idea was to outline the basic structure of a comparative history of nursing in West
Germany and the United States, looking at the reform of Christian nursing after the Second
World War. I conducted my research in the archives of the Barbara Bates Center, the Lankenau
– formerly German – Hospital, and the archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
The experiences I had were extraordinary. I was deeply impressed by the warm welcome, the scientific
standard in the field of US-American nursing history, and the support and encouragement
I received. Due to the great help I obtained in discussing my ideas I could develop a research
concept on West-German and US-American Perspectives on the Rationalization of Nursing after
1945. I am planning to compare two groups of nurses both in West Germany and the United
States. The first group are the deaconesses – representing the traditional type of Christian nursing
– and the second group are nursing leaders in the process of professionalization. For the moment
I am applying for a research grant in Germany and hopefully I will be back soon in the United
States to continue my research.
Christoph Schweikardt, MD, MA, Assistant Professor
Ruhr-University Bochum
Susanne Kreutzer
In July and August 2007, I had the opportunity
to pursue a case study on deaconess nursing at
the German Hospital of the City of Philadelphia in
the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Barbara
Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing
at the University of Pennsylvania had awarded
me an Alice Fisher Society Summer Fellowship.
After straightening out some difficulties with
visa requirements prior to the visit, I was given
a warm welcome from the very helpful staff at
the Barbara Bates Center. My work with the
Lankenau Hospital School of Nursing collection
took place at the University Archives due to the
temporary relocation of the Center from the main
campus. Material on the German Hospital’s past
is also available at the Joseph Horner Memorial
Library of the German Society of Pennsylvania,
where a dedicated librarian and a beautiful
reading-room really made my visit worth-while.
On August 8, 2007, I presented my work in progress
at the Bates Seminar Series, where a lively
discussion ensued. The next week was devoted to
the records of the Philadelphia Deaconess Motherhouse
located at the Archives of the Evangelical
Christoph Schweikardt at the Joseph Horner Memorial Library, Phila., PA
Lutheran Church in America in Elk Grove, Illinois,
where I met very supportive staff as well. Finally, I focused on the introduction of the deaconesses to the German Hospital in
1884 and the circumstances and consequences of this move. Since the history of German Hospitals in the United States is a fascinating
yet hardly explored field of investigation, I hope that the fruitful cooperation with the American colleagues will continue.

Yvonne McEwen, MSC(History),
MSc(Nursing), FRSA, faculty member
and Honorary Fellow at The Centre for
the Study of the two World Wars, the
University of Edinburgh,was also awarded
a Fisher Fellowship in 2007. In 2006
she published It’s a Long Way to Tipperary:
British and Irish Nurses in the Great
War. Yvonne’s earlier published research
work focused on Ireland’s involvement
in the two World Wars.
Ms. McEwen was recently appointed
as the Official Historian to the British
Army Nursing Service and is commissioned
to write a four volume work on
their history from 1902 to the present
conflicts. As part of her commission, she
will carry out tours of duty in Iraq and
Afghanistan with the army medical and
nursing service.
Ms. McEwen’s most recent research
has focused on shell-shock in World
War I front-line nurses and female combatants.
She is currently preparing a
monograph on this work and co-editing
another with Professor James McMillan,
Director of the Centre for the Study
of the Two World Wars, on the work of
male and female war correspondents in
WWI and WWII
In 2006 three Brunner scholars carried
out research at the Bates Center:
Nira Bartel, PhD, RN, Karen Flynn,
PhD, and Ann Sheridan, BNS, M. Ed,
PhD.
Nira Bartal, PhD, RN is the coordinator
of the Nursing History Project
in the Hadassah Nursing Department of
the Hadassah Medical Organization in
Jerusalem, as well as a lecturer at the
Henrietta Szold Hadassah and the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, School of
Nursing. In the summer of 2006, Nira
Bartal visited at the Center as part of her
Brunner Fellowship The subject of her
research was Characteristics of Nursing
Endeavor among the Jewish, Christian,
and Muslim Populations of Palestine in
the Late Turkish Era (Nineteenth Century
to 1918). The outcome of the research
is a chapter, “The History of Nursing
in Jerusalem,” in Bartal, I. and Goren,
H., Jerusalem in the Late Ottoman Era,
a volume of the series, The History of
Jerusalem, which will be published in
2009.
Another aim of Dr. Bartal’s visit was
to receive an update on research topics
and methods in the field of nursing history,
in what she considered “one of the
best centers of this kind in the world.”
Dr. Bartal held discussions with scholars
whose works had inspired her study, especially
with Drs. Joan Lynaugh, Karen
Buhler-Wilkerson, Julie Fairman and
Patricia D’Antonio.
Sitting from left to right: Brunner Scholars Ann
Sheridan and Nira Bartel and Researcher Terry Bird.
Standing: Karen Buhler-Wilkerson
and Brunner Scholar Karen Flynn.
This was the second visit for Dr.
Bartal to the Bates Center. In 1995-1996,
for almost a year as part of her doctoral
studies, Dr. Bartal studied in the Center
for the Study of the History of Nursing.
In 2005, Dr. Bartal’s book: Compassion
and Competence: Nursing in Mandatory
Palestine, 1918–1948, was published
in Hebrew. She has also published
articles in numerous journals and books,
penned encyclopedia entries and lectured
in conferences in Israel and abroad.
Karen C. Flynn, PhD, Assistant
Proessor, African-American Studies,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
writes of her experience with the
summer fellowship, “As a Brunner
scholar, I used the time to locate materials
for my book Moving Beyond Borders:
Black Canadian and Caribbean
Women in the Diaspora. The manuscript
uses a life course paradigm and oral narratives--
with 35 black Canadian and
Caribbean women-- in conjunction with
archival sources, such as immigration
9
records, letters, yearbooks, film and
newspapers, to examine and compare the
material and discursive subjectivities of
Caribbean migrant and Black Canadian
born women in the post World War II
era. Of the black Canadian group, a few
either crossed the border daily to work
in Detroit, Michigan, or left Canada
altogether to live in the United
States. I used the Mercy Douglass
Hospital School of Nursing
Collection, particularly the student
files, to investigate whether
Black Canadian or Caribbean
nurses attended the nursing
school.
I plan to publish an article
that explores the background
of the students who attended
the Mercy-Douglass Hospital,
School of Nursing.”
Dr. Ann Sheridan PhD,
Faculty member of the College
of Life Sciences, Midwifery
& Health Systems, University
College Dublin, also carried out
research as a Brunner scholar in
2006. Her aim was to examine
the role of psychiatric nurses in
the United States, specifically
in state psychiatric hospitals in
Pennsylvania, and compare the
role and educational preparation
with psychiatric nursing counterparts
in Ireland during the decades
of 1950s, 1960s, and 1970’s. The study
proposed to examine similarities and differences
along with determinants of psychiatric
nursing roles, paying particular
attention to the part played by political,
economic, religious, and social factors,
and how these influenced nursing role
development. Materials maintained in
the Barbara Bates Centre for the study
of the History of Nursing were utilized,
particularly those relating to prominent
psychiatric nurses including Hildegard
Peplau.
Dr. Sheridan’s analysis and write up
of the study are in progress, and she anticipates
that results will be prepared for
publication early in 2009.
Please see last page for information
on applying for Bates Center Fellowships.

10
Rememberances
M. Elizabeth Carnegie 1916-2008
Dr. M. Elizabeth Carnegie was quoted as saying, “In nursing, you can be anything you want to be – practitioner, educator, administrator,
executive, researcher, journalist, consultant, congressional leader, policymaker, health advocate.” In her over 70 year
career, Dr. Carnegie managed to fill all of those positions, plus more.
Born in Baltimore, MD and raised in Washington, DC, Dr. Carnegie received her initial nursing education at the Lincoln Hospital
School of Nursing in New York City in 1936. Continuing her education, she received a Bachelor’s degree from West Virginia
State College, a Master’s degree from Syracuse University, and a Doctorate in Public Administration from New York University.
Well known as a nurse educator, Dr. Carnegie established the baccalaureate nursing program at Hampton University in Virginia,
served as the Dean of School of Nursing at Florida A&M University, and held distinguished endowed professorships at numerous
colleges and universities.
Dr. Carnegie also served on the editorial board of the American Journal of Nursing, was past Editor of the journal Nursing Research,
was President of the American Academy of Nursing, and chaired a number of critical professional committees. She received
countless awards and honors throughout her impressive career.
Dr. Carnegie’s untiring work as a force for desegregation in nursing was one of her greatest accomplishments. As a young nurse
she learned of African American nurses’ struggles for education, employment, and professional recognition from Mabel Staupers,
Executive Secretary of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. Deeply impressed by the inequalities that existed for
African American nurses, Dr. Carnegie vowed to “do all within my power to help change the system and break down the barriers that
were keeping Black nurses out of the mainstream of professional nursing.”
In this task she was eminently successful. She was the first African American nurse appointed to the Board of the Florida Nurses
Association, refusing to serve until she was accorded the full privileges of Board membership available to her white colleagues. Dr.
Carnegie also rejected conforming to demeaning customs prevalent during the nation’s segregated era, such as requiring African
American nurses to ride in freight elevators at professional meetings. She expected and received nothing less than the dignity afforded
white nurses, saying many times “Before I would sit where they wanted me to sit, I would stand.”
A prolific author, Dr Carnegie is familiar for those interested in nursing and health care history for her acclaimed book, The Path
We Tread: Blacks in Nursing 1854 -1984, which remains a definitive resource for the history of African American nurses. She was a
devoted and active member of the American Association for the History of Nursing (AAHN) and attended the 2007 research conference
of the AAHN in White Plains, NY shortly before her death. Dr. Carnegie was a beloved mentor and meteoric trail blazer and
will be remembered for her work, her scholarship, and her leadership.
Edna LaPorte Strumpf 1915-2008
A longtime friend of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing,
and mother of Penn nursing faculty member, Neville Strumpf, died on May 7.
Edna Strumpf was born in a log cabin in Spring Hill, VA, on August 22, 1915. Despite
humble origins and the hardships of the Depression, education and personal betterment
were encouraged, and at an early age, Edna decided to be a nurse. This was the ticket to
an independent life and an opportunity to discover a much larger world, which she did
by choosing the Mount Sinai Hospital School of Nursing in Philadelphia. Edna excelled
and thrived, graduating at the head of her class in 1937. She was one of only two graduates
hired to work by the hospital, which she did for several years, and then, ever the
adventurer, she moved to New York City to take a better paying position at the Bronx
Veterans Administration Hospital.
It was at the Bronx VA that she met her future husband of 63 years, Herbert, who
was also a nurse. The outbreak of World War II interrupted their courtship and Edna,
who saw service to her country as a moral obligation, joined the Army Nurse Corps in
1943; Herbert also served in the military in the European Theatre. Before they shipped
out for overseas duty they managed to squeeze in a wedding; marrying on October 3,
1944.
Edna was one of 16,000 who crossed the Atlantic on each voyage made by the
Queen Elizabeth in the transport of troops to Europe in preparation for the bloody Battle
of the Bulge. With her unit, the 126th Evacuation Hospital, Edna cared for the sick
Edna LaPorte Strumpf
and wounded in Belgium and Germany, many of whom had severe frostbite, the result of one of the worst winters in memory. Edna
was honorably discharged in January of 1946, and returned to New York City, where she and Herbert started, like nearly everyone
else, their baby boomer family.

The Strumpf family settled in Selkirk,
NY. Edna raised three children,
volunteered for her church and for many
community organizations, among them
the Red Cross, Bethlehem Ambulance
Association, the Bethlehem Historical
Society, and the Board of Directors for
a resident home for the mentally and
physically disabled. Over the years, her
service amounted to thousands of hours
freely given.
In 1987, Edna and her class from
Mt. Sinai held their 50th reunion in
Philadelphia, which included a tour of
the newly formed Center for the Study of
the History of Nursing at Penn, inspiring
the later gift of her papers to the School.
Her collected papers in the Center provide
snapshots of a young woman of
the 1930s seeking information about
nursing, selecting a training school, and
recalling student life at the Mt. Sinai
Training School for Nurses in Philadelphia
from 1934-1937. The collection also
includes lecture notes and examinations,
a map of the original hospital site and
photographs of the building, a procedure
manual specifically for student nurses,
and the commencement program. Undergraduate
nursing students use this and
other Center Collections for projects in
courses on the history of health care. One
such student, working recently with Dr.
Patricia D’Antonio, learned that Edna
“draped her cape over the transom door
of her room, so that the house mother
would not know she was studying late at
night.”
Additionally, several of Edna’s uniforms
were displayed in the RN exhibit,
co-sponsored by the Center and the
Fabric Workshop in 2003. Personal effects
related to her service in World War
II, along with a videotaped interview
describing her experiences as an army
nurse, are housed at the Museum of Military
History in Saratoga, NY.
Edna LaPorte Strumpf offered a lifetime
of service to her family, her community,
her patients, her church and her
country. Joan Lynaugh has written aptly
that “nursing reflects the human experience;
history helps us comprehend and
deal with both the beauty and the tragedy
of life on earth.” That captures Edna
LaPorte Strumpf well, a nurse who lived
history, knew life fully, understood tragedy,
and left beauty in its many forms.
(Dissertations, continued)
with the American Nursing
Association’s Social Policy
Statement, the Classification
of Nursing Diagnosis, and
the Nursing Minimum Data
Set prioritized, organized,
and promoted certain aspects
of these systems. Through
the course of her analysis Dr.
Hobbs was able to illuminate
the very local and idiosyncratic
nature of CIS. Moreover,
she explicated how tools like
classification schemes, data
sets, care plans, or a description
of practice, designed for
use within CIS, promoted
a particular take on nursing
practice that reflected the
ideas and issues of concern to
those who created them.
Congratulations to all our graduates
who have completed very impressive
studies and added much to nursing history
scholarship.
American Association for the
History of Nursing
25 th Annual Research
Conference
September 25-28, 2008
Philadelphia, PA
The Barbara Bates Center for the
Study of the History of Nursing is coordinating
and planning the 25 th Annual
Research Conference of the American
Association for the History of Nursing
(AAHN). Co-sponsors for this event are
the AAHN and the School of Nursing at
the University of Pennsylvania. The conference
will be held at the Hyatt Regency
Philadelphia at Penn’s Landing from
September 25-28, 2008. The Keynote
Speaker is Barbara Brodie, PhD, RN,
FAAN, the Madge M. Jones Professor of
Nursing Emerita and Associate Director,
Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry,
School of Nursing at the University
of Virginia. Her keynote title is From
Nursery Maids to Professional Pediatric
Nurse Clinicians, Practitioners, and Researchers.
The 25 th Annual Conference
promises opportunities for scholarly
11
exchanges of knowledge about the development
of nursing and healthcare in
the United States and across the globe.
This year, the Conference also celebrates
the wisdom, the insights, and the critical
importance of 25 years of historical
scholarship. Our program and celebration
include paper and poster presentations,
exhibits, networking opportunities,
our traditional banquet, and, of course,
our live auction. The Local Arrangements
Committee is working diligently
at making the 25 th Research Conference
an event to remember.
The Conference features an exciting
and informative pre-conference program
entitled Crossing the Digital Divide that
will focus on demonstrating new digital
media and technology for historical
research and teaching. Faculty for the
preconference are from the Center for
History and New Technology at George
Mason University in Virginia.
As those who have attended past
conferences know, a major highlight of
the conference is the Annual Auction at
which objects of historical interest and
other treasures, such as dinners at excellent
restaurants, weekend stays at country
and seashore homes, and other items
are auctioned off to the highest bidder.
All funds raised benefit the AAHN’s research
award program, a major funding
source for historical research on nursing.

12
Calendar
American Association for
the History of Nursing
25th Annual Conference
September 25-28, 2008, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
The AAHN and the University of
Pennsylvania School of Nursing
are co-sponsoring this 25th anniversary
conference.
Please see article, previous page.
For more information please see
the AAHN website
http://www.aahn.org or call Betsy
Weiss at 215-898-4502.
Philadelphia Area Center
for History of Science
Events
September 25, 2008. Judith Walzer
Leavitt, University of Wisconsin-
Madison. “Make Room for Daddy.”
Philadelphia Area Center for History
of Science
October 17, 2008. Paul Pasles,
Villanova University. “Benjamin
Franklin’s Numbers: An Unsung
Mathematical Odyssey.” Friends of
the Library of the American Philosophical
Society, Philadelphia Area
Center for History of Science
October 24, 2008. William Noel,
The Walters Art Museum. “The Archimedes
Palimpsest: A Public Lecture.”
Philadelphia Area Center for History of
Science, the Chemical Heritage Foundation,
and the University of Pennsylvania
Libraries. The PACHS website is:
http://www.pachs.net/
The Southern Association
for the History of Medicine
and Science 11th Annual
Meeting
March 6-7, 2009 in Birmingham, Alabama.
The meeting will be hosted by the
University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Please see the SAHMS website for
information about submitting papers.
http://www.sahms.net/HTML/SAHMS_
CALL.htm
The Agnes Dillon Randolph
Inaugural International
Nursing History Conference
March 20-21, 2009 at the University of
Virginia’s School of Nursing in Charlottesville,
Virginia. Entitled “Historical
Roads Traveled, New Paths to Explore”
the conference promises to be a wonderful
way to meet international and American
nurse historians and hear their latest
research. The keynote speaker, Joan
Lynaugh, Director Emeritus of the Bates
Center will present the address “In and
Out of Favor”: Scholarship and Nursing’s
History. Please see the website
for the Call for Abstracts, Registration
Form, and additional information.
http://www.nursing.virginia.edu/Research/cnhi/randolph.aspx
American Association for the
History of Medicine 82nd
Annual Meeting
April 23 - 26, 2009, Cleveland, OH.
Online Abstract Submission is available
until September 15 th .
http://www.histmed.org/
786786786
To learn about applying for the Bates
Center Fellowships which are the Alice
Fisher Society Fellowship, the Lillian
Sholtis Brunner Fellowship and our
new Karen Buhler-Wilkerson Faculty
Research Award for Historical Research
in Nursing, please check our website:
http://www.nursing.upenn.edu/history/
research.htm
786786786
Barbara Bates
Center for
The Study of
The History of Nursing
Un i v e r s i t y o f Pe n n s y lva n i a
Sc h o o l o f Nu r s i n g
418 Cu r i e Bo u l e va r d
Ph i l a d e l p h i a, PA 19104-4217