Membrane Bioreactors Short Course Abstracts - National Water ...

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Examples of Type I issues are: (a) understanding the upper limits of the MLSS that the process can handle and how the reactor configuration affects this, (b) understanding the lower limits of SRT and hydraulic residence time (HRT), (c) the optimization of air scouring and energy consumption, (d) membrane cleaning, (e) design and operational practices that will extend membrane life, and (f) designing and operating the MBR process to optimize sludge filterability. Examples of Type II issues are the design and operation requirements imposed by the impact that fouling can have on hydraulic performance, by MBR’s limited ability to handle peaking, and on MBRs by reduced oxygen transfer at high MLSS. To date, most MBR installations have been small enough that it has basically been possible to ignore the biology. This will not do in the future. The future belongs to those who take full advantage of all that we have learned about the behavior of this complex biological system and integrate it with the unique capabilities and limitations of MBRs. Some examples of problems that must be addressed include: • The management of organisms associated with foaming. • The management of the biological system to produce a sludge that is easily filtered and dewatered. • The full integration of what we know about nutrient removal with the MBR process. In the meantime, there are places where MBR is attractive today, even for the conservative engineer. MBR is most appealing when its small footprint, ease of automation, and excellent effluent quality are all requirements. It is also most appealing when flow peaking can be easily addressed. Reuse projects that scalp the flow from nearby sewers are one of the more obvious examples. Moreover, MBR has the potential to rearrange our thinking about reuse. There are limits to the idea of pumping treated wastewater up into and throughout a community in purple pipe. MBR creates the potential for decentralized reuse systems with treatment systems located closer to the point of application and smaller, less-intrusive purple infrastructure. R. RHODES TRUSSELL, Ph.D., P.E., DEE, is recognized worldwide as an authority in methods and criteria for water quality and in the development of advanced processes for treating water or wastewater to achieve the highest standards. A Civil and Corrosion Engineer with 35 years of experience, he has worked on the process design for dozens of treatment plants ranging in size from 1 to 900 million gallons per day in capacity. At present, he is President of Trussell Technologies, Inc., an environmental engineering firm that focuses on the quality and treatment of water and wastewater. He is also active on numerous boards and committees, such as serving as Chair of the Water Science and Technology Board for the National Academies. Just recently, he retired from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Science Advisory Board after 17 years of service. Trussell received a B.S. in Civil Engineering and both an M.S. and Ph.D. in Sanitary Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. 2
Session 1: Introduction Biological Process Principles GEORGE TCHOBANOGLOUS, PH.D., P.E. University of California, Davis Davis, California With proper analysis and environmental control, almost all wastewaters containing biodegradable constituents can be treated biologically. Therefore, it is essential that the environmental engineer understand the characteristics of each biological process to ensure that the proper environment is produced and controlled effectively. The overall objectives of the biological treatment of domestic wastewater are to: • Transform (i.e., oxidize) dissolved and particulate biodegradable constituents into acceptable end-products. • Capture and incorporate suspended and nonsettleable colloidal solids into a biological floc or biofilm. • Transform or remove nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. • More recently, to remove specific trace constituents and compounds. For industrial wastewater, the objective is to remove or reduce the concentration of organic and inorganic compounds. Because some of the constituents and compounds found in industrial wastewater are toxic to microorganisms, pretreatment may be required before industrial wastewater can be discharged to a municipal collection system. For agricultural irrigation runoff, the objective is to remove nutrients (specifically nitrogen and phosphorus), pesticides, and trace constituents that are capable of affecting the aquatic environment. The principal biological processes used for wastewater treatment can be divided into three main categories: suspended growth, attached growth (or biofilm), and combined suspended and attached growth processes. The successful design and operation of the biological processes requires an understanding of the: • Types of microorganisms involved. • Specific reactions that they perform. • Environmental factors that affect their performance. • Nutritional needs of microorganisms. • Microorganism reaction kinetics. These subjects are reviewed in light of process developments that have occurred over the past century. Correspondence should be addressed to: George Tchobanoglous, Ph.D., P.E. Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Davis 662 Diego Place Davis, CA 95616 USA Phone: (530) 756-5747 • Email: gtchobanoglous@ucdavis.edu A Short Course on Membrane Bioreactors 3
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