(HEMA) Initiative. - OAS

PREVIOUS DOCUMENTS Estimating economic benefits of environmental health interventions within the context of the HEMA iniciative
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997), Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970 to 1990. Final Report
to U.S. Congress. EPA 410/R-97-002. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
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6. In the first quarter of 2005 the EPA enacted a long-awaited rule to improve air quality, and health; the Clean Air
Interstate Rule.
7. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2000), Regional Plan on Urban Air Quality and Health 2000 - 2009 (Lima,
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8. Idem
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Health for the 21st Century, National Academy of Science Press, Washington, DC
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17 US National Academy of Sciences (2001), New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Commission on Behavioral
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18 Costs here may not be actual out of pocket expenses but costs in terms of lost welfare.
19 This depends on perspective and approach. For example if we estimate the increased number of deaths due to
air pollution that would result from a PM increase based on concentration response functions, we might overestimate
the number of deaths because we have failed to account for people staying inside more or buying better
air filters.
20 This is the approach used by Environment Canada and Health Canada in the Air Quality Valuation model (AQVM)
and Health Canada's newly developed Air Quality Benefits Assessment Tool (AQBAT). EPA also uses this approach.
21 National Academy of Science Publications (2004), Air Quality Management in the United States, Board on Environmental
Studies and Toxicology and Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate. Washington, DC. Available
at Last accessed: 17 August 2005.
22 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Universidad de Costa Rica-Observatorio del Desarrollo
(UCR-OdD) (2004), GEO-Latin America and the Caribbean: Environment Outlook 2003 (Costa Rica: Master Litho
S.A.).
23 Organization of American States. Office for Sustainable Development and Environment. Policy Series, Number
1, 2004.
24 Gleick, Peter (2002), Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000 - 2020, Pacific Institute
for Studies in Development, Environment and Security. Available at
Last accessed: May 2005.
25 Idem
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