Corruption and Development - pogar

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Abbreviations ACPN - Anti-corruption Practitioners Network ATI - Accountability, Transparency, and Integrity BEEPS - Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey CCA - Common Country Assessment CSO - Civil Society Organization CPI - Corruption Perceptions Index DAC - Development Assistance Community GDP - Gross Domestic Product HD - Human Development HDI - Human Development Index OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development MDGs - Millennium Development Goals PRSP - Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper SMEs - Small and medium-sized enterprises TI - Transparency International TWGs - Technical Working Groups WBI - World Bank Institute UN - United Nations UNCAC - United Nations Convention against Corruption UNDAF - United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Corruption undermines democracy and the rule of law. It leads to violations of human rights. It erodes public trust in government. It can even kill — for example, when corrupt officials allow medicines to be tampered with, or when they accept bribes that enable terrorist acts to take place. —Ban Ki-Moon, United Nations Secretary-General, at the launch of Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative, 17 September 2007 Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a government’s ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice, and discouraging foreign investment and aid. —Kofi Annan, former United Nations Secretary-General, on the adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), 31 October 2003 Corruption is a major challenge to development. The erosion of human rights and respect for constitutional authority hinders programmes to alleviate poverty and increase human security (UNDP 2004). While the impact of corruption is particularly tragic in the case of the poorest people in developing countries, fighting corruption is a global concern because corruption is found in both rich and poor countries, albeit in different forms and magnitude. It is evident that corruption has also contributed to state failure. It has contributed to instability, poverty and the eruption of civil wars over resources in a number of countries. Experiences from many countries which are undergoing or have emerged from conflict show that corruption is a dominant factor in driving fragile countries to state failure (Rotberg 2001). Corruption can lead to, and sustain, violent conflict, in the context of patrimonial regimes that are degenerating under local or international shocks and pressures for market reform. Philippe Le Billon argues that corruption is part of the social and political fabric of society, and thus, ‘conflict may be engendered more by changes in the pattern of corruption than by the existence of corruption itself’ — for example, by appeasing belligerents in order to buy peace. This leads to forms of competitive corruption between different factions, which can result in prolonged violence (Le Billon 2003). It is therefore not surprising that in the post-cold war era and in the wake of globalization, international actors — businesses, human rights groups, multilateral institutions and regional security blocs among others — have increased pressure on developing countries to contain corruption, to avoid the further erosion of public institutions and the exacerbation of poverty, which could obstruct sustainable development and have spillover effects on neighboring countries. Corruption is principally a governance issue, a challenge to democratic functioning. It is a failure of both institutions and the larger framework of social, judicial, political and economic checks and balances needed to govern effectively. 5
Page 2 and 3: CONTENTS Acknowledgements 2 Abbrevi
Page 6 and 7: When these formal and informal inst
Page 8 and 9: Box 1. The most common forms of cor
Page 10 and 11: The most cited causes of corruption
Page 12 and 13: 5. Corruption undermines the delive
Page 14 and 15: 2. Relationship between corruption
Page 16 and 17: It is also important to note that t
Page 18 and 19: The Governance Model asserts that c
Page 20 and 21: No school fees were charged, school
Page 22 and 23: Table 2 shows a direct correlation
Page 24 and 25: 2.8. Corruption and the Millennium
Page 26 and 27: 3. UNDP mandates and approach to an
Page 28 and 29: UNCAC also links corruption to sust
Page 30 and 31: 4. Programming anti-corruption inte
Page 32 and 33: Article 9 of the Convention promote
Page 34 and 35: The overall objective of PACDE is t
Page 36 and 37: Civil society can form networks tha
Page 38 and 39: • Limited resources. Donors often
Page 40 and 41: The need for a gap and risk analysi
Page 42 and 43: (D) Monitoring and evaluation To su
Page 44 and 45: Lash, Nicholas A., ‘Corruption an
Page 46 and 47: United Nations, ‘Right to Develop

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