cubierta in context gallego2 .indd

Writing reference
Unha redacción de debate
Nunha redacción de debate preséntase un
razoamento equilibrado con opinións a favor e en
contra dun tema.
Ao final da redacción, damos a nosa propia
opinión.
Recorda!
1 Estrutura
• No parágrafo de introdución, escribe unha
afirmación para presentar o tema e di que
existen argumentos a favor e en contra deste
tema.
• No seguinte parágrafo, dá as opinións a
favor do tema ou as desvantaxes.
• No último parágrafo, resume todas as
opinións e explica a túa conclusión..
2 Contido
• Comeza escribindo unha lista de puntos a favor ou en contra ou as
vantaxes e desvantaxes.
Escolle os puntos máis doados de desenvolver e agrúpaos en parágrafos.
Pensa en feitos ou ideas que apoien os teus argumentos.
• Emprega conectores para introducir as túas ideas e para expresar
argumentos adicionais.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Para comezar: Many people say / think that … / It is true that … /
There are many reasons for …
Para falar sobre o tema: This is not an easy question. /
There is not a clear answer … / We must look at both sides of the question.
Para introducir argumentos: Firstly, … / Secondly, … / On the one hand, … /
One advantage is that ….
Para contrastar: On the other hand,… / However, … / But …
Para engadir máis información: What’s more,… / In addition, … /Furthermore,
… Moreover, … / too / as well / also
Para expresar causa e resultado: This is because … / Because / So / ThereforE
Para rematar: On balance, … / In my opinion, … / In conclusion, …
Pregunta modelo
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being a celebrity today.
Escribe sobre as vantaxes e desvantaxes de ser famoso hoxe en día.
Resposta
modelo
Nearly everyone thinks that they would like to be famous (1). However,
there are also (2) disadvantages to being in the public eye. We must look at
both sides of the question (3).
It is true that if you are famous people recognize you all the
time and ask for your autograph. You belong to a special group
of people and this can be fun (4). In addition to this (5), fame
usually brings money. A very big advantage of being a celebrity
is that you probably live in a fantastic house, drive a fast car and
have holidays in wonderful places (4).
On the other hand (6), it is not always easy being a celebrity today. A major
disadvantage is that it becomes difficult to have a private life. People come
up to you in the supermarket and in the street. Journalists take photos of
you in your home, on the beach, or after a late party! (7) What’s more (5), some
people become obsessed with celebrities and follow them everywhere (7).
On balance, I think the life of a celebrity has disadvantages, but it also has a
lot of attractions. I would like to have the opportunity to try it! (8)
presentación do tema (1)
para engadir información (2)
para falar sobre o tema (3)
argumentos a favor (4)
para engadir información (5)
contraste (6)
argumentos en contra (7)
para engadir información (5)
conclusión e opinión (8)
3

Un diálogo
Un diálogo é unha conversa entre dúas ou máis
persoas.
Cando escribimos un diálogo, temos que deixar
clara a súa función, por exemplo, explicar / dar
noticias.
Recorda!
1 Estrutura
• Un diálogo ten:
- un principio (para deixar clara a
función da conversa)
- un nó (o intercambio principal)
- un final (a conclusión)
• Organiza o diálogo claramente para que
o lector poida ver facilmente quen está
falando.
2 Contido
Pensa nos personaxes e no que dirían e farían.
• Emprega linguaxe natural e informal, e inclúe expresións coloquiais,
contraccións, expresións de recheo, verbos con partículas e respostas
curtas.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Saúdos: Hi! / How are you? / How’s life? / How are things? / Fine. / Great. /
Not bad, thanks.
Verbos con partículas: pick up / put off / drop in / pop round / look forward to
Expresións coloquiais: Hiya! / What’s up? / Cool! / Sure. / Sounds good. /
You’re kidding! / Do you fancy …? / Hang on! / OK.
Expresións de recheo: erm… / umm … / look, … / oh, … / well, …
Despedidas: Great to see you. / See you soon. / Say ‘Hi!’ to… for me. /
I’ll be in touch. / Bye.
Pregunta modelo
Write a telephone conversation between two friends making arrangements to go to the beach.
Escribe unha conversa telefónica entre dous amigos que fan plans para iren á praia.
Resposta modelo Becky Hello (1). saúdos (1)
Trish Hi (1) Becky! It’s me (1).
Becky Trish, hi! How are things? (1)
Trish OK. But I’m (2) so bored. I really want to go contracción (2)
out somewhere and do something. Listen (3), are you expresións de recheo (3)
doing anything this afternoon?
Becky Nope (4). I’m bored too. There’s no one at expresión coloquial (4)
home, nothing on TV, and I’ve finished
all my homework. So, where do you want to go?
Trish Do you fancy going (4) to the beach? We could give expresión coloquial (4)
Ben and Jim a ring and find out if they want to
come. Ben’s got (2) his dad’s car for the weekend too! contracción (2)
Becky Great idea! We could take a picnic and the
volleyball things.
Trish Cool! (4) I’ll phone Ben and Jim and expresión coloquial (4)
we’ll pick you up (5) in half an hour. verbo con partículas (5)
Becky Sounds good (4). I’ll make some sandwiches. And expresión coloquial (4)
don’t (2) forget the suncream! contracción (2)
Trish I won’t! (6) And remember – Ben is a vegetarian! resposta curta (6)
Becky OK. See you in half an hour (7). despedida (7)
Trish See you (7).
4

Unha narración
Nunha narración, contamos unha historia ou un acontecemento.
A historia pode ser real ou imaxinaria.
Normalmente, úsanse tempos pasados.
Recorda!
1 Estrutura
• A historia debe ter un principio, un nó e un final moi
claros.
2 Contido
• Fai que a historia sexa o máis interesante e emocionante
posible.
Fala sobre o ambiente e as túas emocións.
• Emprega unha variedade de verbos, adxectivos e adverbios
para engadir interese.
Emprega diferentes tempos verbais pasados.
• Emprega palabras para expresar a sucesión dos feitos e
conectores para indicar a orde dos acontecementos.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Para comezar: I had never been so excited / happy, etc. /
It was the best / worst day of my life. / It was completely dark! /
I will always remember … / One of my happiest /..
worst memories...
Expresións de tempo: one day, / last week, / two days ago /
since Monday / for a week / at midnight,
Conectores de tempo: When … / As soon as … / While …
Para expresar a sucesión dos feitos: Before … / At first, … / Later, … /
Then … / After that, … / Afterwards, …
Adverbios de modo: angrily / happily / quietly / suddenly
Adverbios de grao: really / very / extremely
Para facer comentarios con adverbios: amazingly / luckily /
(un)fortunately
Expresar emocións: surprised / excited / scared / lonely /
worried / happy
Para rematar: In the end,… / Never again! / What a/an …! /
I hope something like that never happens again!
Pregunta modelo
Write a story about something frightening that happened on a journey.
Escribe unha historia sobre algo aterrador que pasou nunha viaxe.
Resposta modelo
It was the most frightening moment of my life! (1) I was (2) comezo interesante (1)
late because I had overslept. I missed (2) my normal train, tempos pasados (2)
so I took (2) the 10.00 train instead. When (3) I got off (2) at conectores de tempo (3)
Wyford, I stepped into a real nightmare (4). ambiente (4)
I knew (2) something was (2) wrong as soon as (3) I started (2)
walking along the platform. There was (2) a group of people standing
very (5) still and looking at something or someone. When (5) adverbio de grao (5)
I got (2) nearer, I saw (2) that a man and a woman were standing (2)
outside the ticket office. The man was pointing (2) a gun at the
woman. I was terrified! (6) sentimentos (6)
It was so strange. Everyone stopped moving and watched
the man. It was like a scene from a film (4)! Suddenly (7), two police ambiente (4)
officers came up (2) behind the man and knocked (2) the gun adverbio de modo (5)
out of his hand. Later (8), someone told (2) me that it wasn’t a real secuencia (6)
gun, it was (2) a toy. The man had stolen (2) money from the
ticket office and the woman had tried (2) to stop him.
Fortunately (9), the man was caught and no one was hurt, but comentario con
I hope that nothing as frightening as this ever happens again! (10) adverbio (7)
final (8)
5

Un resumo
Escribimos un resumo para transmitir as ideas
principais dun texto en poucas frases.
Recorda!
• Inclúe soamente a información máis
importante.
• Non inclúas información que non é
importante, como exemplos, detalles, discurso
directo.
• Emprega as túas propias palabras e non repitas
expresións completas do texto.
• Non deas a túa opinión ou engadas
información adicional.
Para preparar
• Le o texto rapidamente para procurar a
información esencial.
Volve ler o texto e subliña as tres ou catro ideas máis importantes.
• Sen mirar de novo o texto, escribe catro ou cinco frases sobre el de
memoria. Intenta empregar palabras diferentes.
• Volve ler o texto e revisa o teu resumo. Asegúrate de que (a) incluíches
toda a información importante, (b) non copiaches do texto, (c)
axustácheste ao número límite de palabras.
• Se o resumo é demasiado longo, corta os detalles innecesarios.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Conectores (de contraste): In spite of… / Despite … / Although … / However, …
Conectores (para engadir información): In addition, … / Both … / also / too
Conectores (de causa e resultado): This is because … / Because … / So … /
Therefore …
Oracións subordinadas relativas: The film, which is about a safari, shows that … /
The statement that he gave in March is no longer true …
Pregunta modelo
Summarize the following article in fewer than 50 words.
Fai un resumo deste artigo en menos de 50 palabras.
The Island
In recent years, we have seen significant developments
in cloning. Sheep, cows, cats and, more recently, dogs
have all been cloned in the name of scientific progress.
One of the potential uses of cloning (1) is to ‘grow’ tema (1)
replacement organs for people who are ill in human
clones. It is this subject that is portrayed in a new film (1)
released this week in the USA called ‘The Island’ (1).
The film features Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johanssen
and it raises awareness of this highly controversial polémica (2)
moral issue (2). However, in spite of excellent performances (3) boa interpretación (3),
from both main actors and spectacular special effects (3), bos efectos especiais
the film received a disappointing reaction from the
non foi ben recibida
American audiences (4). It is possible that the subject is too nos EEUU (4)
difficult and that some audiences prefer their thrillers (5)
razóns do seu pouco
without the moral dilemmas (5). The film opens in the UK éxito (5)
next week and it will be interesting to see how the
British audiences react.
Resposta modelo
The new film ‘The Island’, which deals with the
controversial subject of cloning people, has not been
received well in the USA. Although the acting and
effects are very good, some audiences may have
been put off by the moral message of the film.
6

Unha redacción de opinión
Escribimos unha redacción de opinión para dicir o que
pensamos sobre un tema.
Soamente expresamos a nosa opinión, non incluímos outros
puntos de vista.
Recorda!
1 Estrutura
• No parágrafo de introdución, explica o tema e dá a túa
opinión sobre el.
• Nos seguintes dous ou tres parágrafos, dá argumentos
para apoiar a túa opinión.
No último parágrafo, resume a túa opinión.
• Comeza cada parágrafo cunha frase sobre o tema e
resume as túas ideas principais.
2 Contido
Inclúe feitos e exemplos sinxelos para apoiar as túas ideas.
• Non escribas sobre as vantaxes e desvantaxes ou os
argumentos a favor ou en contra.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Para dar unha opinión: In my opinion, … / Personally, I think /
I believe that … / I feel very strongly that … /
To my mind, … / I (completely) agree/disagree with … /
It seems to me that …
Para explicar feitos: It is a fact that … /
It is widely known that … / There is/are definitely… /
It is true that …
Para referirse ás ideas doutras persoas: Many people
say/believe that …
Para expresar causa e resultado: This is because … /
As a result, … / Therefore … / My main reason is … /
Another reason is …
Para engadir información: What’s more, … / In addition, … /
Furthermore, … / Moreover, … / too / as well / also
Para rematar: To sum up, … / To conclude, … /
In conclusion, … / It is clear that …
Pregunta modelo
‘Life is more stressful today than in the past.’ Do you agree?
‘A vida é máis estresante hoxe en día ca no pasado.’ Estás de acordo?
Resposta modelo
Many people believe that life today is more stressful than para explicar o tema (1)
ever before, but is this really true? (1) In my opinion (2), there para dar a túa opinión (2)
has always been stress in people’s lives, but the type of
stress has changed.
In the past, people were stressed as a result of (3) different para expresar a causa (3)
things. It is a fact that (4) many people had large families and para explicar feitos (4)
little money. In addition (5), people has less health care than para engadir información (5)
they do today. People had to work very long hours and they
often had no holidays. To my mind (2), this implies that life was para dar a túa opinión (2)
extremely stressful in the past.
Today, technology has made our lives easier. However (6), I para expresar contraste (6)
think that (2) it has also brought a different stress into our lives. para dar a túa opinión (2)
Because of (7) technology, life has become faster and faster. para dar razóns (7)
We are never alone and we are always rushing somewhere.
The world is a very busy and noisy place.
In conclusion, although I agree that modern life is stressful, para rematar (8)
I also think that people in the past faced many problems (8).
To my mind, life is not more stressful today, the stress para resumir a túa opinión (9)
is just different (9).
7

Unha biografía
Unha biografía é un resumo da vida dunha
persoa, que inclúe os feitos máis importantes ou
interesantes.
Comeza co nacemento da persoa e continúa ata a
súa morte ou ata o presente.
Recorda!
1 Estrutura
• No parágrafo de introdución, di por que a
persoa é famosa / importante. Dá detalles
sobre o seu nacemento / infancia.
• No seguinte parágrafo, dá detalles sobre a
vida e a profesión da persoa.
• No último parágrafo, explica o que a persoa
fai agora / no final da súa vida. Dá a túa
opinión sobre a importancia da persoa hoxe
en día.
2 Contido
• Emprega os tempos pasados sobre alguén que morreu e os tempos
presentes e o pretérito perfecto para escribir sobre alguén que aínda está
vivo.
• Emprega palabras para expresar a sucesión dos feitos para deixar clara a
orde de eventos.
• Emprega adxectivos do carácter para describir a persoa.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Etapas da vida: … was born on/in … / At an early age … /
His/her early life was… / He/She was educated at / grew up in … /
He/She lived in … / spent …years / retired in … / died in…
Para expresar a sucesión dos feitos: At first, … / After / Afterwards, … /
Later, … / Then, … / Finally,… / In the end, … / in 1986
Para engadir información:Not only … / but also … / He/She both … and …
Para expresar resultado: As a result of this, … / Consequently, … /
Because of this …
Adxectivos de carácter: famous / imaginative / talented / brilliant / exceptional
/ creative / influential / popular / inspiring / successful / well-known
Pregunta modelo
Write about a person from the fashion industry who you admire. Why do you admire this person?
Escribe sobre unha persoa do mundo da moda á que admires. Por que admiras esta persoa?
Resposta modelo
Jan Carstairs was born (1) in London in 1945 and she became etapas da vida (1)
interested (1) in art and design at an early age (1). By the 1960s,
Jan had become one of the most influential designers (2) of importancia (2)
the 1960s and her clothes were worn by the top models (2) of
the time.
Jan came from quite a poor family but she won a scholarship (1)
to a famous London art college in 1959 (3). Four years later (3), para expresar a sucesión de
she was designing the mini skirts and paper dresses that los feitos (3)
appeared on the covers of the most popular magazines
of the ’60s. adxectivos de carácter (4)
Jan was brilliant (4) but very shy (4). Because of this (5), she avoided resultado (5)
publicity and in 1974 (3) she moved to a small town in France
where she lived until she died in 2004 (1). Jan Carstairs was an
exceptionally talented (6) designer and is still remembered (6) opinión e importancia hoxe
and copied (6) by fashion designers today (6). en día (6)
8

Unha descrición dunha persoa
Cando se escribe a descrición dunha persoa,
infórmase o lector sobre a súa aparencia física e
carácter.
Tamén podemos dicir o que nós ou outras
persoas opinan desa persoa.
Podemos describir a alguén que coñecemos ou a
unha persoa famosa.
Recorda!
1 Estrutura
• No primeiro parágrafo, presenta a persoa e
describe a súa aparencia física.
• No seguinte parágrafo, describe a
personalidade da persoa (características
negativas e positivas).
• No último parágrafo, dá a túa opinión sobre
a persoa e razóaa.
2 Contido
• Usa os tempos presentes para escribir sobre alguén que coñeces no presente e
os tempos pasados para escribir sobre alguén do pasado.
• Dá exemplos de cousas que fai esa persoa e que demostran a súa
personalidade.
• Usa unha variedade de adxectivos, adverbios e modificadores para engadir
interese.
• Usa modismos ou símiles para engadirlle interese á túa descrición.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Idade: 20 years old / about 20 / in his/her twenties / elderly
Aparencia física: tall / short / slim / dark hair / fair hair / blue eyes / pretty /
handsome / good-looking / looks/looked like …
Roupa: wears/wore colourful clothes / a lot of jewellery / glasses
Personalidade: quiet / intelligent / kind / shy / funny / outgoing / patient /
friendly / honest / chatty
Símiles e modismos: as quiet as a mouse / as gentle as a lamb /
a heart of gold / is a pain in the neck
Modificadores: a bit / quite / a little / slightly / extremely / very / really
Adverbios de frecuencia: always /usually / often /sometimes /never /occasionally
Pregunta modelo
Write a description of someone in your family that you admire.
Escribe unha descrición de alguén da túa familia a quen admires.
Resposta modelo
The person I admire most in my family is my grandmother, introdución (1)
Granny Em (1). Granny Em has fine, white hair and bright, aparencia física (2)
blue eyes (2). She’s as strong as an ox (3) and she refuses to símil (3)
slow down! She is eighty now, but she’s really (4) fit for her modificador (4)
age and she is still extremely (4) active. Every day, she
visits a rest home for elderly people to help them (5) and evidencia (5)
have a chat. Most of them are younger than she is!
Granny Em is a determined (6) old lady, but she is kind (6), personalidade (6)
gentle and understanding (6) too. She has had a difficult
life and has learned a lot of things. That is why she’s
the person I go to when I have problems, and she
always gives great advice.
Granny Em has a very big family and we all love and opinións razoadas (7)
respect (7) her. In my opinion (7), but she has a heart of gold (8) modismo (8)
and she continues to make a difference to our lives (7).
9

Unha carta formal
En cartas formais, escribimos a organizacións
(oficinas, universidades, negocios, etc.) ou a persoas
que non coñecemos moi ben.
Podemos escribir para pedir información, solicitar
traballo ou poñer unha queixa, etc.
Recorda!
1 Esquema
• Escribe o teu enderezo na parte superior
dereita da páxina e o enderezo da persoa /
empresa á que lle estás escribindo na parte
esquerda.
Escribe a data debaixo do teu enderezo.
• Deixa unha liña baleira entre o enderezo do
destinatario e o saúdo.
• Escribe o teu nome debaixo da túa sinatura.
2 Estilo e contido
Usa vocabulario e frases formais.
• Non uses contraccións.
Non uses linguaxe coloquial.
•
Usa as expresións correctas no saúdo e na despedida.
Explica claramente a razón pola que escribes.
Emprega conectores para enlazar as ideas.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Saúdos: Dear Mr / Ms (Lee), (se sabes o nome) / Dear Sir or Madam, (se non
sabes o nome).
Razón pola que escribes a carta: I am writing to apply for … /
request some information about … / ask about … / complain about … /
I saw your advertisement in … / I read about … / Regarding …
Para expresar a sucesión dos feitos: Firstly, … / Secondly, … / Finally, … /
In conclusion …
Linguaxe formal: I would like to point out that, … / I would be grateful if you
could … / Could you possibly …? / I am afraid I …
Para achegar documentos: I enclose my most recent CV. / a stamped addressed
envelope.
Para rematar: I look forward to hearing from you. / Yours faithfully, (con Dear
Sir or Madam) / Yours sincerely, (con Dear Mr/Ms (Lee))
Pregunta modelo
You want to enter the competition ‘Young Journalist of the Year’. Write to ‘The Competitions Department’
of ‘Young News Magazine’ to ask for more information.
Queres participar no concurso ‘Xornalista mozo do ano’. Escríbelle ao ‘Departamento de concursos’ da ‘Revista mozo de novas’ para pedir
máis información.
Resposta
modelo
19 Briar Road (1)
Southampton
Hampshire
15th November 2006 (2)
enderezo do remitente (1)
data (2)
Competitions Department (3)
Young News Magazine
118 High Street
Leeds
Dear Sir or Madam (4),
I read about (5) the competition for ‘Young Journalist of the Year’ on your
website and I am writing to ask for (5) some more information.
Firstly (6), I would be grateful if you could tell me (7) how long the article should
be. Also, would it be acceptable (7) for me to enter an article that has already been
published? Secondly (6), could you let me know (7) if I should send photographs
with the article? Finally (6), could you please (7) confirm the closing date of the
competition?
I look forward to hearing from you (8).
Yours faithfully (9),
K.M.Newman (9)
K.M.Newman (10)
enderezo da compañía (3)
saúdo (4)
razón pola que se escribe (5)
sucesión de feitos (6)
linguaxe formal (7)
para rematar (8)
sinatura (9)
nome (10)
10

Unha descrición dun lugar
Podemos escribir unha descrición dun lugar especial, dun edificio, dunha
cidade, dunha área, dun cuarto, etc.
Podemos describir o aspecto do lugar, o seu ambiente, cousas que acontecen
alí e por que nos gusta ou desgusta o devandito lugar.
Recorda!
1 Estrutura
• No primeiro parágrafo, explica onde está o lugar e resume a razón
pola que o escolliches.
• No seguinte parágrafo ou parágrafos, dá máis información sobre o
lugar, tanto xeral coma específica. Pensa sobre o que se ve / fai /ole /
oe alí. Como te fai sentir?
• No último parágrafo, di por que a ti / outra xente lle gusta / non lle
gusta o lugar.
2 Contido
Dá exemplos das cousas / persoas que hai nese lugar.
Explica por que o lugar é interesante ou importante.
• Emprega distintos tipos de adxectivos para describir tamaño / aspecto
/ ambiente.
Vocabulario de utilidade
Localización: only ten minutes from where I live /
very close to … / in the town centre /
on the south coast of… / opposite / next to /
near
Comparativos e superlativos: the best/most popular /
most interesting / busier than … /
not as … as …
Para dar razóns: What I like about … is … /
The main reason I like … is … / because …
Adxectivos: huge / tiny / modern / traditional /
peaceful / busy / crowded / interesting /
historical
Nomes: architecture / design / layout / history /
facilities / buildings
Para facer unha recomendación: This is a building
every tourist should see. / I would recommend
a visit to … / If you’re looking for a …,
don’t miss …
Pregunta modelo
Describe an interesting place to visit in your town. Why do you like it?
Describe un lugar interesante para visitar na túa cidade. Por que che gusta?
Resposta modelo
If you visit my town, you must go to the Five Ways lugar (1)
Hotel (1). It’s in the centre (2) of the town and it is one of localización (2)
the oldest and most interesting buildings in the area. It
is also famous all over the country for its restaurant, (3) razón (3)
where they serve traditional food cooked in the original
style.
The Five Ways is a small (4) building, but you can’t miss it. adxectivos (4)
The walls are covered with lovely (4) climbing plants and
the tiny (4) windows make the rooms quite dark (4). It feels very sentimentos (5)
safe and secure! (5) It was built hundreds of years ago (6), when historia (6)
people who were travelling to London stopped here for función (7)
food and rest (7). It was very popular because of the five
roads that met here.
Today, the small rooms have newer (8) furniture and the comparativo /
kitchen has the latest (8) equipment, but the walls are superlativo (8)
original(5) and you can walk on the same floors as
people did centuries ago.
For me (9), this is an amazing place and for anyone opinión (9)
interested in history and good food I thoroughly recomendación (10)
recommend a visit (10).
11