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455 (June 2-16): Gaeseric’s Vandals sack Rome.
476 (September 4): Emperor Romulus Augustus (Augustulus) is deposed by Odovacar (Odoacer) who sends the imperial insignia
back to Constantinople.
486: the Frankish king Clovis takes Soissons, the last Gaulish territory still occupied by a Roman army.
493: Theoderic king of the Ostrogoths seizes power in Italy and moves his capital to Ravenna.
Between 496 and 511: Clovis is baptized.
507: Clovis’s Franks defeat the Visigoths at the battle of Vouillé.
511: Clovis dies. The Regnum Francorum is partitioned between his four sons.
v. 529: Benedict of Nursia founds the Monte Cassino monastery and the Benedictine order.
533: Byzantine general Belisarius reconquers Africa, then Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. The Vandals disappear
from history.
554-555: At the end of the Gothic wars the Byzantines regain control over Italy.
569: Driven by the advance of the Avars, the Lombards settle in Italy.
597: Ethelbert, King of Kent, is converted by St. Augustine of Canterbury.
615: St. Columban, Irish missionary, founder of the monasteries of Luxeuil (590) and Bobbio (612), dies.
647: First invasion of Byzantine Africa by the Arabs.
711-719: Moors (Arabs and Berbers) from North Africa invade the Iberian Peninsula. The Christian kingdoms resist in the
north and west, especially in the Asturias.
732: Charles Martel defeats the Berbers converted to Islam at Poitiers.
751: Pepin the Short has himself crowned king of the Franks. Birth of the Carolingian dynasty.
771: Carloman dies. Charlemagne becomes the king of all Franks.
773: Called by Pope Adrian I, Charlemagne seizes Pavia and captures the Lombard king Desiderius.
787: Second Council of Niceae: Charlemagne authorizes images in Christian art (condemnation of iconoclasm).
788: Bavaria is incorporated into the Carolingian empire, bringing it into direct contact with the Avars.
796: Charlemagne’s forces subdue the Avars.
800 (December 25): Charlemagne is crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. He becomes Romanorum gubernans Imperium
«governor of the Roman Empire».
810: The Normans attack Frisia (previously conquered by Charlemagne).
814: Charlemagne dies.
824: The Normans seize Noirmoutiers.
842: Oaths of Strasbourg (pledge of alliance between Charles the Bald Lothaire and Louis the German): first official text in
vernacular Frankish and Old High German.
843: The Treaty of Verdun partitions the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms (Francia Occidentalis, Lotharingia, Francia
orientalis). Birth of Germany and France.
846: Rome is sacked by the Arab Saracens.
885-886: Paris is besieged by the Normans.
910: The Benedictine Abbey of Cluny is founded.
911: The duchy of Normandy is established. Rollo is baptized.
920: First mention of the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela .
955: Battle of the Lechfeld: the German king Otto I the Great defeats the Magyars.
962 (February 2): Otto I is crowned by Pope John XII: Birth of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire.