ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Pharos University in Alexandria

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Muqarnas: One of the most distinctive architectural elements, called usually the pendentives or honeycomb vaults. Muqarnas units appear in domes' transitional zones, in cornices and friezes, in conches above entrances, and on friezes supporting balconies of minarets. The origin and date of first appearance of muqarnas are not clear. It is used for decorative purposes and several symbolic meanings have been proposed for it. The Ayyubid Period (1171-1250) The City and the Citadel •The Crusades: A series of campaigns launched by Christian Europe against the Islamic east, to liberate the Holy Land. •Salah al-Din (Saladin): A general in the zangid army (Muslim Turkish dynasty of Syria and north Iraq). He was sent to Egypt & managed to destroy the Fatimid caliphate in 1176 and to restore Sunnism to the country. He later established a new dynasty, engaged in a war against the Crusaders, and encircled the two cities of Fustat and al-Qahira in one wall and built the Citadel of Cairo.
The Ayyubid Period : Monuments : The Citadel of Cairo: Built by Salah al- Din's 1176-1183 as a royal residence and barracks for the troops and reorganized and enlarged several times in the 13th- 14th century. It became the seat of the sultanate and remained the center of government well into the 19th century. To this day, it still dominates the Cairo skyline. Dar al-`Adl: The palace of justice, an institutional building that appeared under the Ayyubids and was used by the sultans and their deputies to publicly judge petitions submitted by subjects. I. Salah-al Din citadel: walls and towers. II. Dar al-Adl
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Page 6 and 7: Umayyad , Abbasid and Tulunid Archi
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ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Pharos University in Alexandria

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