Bakor Report Summary - Roger Blench

A Summary of the Sociolinguistic Survey of the
Bakor languages of Cross River State, Nigeria
Zachariah Yoder, Katarína Hannelová, and Pastor Linus Otronyi
24 September 2008
This is a summary of the full report, which is more than 50 pages long.
The full report is available upon request from the authors.
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1. Introduction
1.1. Goals and concepts
The goal of this sociolinguistic survey was to research the Bakor [bakɔ] 1 language
cluster 2 of Cross River State, Nigeria, to give insights as they consider developing
their own languages with the help other interested parties. The focus was to collect
data to help them determine how many and which speech varieties spoken by the
Bakor peoples need to be developed into a written form in order to ensure that they
all have access to literature that they will understand well. Due to the existence of
literature in Ekajuk, one of the Bakor speech varieties, another goal of the survey
was to examine the possibility of literature extensibility. In other words, we wanted
to verify whether the Ekajuk literature would be comprehensible and acceptable to
speakers of other Bakor speech varieties.
The survey was conducted in two phases during the months of January and
February, 2008.
Data was gathered concerning a large variety of concepts, namely the peoples’
own sense of social and linguistic identity, intelligibility between these varieties, the
bilingual ability of the people, the vitality of each Bakor speech variety, the
acceptability of literature in each variety, and the level of literacy in the villages
visited. Research questions were chosen to explore each concept. The research
questions are individually introduced and answered in the main sections of the full
report, these are excluded for brevity in this summary. The actual instruments and
questions used in the field are different from the research questions; these are
summarized in the methodology section, and expanded upon in the full report. The
answers to the research questions are summarized in section 2.
1
The name Bakor is commonly written with an ‘r’ to indicate that the o sound is more open [ɔ] than
a normal [o]. There should be no [r] or [ɹ] in the pronunciation.
2
The individual language varieties of the Bakor language cluster are introduced in section 1.3.
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1.2. Acknowledgements
This survey would not have been possible without the support of many people
throughout the land surveyed. We are grateful in particular for the support of Rev.
Wilfred Ebo and family for their hospitality and help with the administration of our
tests during the second phase of the survey.
We also appreciate the time and energy of those who volunteered to help us in
eliciting the wordlists from the nine Bakor varieties, as well as all the families who
hosted us. Our special thanks go to the family of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Rupprecht
who generously opened their home and their hearts to us. We also appreciate the
support of Hon. Friday and Emmanuel, councillors representing Nnam and Nta ward
respectively in Ikom LGA.
Our thanks also go to the Principals/head-teachers and teachers of the various
schools we visited who willingly volunteered as interpreters and allowed their
students 3 to listen to the recorded stories in various Bakor dialects.
• Nkum Comprehensive Secondary School, Agbrumbede
• the primary school at Aladim
• Ndok Comprehensive Secondary School, Ndok
• St. Cornelius Secondary School, Alabmbohng
• Egre Egede Memorial College, Nkpakna
• Nnam Comprehensive Secondary School, Alok
• Nkim Comprehensive Secondary School, Nkim-Abanyom
• Presbyterian Primary School Nde Three Corners
• the secondary school in Nsak,
• Nselle Community Secondary School, Nselle;
• Nta Comprehensive Secondary School, Nta
• and the primary and secondary schools in Alesi
Most of our data was collected in the following villages. Without the support and
patience of the leaders and people, especially village heads, chairmen, chiefs and
3
In Nigeria, primary school children are called pupils. However, for simplicity we will refer to both
secondary and primary as students.
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pastors of these villages, we would not have been able to complete the work. The
villages we visited in various dialect areas are as follows: in the Nkim dialect,
Adagom and Ndok villages; in the Nkum dialect, Aladim and Ishiaya villages; in the
Ekajuk dialect, Alabmbohng, Mfom 2 and Ekagongho villages; in the Nnam dialect,
Akorofonor and Alok villages; in the Abanyom dialect, Nkim Inland and Nkum
villages; in the Nde dialect, Nde Three Corners and Nsak villages; in the Nselle
dialect, village of Njemetop; in the Nta dialect, Ngo and Adon villages; in the Efutop
dialect, village of Alesi.
(Map 1, showing these villages, is excluded for brevity, see Map 2)
Above all, we are grateful to God for His care, protection, guidance and grace
during the course of this survey.
1.3. Previous research
In 1956 Dr. David Crabb published the first in what was intended to be a series of
research on the Ekoid Bantu languages, including the Bakor cluster.
Crabb's research was undertaken as part of the Field Fellowships of the West
African Language Survey, followed by subsequent research on the Ogoja Project
supported from other sources in the early 1960's. He grouped the Bakor languages
into four sub-groups based on the vocabulary, morphology and reconstructed forms.
He put
• Nkim and Nkum (ISO 639-3 identifier: [isi]);
• Ekajuk and Nnam ([eka] and [npb]);
• Abanyom [aba];
• Nde, Nta, Nselle, and Efutop ([ndd] and [ofu])
together as the most closely related to each other (Crabb, 1965:6).
Since Crabb, the only linguistic work done to our knowledge was a basic initial
survey done by Russ Anderson. Anderson arrived in Nigeria to work among the
Nkum and Nkim in 1977. After about a year and half he heard that “when the chiefs
and elders of Bakor come together there is no interpretation needed.” The chiefs of
the Bakor clans desired to have one writing system for all Bakor people. After
comparing some wordlists (see appendix, section 5), it became clear that the lexical
similarity was too low for all to use one writing system – only adjacent languages
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had high enough similarity to be considered. “Therefore, after our initial survey we
felt a more extensive survey needed to be done before more linguistic work was
undertaken.” (Anderson, personal communication, 2008)
1.4. Summary of methodology
1.4.1. Group Interviews
In each village we visited, we asked the village chief if we could ask questions of a
group of people of various ages and both sexes. The number of people assembled for
the interview varied from one place to another. With people coming and going
throughout the multi-hour conversation, the size of the group almost never
remained the same from beginning to end of the interview.
1.4.2. The Recorded Text Test
We use the Recorded Text Test (RTT), based on a model developed in Mexico, as a
tool for comparison studies of related speech varieties (Casad, 1974). In the RTT
technique, a sample of speech in the form of a narrative text is recorded from one
location and replayed at a second location where people speak a speech form
related to that of the first location. Ten or so questions covering the content of the
narrative are interspersed into the playback of the text in order to measure how well
the subject is understanding the text. RTT scores are averaged for the ten or so
participants for each location. For a thorough description of the slightly modified
steps in the preparation and administration of the RTT, see the full report.
1.4.3. Post-RTT Interview
Immediately following the administration of each RTT a few questions were asked
about the subject’s perception of the story. This is a simple interview technique
designed to yield valuable information on perceived intelligibility and reflections on
subjects’ attitudes toward tested speech varieties.
1.4.4. Word Lists
We used the word lists as instruments for comparison of a wide range of lexical
items. We elicited a 355 item word list in each of the nine locations we visited
during the first phase of our survey.
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1.5. Social setting
1.5.1. Geographical setting
The Bakor are located in Ikom and Ogoja Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Cross
River State, Nigeria. The areas they inhabit include Igoli, Abakpa, and the
surrounding area down to Igoli. Most of their settlements are found on the main
road and in the bush to the west, as far as the major river that runs from the north
to the south into the Cross River.
1.5.1. Other languages in the area
The Bakor languages are located among other Bantoid (Ejagham, Mbe, Ndoe
cluster), Bendi (Bekwarra, Bokyi, Obe cluster), Idomoid (Yala), and the Upper Cross
Central (Kukele, Olulumo, Mbembe) languages. (See Map 3)
1.5.1. Intermarriage
It is not uncommon for the Bakor people to marry mostly among themselves or to
intermarry with their neighbours. They report they would allow their sons and
daughters to marry anyone, with the exception of Efutop who reported that they
wouldn't want their children to marry Ugep people.
1.5.1. Agriculture and markets
The three main crops of the Bakor peoples are yams, cassava and rice. Other
frequently reported crops are cocoa-yams, plantains, bananas, maize, oranges,
pepper, okra, melons, beans and cocoa.
Local markets are one of the major social and economic events among the Bakor
people where these crops are bought and sold. The Bakor markets are on a five-day
schedule.
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Map 1: Bakor Villages
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Map 3: Language surrounding the Bakor
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2. Summary of research answers
2.1. Language Identification
How do the speakers of the varieties identify with other varieties?
All the Bakor recognize themselves as Bakor. At the same time they also recognize
themselves as having different (though similar) cultures, speaking their different
(though similar) languages.
How similar are the varieties of language?
The Bakor varieties share some vocabulary, but not enough to suppose they would
all be one language.
2.2. Intelligibility
Which varieties do the people think they can understand?
The people generally believe they can communicate with their immediate
neighbours without needing to use English. Most likely some of this is due to the
adults having learned to speak the neighbouring varieties of Bakor.
Which varieties can people score > 75% (RTT) on?
Within the following groups all the languages can understand the others,
scoring >75: Nkim/Nkum, Ekajuk/Nnam, Abanyom, Nde/Nta/Nselle, and Efutop.
These groups match those described by Crabb, with the exception that Efutop is not
grouped with Nde/Nta/Nselle.
Is there one variety all groups score >75% on?
No. Based on a 75% comprehension cut-off, there will need to be five varieties
developed.
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2.3. Bilingualism
What other languages are spoken by these peoples?
English and Pidgin English are the languages of wider communication (LWC) in
the area.
What is the perceived proficiency of each social segment?
Which segments of society use which language?
The oldest and youngest are weak in the LWCs, but almost everyone else reported
to be able to speak some kind of English. The youth speak the best English, but even
they report using their own Bakor varieties the most.
How/where do people learn these languages?
English is learned in school. Pidgin English is learned outside of the community.
2.4. Language Vitality
Do the children speak a Bakor variety fluently?
Yes, the children are still learning to speak their languages, in all the villages we
visited.
In what domains is a Bakor variety the primary language?
In the home domain, and in many other village domains, Bakor varieties remain
the dominant language. In the church some form of English is used for the sermon
and for some youth programs, but it is often translated into the local language. The
local language is commonly used alongside English for prayers and songs.
Will the language be spoken in the future?
We can’t speak for the distant future, but it seems likely for the next decade at
least the languages will continue to be spoken.
2.5. Acceptability
How do they feel about related languages?
Generally, the Bakor people seem to have a positive attitude towards the other
Bakor languages, while still seeing them as different languages. Some of the more
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populated or economically central dialects (such as Nkim, Ekajuk, and Nde)
consider the dialects within the groups we have described as the same as their own
language.
Which varieties are people willing to read/write?
Most of the people interviewed were happy to use a Bakor variety in the same
group as theirs, though Nnam resisted the idea of using any other, because they
value their own culture.
Is there existing literature?
Ekajuk has a New Testament. No other dialects have significant literature that
should affect which dialect will be developed.
2.6. Literacy
How many people have access to education? To what level?
There are many primary schools and even secondary schools among the Bakor
people.
How many people can read and write? In which languages? How well?
In most of the villages the majority were reported to be able to read and write to
some extent.
3. Conclusions and recommendations
The nine Bakor language varieties are closely related, but each has its own
identity. Many understand their immediate neighbours and are willing to work
together with and use development in them. We suggest that the groupings set
forward by Crabb be followed with the exception that Efutop will need to be
separate from the rest. Thus we have the groups Nkim/Nkum, Ekajuk/Nnam,
Abanyom, Nde/Nta/Nselle, and Efutop. Within these groups we suggest that anyone
beginning work discuss with key leaders which variety should be developed. Even
with Ekajuk and Nnam, the leaders need to discuss how they will work together;
although Ekajuk clearly should continue to be developed, efforts may need to be
made to help Nnam to accept Ekajuk language development as viable without
displacing their own culture.
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4. Bibliography
Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.) 1989. The Niger-Congo languages. Lanham: University
Press of America.
Bergman, T. G. 1989. Preliminary standard wordlist for Africa. Survey reference
manual, 1990, section 3.1.
Casad, Eugene H. 1974. Dialect Intelligibility Testing. Norman, Oklahoma: SIL
Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields, No. 38.
Crabb, David. 1965. Ekoid Bantu languages of Ogoja, Eastern Nigeria. Part 1:
Introduction, phonology and comparative vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Gordon, Raymond B., Jr. ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15 th ed.
Dallas: SIL International.
Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1991. “Language Assessment Criteria.” Notes on
Literature in Use and Language Programs 28:44-48.
5. Appendix 2 – Wordlists
The full wordlist appendix is 30 pages long including 361 words in eleven
varieties of Bakor (the nine mentioned plus two variations of Ekajuk). What follows
is a sample of the wordlists. The full wordlists are available upon request.
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Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
Village Alesi Nde three corners, Nsak Njemetop Ngo Abonima - Nkim
Primary Informants Lawrence Okam (M40), Bassey Ayip (M~40), Ntol Polinius Egba Ayambe Ndowo Enagu (M45) Justin Ebaye (M34), Ajeh J.
Agbo Eyam (M27); Michael Re Atamabey
(M55), Kenneth Ayambe
(M60)
Nkwam (M50)
Date 2008-01-15 2008-01-15 2008-01-22 2008-01-21 2008-01-18
Village (checking) Alesi Nsak Not checked Adon Nkum Amba on road
Primary (checking) Mary, chief's wife and other Ngon Agbo Akong, Ekpa
Nton Ekon, Nsing Ngembe, Neji Nkum (M70), Festus
women; Adol Ekok (M32), Agbo, Emelda Ajing, Araga
Chief Asagha Basseng, Akong (M28), Joseph Negi
Chief Christopher (M40); Enyang; Ebutu (M60), Ebaji
many others
(M40), Akimbo Neji (M32);
Okam Okam Okpa (M27) (M25)
Nkum Atalik
Date (checking) 2008-02-17 2008-02-18 2008-02-19 2008-01-15
Number of words 345 342 335 349 338
singular plural singular plural singular plural singular plural singular plural
afternoon 203 èfín èfēn ɛ̄fɪń ēːfɪń èfèntè
all 264 fiefie kpákpá kpɑkpɑ kpɑḱpɑ́ː kpákpá
and 57 mɛː kà kɑ nɑː nɑ̀ː
animal 116 ɲ̩ɑḿ ɲɑm ɲɑ ɛːɲɑ ɲɑː oɲɑː ɲàm ɔ̀ɲàm
arm 29 òbó àbó ɛ̀bɔ̄ àbɔ́ ɛ̄bóː ɑ̄bóː ɛwɔgɑlɑp ɔ̀bɔ̀ àbɔ̀
arrow 210 as spear as spear ləkoŋ nkposoɣoolɪk ɑkposoɣoolɪk lɔ̀kɔǹ
ash 171 ntoŋ ǹtɔ̀ŋ ntoŋ ntoŋ atɔŋ
ask 283 bap̚ / ..baba mbɔ̀mɔ̀ lə̄bómó bómmō báp
at 162 ká náː
axe 54 èfwɔḱ àfwɔḱ nɛ̀fɔ̄k m̟ fɔk lɛ̄fók nfok nòfók nfʊ́k lùfūk
Page 1 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
Village
Adagom Alladim Akorofonor Morah Mfom 2 Alabmbohng
Primary Informants John Alada, Peter
Ugbor; Oga Mathias
Eric Murshor (M35),
Busman Moshor (M24),
A. Awam, A. Eki, S.
Nkom
Emmanuel Etu (M30);
Michael Mopta Mosheb
Linus E. Mordi; Gabriel
Ajah (M21); Montul
Anthony Ayim Ela (M56);
Michael Ayim
(M20), Edward Ikuga
(M25); Susan Ntol (F18)
Ayim Dennis M23
(M60), Mokin Joseph
Aleji (M59)
Ejong (M50)
Date
2008-01-25 2008-01-24 2008-01-19 2008-01-29 2008-01-30 2008-01-28
Village (checking) Adagom Alladim Akorofonor Not checked Not checked Alabmbohng
Primary (checking) Solomon Mankong Not Eric, many others Emelda Kalvin (F22), but compared with but compared with Rev. Wilfred Ebor
(M50), Godwin Ade
(M55); Lucy Iyaji
(F20), Mary Ikla (F19),
Mercy Ikla (F18); Chief
Thomas Ekuga (M70)
Margaret Awam, Tina
Nkom; Alice Unuah
(F~30), Patricia Asuk
(F~35); Neji Ekoma
(M29); Julius Ayip and
Esham during elicitation Esham and Ekagongo
during elicitation
Date (checking)
and others
2008-02-13 2008-02-12
others
2008-02-14 2008-02-13
Number of words 343 342 334 338 336 341
singular plural singular plural singular plural singular plural singular plural singular plural
afternoon ndʒol ńdʒùl ǹdʒòli ɛfɪn ndʒul ɛfɪn
all
wáː wa kpɑḱpɛ̀ kpəkə / kpeə̯kpe kpeː / kpekpe kpeː / kpɛḱpɛ̄
and
ábɔ̄nɛ̀ nɛ̀ nɑ̀ː ɑː / kpɛĺɛ̄ ɑ̄bólɑ́ ɑː / ɑbolɑ
animal
ɲàm uɲam ɲàm ɲɑ̀m ɛ̀ɲɑ̀m ɲɑm ɛɲɑm ɲɑm ɛɲɑm ɲɑm ɛɲɑm
arm
ùbɔ́ ubɔ ɛ̀bɔ́ ɑ̀bɔ́ ɛ́bó ɑ́bó ɛ́bó ɑ́bó ɛ́bó ɑ́bó
arrow
iban ɛĺɔ̀k ɛḱɔ̀ ɛ̄lbɑ̂n
ash
àtɔ́ŋ àtɔ́ŋ ɑ́tɔ́ŋ ɑ̄tə̯ón ɑ̄tón ɑ̄tɛó̯n
ask
bəp bəp bɑṕ bɑp bəṕ bɑp
at
ńgɔ́ː ńgɔ́ː lí
axe
èfúk ìfók ɛ̀fòk ǹfók ɛfyk n̩fʊk ɛfyk n̩fʊk ɛfyk n̩fʊk
Page 2 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
baboon 152 nkɪ́ɑ̄bʌ̄tōl ɛ̄bɑǵū ɑ̄bɑǵū ɛ̀bàgù àbàgù
back 23 ǹzám òzám ǹdʒàm n̩dʒɑm njɑm ɑ̄ːjɑm ǹdʒàm adʒàm
bambura nut 60
bark 44 egbaba / ..gbagba gbòp ləḡbóbó bʉp / bop gbobe / bobe
bark 287 egbaba / ..gbagba gbòp ləḡbóbó bʉp / bop gbobe / bobe
bark-dry bark 45 ejumjum ekpogeti ɛ̄ːɣpɑǵɛ́tēː ɛ̄ːkpə́ɣɛ́ːtɪ̀ ɑ̄ːkpə́ɣɑńtɪ̀
basket 51 ètábà àtábà ɛ̀tàː bɛ̀tàː ɛːtɑ bʌtɑ ɛːtɑ̌ bɑ̄tɑ̌ː nkpaɾi ɔkpaɾi
bat (bush) e ɛːsɪŋiː ɑːsɪŋiː ɛ̄kpʊ́ːsɪ̄n ɑ̄kpʊ́ːsɪ̄n
bat (fruit) 120 ɛsiŋe asiŋe èʃiɣa aʃiɣa
bat (house) 120 ɛːfigɑ bɛ̀fɔ̀k ǹfɔḱ bəfok mfok bofok bùfùɣà mfùɣà
bat (vampire) f n̩kpʌɛːnʌm ɑːkpʌɛːnɑm nkpoːnɑm ɑkpoːnɑm
bathe 314 ajúːmà / ..jùmálàp jòmō juːmɑːlʌp jumu jòmá
bean 78 adubu nèɾùbū àɾùbū lɛdʒiri nɪ̀dʒígí ɑ̀ːdʒígí àɾūbéː
beard 11 àmòɾáŋnjò amɔɾandʒɛk ɑ̄mōr édʒɛ̄k ɑ̄mɑ̄r ɛ́ːdʒɛ̀ àwɔ́ɾáɲɔ / ɑjɛr
beg 284 ljam / ..ljama mbibɔ / jejabo lʌboː / mboː mbóː gɔ̀ɾɛ́
beg 285 ljam / ..ljama mbibɔ / jejabo lʌboː / mboː mbóː gɔ̀ɾɛ́
belly 19 òlá álā ìná ànà n̩ɑ nːɑ ɑnɑ àláː
bird 139 esusɔk àsúsɔ̀k bɛ̀sɔ̄k nsisɔk bə̄sók nsəsok bʉ̄sʉ́k ōsʉ́sʉ́k ɲɑḿfɔ̀
bite 303 ègə́ŋà / ..gáŋà gaŋ ɑːmegɑn gɑŋ lòm
black 230 eɲaɣaɲɔk̚ / eɲaɣɛk ìɲáɣā ɲɑ̄ɣɑ́ː nɑ̄ɲɑ̄ɣɑ́ iɲànɣāː
antɛnautɛn /
blacksmith
109 ńtɛ̄nútɛ̄n
antɛnabotɛn ntenetan bɛtenetan ntɛleːtɑl ntɑńòːtɑ̄n ɑ̄ːtɑńɑ̀ːtɑ̄n ntulotul
blood 35 àlóŋ ànɔ́ŋ ɑ̄ːnóŋ ɑ̄ːnóŋ àlōŋ
blow 274 fana / fɨna fɨnɛ / fəle lɛjoːro fəńɛ̀ fùlì
bone 34 èkʌ́p àkʌ́p ɛ̀káp àkáp ɛ̄ːkɑṕ ɛ̄ːkɑḱɑṕ ɑ̄ːkɑḱɑṕ èkùp àkùp
bow 209 òlík álīk ènék ànék ɛːlɪk oːlɪk ɑːlɪk ɔ̀làk
branch 47 ǹzə̀gètí ànzògántì ǹ̟dʒá-ete adʒa-nte ndʒɑɛ̄téː ɑ̄dʒɑ̄ʌ́ntēː ndʒēːtɛ́ ɑ̄ːdʒɑńtɪ̀ mbote abwante
break 340 bán bínɛ̀ bɛlɛ bɛnɛ bòn
Page 3 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
baboon
back
bambura nut
bark
bark
bark-dry bark
basket
bat (bush)
bat (fruit)
bat (house)
bat (vampire)
bathe
bean
beard
beg
beg
belly
bird
bite
black
blacksmith
blood
blow
bone
bow
branch
break
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
ǹʃɔ̀m ùbàgù m̥ tɑ̀mínók ɑtɑminok nkí / nʃum ntɑ̄mnók ɛ̄ʃúmɛ̄ɲɑ̄m
ǹ̩dʒàm ǹ̩dʒàm m̀ dʒɑ̀m ndʒɑm ndʒɑm ndʒɑm
kabɑ-ʃikpa aʃɛkpa m̥ ɔːɑtɛgɛ ɑ̀tɛ̀gɛ̀
àkpóp igbubu / bubu? gbòbò búbú búbú búbú
àkpóp igbubu / bubu? gbòbò búbú búbú búbú
ɛ̀kpɑǵéntì ɑ̀kpɑǵéntì ɑ̄kpɑ̄ɣʌ̄tí ɛkpɑɣʌti ɛkpɑɣɛkun
ìtítɛŕɛ́ ítɛŕɛ́ nkɑ̀mbɔń ɑkɑmbɔn ɛdʒɛːrɛ ɑdʒɛːrɛ ɛdʒɛːrɛ / ɛptɑːbɛ ɛdʒɛːrɛ ɑdʒɛːrɛ
ìrémrém ìbɔ̀mkòk̄ ɛ̀ʃɑ̀ŋé ɑ̀ʃɑ̀ŋé ɛʃɑŋɛ ɑʃɑŋɛ ɛ̄límlím ɑ̄límlím ɛʃɑŋɛ ɑʃɑŋɛ
ìfɔ̀k ɛfɔgɔ ɛfɔːk nfɔːk ɛfok mfok ɛfok mfok ɛfok mfok
(n)jom.. jòmó wúːmù wúːmù ɑːlʌp wuːmu ɑːlʌp wuːmu ɑːlʌp
ikaba-aɾobe àròbó ɑdʒɛri ɑlɑŋɑlɑŋe ɑlɑŋɑlɑŋe / ɑ̄lúbú ɑlɑŋɑlɑŋe
àŋwɔ́ːɾí ámòɾìdʒɛḱ ɛ̀ɲɑ̀r(ì) ɑ̀ɲɑ̀rì / ɛlaŋ ɛlaŋ ɑ̄ɲɑŕ ɛlaŋ
gor / lɛm gɔɾɔ gbojɔ̀ŋɔ̀ / lɛmɛ ǵbejóŋò ɛǵbióːŋò (g)bə́ːjōŋō
gor / lɛm gɔɾɔ gbojɔ̀ŋɔ̀ / lɛmɛ ǵbejóŋò ɛǵbióːŋò (g)bə́ːjōŋō
ɑlɑ ɑlɑ nlɑ̀ː ɑ̀lɑ̀ː ɑĺɑ̄ ɑĺɑ̄ ɑĺɑ̄
mɔnɑɲɑm èrɔḱ ɛ̀rók n̩dók ɛβruk nruk ɛβruk nruk ɛbrʲuk nrúk
àlúm lum tɔǵɔ́ː tókó tɨḱɛ̄ tókó
ŋjáŋjàgī ɲ́jə̀ jàgà ɲɑǹɣē ɛṕnjɑḱe ɲjɑɣeɲjɑɣe ɲjɑ́ɣɛ́ɲjɑ̄ɣɛ̄
ǹfɔ̀gètɛĺ ǹtólɔ̀tɔ̄ / nfɔgɔtʊl nɛːtɑl ɑnɑbətɑl ɛːtʌl / ntɑlətɑl ɛḿə̄rəḡbí neːtɛl / nfɔkɑtəl
àlóŋ àlóŋ ɑ̀lóŋ ɑĺjú ɑ̄lúŋ ɑĺjú
ifɨfɨl / áfɨl̀ fɨlɔ fɑĺɛ́ fɑĺɛ́ ɛfɑĺɛ́ fɑĺɛ́
ɛ̀kɔṕ ɛ̀kúp ɛ̀kɑṕ ɑ̀kɑṕ ɛːkɑp ɛːkɑp ɛːkɑp
olɛk èbán ɛ̀bɑǹ ɑ̀bɑǹ ɛĺɔ̀k èlɨḱ ɛ̄lbɑ̂n
mbɔ-ite abɔ-ite àbɔ̀bɔ́-ìté ɑ̀bɔńté bóːtī ɑ̄bóːtī bóŋōtī ɑ̄bóŋōtī mbəbo(ɛti) ɑbəbo
bɨn bón bɑńɛ́ bəńɛ́ bəne / wɑ bʌnɛ
Page 4 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
breast 18 èbjɛń ábjɛń nɛ̀ːbɛǹ àbɛǹ lɛ̄bɛń nɛ̄bɛń ɑ̄bɛń lʌbɛl ɑbɛl
bridge 194 osiŋa àsîŋà àkpà ɛ̄ːtɪ́tɪ́ ɑːkpɑ ɔ̀ɾáː
broom 166 òsísìŋ̩ːà asisiŋ̩ːa esɪsɪŋe ɛ̄ːsɪ̄sɪńgnɪ̄ īsɪ̄sɪ́ŋí ɑ̄sɪ̄sɪ́ŋí ɛ̀ɾágà aɾaga
brother 107 maɲjɛn ɛkunu muɑ́ɲɛ́ː mɔɑ̄ɲɛ́ ɑ̄bwɑ́ɲɛ́ mɑɲɛn
buffalo 150 m̀ fúŋ òfúŋ mfɔŋ ɛfɔŋ mfoŋ nfoŋ oːfoŋ m̀ fōŋ ofoŋ
burn 349 fi fí [lə]fɪ[gi] fɪ fíː
bush 42 ekun-egbe akun-agbe èkúnúgbɛ̀ àkúnágbɛ̀ ēːkúlúgbɛ̄ ɛ̄mə̄nɛǵbɛ̀ ɑ̄mə̄nɑńgbɛ̀ èkúlígbɛ̀ akulagbɛ
buy 321 gû góː [ló]gʊ́ː gʊ gòná
canoe 193 ògbâ àgbâ ɛ̀gbáː àgbáː ɛ̄ːgbɑ́ ōːgbɑ́ː ɑ̄ːgbɑ́ː ɛ̀gbáː
cave 174 ètábà ɛǹɔ́ŋ bɛǹɔ́ŋ nfóɣɑĺɑ̄tɑń ōːnóŋ ɑ̄ːnóŋ akpogatal
chair/stool 164 ekwɑbɑ eteː ɛ̄téndʒí eteŋgi ete
chicken 137 maŋkwək̚ abinokwək mɔʌnkɔk mʊʌnkok muɑńkōk ɑ̄bwɑńkōk mɔǹákɔ̀k abɔnɔkɔk
chief 111 ǹ̩tʉ́n àtʉ́n ǹtón àtòn ntʊn ntʊn ɑːtun ntol atol
child 106 mwon abwon m̩ ɔː àbɔ̄ mo ɑbo móː ɑ̄ːbóː mɔǹ àbɔń
chin 10 ǹ̩zəḱ òzók ǹdʒɛḱ àdʒɛḱ ēdʒɛḱ ɑ̄ːdʒɛḱ ɛ̀ːdʒɛḱ lejar
claw 140 ŋkpamaɾa a- màɣā àmàɣā ɑ̄mɑ̄ɣɑ̄bəśōk mɑɣɑ ɑmɑɣɑ àkpáʃɔ̀ː
clay 178 òlé òlé ntoːn nsɪ̄síɑĺə̄tō ntun n̩túnádé
clothing 52 m̩ bɔmɑ m̀ bɔ̄ àbɔ̄ ɑ̄bóː mbóː ɑ̄ːbóː m̀ bɔ̄mā àbɔ̄mā
cloud 186 n/a n/a ɑgurɑngu n/a n/a
cold 227 ŋlɔk anɔk ɑːlok ɑlok àlùk
come 333 ba bá bɑ bɑ bá
cook 343 lam nàm [lɑ]lɑː nɑː lám
cool/cold 226 ena naɾaː lɑlɑːrɑ nɑ̄nɑ̄ːrɑ́ ɛnarinar
corpse 183 ŋkpoɣonje akpoɣonje nkwaːnɛ akwaːnɛ nkwuɑnne nkwɑńɛ ɑ̄kwɑńɛ̄ ukwan-anɛ
cough 81 ékwɔ́ɾà àkwɔ́ɾà ɛ̀kɔ́ɾɔ̀ àkɔ́ɾɔ̀ ɛ̄ːkórō ɛ̄ːkórò bōkórò ɛ̀kɔ́ɾɛ̀
count 293 m̀ fán / ..fanamfan fan m̩ fɑn nfɑn fàl
cow 133 mfoŋ m̀ fòŋ ɛ̀fòŋ mfɔŋ ǹfɔ̀ŋ ɔ̀fɔ̀ŋ
Page 5 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
breast
bridge
broom
brother
buffalo
burn
bush
buy
canoe
cave
chair/stool
chicken
chief
child
chin
claw
clay
clothing
cloud
cold
come
cook
cool/cold
corpse
cough
count
cow
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
ìbɛĺ ibɛl ɛbɛl ɑbɛl ɛbːɛl ɛbːɛl ɛbːɛl
igbagate ìtɨ́té ètíté ɛ̀títí ɛ̄tɪ̄tí ɛ̄tɪ̄tí
iːjɔl ijɔl eʃiʃɑŋe ɛ̄pʃɑ́ŋɛ̄ ɛ̄mɲól ɛ̄bɲól
ŋgbɑni ngbaɲi məɲɛn ɛ̄kúnū monɑɲən monɑɲən
m̀ fóŋ ǹfóŋ m̥ fòm ɛ̀fòm nfuŋ nfúŋ nfə̯uŋ
lul tɛ́ːp fí fi dʒɑm / fi fi
ǹgɛĺ(i) ìfúː ɛ̀kúlúgbɛ̀ ɑkulungbɛ ɛkuləgbɛ ɛ̄kɑńɛ̄ ɛkuləgbɛ
gùní gùnó gúnùː gúnù gúnù gúnū
úgbáŋ ugbaŋ ɛǵbɑ́ŋ ɑǵbɑ́ŋ ɛǵbɑ́ŋ ɑgbɑ́ŋ ɛḡbɑ́ŋ ɛgbaŋ
m̀ fók àfóːk-utal mfuk afuk ɛ́bɪ̀ŋ ɑbɪŋ ɛbɪŋ m̩ bɪ́ŋ ɛ̄bɪńɛ̄kpɑŕtɑ̄l
ìté ite eti ɛti ɛti ɛti
monɑnkogɛ mɔnkɔk n̩kɔk mōnkók nkokʔ monkoʲok
ntol ntol ǹtól ɑ̀tóː ntul ntul ntul
mɔǹí abɔni mɔːn mɔǹ ɑ́bɔǹ mon ɑbon mon ɑbon mon ɑbon
ìdʒɛ́ɣɛ́ ídʒɛ̀k ɛ̀jɑ̀r jɑ̀ri ɛbdʒɑk ndʒɑk ɛbdʒɑk ndʒɑk ɛbdʒɑk ndʒɑk
ɑwunwɑr iməmɑːrɑ ɑɲɑŋe ɑ̄ɲjɛ̄jɑ́ŋɛ̄ ɛ́ɲjɑ̄ʌ́ŋɛ̄ ɛ́ɲjɛ́ʌ̄ŋɛ̄
ǹtòrò ntuɾo m̀ bílɑńdè ɛ́fɛḿ ɑ̀dóp / ɛfɛm ɛ̀dɔṕ
éwùɾē áwɔ̀ɾò m̀ bɔḿɔ́ ɑ̀bɔḿɔ́ mbomo ɑ̄bómó mbomo ɑ̄bómó mbomo ɑ̄bómó
èbòɾímbótàː/mbùribúntà ìbúmbúntà ɑḱpɑ́ɾé ʃʲɛḿʃʲɛ̀m ɛ̄kpɑŕ ʃɛḿʃɛ̄m
alak̚ alok ɛ̀kɔǵɔ̀ álòk ɑ̀lʌ́k ɑlok̚
(m)bàː bàː bɑ́ː bɑ́ bɑ́ bɑ́
lám lám lɑḿ lɑ́ːm (ép)lɑ́ːm lɑ́ːm
(í)nàrí ananar anajaŋe emneaŋe ɛ̀mnɑ́ːŋè ɑ̄néːj̚ɑ̄ŋɛ̄
ŋ̀kəǹè ŋ̀kʉ́nè ǹkùnɛ̄ ɑ̀kùnɛ̄ ŋ̀kúnè ŋ̩kv̩́nè nkwənɛ
ikɔɾ ikɔːɾɔ ɛ̀kɔŕɔ́ ɛ̄kóró ɑ̄kóró ɛ̄kóró ɑ̄kóró ɛ̄kóró ɑ̄kóró
nfal / àfál fal n̩fɑ̀lì fɑéŋè / fɑĺè fɑ́ŋə̀ fɛ́ːŋɛ̄
mfoŋ nfɔŋ mfoŋ nkɑlɑnfəŋ nkɑĺɛ̄dɑḿɑǵbə̄dɛ̄ mfɛəŋ
Page 6 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
crocodile 135 ɲjip ǹgbjàːnāp ɛgbjaːnap mbɛɑːlʌp ɲɑp ŋgbe aləp
crooked 241 edoga ngɛdɛ n̩gɛ̄dɛ́ ngɛ̄dɛ́ n̩gùdì
cry 289 òdɪń / ..biɾodɪn béɾè ɛːlɑl nɑn rɪr / òɾè
cut (food with a knife) 339 kaba kɛ́bɛ̀ kɑbɛ kɛbɛ kìm
cutlass 55 ǹtəḿə̀ òtəḿə̀ ǹ̩̟̀tìmɛ̀ àtìmɛ̀ n̩təmɛː ɑ̄ːtəḿɛ̄ː n̩tɛḿɛ́ ɑ̄ːtɛḿɛ́ ntùmà òtùmà
dance 277 èbánbān / ..bánà èjɪḿ bán [lɛ]bəlɛː(sɛ) bɑn bán
dark 231 nziŋa edʒiŋe elokun ɛdʒiŋi ɛdʒeŋi
dew 190 ekwɔk ebu ɛbukok ēːbú èbú
die 324 èkú / ..kpô-eku kpɔ lòkú kpɔ kpɔ̀
dig 358 sɑm sám [lɛ]səmɛː sɑm ràm
dirty 263 èláŋ / elaŋlaŋ ɛbambaɣa / neɲi lə́bómú ɲɑ́ː ɛ̀kpàɲéɾé
dog 155 ŋwɘ m̀ wɔ́ ɛwɔː mwuo nwo owo n̩gɔ́ː ɔ̀gɔ́
door 163 ḿ̩ bùː óbù m̀ búːdʒù àbúːdʒù mbúndʒù mbundʒu ɑ̄ːbúndʒū m̩ bòː àbò
down 260 ósíē ɛsɛɾɛ kɛsɛrɛ nɛśɛŕɛ̄ n̩dí
drink 297 wúɔ̀ wɔ́ [lə̀]wóɣó wo wɔ́ː
drop 326 gbɔgo [lə̄]gbógó gbo gbɔ̀ː
dry 262 ejumjum / jumjum iɲo / emijum ɛ̄míjūː njóː ɛ̀kpájómā
dry season 189 olɨm ènùm eːnʉm onoː òlóm
dull 234 etʌna / etɨnetɨna.. ngbùnū ləḱbə̄lúː nɑ̄kpɑŕɑ́ nkut / kuda
dust 180 èwúwú èbúbú àbúbú ɛ̄búbú ɛ̄búbú èbúbú
ear 4 òtóŋ àtóŋ ɛ̀tɔ́ŋ àtɔ́ŋ ɛ̄tóŋ ɑ̄tóŋ oːtóŋ ɑːtóŋ otoŋ
earth 176 atutuwo nse nsise nsɪ nsísí ndéː
eat 299 èjígà / ..je nɛ́ lɛ̀lɛǵɛ́ nɛ líː
egg 77 èzí àzí èdʒì àdʒì ɛ̄dʒí ìːdʒí ɑ̀ːdʒí èdʒí àdʒí
eight 91 enɪgɨni ɛnɛganɛ ɑ̄ːlɛǵɑ̄lēː ɛnɑɣɑnɪ ɛǹɛḡīnī
elephant 151 nzɔk n̩dʒɔk ndʒok ɛːdʒok ndʒok oːdʒok ndʒɔk
enter 334 lʌm náːm nɛnəmɛ / nɑm nɑm jɛ̀l
Page 7 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
crocodile ɲ̩ɑp ɲàp ɲəp ɲ̩ɑp ɲ̩ɑp ɲ̩ɑp
crooked kôkɔt / gɔgɔt igogodo n̩gɔ́ːdɔ̀ ɛ̀pgɑĺè (ŋ)gəĺégəĺè ngɑl̥ɛ
cry
àɾír rir ɛ̀lɛ̀ŋ lɪ́ŋ lɪŋ (ɛ)ljɪŋ
cut (food with a knife) kɛm~kem kém kɪm kím kim kim
cutlass
ntam(u) ntɔ̀mò ǹtɑ̀mè ɛtɑme ntɑmɛ ɛ́btɑ̄mɛ̄ ntɑmɛ ɛ́btɑ̄mɛ̄ ntɑmɛ ɛ́btɑ̄mɛ̄
dance
abɨń bən bɑń bən bəń bɛn
dark
ídʒòŋì idʒaŋe ɛ̀dʒɑ́ŋé ɛ̄dʒɑ́ŋɛ̄ èdʒɑ́ŋè ɛ̄dʒɑ́ŋɛ̄
dew
ìbr̩ ìbɨŕ ɛ̀bòŋ ɛ̄bóŋ ɛ́bōŋ ɛ̄bóŋ
die
àkpɔ́ kpɔ̀ː ɑ̀kpɔ́ kpɔ́ ɛkpoɣo kpó
dig
kpáː kpáː ɾɑḿ kpɑ̂ kpɑ̂ kpɑ̂
dirty
eɲeɲer eɲiɲak ɛ́bɑḿɛ̀ epʃɑp / ebəmːe m̀ bəḿè ɛ̄pʃɑṕ
dog
ǹgɔ́ː mbɔː m̥ bùwɑ̀ ɛ̀bùwɑ̀ mbvɑ mbv̩ mbv̩
door
m̀ bòː m̀ bòː mbòtɑḱ ɑbotɑk mbə̄tɑḱ mbūtɑḱ mbūtɑḱ
down
ǹdɪ̀gí ndɪ̀gí ɛ̀ɾɛ́dɛ́ / gondi n̩di ndi / ɛɾɛtɛ n̩di
drink
wɔ wɔ́ wɔ́ wɔ wɔ wo
drop
gbɔ gbɔ ɑǵbɔ̀ (ɛ)gbo gbɔ gbɔ
dry
júmjúm jum ɛẁúm ɛbwumu wum ɛlwum
dry season ùlòm òlòm ɛ̀lúm ɛ̄lúm ɛ̀lúm ɛ̄lúm
dull
kəkət̚ ikɔkɔt ɛ̀kɔ́t ɛ̀pkɨ́tè ekɨtkɨt ɛ̄kótkōt
dust
ìbùbù ibùbù ɛ̀tɔ̀ɣɔ̀ː ɛṕtōkō / èbɔ̀ŋə̀mbv̩ ɛ̀lbəṕè ɛṕtōkō
ear
ùtóŋ ùtóŋ atoŋ ɛ̀tòŋ ɑ̀tòŋ ɛtʲun ɑtʲun ɛtun ɑtun ɛtʲuŋ ɑtʲuŋ
earth
ǹdèɣí ndige n̥dè ndi n̩dí ndi
eat
li li líː lí li li
egg
idʒin-ikɔge ídʒì ɛ̀dʒɛ̀ ɑ̀dʒɛ̀ ɛdʒɛ ɛ̄dʒɛ́ nkók ɛdʒɛ
eight
inaŋini inaɣani nɑ̀kəǹí (ɛm)nɑkə(m)ni nə̄ɣə̄ní nəkə̯ni
elephant ǹdʒɔ̀k ǹdʒɔ̀k n̥dʒɔ̀k ɛdʒɔ̀k ndʒok ndʒok ndʒɛo̯k
enter
jɛl jɛl(i) jɛĺi jɛĺ jɛl jɛl
Page 8 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
evening 205 ègó nègò logo nogoː lògólògò
evil 235 èbíbì èbíbí ɛ̄bíbí ɨ̄bíbī èbé
exit 335 du ɾù [lə]ru ru dʒok
eye 13 èmár àmár nɛmɑr lʌ̄mɑŕ nɑ̀mɑŕ ɑ̀ːmɑŕ lʌmɑr
face 14 èsíàmàr àsíāmàr èsínèbɾī asijabɾi ɛ̄sílə̄brɪ̄ nɪ̀brí mbri lèbɾī m̩ bɾi
fall 327 (same as drop) gbɔ̀ ɛ̀məǵbò gbo
farm 161 egbe ágbè ɛ̀gbɛ̀ bɛ̀gbɛ̀ ɛːgbɛ ɛːgɓɛ bɛgɓɛ ɛ̀gbɛ̀ bɛ̀gbɛ̀
farm (v) a bom bɔ̀m ləbomo bom ágbàmbàm
fat/grease 76 ɑːfɔm àfɔ̄m ɑ̄fó ɑfoː afɔm
father 103 ǹsjɛ̂ ásjɛ̄ nsɛ bánsɛ́ nsɛː nsɛ bɑnsɛ ndɛne bɑndene
fear (v) 290 injiɾa / akpɛnjiɾa èkúp / èkúbùmfùm ɛ̄ːkúbúmfʊ̄ ōːbón bɛ́ː / labɛ
feather 142 efɨr àfɨŕ nɛfur lɛfʉr nūfúr ɑ̄fúr ləfur
fence 158 èbɑḿ ɛ̀gáː bɛ̀gá ɛḡɑ́ ɛ̄ːgɑ́ bɑḡɑ́ ɛ̀gáː
few 258 mésìː tènim / ntɪtɔŋ ɑːtətoŋ n/a ʃɛːti
fifteen
94 mèkú
fight 307 nuɔk nɔɣɔk / lɔk ɑbiː lok nɔk
fill 354 kak / suna sónò [lə]soːlʉ nəsɔːnɔ ɾòːɾè / ruri
finger 31 ènjábò ànjábò ɲìgíbɔ̀ àɲìgábɔ ɲɪḡíːbɔ̄ ɲə̀gɪ́bò ɑ̄ɲɪḡɑ́bò ɲɛgɔbɔ aɲagabɔ
fingernail 32 ìŋkpámàɾà àkṕ.. (mkpi)m̩ àːɣà àmáːɣà n̩kpʌ́mɑ̄ːgɑ̄ m̩ ɑ̀ɣɑ̀ ɑ̄ːmɑ̀ɣɑ̀ ɛŋwaɾa aŋwara
fire 169 ŋ̀gún ǹgòn àgòn ngʊn ngun ɑːgun ngon
firewood 41 èkún ìŋkún èkón ǹ̟kón ēːkún nkun ēːkun nkún èkún ùkūn
fish 147 ɲjamalep̚ ɲamanap / ɲɑːlʌp ɲɑ̄ːɑ̄lʌ́p ɲɑːɑlʌp oːɲɑːlʌp nkɔ́ːbɛ̀ akɔːbɛ
five 88 édòn ndɔn ndon ndon ɛ̀ɾɔ̄ŋ
flower 73 èfjám àfjám ɛ̀fɛ̀m afɛm ɛ̄fɛ̄étɪ̄ ː ɛ̄fɛ́ ɑ̄fɛ́ ɛfɛm afɛm
fly 122 fuːbu fúbū ndʒɪdʒiŋ ɑːdʒidʒiŋ fuːbu lofubi
follow 337 túoŋà tɔ̀ŋɔ̄ lətóŋò toŋo tɔǹá
foofoo 79 òdʌ́ŋ àdʌ́ŋ ɛ́ɾāŋ áɾáŋ ɛːraŋ oróŋ ɑrɑ́ŋ ɔɾaŋ
Page 9 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
evening
evil
exit
eye
face
fall
farm
farm (v)
fat/grease
father
fear (v)
feather
fence
few
fifteen
fight
fill
finger
fingernail
fire
firewood
fish
five
flower
fly
follow
foofoo
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
ìgòl ígūɾ ɛ̀góŋ ɛlgúə̀ŋ ɛ̀bgú ɛ̀pgúŋ ɛlgʊə̯ŋ
ibíːbì aʃaʃap / ʃeʃap abibi ébì ɛbine / n̩nə̀m ɛ̄bíbī
dʒok dʒòk lɔ̀ŋ lóŋ lóŋ lóŋ
èməŕ imɑr ɛmmʌr ɑːmʌr ɛmmɑr ɛmmɑr ɑmmɑr ɛbmɛr
uʃe mər uʃɑmɑr ɛːʃɪmɑr ɑʃɪmɑr ɛʃɛmɑr ɛ̄ʃɑḿɑŕ ɛʃɑmɛr
imumu gbɔː (ɛg)bo gbɔ gbítì (ɛg)bo
egbɛ egbɛ ɛ̀gbɛ̀ ɛǵbɛ̄ ɛǵbɛ̄ ɛǵbɛ̄ ɛǵbɛ̄
ntag(i) same as plant bɑḿ
àfɔḿ àfɔ́ː̀m ɑ̀fɔ́ːm ɑfom ɑfom ɑfom
ndɛ ndɛ́ ndɛ́ bɑndɛ n̩dɛ ndɛ / n̩ʃōó n̩dɛ
ùból / mbe / abɛubol ùból fɑlifɑli (ɛ̄l)fɑ̄l(ɛ̄) fəĺ (ɛ̄l)fɑ̄l(ɛ̄)
ifuːri ifur ɛfor ɛfur ɛfur ɛfur
ígá mbob ɛ̀gɑ́ ɑ̀gɑ́ ɛǵɑ́ ɛǵɑ́ ɛǵɑ́
tɛḱɛ̀ / akəkən ane idɪdɔk ntɑːŋɑ / ntiləm ǹtíɛ̀l ntíːəĺ ntíːəĺ
ìkúr
ikuɾ
ànɔḱ nɔk nɔk nekɑbəŋ ɑbɨŋ / nɔk neɔk
ruː ɾor(i) rúrú ɛ̀brúr(u) rúr, ɾúɾú rúr
aɲagubɔ iɲogobo ɲɛ̀gɛ̀bɔ́ ɑɲɑgɑbɔ ɲjɑǵɑ́bó ɛ̄mjóɣōbō ɛ̄mjóɣōbō
aŋwar ìmàmàrà ɛńɑːŋɛ ɑɲɑːŋɛ ɛ́ɲjɑ́ːjɑ̄ŋɛ̄ ɛ̄ɲɑ́ːɣɛ̄ ɛńjɛ́jɑ̄ŋɛ̄
ngɔn ngon ngun ɑǵún ɑǵún ɑǵún
ǹkón ìkón ǹkón ɛ̀kún ǹkún ɛkun nkun ɛkun nkun ɛkun nkun
ńkɔ́bí ǹkɔ́bɔ̄ ɲɑ̀mɑ̀lɑṕ ɛɲɑ̀mɑ̀lɑṕ ɲɑmɑːlʌp / nʃʌrɛ ɛ̄ʃɑŕɛ̄ nʃʌrɛ
ɛ́ɾɔń íɾɔń lɔń lon lon lon
ɑfem àfɛ̀mɛ̀ ɑ̀fɛ̀m ɑtətulu ɑ̄fɛḿɛ̄ntí ɛtətul
ndʒɛndʒɛn ndʒɑŋdʒɑŋɛ ndʒɛ́dʒɑ̄ŋɛ̄ ɑ́dʒɛ́dʒɑ̄ŋɛ̄ ɛ̀fɨ́ŋè ndʒɛ́dʒɑ̄ŋɛ̄ ɑ́dʒɛ́dʒɑ̄ŋɛ̄
tɔň(mɛ) tɔǹó tɔńɔ̀m tôːnō tóːnō tóːnō
ùɾáŋ ùɾáŋ ɛ̀lɑ̀ŋ ɛlɛʌ̯ŋ ɛĺɑ̄ŋ ɛlɛʌ̯ŋ
Page 10 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
foot 26 òlésàn àlásàn nèdʒāː àdʒāː lɛ̄dʒɑ́ː nɑ̀jɑ́ː ɑ̀jɑ́ː ɛ̀ɾábĩ́dʒàː aɾabadʒa
forehead 3 ǹdún òdún n̩don àdòn ndun ndun mbok ambok
forest 43 ákpúntù èkúnúgbɛ̀ ɲ̩ɑ̄ɣɛḱūlūgbɛ̄ ɛ̄mə̄nɛǵbɛ̀ ɑ̄mə̄nɑńgbɛ̀ èfùː bùfūː
four 87 ɛɲjɛ n̟ɛ́ː n̩ɛː n̩ɛ ènì
friend 112 ntɪ̀mɪ̀sɪḱ àtɪ̀mɪśɪ̀k ǹtɛm̀ àtɛ̀m nte ntɛː ɑːtɛː ǹtɛm / mbé atɛm
fruit 74 ǹsúmètí àsúmàntì nkap àkàp nkɑ̄bɛ̄téː nkɑp ɑːkɑp ǹkàp àkàp
fur 117 luŋwɔɾɔ aŋwɔɾɔ
give 316 ka / ..kaː kɛ́ː [lə]kɛː kɛ kàɾɛ́
give birth (v 3fs) 322 èjén / ..jena wɛn ɑ̄mówɛǹ ōwɛń gbɛl
go 336 sɨŋ sɔŋ so (jɛ jɑːmu - he went) soŋ mɔmɔ (I went) ʃɔn
goat 131 m̀ būn òbún m̀ bòn ɛbon mbul mbun oːbun mbul
God 114 òsówò ɛ̀ʃɔẃɔ̀ ɛːsowo ōːsówō ɔʃɔwɔ
good 236 ètíŋà etiŋi / nòbó n̩óbó nòːbó eteŋ / nɔ́bā
grandfather 104 n̄sjɛ́ǹsjɛ̄ asiasjɛ nsɛnsɛ bansɛnsɛ nsɛnsɛ nsɛńsɛ́ dɛtsɔ́dʒámà
grass 70 èjɛń àjɛń nèwɛ̄n àwēn lə̄wɛń nɛẁén ɑẁɛń agbɛlɛ
grass (dry) i ɛkpoafjɛ akpoafjɛ ɑ̄kpɑ̄kuɑ́ʉ̄ⁿwɛn
grave 83 ólām alam ɛǹàm ànàm ɛːnɑm bənɑm oːnɑm ɑːnɑm ɔ̀làm
ground nut 59 moganfiɾa infíɾà mōgɑ̄mfrɪ́ mfrɪ nɪ̄frí mfri
guinea corn 61
guinea fowl 138 èjɪ́ŋ àjɪ́ŋ ɛ̀gāŋ àgāŋ ɛːgɑŋ ɑːgaŋ ɛ̄ːgɑ́ŋ bɑgɑŋ ɛ̀gáŋ agaŋ
hair 1 èlú nlu nen̩uː n̩uː lulu nu nu ɲùː
hard 256 etənetənə nékúɾù ɛmʊkuːru nkʊ́ːrʊ́ nkure
harvest
b
he 267 je jɛ̀ jɛ jɛ wɛ́
head 2 èsí àsí èsí àɾímásì ɛ̄sí bɪsi isí bisí èʃī bìʃī
hear 286 júɔ̀k / ..juoga jɔk lə̀jóɣó juk jòk
heart-emotions 37 same as 'heart' same as 'heart'
Page 11 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
foot
forehead
forest
four
friend
fruit
fur
give
give birth (v 3fs)
go
goat
God
good
grandfather
grass
grass (dry)
grave
ground nut
guinea corn
guinea fowl
hair
hard
harvest
he
head
hear
heart-emotions
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
ìɾákpà(da) ndamakpada dɑ̀pkpɑ̀dɛ̄ ɑɾɑpkpɑdɛ ɑ̄kpɑ́dɛ̄ ɛ̄kpɑ́dɛ̄ ndɣɑṕɑ̄dɛ̄
ḿbòk m̀ bòk abok m̀ bòk ɑ̀bòk mbək mbək mbuk ɑbuk mbʲək ɑbʲək
ikol ìkúl ɛ̀kúlúgbɛ̀ ɑkulungbɛ ɛ́ːmɑ́ŋ ɛ̄kúl ɛ́ːmɑ́ŋ
ìnì ìnì ní ní ní ní
ǹtɛ̀m ǹtɛ̀m ntɛm ɑ̀tɛ̀m ntɛm ntɛm ntɛm
məg-ite mɔgɔ-ite n̩kɑp ɑ̀kɑ̀p nkɑbəti nkɑːp nkɑːp
aŋwɔɾi-ɲam amɔri ɲam ɑ̀ɲɑŕì-ɲɑm
(n)kaɾe kaː kɑ́ː kɑe kɑ / kɑe kɑ
gel bɛĺ ɑ́dʒɛ̀l jɛpdʒɛl (eb)dʒɛl (ɛ)dʒɛl
ʃɔ̀ŋ / tim ʃɔǹ / abutum ʃɔ̀ŋ / ɑ̀fì (he went) ʃjɔŋ ʃoŋ tʃjoŋ
mbʊl mbol mbol mbul mbul mbul
ìʃɔ́ː íʃɔ́ː ɛʃɔwɔ ɛ̄ʃówó ɛ̄ʃówó ɛ̄ʃówó
ínəǹəṕ inɨnəp ɛǹɔ́b ɛṕnóbò nóːpō nóːpō
ńdɛńkòkò ńdɛńkòkò n̩ʃɔńɔ́-n̩kùː bɑnʃɔnɔ-nku ndɛ̄nónkūl ndɛkulkul / nʃookulkul ndɛʌndɛ
ŋgɛl m̩̀ bɛĺɛ́ ɛ̀dʒɛ̀lɛ́ ɑdʒɛlɛ ɑdʒɛlɛ ɛbdʒɛlɛ ɑdʒɛlɛ ɛbdʒɛlɛ ɑdʒɛlɛ
úlam aləm úlòm ɛ̀lɑ̀m ɛlʌm ɑlʌm ɛlʌm ɑlʌm ɛlʌm ɑlʌm
kaba-ʃikpa ɑ̀tʃìkpɑ́ ɑtʃɑkpɑ ɑ̄ʃɑ̄kpɑ́ ɑ̄ʃɛ̄kpɑ́ mokoʃʌkpɑ ɑʃʌkpɑ
ńʃàm
ɛ̀gáŋ egaŋ ɛǵɑ́ŋ ɑǵɑ́ŋ ɛgæːn ɑgæːn ɛḡɑ́ŋ ɑǵɑ̄ŋ ɛgɛːn ɑgɛːn
íɲòʃē anoʃe unluʃi ɛ̀lúː ɑ̀lūː ɛblu ɑlu ɛblu ɑlu ɛblʊʃi ɑlʊʃi
etɨtɨn / dʒɛk itɨnə / ndʒɛgɛ n̩kúŋù ɛ̀ptɑńè ntənetəne ɛ̄btɑńɛ̄
ɛ̀kpɑ́ɣè
bɑḿ
we wɛ jɛ́ jɛ́ jɛ́ jɛ́
ìʃé aʃi ìʃí aʃi èʃí ɑʃi ɛʃi ɑʃi ɛʃi ɑʃi ɛʃi ɑʃi
juk juk wok wuk wuk wʲʊ́k
Page 12 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
heart-pumps blood 36 ètɪḿ àtɪḿ nètém lɛ̄téː nɛ̄tɛ́ː ntɛ́ː nètēm
heavy 248 èlùblúb inubu ɛməlʉp nóbó nobàː
here 219 ḿfà àdífà m̀ fa fɑː fɑ fàː
hide 317 bar / egbaɾa / ..baɾa.. bar / bibi [lʌ]brɛː bɑr / bibi br̩ / bɔ
hit 345 sum kàɾì ləmobo kɑr ɾòm
Q-Abanyom
hoe 56 èdú àdú èɾò bɛ̀rò ɛːrʊ bəruː ɛ̄ːrɔ́ borʊ ɛɾuːbòrò
hold 319 fɪ fìnéː fɪle fɪ fìlé
hold k fɪ fìnéː fɪle fɪ fìlé
honey 130 okwʌn ɛḱɔǹɔ̀ ɑ̄ːkúːɛḱōlō óːkònó àkú ɔḱɔń
honeybee 129 n̩kwʌn ńkɔǹɔ̀ ákɔǹɔ̀ nkolo nkoːno ɑkoːno ǹkɔǹ akɔǹ
horn 132 ntɑŋɑ / mɪk ntəŋɑ n̩tɑ́ŋɑ́ ntɑⁿgɑ ɑːtɑⁿgɑ ǹtāŋ àtāŋ
hot 225 ìfúp / ..efup nèfip ləfɪp nefɪp m̩ fùbā
house/hut 156 nzu òzú ǹdʒō bɛdʒo ndʒo ndʒu budʒu ɛ̀tɛḱ bɛ̀tɛḱ
how 220 èdísɛǹ / adisɛn éɾénāŋ nɑńg(jòː) naŋ nàn
hundred 96 atenadon atan-aɾɔ̃ ɑ̄ːtəĺɑ̄ːrōn ɑtɑnɑːron àtáláɾɔŋ
hungry 224 ǹzán ndʒán ndʒɑn ndʒɑn ǹdʒàl
hunt 344 ɔgbaːzi ɛ̀gbádʒí ɛ̀ːgbɑ́dʒí gbadʒi / nɛḿmɛː òbɪm
hunter 110 ŋ̩gbɑːzi mgbadʒi àgbádʒí m̩ bɑdʒi ŋbɑːdʒi ɑḡbɑ́dʒí mbimoben bàlímóbìm
husband 99 ǹlúm àlúm nʊm ɑbɑnum nu ɑ̄lú n̩u ɑːnu num ɑlum
hyena 154 èzúwò àzúwò ɛdʒɔ́ àdʒɔ́ ɛdʒo ɛ̄dʒó bōdʒó ɛ̀dʒɔ́ː
I 265 me mɛ̀ mɛ mɛ mɛ̀
intestines 22 ŋgrala àgrálà ngɾàːnà agɾàːnà ɑḡrɑĺɑ̄ ngrɑńɑ̀ ɑḡrɑńɑ̀ àgúdálàː
iron 182 ókwóŋɑ̀ ɑḱwóŋɑ̀ ékùŋà akuŋa ēːbɪĺ ókóŋɑ̀ ɑḱóŋɑ̀ èkùŋà àkùŋà
jump (v) 331 ..jebe báŋà fɛp ləfɛːbɛ fɛːp fɛp
kill 325 àjɨń / ..júnà jòn ləjoːlo jun jɔ̀l
knee 24 èdóŋ àdóŋ ɛɾɔŋ bɛrɔŋ ɛ̄ːróŋ īsīɛŕòŋ ɑ̄siɑŕòŋ èrúŋ
knife 208 ǹtámà òtámā ɛ̀bámbà àbámbà ɛ̄bɑḿbɑ̄ èbámbà abamba ɛbamba abamba
Page 13 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
heart-pumps blood ɛ̀tém ìtém ètém ɛ̄ptɪḿ ɛ̄ptím ɛĺtɪḿ
heavy
lùlúp̚ lupʰ n̩lóbū eblup ɛ̀blúpú nlúːpúlūːpū
here
ŋa / aɾiŋa ŋá ɑ́ː ɑ́ ŋɑ̀ ɑ
hide
tɔŕe ʃele br̩ / beɾi bŕ̩ br̩ br̩
hit
rum rúm róm rúm rum rúm
hoe
ìɾó ìɾóː ɛ̀lóː ǹlóː ɛlu ɛblu ɛĺú ɛblú ɛlu ɛblu
hold
fɛ̀lí fèlé fílì dʒəpe / fili dʒəpe / fílì dʒɑṕɛ̄ / fili
hold
fɛ̀lí fèlé fílì dʒəpe / fili dʒəpe / fílì dʒɑṕɛ̄ / fili
honey
íɲám àláp-úkòn ɑkɔŋ-nkɔn ɛ̄kón ɑkənɛkon ɑkənɛkon
honeybee ǹkɔǹ ukon n̥kɔǹ ɛ̀kɔǹ nkon nkon nkon
horn
ńtáŋ ataŋ ǹtáŋ n̩tɑ́ːɣé ɑtɑɣɛ ntɛə̯ŋ ntɑ́ːŋ ntɛə̯ŋ
hot
(e)fùfúp fup ɛ̀fūbu ɛ̀pfúp / ɛpfupfup fup ɛĺfūbū
house/hut
ìtàp ìtàːbà ɛ̀tɑḱ ɛptɑk ɛ̄tɑḱ ɛ́tɑḱ ɛtʲɑk
how
iɾinan / aɾinan nánò lèɾɛ̀dʒɛń liɾenɑn / liɾédsɛǹ ɑǹɑńwɔ̀ / liɾenɑn líːrɛńɑ̄n
hundred àtì-árɔń atararɔn ɑ̀tɑ̀lɑ́ːlɔń ɑ̄tɛ̄lɑ̄lón ɑ́tɛ̄lɑ̄lón ɑ́tɛ̄lɑ̄lón
hungry ndʒali ndʒaːl n̥dʒɑĺ ndʒɑl ǹdʒɑĺ ndʒɑl
hunt
bem bém bém (ɛ̄)bím (ɛ̄)bím (ɛ̄)bím
hunter
mbemobem mbɛmobem m̀ bìmìbìm bɑbimibim mbimɪbim ɛǵbɑ̄dʒībím mbimɪbim
husband nɔḿ àlóm nɔḿ nlʊm ɑlʊm lum ɑlum nlúm ɑĺúm num ɑlum
hyena
amikpame ɛ̀dʒɔ̀ ɑdʒɔ ɛ́dʒō ɛ́dʒō ɛ́dʒō
I
mɛ mɛ mɛ̀ mɛ mɛ mɛ
intestines àlíŋàlà àlàŋálà n̩gɑdlɑː ɑkpitlɑ ɑkpitlɑ ɑkpitlɑ
iron
ìkɔǹ ikuŋu ɛ̀kòŋu ɑ̀kòŋu èkújúŋù ɑkújúŋù ēkūːŋ ɛ̄kʊ́jūŋūː
jump (v) (m)fɛp fɛ̀b jɛ̀p jɪp nɲ̀ɨṕè / jɨp jɪp
kill
jul jol(i) ɑẃùl wúl wúl wʊ́l
knee
ɛ̀ɾɔ́ŋ ɛ̀ɾɔ́ŋ ɛ̀lɑ́ŋ ɑ̀lɑ́ŋ ɛlɑŋ ɛlɑŋ ɛlɑŋ
knife
montɛm mon-ńtɨḿò ɛ̀kɛ́ɾɛ́ ɑ̀kɛ́ɾɛ́/ntəmə ntɑḿɛ̄ eptɑmɛ mòntəḿè / mòkɛ́ɾɛ̀ ntɑḿɛ̄
Page 14 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
know 294 njíjì / ..jíjì gbɛɾɛ lʌgbɛrɛ gbɛ́ːrɛ̄ ɲiɲi / ngbakunu
lake 196 ntʷəp atʷəp ɛ̀tɔ́ː bɛ̀tɔ́ː ɛ̄ːtó ɛtɔ ɛtɔ-alap
laugh 281 ĩnswon / juonansuon ajon asɔn ɑ̄són ɑ̄són ajɔl (àʃɔ̀l)
leaf 58 eɲʲana nɛ̀ɲān ɲān lɛ̄ɲɑń ɲɑn nɑ̀ɲɑ́ːn ɲɑːn lɛɲan ɲàn
left 252 òbùokán abɔka bīnkɑ́ː bɑ̄kɑ́ː bàkål
leg 25 ésān ásàn ɛ̀tā àtā ɛ̄tɑ́ː oːtɑ ɑːtɑ ɔ̀táː àtáː
leopard 153 ekpɾiŋbɛ akpɾiŋbɛ ǹgbɛ̀ ɛ̀gbɛ̀ eːkpərɑngbɛ ɛ̄kpə̄rɑńgɓɛ̄ ɑ̄kpə̄rɑńgɓɛ̄ òdùgbɛ̀
lie ['lie down'] 308 nônoɣa / nuoŋ / ..noŋonuŋ noŋɔ nōnōɣó / noɣonoɣo nóŋō nɔŋa
light 249 jagejaga njàɣá lɛ̀jɑ́ːɣɑ́ jɑ̄ːɣɑ́ iɲaːɾɛ
listen 285 laga-atoŋ / ..lagatoŋ ɲogo juːŋɑton nɑ́ːtòŋ jòk
liver 38 emjɛr amjɛr ɛ̀gbɛ́ːr ɑḡbɛŕ ōːgbɛŕ ɑ̄ːgbɪŕ ègbèt-agbet
locust bean tree 62
long 243 édàbándà ǹdábà n̩dɑːbɑ ndɑ̄ːbɑ́ n̩dábà
make 348 nɪm nèm / jɛjaɾani [lɛ]lɪ neː lèm
man 98 ǹjɛǹlúm àbàlúm mànúm abanum mɑnʊː ɑːbɑlʊː mōnóː ɑ̄ːbūnú nɛnom abalom
many 237 ákpáŋà ebembem / atutu āːbɪḿbɪḿ èːbéː / etutu ègbēmegbem / egbem
market 184 àʃē àsɛ́ ɑːsɛ ɑ̄sɛ́ àɾɛ̀ː
nɑ̄bɑń
marry 323 èbán / ..banaeban nɛkɔɣɔ lɑkəɣɑː mɛ jɪn kwɛ n (1masc) labal
meat 75 ɲ̩ɑ̂m ɲam ɲɑ ɲɑː óɲɑ̀ː ɲàm ɔɲám
medicine 48 ètíkpɑ́ ǹtíkpɑ̀ ɛ̀kām n̟kām ɛːkɑm n̩kɑm ɛ̄ːkɑḿ nkɑm ètēː
millet 63
mɛ jɪn bɑnɛ (1fem)
mohogany 69 ntol-ote
money 181 òkpúwà àkpúwà èkpògà àkpògà ɑ̄kpógɑ̀ ɑ̄ːkpɔǵɑ̄ ɛ̀kpùgà àkpùgà
moon 198 ḿjɛ̀ m̩ ɛ́ː mɛː mɛː ɑ̄mɛ́ː ŋwɛ́ː
morning 202 ofuɾafu / mkparufu èfúɾúsū ɛ̄fə̄rúsú ɛ̄frútú ɔ̀fɾánfò
Page 15 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
know
lake
laugh
leaf
left
leg
leopard
lie ['lie down']
light
listen
liver
locust bean tree
long
make
man
many
market
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
ɲìɲí / ija ɲi ɑǵbɛ̀ɾɛ̀ gbɛɾɛ ɛ̀pkəńè ɛṕkɑ̄nɛ̄
idədɛ edɨde ɛ́tɔ̀ ɑtɔ̀ ɛ̀kpɑ́tɛ̀ ɛ̄dídɛ̄/ɛtɔ
ajol / àʃoĺ / ajolaʃol jɔl wol (ɑ̀ʃòl) ʃol / wol wol / wolɑʃol ɑʃol
iɲan ìɲánà ɛ̀ɲɑńé n̥ɲɑne ɛ̄mɲɑ́ːnɛ́ ɑ̄ɲɑ́ːnɛ́ ɛ̄mɲɑ́ːnɛ́ ɑ̄ɲɑ́ːnɛ́ ɛ̄bɲɑ́ːnɛ́ ɑ̄ɲɑ́ːnɛ́
bɔḱàl ubopkal ɛ̀bɔ̄kɑ̀ː èbópkɑ̀l ɛ̄bópkɑ̄l ɛ̄bópkɑ̄l
ɛ̀kpá(dà) íkpàdà ɛ̀tɑ̀ː ɑ̀tɑ̀ː ɛ̄kpɑ́dɛ̄ ɛ̄kpɑ́dɛ̄ ɛ̄kpɑ́dɛ̄
ekperaŋgbɛ èkpèrìŋgbɛ̀ ɛ̀gɑ́bɛ́ ɑgɑ́bɛ́ ɛḡɑ́bɛ́ ɛḡɑ́ːpɛ́ ɛkpərɑngbɛ
nɔŋe nɔŋɔ nɔ̀jɔ́ŋɔ́ / nɔjɔŋa (IMP) nɛːjoŋo ndi nóːŋò nɛːjoŋo
jajar ejaɾa jɑ́ːrɛ̀ (eb)jɑ́ɾè jɑ́ːɾè njɑ́ːrɛ̄
ɾaŋatuŋ ɾaŋatuŋ wòk wujuŋ ɑtjuŋ wùŋ ɑ́tùŋ wɪ̄ ːjúŋú ɑtjuŋ
úgèt ɑ̀bɛ́t èdʒét ɑ̀dʒét ɑdʒit ɛ̄bdʒít ɑdʒit
ìjɛǵɛ́ ɛ̀ɲɑǹgé ɲɑnge
erap / goŋ rap / goŋ lɑ́ːbɛ̄ eblɑp lɑ́bélɑ́bè nlɑ́ːbɛĺɑ̄ːbɛ̄
lɪm lém lèm lɪḿ (ɛp)lɪḿ(i) lɪḿ
nɛnɔm abalom nɛnɔm lèlóm ɑbilom nəlum ɑbəlum nɛĺúm ɑńɑṕlúm nɛnum ɑnʌpəlum
èɾűɾű / wardul / dol fep / ndoro gbɑ̀lɛ́-gbɑ̀lɛ́ / nrur gbɑ̀lê / tv / nrur gbɑ̀lé / ane / tv̩ / nrur gbɑ̄lɛ́ː / ɛgom
àɾɛ́ː àɾé ɑ́ɾɛ́ ɑŕé ndək ɑŕɛ́
marry
meat
medicine
millet
mohogany
money
moon
morning
(ì)bál kɔŋkaː ɛ̀bɑŕ ɛ̀bɑĺ ɛ̀bːɑĺ ɛlbɑl
ɲɑm ɲɑm ɲɑ̀m ɛ̀ɲɑ̀m ɲ̩ɑm ɲ̩ɑm ɲ̩ɑm
ɛĺàŋ ìkɔ́ːm ɛ̀kɑ̀m ɛkɑm ɑḱɑ̄mʌ̄ntí ɛkɑm ɑkɑm ɛkɑm ɑkɑm
ǹkòlàʃáp
m̀ ʃɑḿ
ìtànàkà ɛ̀tɑǹ-nkɑĺ ɑ̀tɑǹ-nkɑĺ
àɲɛ̀ɾí = àkóbò àkúbù ɛ̀kpɔ̀gɔ̀ ɑ̀kpɔ̀gɔ̀ ɑḱpōkō ɑ̀kpəḱè / ɑ̀péːnè ɑḱpōkō
ŋẁɛ̀ɾí ùmɛŕ ɛ̀bɑ̀rìkɑ́ː èbɑ́ɾɛḱɑ́ ɛ̄bɑŕkɑ́ ɛ̄bɑŕkɑ́
nfofo ufumfu fúmfùː ɛ̄fúŋfū ɛ̄fúŋfū ɛ̄fúŋfū
Page 16 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
mortar 167 èfún àfún èfón bɛ̀fōm ɛ̄ːfún ɛ̄ːfún bɔ̄fún èfóm bòfōm
mosquito 124 ŋ̀kpjékpjè àkpjékpjè m̀ būːàbúː mbuː mbu ɑːbu m̀ bū àbū
mother 105 ɲjɛn ɲ̩ɛːbaɲɛː ɲɛ ɲɛ bɑɲɛ nánà bànánà
mountain 175 ègún àgún ègón bègón ɛ̄ːgún nkúnkún ɛẁɔŋ bùwɔ́ŋ
mouth 5 íɲjô óɲwò iɲɔ ɲɔ ɑɲɔ ɲo ɑɲo ìɲɔ̀ː àɲɔ̀
mud 177 èbjéɾà àbjéɾà ɛbɛ̀ɾɛ̀ ābɛ̀ɾɛ̀ ɑ́ːbɛ̄rɛ̄ ɑ́bɛ̀rɛ̄ àtɔ́tɔ́bā
name 115 ḿbɪ̀ŋ/àbɪ́ŋ mbɪŋ mbɪŋ mbiŋ ɑːbiŋ m̀ bíŋ
narrow 239 ekuŋekuŋamba / ekuŋa nfibi mfiːbi mfíːbí nsusuɣa / nʃɛba
navel 20 iŋkəmə etoŋ akəmə atoŋ nɛ̀tɔ́ŋ ntɔŋ lɛ̄tóŋ nōtóŋ lətuŋ ntuŋ
neck 16 èmɛǹ mèmɛǹ ɛ̄mɛń ɛ̄ːmɛń ɛmɛl
new 251 ɛ́fiɛ̀ jèmfɛ́ mfɛńfɛ̀ nmfɛńfɛ̀ nfɛ
night 204 ntaŋatu ènókón ɛ̄lʊ́kún ɛ̄nókʊ̄n álàtū
nine 92 síːmà ɛsimawobo ɑ̄ːsɪḿɑ̄wōbō ɑ̄síbɑ̀ wōbō àɾámúbà
no 255 ɨ̀ʔɪ̃́ èʔé / m̀ ʔḿ nɑːsɑn èé ǐ'ǐ
nose 12 m̩ mun ùmún ̩m̩ in am̩ in mɪn mɪn ŋwúl ɑẁúl
old 250 ekukuna ɛ̀kpákúnù ɛmokun / ɛːkukulu ɛ̄kɔḱɔńú nkpakula
one 84 zìzí ídʒíː ndʒi ndʒiː dʒɾaŋ
palm 30 olaobo àlábò nètébɔ́ ntijabɔ lētɪ́ ːbɔ̄ ɑnɑbɔ ɛ̀ɾábɔ́bɔ̀ àɾábɔ́bɔ̀
person 100 ǹjê ánjè nɛ̀ː ànɛ̀ n̩e ɑːlɛ n̩ɛ ɑːnɛ nɛ̀ ànɛ̀
pestle 168 nsjɔk àsjɔḱ ǹsɔ̄k asɔ̄k nsok nsɔk ɑːsɔk nʃɔ̀k àʃɔ̄k
pig 118 àkók àkùk àkùk ɑːkuk ɑːkuk àkók
pit 160 òbíː àbí nèbéː àbéː ləbɪː nēbɪ́ ː
ɑ̄bɪ́ ː lɛ̀bé àbá
plant 359 kun bɔ̀m ləbomo kɑk bàm
plant g kun bɔ̀m ləbomo kɑk bàm
play 278 ásjè / ..saɣas(j)e asaɣasɛ ɑːsɛ sɑ̄ɣɑ́ / asɛ àʃì / aʃagaʃi
pour (on ground) 352 àwú / .. wú wuru ləwuru wuru wùɾí
pour (water into cup)351 jɑŋɑ ijaŋa lɑkəɣɑ jɑŋɑ tɔ̀ː
Page 17 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
mortar
mosquito
mother
mountain
mouth
mud
name
narrow
navel
neck
new
night
nine
no
nose
old
one
palm
person
pestle
pig
pit
plant
plant
play
pour (on ground)
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
ìfóm ìfóm ɛ́fúm ɑfúm ɛ̄fúm ɛ́fúm ɛ́fúm
m̀ bó m̀ bóː m̩ bùː ɑbùː mbu mbu mbu
ɲɛn ɲjɛn ɲən bɑɲən nɛ / ɲənnɛ nɛː / ɲən ɲən
igolatal ìgól ɛẁɔ́ŋ ɑwɔ́ŋ ɛẃɛṓŋ ɛwɔŋ ɑwɔŋ ɛẃɛṓŋ
ɲɔ̀ː ɲɔ̀ː aŋɔː iɲɔː ɑɲɔː ɲo ɑɲo ɲo ɑɲo ɲo ɑɲo
ntitɔp ntutobo ɛ̀dɔ̀p ɑ́dòp ɑ́dòp ɛ̄dób
mbɪŋ ḿbéŋ m̀ bìŋ mbiŋ mbɪŋ mbɪŋ
fófɔ̀t / féː fəfədə / fəfə / nfɛde n̥fíːdī ɛfídì fitifiti / ɛfidʒi mfíːtífīːtī
ngbɔ̀tɔ́ŋ agbɔtɔŋ ìtɔ́ŋ ètɑ́ŋ ǹtɑ̀ŋ ɛbtɑŋ ɛbtɑŋ ɛbtɑŋ
ɪmɛl imɛl ɛːmɛl ɑːmɛl ɛmɛl ɛmɛl ɛmɛl
mfɛmfɛ mfɛmfɛ nfɛnfɛn ɱfɛɱfe nfɛǹfɛ́ nfɛńfɛ̄
àtúː àtú ɑ̀tùː ɑ́tv̩ ɑ́tə̀v ɑtəv
erumigoː ìɾómóɣò ʃim̚-wùbó ɛpʃunwʊbʊ ʃūnwʊ́bʊ́ (ɛ)ʃunwʊbʊ
ìjá èjá n̩tɛń èʔê èʔé ēéː
ŋẁól mʊl nwʊl ɑwʊl nwul nwul nwul
ikukul ikukul n̩kpòkùlù epkul kul ɛ̄kúlkūl
ńdʒɾáŋ ńdʒɾáŋ n̩dʒɑŋ ndʒɑŋ ndʒɑŋ ndʒɑŋ
ɨɾɑ́bɔ̀ ndɑbɔ ǹdɑ̀bɔ̀ ɑ̀ɾɑ̀bɔ̀ nrɑ́bó ndɑ́bó nrɑ́bō
nɛ̀ ànɛ̀ nɛ̀ n̥ɛ̀ː nɛ ɑnɛ nɛ ɑnɛ nɛ ɑnɛ
ǹʃɔḱ nʃɔk ʃɔk ɑʃɔk nʃók nʃók nʃɛo̯k
úkɔǵbɔ́ úkɔ̀gbɔ̄ èkùk ɑ̀kúk ɛ̄kúk ɑ̄kúk ɛ̄kúk ɑ̄kúk ɛkuʲuk ɑkujuk
ibubɪr eber ɛbiŋ ɛbɪn ɛbɪn ɛlbɪŋ
kón táː bɑ̀m lɔ́ bəḿ / lɔ bɑḿ
kón táː bɑ̀m lɔ́ bəḿ / lɔ bɑḿ
àʃí / àʃágàʃí ʃagaʃi m̩ bɛ́ːnɛ́ mbɛ́ːnɛ́ mbɛnɛ mbɛ́ːnɛ́
jáŋà meŋe ʃɑĺɛ̄ ʃɑĺɛ̀ ʃɑĺɛ̄
pour (water into cup) jáŋ jáŋàː jaŋe jé ɑ́ŋè jɑ́ːŋɛ̀ jɛ́ːjɑ́ŋɛ́
Page 18 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
press (squeeze) 357 ɲáɣà ɲɛ́ɣɛ̄ ɲɛgɛ ɲɛ̀dɛ́
Q-Abanyom
pull 356 luoɾa / tu dʒɛɾe / tûː n/a tv̩ tur / jʊp
push 355 tjam tɛmɛ dʒɑːrɑ tɛ̀mì
quiver 211 mbɑ́ɣɑńkōn ɛkposo ɑkposogoolɪk
rain 187 same as water anap-aɾaganaga ɑːlʌp ɑːlʌpɑnʊbʊː àláp
rainy season 188 ǹ̩ánà nana ń̩ɑ̄nɑ̄ nɑːnɑ nálɛ̀
rat (house) 145 m̀ bj́è òbíè m̀ bɛ̀ ɛ̀bɛ̀ ɲɑ̄ːtú mbɛ obɛ ɲámátù ɔ̀ɲàmátú
red 232 èbínèbínà / ebina mbini mbíní m̄ bíní mbila
rest 310 osira-ijwɔ si-àjɔ̀ː siɑːjo ɑ̄jóː ɛʃɛ̀lájɔ́
right 253 òbùolʉ́m benum bīnnú bōnúː bòlòm
ripe 222 émébìnà / ebina mbini ɛməkun nbíní mbèlà
river 192 ájà àjàː ɑ́jɑ̀ ɑːjɑ àjà
road 159 m̩̀ bá àbá m̀ báː àbé mbɑː mbɑ́ː ɑ̄bɑ́ː m̀ báː àbá
room 157 òmónà àmónà ɛ̀kpɔ̀ bɛ̀kpɔ̀ ɛkpoəndʒo nkɛ́bɛ́ ɑ̄kɛ́bɛ́ ɛ̀kpɔ̀ː bɛ̀kpɔ̀ː
root 46 ndogeti adoganti ǹdɔḱ-ete àrúwátè ndúgúːtēː ɑ̄rūgɑńtēː ndógɛ̀ːtɛ̄ ɑrʊwɑntɪ ìdʒògòté aɾugante
rope 50 ǹlígà àlígà n̩̟igi ànīgī n̩ɪǵɪ́ nɪǵɪ́ ɑ̄ːnɪǵɪ́ negi alɛgi
rotten 223 ebonebona èbìbɔǹ ɛbobon ɛ̄bōbón ɛkpabɔli
round 242 ékáɾɛǹkā / fiɾafiɾa nkɛɾɛ n̩kɛ̄ːrɛ́ nkɛ̄rɛ́ nkɛ̀dɛ̀
run 329 ébàn / ..lebeban bɛ́ ɛːbɑn ɛːbɑn ɛbal
saliva 8 átíɛǹ átɛń ɑ̄tɛn ɑ̀ːtɛń ɑ̀tél
salt 165 àkáŋ àkáŋ ɑːkʌŋ ɑːkɑ́ŋ àkáŋ
sand 179 èsísíè nse nise eːkpɑsɛː ɛ̄sɛśɛ̄ ɛ̀ɾágándè
sauce 80 ékíkíjè ákìkìjé bèsòː ǹsóː bəsoː ɑ̄sɔ́ː burur
say 282 edak̚ / ndaɣa / jeadaɣa(si) rak / áɾáɣà lʌrəɣɑː rɑk àgbábòn
scorpion 146 eniŋɨntja àníŋɨńtjà nàntáː anantaː n̩ɑŋ ɛːnɑŋ bɑnɑŋ nàntáː ànántáː
scratch 342 wóŋà wɔ́ŋɔ̀ ləwoŋo wóŋò wɔŋaː
see 280 ɲjaŋ ijɛ̀ lɛjɛː jɛː jɛǹ
Page 19 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
press (squeeze)
pull
push
quiver
rain
rainy season
rat (house)
red
rest
right
ripe
river
road
room
root
rope
rotten
round
run
saliva
salt
sand
sauce
say
scorpion
scratch
see
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
ɲɛ̀dí ɲɛ̀dɛ̄ ɲɛńdɛ̀ ɲjɛ́dè ɲjɛ́ːtɛ̄ ɲjɛ́ːtɛ̄
nògí / tə̀rí wam / tɔɾɔ etɔŋɔ tɔŋ tɨŋ tɔŋ
ʃám ʃám gbúlí / təm təm tɨḿ təm
ɨkpogoɾo
mbonta èlʌ́p ɛĺɑṕ élə̀p ɛ̄ləṕ ɛ̄lɛṕ
n̩al n̩nala nɑ́ːlɛ́ nɑːlɛ nɑ́ːlɛ̀ nɑːlɛ
Us - Esham
m̀ bɛ̀ m̀ bɛ̀ ɲɑ̀mɑ̀tútɑḱ ɑɲɑ̀mɑ̀tútɑḱ ɲɑ̄mɑ̄tv̩ ɲɑ̄mɑ̄tv̩ ɲɑ̄mɑ̄tə́vɛ́tɑḱ
mbébìl mbɨbili nbílí mbílíbīlī mbɪĺɪ́bìlì mbílíbīlī
aʃɛŋijɔ aʃɛ ɛ̀ɾɑ́ŋɑ̀kù (ɛ)rɛːkəkv̥ reʔekv̩ (ɛ)rɛːkəkv̥
bɔ́(p)lùm uboplum ɛ̀bɔ̄lɔ̀m ɛ̄bóblūm ɛ̄bóblūm ɛ̄bóblūm
imbil / w/reduplication ibɪl bílí èbil èbíl mbílíbīlī
aja ìfábà ɑ̀jɑ̀ ɑ́jɑ̄ ɑ́jɑ̀ ɑ́jɑ̄
mbar mbar m̥ bɑ̄ŋ ɑbɑŋ mbɛə̯ŋ mbɑːŋ mbɛə̯ŋ
ŋwɔlitap nkpɑ-itaːba ɛ̀kpɔ̀ ɑ̀kpɔ̀ n̩kímí ɛ̄kpókpɑ́ / n̩kímí ɛ̄kpókpɑ́
nrogete ndɔk-ite nlɔɣɔte lokəti ɑ̄lōkʌ̄ntí lōgə̄tí ɑĺōgɑ̄ntí nlokɛti ɑloknti
nək nagɛ nlɑɣe ɑlɑɣe lokɛ ɑlokɛ lə́ɣɛ́ ɑĺə́ɣɛ́ nləkɛ ɑlʌkɛ
ímbòlí / iboboli ibɔl ɛ̀ból(i) ɛ̀ból ɛ̀ból ɛ́bōlból
kɨlɛlɛlɛ kɨlelelele n̩kɛ́ːdɛ̄ ɛdʒənkɑ / egɑre / gbɑŋegbɑŋe eʃəŋe
(ǹ)tóp tòbó bɛ́ː bɛ́ ɑ̀bəĺ / bɛ́ bɛ́
ɑtɛl àtɛĺ ɑtɛl ɑtɛl ɑtɛl ɑtɛl
àkáŋ àkáŋ ɑ̀kɑ́ŋ ɑ̄kɛʌ̯́n ɑ̄kɑ́ːn ɑkɑʲɑŋ
mbubu ibùbú ɛ̀rìgìndé èɾíkì ɛɾikɨndi ɛrɪkɪ
ùɾɛǹ ùɾɛǹɛ̀ ɑ̀bɛǹɛ̀ ɑ̄bəńɛ̄ ɑ̄bəńɛ̄ ɑ̄bəńɛ̄
buŋ mbuŋ bòŋ bjúŋ búŋ bjúŋ
naŋ nɑŋ nɑ̀ŋ ɑǹɑ̀ŋ n̩ɛʌ̯n nɑːn n̩ɛʌ̯n
(m)woŋ wɔ́ŋɔ̀ wɔ́ːŋɔ̀ wójóŋó wójóŋó wójóŋó
ɛdʒɪnkɑ / ɛpkon ɛʃoŋɛ
jɛtʰ njɛn ɲɛń ɛmjɨne njən ɛmɲɛnɛ / mɛːɲɛn
Page 20 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
̟ seed 53 m̩ ɔk m̩ ɔ̀ːk amɔːk mōgɛ̄téː ɑ̄ːmōgɑńtēː mok ɑ́ːmok muk
sell 320 gúrà / ..gùɾá gòɾó ləgʊːrʊ gʊrʊ gòɾé
send 338 tum tòm (lə)tu(ɛ) tɔː tòmɛ̀
seven 90 ízà ɛsima ɑ̄ːsɪḿmɑ̄ː simmə àɾámā
sew 347 káŋ dʒàm / jɛjadʒimɛ lɛdʒəmɛ dʒɑm dʒùm
sharp 233 ekuwo / ekuwokuwo ǹkɔ́ː lōkóː nōkóː nkɔ̀ɾà
she 268 je jɛ̀ jɛ jɛ wɛ́
shea butter tree 68
Q-Abanyom
sheep 134 ǹzúò òzúò ndʒɔː ndʒo ndʒo odʒo ǹdʒɔ̀ɾà ɔ̀dʒɔ̀ɾà
shield
c
shoes 27 iŋkpogokur akpgokur ɛ̀kpágátà àkpágátà ɑ̄kpɑɣɑ́tɑ̄ ɑkpɑɣɑtɑ ɔ̀kpàgàtà akpagata
short 244 èkíkə̀m ǹgbɛ̀gbɛǹɛ̀ mgbɛgbɛlɛː ŋ̩bɛńɛ́ èkpèdè
shoulder 17 èfóŋóbwɔ à- ́́ ́́ ̄̄ ɛ̀kpáɾáfàn àkpáɾáfàn ɛ̄pɑŕʌ́fɑ̄ŋ ɛ̄ːfɑ́ŋ ɑ̄ːfɑ́ŋ ɛkpáːkpá akpáːkpá
shout 288 álʌ̀n / ..lʌna-alʌn béŋè (lə)/(ɑː)bɪŋɪ bɛ́ŋɛ̀ ɛ̀kɔǹ
show (v) 296 tuŋa tɔŋɔ lə̀tóŋó tóŋò típ
sick 82 òjámà àjámà ɛ̀jám àjám ɛ̄ːjɑ́ ɑ̄jɑ́ òːjɑ́ː ɑ̀ːjɑ́ː ɔ̀jám
sing 276 ekwən / ..kwəna ejɪm -jīm / jiese ɑjiː(sɛ) -jíː tòm / tum
sister 108 manjɛn / manjenjenkan ɛkunudʒikaː akunujakaː muɑ́ɲɛ́ːjònkɑ̄ː muɑ̄ɲɛ́ːjòkɑ̄ː ɑ̄bwɑ̄ɲɛ́ːbɑ̀kɑ́ː mɔɲɛm-jɔkal
sit 305 ǹzí / ..zinzi / ..zonanzi ǹdʒí ndʒí dʒoː dʒɔ̀
six 89 esigɨsa ɛ̀sàgàsā ɑːsʌgɑsɑː ɛsɑ́ɣɑ̀ːsɑ́ bɛ̀ɾágá-bɛ̀ɾā
skin 33 ŋ̩gugu ágùgù nkpángu n̩kpɑńgʉ̀ɑ̄bīdʒī n̩gú ɑ̀gū ŋgwabedʒi
sky 197 èbú nèbó lə̄bóː nōbóː lòbó=libonta
sleep 311 lan ɛlɔ nan / aminan (ɑːmə)lɑn nɑn làl / ilɔ
smell 279 nlu / ..joga nluzumuje júnù / ejuɣuju ləjuːnu nɑ̄sɑ́ːn / nejugu ɲuna / èlù / ɛgbaju
smoke 170 étìtìgā atitiga étìtík átìtík ɑ̄ːtɪ̄tɪḱ ɑ̄tītɪǵí àtúk
smooth 228 iljeiljela nsɔbɔ ɛḿbōɣō nɔ̄sóːbó m̩ gbògé
snake 143 n̩ɲjúò onjúò ɲɔ ɲoː ɛːɲoː ɲo oɲo ɲɔ̄ː ɔɲɔː
Page 21 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
seed
sell
send
seven
sew
sharp
she
shea butter tree
sheep
shield
shoes
short
shoulder
shout
show (v)
sick
sing
sister
sit
six
skin
sky
sleep
smell
smoke
smooth
snake
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
moɣete m̩ ɔgɔ ḿ̩ ɔ̀k ɑḿ̩ ɔ̀k mok ɑmok móɣə̄ ɑ̄móɣə̄ mokoti ɑmokonti
gòɾí gòɾó góːŋò gúŋù gúŋù gə̯júŋū
tôm ìtóm ʃɔǹ / ɑ̀fí (he sent) túmɛ́ / tum túm túmɛ́
erimini ìɾímínì ʃìmɑ́ ʃə̄mɑ́ ʃə̄mɑ́ ʃə̄mɑ́
kur dʒɔḿ dʒɑ̀m dʒɑm ɛdʒɑmɛ dʒɑm
ikɔːr ikɔkɔr ɛ̀kɔ́ŋɔ ɛpkøjoŋo èpkɔ́ŋó ɛ̄kə́jóŋkōjōŋ
same as he same as he jɛ́ jɛ́ jɛ́ jɛ́
ndʒɔɾ ǹdʒɔ̀ɾɔ̀ ŋkɔm ndʒórō ndʒórō ndʒórō
ǹgòjàm ibudakpada abuda akpadaɛkpɑɣɑ-ɑtɑ ɑkpɑɣɑ-ɑtɑ ɑ̄kpɑ̄ɣɑ̄tɑ́ ɑ̄kpɑ̄ɣɑ̄tɑ́ ɑ̄kpɑ́ɣɑ̀tɑ̄
ekɨp / w/reduplication kpetʰ / ekpedekpet nkpɾiːkɑbɛ èpkəṕ kəṕɨḱəṕè nkɑṕəḱɑ̄pɛ̄
ikpukpɑɣebɛk èkpúkpáɾá íbɛ̀k ɛkpɑ̀kpɑ̀k ɑ̀kpɑ̀kpɑ̀k ɛkpɑɣɑbɑk ɛkpɑɣɑbɑk ɛkpɑɣɑbɑk
àɾán ran bìjéŋé bijiŋi bijiŋi rɑ́ːpɛ́
tep / toŋ típ tìbí (ɑkpəm)tip(i) / tip (ɑkpəm)tip(i) (ɑkpəm)tip(i)
ùjám ajam ùjám ɛ̀jɑḿ ɛjɑːm ɑjɑːm ɛjɑːm ɑjɑːm ɛjɑːm ɑjɑːm
kɔn tum jɛḿ jɨm jɪm (ɛ̄b)jím(í)
ngbanɛkal(i) (same) mɛnijɑ-bɑnkɑl ɛ̄kúnūn nə̄nkɑĺ monɑɲɛnonkɑl monɑɲɛnonkɑl
bɨm bəḿɛ̀ dʒíjɑ́ dʒí dʒí dʒi
ìɾáɾá íɾāɾā rɑ̀kɑ̀rɑǵ rjɑ́ɣʌ́rɑ́ rjɑ́ɣəŕɑ̄ rʲɑḱəŕɑ̄
ekpak-aŋgubedʒi uŋo kpɑǹgùː ngubdʒin ngūbdʒín ngóbdʒɪ̄n
ntʊlibunta ìbór=mborombóntà ɛ̀pbóŋ ɛ̀lbɪ́ùŋ / ebuŋ ébùŋ ɛ̄b̥ɪu̯n
àlál lal lɑĺ lɑĺ lɑĺ (ɛb)lɑːl(ɛ)
ìlú / àjúgìlú ìlú / ajugilu awu eʃiʃu èʃùʃv eʃuʃu / evyge eʃɨʃv̩
àtíták àtútɔḱ ɑ̀títɔḱ ɑ̄tə̄tók ɑ̄tə̄tók ɑ̄tə̄tók
ikpe / w/reduplication kpɛlɛkpɛlɛ/kpəkele ɛ̀rɔ́jɔ́ŋɔ̀ ɛ̀pfélè ɛ̀pfɛĺɛ́ (ɛ̄l)kpɛ́ːlɛ́
ɲɔ ɲɔ́ ɛlɑgɑ-ɛlɑgɛ ɑlɑgɑ-ɛlɑgɛ ɲo ɛɲo ɲó ɛ́ɲó ɲó ɛ́ɲó
Page 22 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
sneeze 302 èsíɾà / .. eiɾeesiɾa nesini eːsɪni ɪ̄sɪńə̄ àɾíná
soft 257 edjaɣadjaɣa ǹdɛɣɛ / ndɛ ɛːmərɛ / ndě ndɛ́ː / erɛɾɛ n̩dɛra
spear 212 ekuŋ nɛkɔŋ ɛ̄rɑ́ŋɑḱōn nōkóŋ nkoŋ n̩kɔǹ
Q-Abanyom
spider 123 èsámánsà asamansa ɛ̀sáɣánsà asaɣansa ɛ̄sɑ̄ɣɑńsɑ̄ː ɛlɑɣɑśɑ̀ːbɑ̄ ɑ̄lɑ̄ɣɑśɑ̀ːbɑ̄ ɛ́ɾágàndà araganda
spit 301 àtíɛn / ..soɣatiɛn só ɑːtɛn sʊ súː
split (wood with an axe) 341 jâ jâː lɛjɑː jɑː dʒàː
stand 306 jímà nèjím lèːjɪḿɪ́ jímī jɛ̀mɛ̀
star 199 èdùɾándù ádúɾándù èdúɾándù àdúɾándù ɛ̄duɑńdū ɛ̄dwɑńdʊ̄ ɑdwɑńdʊ̄ ndaɾando aɾaɾando
steal 315 àzú / ..jùjázù ɛ̀dʒū ɛ̄dʒú dʒu èdʒú
stick 172 ètí ǹtí bètē àbwántè mʊɑbəteː ēːté nte bètē
stomach 21 ékpà-ola ákpā-ola ɛ̀kpánà ɛ̀kpáːnà ɛ̄kpɑńɑ̄ nːɑ ɑnɑ lùbru mburu
stone 173 ètɑń nɛtan àtán lɛ̄tɑń nɑ̄tɑń ɑ̄ːtɑń lətɑl
straight 240 ójɛḿá / ójíɛḿá ntini ntɪnni nə̄tɪńnɪ́ n̩tɔɾà / ntini
stranger 113 ǹzɛńàníè àzɛńánìe ǹdʒɛńánɛ̀ àdʒànánɛ̀ ndʒɛlɑnⁿɛ ndʒɛ̄nɑ́ːnɛ̀ ɑ̄dʒɛ̄nɑ́ːnɛ̄ ǹdʒɛǹánɛ̀ àdʒɛńánɛ̀
stream 191 òtúwò àtúwò mbɔ abɔ mfɑ́bɑ́ ɛ̄ːfɑṕ bɑ̄ːfɑṕ mbɔ-alap abwa-alap
suck 298 ejaba / ..jaba jap lɛ̀jɑ́ːbɑ́ nɛ́bɛ̀ jáp
sun 200 ń(d)zùn ǹdʒòn ndʒul ndʒʊn n̩dʒól
sweat 9 éjúbá nɛ̀jóbò lɛ̄jóbō nòjóbò lèjóbē
sweep 304 ejuɛna / ..juɛnamfɨm fɛŋɛ ləfɛːŋɛ fɛ́ːŋɛ̄ fèŋè
swell 353 ètú / ..tu ǹtó [lə]tʊː nɔ̄tɔ́ː [lɛ̀]tʊr
swim 332 ejuok jɔk ləjoɣo jok aɲɔkɲɔk
tail 119 ǹ̩sɪń òsɪń nèsìn ǹsĩ̀ lɛ̄sɪń nsɪn nɪ̄síːn nsɪːn ləkel nkel
take 318 kwo kɔ́ː lə̀tòló ko kɔ́
tall 245 same as long ndaba n̩dɑːbɑ ndɑ̄ːbɑ́ n̩dàbàː
teach 295 ekpinekpina / ..kpina kpénè lə̄kpəĺé kpɛńɛ̀ kpèlè
tear drop 15 emiba àmíbà àmíbī ɑ́ːmɪ̄bī ɑ̄mīːbí àbíbì
ten 93 wuba wobo woːbo woːbo wùbà
Page 23 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
sneeze
iʃifine / ifufine rɪńì réní ɛ̄ríní (ɛ)ɾíní ɛ̄rínī
soft
idɔdɔk / idɔk idɪdɔk / dɛgɛdɛgɛ n̩kpɔ́ːdɔ̀ èkpɔ́ːdò ŋ̀kpɔ́tò (ɛ)nkpóːdō
spear
ìkɔ́ŋè íkōŋ ɛ̀kɔ̀ŋ n̥kɔ̀ŋ ɛĺkóʲòŋ ɛ̀lkɔ́ŋ ɛ̄lkɛṓn
spider
iɾaŋada irɑɣɑndɑ ɛɾɑgɑndɑ ɛ̄rɑ̄ɣəńdɑ̄ mondɑ mondɑ
spit
aʃɔ / àʃɔ́tɛl ʃɔ ʃóː ʃú (ɑtɛl) ʃɔ ɑtɛl ʃo ɑtɛl
split (wood with an dʒa axe)
jar jɑ́ŋé jɑŋɛ jɑ́ŋɛ̀ jɑ́ŋɛ́
stand
jɪm jemi jéːmi jíːmī jíːmí jíːmí
star
ǹdòɾóŋdò ńdùgɨńdò ɛ̀lɔ́ːlɔ̀ ɑlɔ́ːlɔ̀ ɛ̄lónlō ɑlónlō ɛ̄lónlō ɑlónlō ɛ̄lónlō
steal
ɲu / aju júː ɛ̀dʒū ɛdʒv̩ v̩ɛ́dʒv̩̀ ɛdʒəv / v̥
stick
etite ètíté ɛ́tí n̩téː ɛ́btí ɛ́tí ɛ́btí
stomach àlà àtìŋálà ɑ̀tɑ́ŋ-ɑ̀lɑ̀ ɑkpitlɑ ɑĺɑ̄ ɑĺɑ̄
stone
ùtɑ́ːl utɑl ɛtɑl ɛbtɑːl ɛbtɑːl ɛbtɑːl
straight
etɔtɔr / dede dididi / ntorɔ ɛ̀tɑ̄nɛ̄ / etɔrɔ ɛptor (ɛ)tortor (ɛ)tortor
stranger ǹdʒɛńɛ̀ ǹdʒɛńɛ̀ ndʒɛnnɛ ndʒɛnnɛ ndʒɛnnɛ ndʒɛnnɛ
stream
ìfáp ìfə́fábà ɛǵbɑ́ː ɛĺgbɑ́ ɛ̀pbɑ́ mgbɑ / mónbɛ̄pbɑ́
suck
jap jap jɑṕ jɑṕ jɑṕ (ɛ̄b)jɑ́ːp(ɛ̄)
sun
ŋ̀dʒòl ndʒʉl ndʒol ndʒul ǹdʒúl ndʒul
sweat
èdʒídʒóː ìjóːbò m̥̀ bwóró n̩wuːru n̩wuːru n̩wuːru
sweep
ful ful fɛ́ːŋɛ́ feː(ə)ŋɛ féː(ə)ŋɛ̄ feː(ə)ŋɛ
swell
tʊr tòr ɛ̀túŋ ɛptʲuŋ ɛ̀ptúŋ ɛ̄ptjúŋ
swim
(n)njɔk / (à)njɔḱ ɲɔk ɲɔḱ ɲjɔḱ wɔk ɲjók
tail
nkɛl ekel eʃɪl ɑʃɪl ɛpʃɪl nʃɪl ɛpʃɪl nʃɪl ɛpʃɪl nʃɪl
take
kɔ kɔ́ː kɔ́ː ko / rɔtʰ kɔ / rɔt ko
tall
àgá / w/reduplication ga / igɨga lɑ́ːbɛ̄ eblɑbe lɑ́bélɑ́bè nlɑ́ːbɛĺɑ̄ːbɛ̄
teach
àkpɪĺ kpílì kpílɛ́ (ɛp)tip(i) / tip tip (ɛp)tip(i)
tear drop ìtóŋ abibi ábìbī ɑbɔŋɔ ɑboŋo ɑ̄bóŋɛ̄ ɑboŋo
ten
igul igul ɛẃóbò ɛwʊbʊ ɛwʊbʊ ɛwʊbʊ
Page 24 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
termite 125 ŋ̀kpáfìːbà àkpáfìːbà ǹkèkɔ̀ akikɔ mbibi ɑbibi atan
Q-Abanyom
termite (2nd kind) 126 ɛtan ǹkɛ̀kɛ̀ àkɛ̀kɛ̀
termite (3rd kind) 127 ntúlɛ́tan atulɛtan
termite hill 128 ètán àtán ɛtɑn ɛtɑn nkoko ɑːkoko numetɑn
they 272 owo ábɔ̄ː ɑ́bò mbó
they (fem) 273
thick 246 èmúŋ nenubu ɛməlʉp nóbó ɛʃetset
thigh 28 òtá àtā ɛǹɛ̀mɛ̄ bɛǹɛ̀mɛ̄ ɛ̄nə̄mɛ́ ɛ̄nɛ̄mɛ́ bɛ̄nɛ̄mɛ́ ɛǹɛ̀mā
thin 247 n/a n/a lə̀vúrí nkōkómū / edʒɔ ɛsɛpɛsɛp
think 292 imfaɾa / .. fáɾā kɛ́ɾɛ̀ lɛkɛːrɛ nkɑ́ːnɑ̄ n̩kɛ́ɾɛ́
thorn 49 (i)nsaŋ àsáŋ ɛ̀dʒɛ́ŋɔ́ adʒɔŋɔ ɛ́ːdʒōŋóː ɑ́ːdʒōŋóː ɛ̄ːdʒódʒòŋɔ̄ ɑ̄ːdʒódʒòŋɔ̄ edʒoŋɑ
three 86 ɛːsɑ ǹsáː nsɑː nsɑː ɛ́ɾā
throw 350 lô túp / jɛjatubu lətobo tʊp ɾɔ́ː
tie [verb] 346 bwap bɔːb [lɛ]kəlɛ bop n̩gbádɛ̄
toad 148 èljéljè àljéljè ɛ̀dʒínàkàn adʒínàkàn ɛːdʒɪnɑnkɑl ɛ̄ːdʒɛŕɛ̄ bɛ̄dʒɛŕɛ̄ ɛ̀kpàdʒólà akpadʒola
tomorrow 207 ówɨ̀ ɛẃànā ɛẃɑńnɑ̄(dʒī) ɛ̄wɑńɑ̀dʒī ɛǵɔ́ː
tongue 7 élíbà álíbà nenibi ìníbí lɛ̄lɪ̄bí nībí nɪnɪ̀ ːbí - rìɾébè àrébè
tooth 6 èməń ɑ̀məń nēmān amen lɛ̄mɪń ɑmɪn nɑ̀mɑń ɑ̀ːmɑń èmān àmān
tortoise 144 ɑkpɑ ankɑn ɛkpɑnkɑn ɛːkpɑnkɑl ɛ̄kpɑ̄ɣɑńkɑ̄n / ɛkpɑŋkɑn nkul
tree 40 ètí ǹtí ètē ǹ̟̀tē ɛ̄téː ēːté n̩té òté ǹté
twelve 94 wameban wobo-kabibaː wōːbōkɑ̄bə́bɑ̄ː wōbō nɑ́ːbɑ́ː wuba-nababali
twenty 95 metan nɛ̀tɑń lɛːtʌl nɑ̀tɑń lətəl
two 85 eːβɑn ḿbāː mbɑ mbɑː bəbɑl
up 259 ùsúsɔ̀ bɛ̀sɔ́ bəso bɔśɔ́ lèbó
urine 39 àfúbà àfúːgu ɑ̄ːfúgū ɑ̄ːfúgù àfùgī
vomit 300 ŋḱù / ..kanaŋku kú (ə)/(ú)nkú nku n̩kùli
walk 328 ezɛn dʒɛn lɛdʒɛn nɛ̄dʒɛń adʒɛndʒɛn
Page 25 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
termite
termite (2nd kind)
termite (3rd kind)
termite hill
they
they (fem)
thick
thigh
thin
think
thorn
three
throw
tie [verb]
toad
tomorrow
tongue
tooth
tortoise
tree
twelve
twenty
two
up
urine
vomit
walk
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
akɔŋ ǹtán ɛ̀tɑń ɑtɑn ntɑn ntɑn ntɑn
atani áɾɔd(í) lʲɑ́ɣɛĺʲɑ́ɣɛ́tūntūn nkōkó lʲɛkətjʊŋutjʊŋu
akɔŋ
itɑni itɑn ɛtɑn ɛtɑːn ɛtɑːn ɛtɑːn
ábɔ̀ ŋgɔ / mbɔ ɔ́ː bô bɔ́ bo
lupʰ / elilup̚ nkuŋu eblup nlúːpúlūːpū
útàː ùtáː ɛńɑ̀mɛ̀ ɑńɑ̀mɛ̀ ɛ́jó ɛ́jó ɛ́jó
kèŋkə́ŋ m̩ ʃìʃɔ̀gɔ̄ èbʃíɛḱè / epʃe fɪlfɪl / njɑ́ːrɛ̄
ǹtɔṕ / àtóp tɔ́bò ntèɾè / ekəkeɾe kɛːrɛ kɛ́ɾɛ́ kɛːrɛ
ìdʒɔ́ɲídʒɔń idʒoŋo ɛ̀dʒɔ́jɔ́ŋɔ̀ ɑdʒɔjɔŋɔ ɛ̄dʒójōŋō ɑ̄dʒójōŋō ɛ̄dʒóóŋō ɑ̄dʒóóŋō ɛ̄dʒɛ́jōŋō ɑ̄dʒɛ́jōŋō
íɾáː íɾáː nrɑ nrɑ nrɑ nrɑ
rɔ / amurɔ ɾɔ́ː rɔ́ rɔ ro ro
gba gbàː gba kpɑ́ gbɑ gb̥ɑ́
ikpadʒole íkpádʒòlō ɛ̀kpɛ́dʒɑ̀mɛ̄ ɑ̀kpɛ́dʒɑ̀mɛ̄ ɛ̄kpə́dʒɑ̄mɛ̄ ɛ̄kpɑ́dʒɑ̄mɛ̄ ɛ̄kpɑ́dʒɑ̄mɛ̄
úgɔ́ ùbɔńà bɛǹɑ̀ː bɨńɑ̀ bəńɑ̄ bəńɑ̄
ìɾébī ílèbé a- ɛ̀légé lègé ɛ̄blígí lígí ɛ̄blíkí líkí ɛblɪɣi liɣi
ìlól ilul ɑlul ɛ̀mɑǹ ɑ̀mɑǹ ɛmmʌn ɑmɑn ɛmmʌn ɑmmɑn ɛbmɛn ɑmɛn
nkəl nkol ɛkpɑŋkəl ɛʃɑnkɑl ɛ̄tɑńkɑ̄l nkol
ìté àté ìté èté ǹtéː ɛti nti ɛti nti ɛti nti
igoːnɛba igoːnɛba ɛẁúbúbɑ̄ː ɛ̄wúbɑ̄l wúbə̄bɑĺ ɛ̄wúbúɛ̄bɑĺ
itəl itɑl ɛ̀tɑĺ ɛ̄ptɛĺ ɛ̄ptʌ́l ɛ̄ltʌ́l
ìbɑĺ íbàːl mbɑl mbɑl mbɑl mbɑl
ìbúr ìbúr ɛ̀ɾɔ́ ɛŕō ɛ̀ró ɛŕō
afɾɔː àfúɾɔ̀ ɑ̀fɔ́ːŋɔ̄ ɑ̄fóŋō ɑ̄fóŋɛ̄ ɑ̄fóŋō
ákū ku ɛ̀kɑ̀lɛ̀ kɑĺlɛ̄ kɑĺlɛ̄ kɑĺlɛ̄
(n)dʒɛn dʒɛn ɛ́dʒɛǹ ɛ̀bdʒɛń ɛbdʒɛn dʒɛn
Page 26 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
want 291 ìnsjábà / ǹsɛ́bɛ̀ lɛsɛːbɛ nəsɛ́ːbɛ̄ n̩ʃɛ̀p
Q-Abanyom
war 213 ètá n- bɛ̀táː ǹtáː bʌ̄tɑ́ː bɑ̄tɑ́ ntɑ́ bɛ̀táː n̩táː
wash 312 su / ..sùgánjɪm sò [lə]so[ɣo] su rò
wash clothes 313 same ləsoɣo súmbōː
water 195 alʌp ànáp ɑːlʌp ɑ̄ːlʌ́p àláp
we (exc) 270 wɔ̀-kpákpá / wùn
we (inc) 269 war wàr wɑr wɑr wùr
wedding 102 ébán àbán nɛ̀ːbán m̩̀ bán lʌ̄bɑń nɑ̄bɑń mbɑń ləbɑl
weed 72 ajo-awɛn àgbɛĺɛ́
wet 261 élúóbá élúóbélúóbà nàɾá (ɛmə)lɑːrɑ nōɲōːgó / ɲɔɣɔ iʃoːge
what 216 dʒ(j)ɛn / ediʒɛn / dʒénʒínà dʒɛ́dʒi dʒɛːdʒi dʒɛːdʒi bɛ̀dʒóm
when? 217 bɨ́ɣántínà bàɣádèn bɑɣɑngɑrɑ bɾɑńgɑ̀ːrɑ̄ / baŋgaɾa bàn̩gáɾà
where? 218 káfān / jejeme kafaŋ / efaŋ / jêma fɑŋ fɑŋjoː n̩gan
whistle 275 efífī / ..fəńà efifi éfìfè ɛfɪfi bɛ̄fér n̩táŋ
white 229 ebaɾabaɾa mbaɾa mbɑrɑ nbɑ́ːrɑ́ mbaɾa
who 214 duo jəńɛ̀ jɛnnɛː jɪː́nɛ̀ bànɛ́
whose 215 duoakpwi jenakpwi dʒiːjɛnnɛː jɛńnɑ̄ːkpé dʒìbànɛ́
why? 221 kazen / adusen érɪńàŋ kɑdʒɛː ɛŕúːnɑ̄ŋ erina / bɛdʒóndʒì
wide 238 èkpàŋá nkpaŋa mpɑ̄ŋɑ́ː nkpɑ̄ŋɑ́ nkpaŋa
wife 101 nkán ákán n̩kɑː àkáːnùm nkɑː nkɑ́ː ɑːkɑ́ː n̩kɑl ɑbəkɑl
wind [noun] 185 nfjep nfɛp nfɛp nsɛḿɛ́ m̩ fɛ̄p
wing 141 ekpoŋ ákpòŋ ɛ̀kpɔǹkpɔǹ àkpɔǹkpɔǹ ɛːkponkpon ɛːkpoŋpoŋ ɑːkpoŋpoŋ àkpònkpòn
woman 97 n̄jɛ̄nkán àbàkán mànkàː abaːkaː mʌ̄nkɑ́ː ɑ̄ːbɑ̄kɑ́ː mɑ̄nkɑ́ː ɑ̄bɑ̄kɑ́ː nɛnkal abakal
yawn 309 éjáːbà / ..jaːba ɛ̀jábà (l)ɛ̀jɑ́ːbɑ́ jɑːbɑ ɛ̀jábɛ́
year 201 n̩lʌ àlʌ́ iɲáː aɲaː ɲɑː̌ ɲɑ ɑɲɑ lɛ̀jáː ŋa
yes 254 n̂ / ɨ̃̂ íː nɑ̄jóː eː íː
yesterday 206 éɲà ɛɲajidʒi ɛ́ːɲɑ̄dʒī ɛ́ɲɑ̄ːdʒī ɛ̀ɲánɛ́
Page 27 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
want
war
wash
wash clothes
water
we (exc)
we (inc)
wedding
weed
wet
what
when?
where?
whistle
white
who
whose
why?
wide
wife
wind [noun]
wing
woman
yawn
year
yes
yesterday
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
nkiʃɛp ʃɛp / ʃebe gbɛ̀ʃɛ̀bɛ́ ɛ̀pʃʲɛṕè ʃɛp (ɛ̄l)ʃɛṕé
ítáː ìtá ɛ́tɑ̄ː ɛṕtɑ̀ ɛ̀ptɑ́ ɛ̄ltɑ́
àrú ɾúː rú rú ru ru
(same) rú ru ru
àlāp àlʌ́p ɑĺɑṕ ɑĺəṕ ɑ́ːlʌ̀p ɑːlʌp
wɨr wur wɑ̀rí wɑr wɑŕ wɑr
ukɔnɛbal ukonibɑl ɛ̀bɑĺ ɛ̄bɑĺ ɛĺbɑĺ ɑ̄kónó ɛpbɑl
(same as 'weed') ɑdʒɛlɛ ɑwobo ɑ̄dʒɛĺɛ́ ɛbdʒɛlɛ ɑwoboɑdʒɛlɛ ɑwobo
ikpokpot kpɔdɔ ɛ́ʃùgù ɛ̄pʃúkū ɛ̄pʃúkū ɛ̄pʃúkū
badʒom / nan báiidʒùm / nan dʒɛ́dʒí / dʒen / dʒendʒi dʒɛńdʒi / dʒumɑdʒi dʒen / ɛdʒum dʒɛn
bájkə̀t báigàɾà ngɑ̀ɾɑ̀ɲí ɲgɑ̀ɾɑ̀ ɲí n̩təń(wɔ) / ŋgɑɾnji ntɛń / ŋgaɾaɲi
ngàní / àɾègán ŋ̀gánò gɑǹìwɔ̄ gɑń / ɑlɪgɑn ŋ̀gɑń jɛ̄ːnónɑ̄ / ŋganwɔ
iful / afuliful ifɨlʉ ɛ́fùl ɛ̀pfúlò ɛ̀fúlū ɛ̄lfúlū
babar bɨbaɾa m̥ bɑ́ːrɛ̄ ɛ̀bɑŕè / mbɑre mbɑ́ɾébɑ̀ɾè mbɑːrʌbɑːrɛ
ɲínɔ̀ː ɲónō báibògò ɲɛǹɛẁɔ́ ɲɪńɪẃɔ̀ ɲɪ̄nɛ́ / ɲɪńɛẃɔ̀ nɑːwo / ɲɛńɛ́
(same) ɲɛǹɛẁɔ̀kpé ɲɪɲɪwɔkpi nɑ̀kpí ndʒíɲə̄nɛ̄
badɔm / naŋ / ílímnànɔ̀ nán dʒòmɑ̀dʒī / arenan líɾénɑǹ ɑ̀bɑ̀dʒɛń / dʒɛn dʒūmɑ̄dʒí / nɛńɑ́ːn
akpaŋkpaŋe / éɲàɲàŋé kpaŋ(a) / kpakpaŋa bar ɑ̀kbɑ̀ŋ ɛlkpɑŋ ɑ̀kpɑ́ŋ nkpɑ́ŋɛḱpɑ̄ŋɛ̄
ǹkál akal ǹkál nkɑl ɑkɑl nəkɑl ɑbəkɑl nkɑl ɑkɑl nkɑl ɑkɑl
ififɛ èfùfɛ̀ m̀ fɛṕ ɛĺfɛṕ ɛ́fɛ̀p ɛĺfɛṕ
èkpòŋkpòŋ àkpɔ̀kpòk ɑkpõnkpon ɛ̄kpúnpūn ɛ̄kpúnpūn ɛ̄kpəńpəń
nɛnkal abakal nɛnkɑl nləkɑl nəkɑl ɑbəkɑl nɛːkɑl ɑnʌpkɑl nɛnkɑl ɑnʌpkɑl
àjáp ijaba jɑ́ːbɛ́ (ɛ)jɑːpɛ jɑ́ːpé (ɛ)jɑːpɛ
ìɾáː ìɾá ɛ̀jɑ́ː ɛ́bjɑ́ ɛĺjɑ̀ ɛĺjɑ̄
ɛː ej ê eː eː eː
íɲàni íɲàná ɲɑ̀ːnè ɲɑ́ːnè ɲɑ́ːnɛ̄ ɲɑ́ːnɛ̄
Page 28 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
order M-Efutop
N - Nde
O - Nselle
P - Nta
Q-Abanyom
you (ms) 266 wo wɔ̀ ūwó wo wɔ̀
you (pl) 271 wan wàr (kpákpá) wɑr mbó wun
Page 29 of 30

Appendix 2 - Bakor Wordlists
gloss
you (ms)
you (pl)
R - Nkim
S - Nkum
T - Nnam
Uk-Ekagongo
Um - Mfom
Us - Esham
wɔ wɔ wɔ̀ wɔ wɔ wo
uwun wɔr wan wɑń wɑń wɑn
Page 30 of 30