FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION - Midlands State University

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the weathering of limestones based on observation periods of 50 years or less. He calculated initial weathering rates as shown in Table 5. TABLE 5.—WEATHERING RATES OF TOMBSTONES Type of Tombstone Number of Years Necessary to Produce 1 In. of Weathering Kirkly Stephen 500 Tailbrig "macadam" 300 Penrith limestone 250 Askrigg limestone 240 Moisture is considered to be the major agent responsible for decay of building materials. Malécot as quoted by Merrill (14), emphasizes the durability of buildings and monuments in the dry climates of Egypt and Sicily; whereas the same materials transported to France or England soon reveal signs of decay. TABLE 6.—AGE AND WEATHERING OF BUILDING MATERIALS Type of building Age, years Notes on weathering Conditions Sandstone from Brochterbeck Church in Riesenbeck About 100 In good condition St. Catherine's Church in Osnabrück. About 550 Slight weathering St. Mary's Church in Osna Brück About 770 Strongly weathered in parts Ruins of Castle Tecklen- Burg About 900 Most of it is strongly weathered Sandstone from Rothenburg Canal lock near Alt-Friesack About 55 Significant traces of weathering Same, near Spandau About 80 Rather strongly weathered Same, near Liepe About 100 Very strongly weathered Porphyry from Nahetal, Rhineland City hall in Kreuznach 150 No significant trace of weathering High school in Kreuznach 400 Distinct surface weathering, no change in interior Hirschwald (10) has made a systematic study of weathering processes on a large number of old buildings in central Europe. By limiting comparisons to materials from known quarries, he was able to establish semiquantitative relationships between time and degree of weathering (Table 6). Soil Formation on the Kamenetz Fortress.—The Kamenetz fortress in Ukraine, U.S.S.R., was built in 1362 and remained in use until 1699, when its strategic position came to an end. The buildings were neglected, and the structure disintegrated. It may be assumed that, on the high walls and towers, weathering continued undisturbed throughout the subsequent centuries. In 1930, Akimtzev (2) investigated the soils formed on top of the walls of the Dennaya tower (see Fig. 17) of the old fortress that had been constructed with calcareous slabs. He compared the weathered material with near-by soils derived from Silurian limestone (Table 7). Both soils are of the humus-carbonate type (rendzina), and their physical and chemical properties are remarkably alike. On the tower, soil development has
een very rapid, an average thickness of 12 in. of soil having been reached in 230 years. FIG. 17.—View of Kamenetz fortress from the west. (After photograph). TABLE 7.—COMPARISON OF HISTORICAL AND NATURAL SOILS (KAMENETZ FORTRESS) Soil on Natural soil in Fortress vicinity of fortress Depth of soil, cm 10-40 8 Humus, per cent 3.5 3.8 Clay, per cent 50-56 53 CaCO 3 , per cent 5 About 5 Exchangeable Ca, per cent 0.85 0.89 PH 7.7 7.67 Volcanic Soils.—On Aug. 26 and 27, 1883, occurred the stupendous volcanic eruption of Krakatao in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra (19). Enormous quantities of dust were projected into the atmosphere, covering the neighboring island, Lang-Eiland, with volcanic material over 100 ft. (30 m.) in thickness. On Oct. 31, 1928, Ecoma Verstege collected the following three samples from a soil profile: Surface soil, thickness 35 cm. (13.8 in.), Middle layer, pumice, Parent rock, pumice, thickness 42 m. (138 ft.). Subsequently, the samples were examined mineralogically by Van Baren and subjected to a detailed chemical analysis by Möser. Unlike the lower strata, the surface layer contained anhydrite, pyrite, and wollastonite, minerals that Van Baren considers to be new formations. The microbiological population was determined by Schuitemaker and was found to compare favorably with that of a garden soil. Unfortunately, the morphological profile description is very meager, but there does not seem to have been any appreciable laterization. On the other hand, the chemical analyses (Table 8) clearly indicate tropical weathering. In spite of luxuriant vegetation, the nitrogen and organic-matter contents of the soil are low. During soil formation, the SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 ratio has distinctly narrowed, indicating a preferential leaching of silica over alumina, which is supposedly a characteristic feature of tropical soil formation. The leaching factor β is 0.776, which compares favorably with that of podsolized soils of the humid temperate region. This is indeed a remarkable removal of potassium and sodium for the brief period of 45 years. The increase in fine particles and in moisture, especially in
Page 1 and 2: FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION A System
Page 3 and 4: To MY WIFE
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE The College of Agriculture
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION CHAPTER I
Page 9 and 10: To a certain extent, many geologica
Page 11 and 12: FIG. 6.—Illustration of a soil in
Page 13 and 14: FIG. 8.—The larger system. (After
Page 15 and 16: However, it remained for Hilgard in
Page 17 and 18: These terms are identical with the
Page 19 and 20: thus avoid lengthy excursions into
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER II METHODS OF PRESENTATION
Page 23 and 24: Colloid chemists favor size-distrib
Page 25 and 26: These ratios afford a means of dete
Page 27 and 28: FIG. 14.—Illustration of soil var
Page 29: Studies on Experimental Weathering.
Page 33 and 34: FIG. 18.—This graph shows in a sk
Page 35 and 36: thickness of the eluvial horizon in
Page 37 and 38: material contained from 9 to 10 per
Page 39 and 40: FIG. 25.—Schematic illustration o
Page 41 and 42: Tujunga sand —> Hanford fine sand
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER IV PARENT MATERIAL AS A SOI
Page 45 and 46: they would have to be considered as
Page 48 and 49: Physical and Chemical Rock Decay.
Page 50 and 51: FIG. 31.—Comparison of relative b
Page 52 and 53: environment should produce soils th
Page 54 and 55: TABLE 13.—RELATIVE PERCOLATION VE
Page 56 and 57: In certain parts of the world, espe
Page 58 and 59: minds of all students of loessial s
Page 60 and 61: that parent material is one of the
Page 62 and 63: Jersey, out of 48 soil types, 24, o
Page 64 and 65: Scherf claims that the climate of t
Page 66 and 67: 13. KAY, G. F., and APPEL, E. T.: T
Page 68 and 69: FIG. 42.—Relationship between slo
Page 70 and 71: Specific examples of the relationsh
Page 72 and 73: FIG. 46.—Distribution of organic
Page 74 and 75: suffered salinization. Some of the
Page 76 and 77: from Marbut's standpoint; but, in t
Page 78 and 79: FIG. 50.—Distribution of mean ann
Page 80 and 81:
main, they have not been very succe
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modifications in environment due to
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correlation exists between total so
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FIG. 59.—Soil nitrogen-depth func
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eliminates chance correlation. More
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TABLE 25.—CHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF TH
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(49), and thereby identify the soil
Page 94 and 95:
FIG. 65.—Relationship between CaO
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published in the Soil Survey Report
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(usually pH 7) is known as the base
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In Table 30 are given corresponding
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particularly in the more humid regi
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The hydrogen ion concentration and
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Soil Color.—In humid regions of t
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Nitrogen and Organic Matter as a Fu
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area by soil scientists of the U. S
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TABLE 38.—DATA FOR THE PARENT MAT
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Crowther correlates clay compositio
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Podsols.—In vast areas of norther
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FIG. 85.—Diagrammatic section of
Page 120 and 121:
FIG. 87.—Comparison of podsolizat
Page 122 and 123:
ft. above sea level, the total nitr
Page 124 and 125:
Generalized Soil-climate Functions.
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d. Under conditions of constant moi
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horizons. The decrease in the clay
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directly from the melting ice. Thic
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FIG. 97.—Climatic and vegetationa
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soil processes occur mainly during
Page 136 and 137:
FIG. 98.—Chernozem soil near Khar
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FIG. 99.—Marbut's classification
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47. MARBUT, C. F.: A scheme for soi
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CHAPTER VII ORGANISMS AS A SOIL-FOR
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as a consequence of natural reinocu
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intensive leaching supports acidoph
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TABLE 51.—AREAS OF NATURAL VEGETA
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TABLE 53.—DRY WEIGHTS OF LIVING U
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TABLE 56.—RAINFALL AND PLANT PROD
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the yields of corn: that is to say,
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disappear and acid-tolerant species
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TABLE 60.—COMPARISON OF PRAIRIE A
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differences are found in the distri
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Here also the leaves of the deciduo
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indeterminate past. The land, after
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chapters, we must be content with a
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Duley (44) initiated the first scie
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matter acts as a binding agent betw
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areas in the San Joaquin Valley of
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independent variables. These latter
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Inherent Productive Capacity of Soi
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FIG. 121.—Showing the relation be
Page 180 and 181:
FIG. 123.—Decline of soil nitroge
Page 182 and 183:
FIG. 124.—This graph depicts the
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25. HOSKING, J. S.: The carbon-nitr
Page 186 and 187:
CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSIONS In this ch
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the other correlates soils in terms
Page 190 and 191:
knowledge of the physical, chemical
show all

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