FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION - Midlands State University

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CONTENTS CHAPTER I DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS 1 CHAPTER II METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF SOIL DATA 21 CHAPTER III TIME AS A SOIL-FORMING FACTOR 31 CHAPTER IV PARENT MATERIAL AS A SOIL-FORMING FACTOR 52 A. Definition and Method of Approach. B. Soil Formation on Igneous Rocks. C. Soil Formation on Sedimentary rocks. D. Systems of Soil Classification Based on Nature of Parent Material. CHAPTER V TOPOGRAPHY AS A SOIL-FORMING FACTOR 89 CHAPTER VI CLIMATE AS A SOIL-FORMING FACTOR 104 A. Moisture as a Soil-forming Factor: 1. Discussion of Moisture Criteria; 2. Relationships between Soil Properties and Moisture Factors: a. Organic Constituents of the Soil; b. Inorganic Constituents of the Soil. B. Temperature as a Soilforming Factor: 1. Discussion of Temperature Criteria; 2. Relationships between Soil Properties and Temperature. C. Combinations of Moisture and Temperature Influences. D. Distribution of Soils According to Climate. CHAPTER VII ORGANISMS AS A SOIL-FORMING FACTOR 197 A. Dependent and Independent Nature of Organisms. B. Vegetation: 1. Vegetation as a Dependent Variable; 2. Vegetation as an Independent Variable. C. Man as a Soilforming factor: 1. Influences of Cultural Practices; 2. Concepts of Soil Productivity and Soil Fertility; 3. Future Trends of Soil Fertility. CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSIONS 261 INDEX 271
PREFACE The College of Agriculture of the University of California offers a four-year curriculum in soil science. The first two years are devoted to the fundamental sciences, whereas the remaining period covers the field of soil science and related agricultural and scientific phases. Among the subjects prescribed, the four-unit course on "Development and Morphology of Soils" includes a study of soil-forming factors and processes of soil genesis. The present monograph is an extension of the first part of the course. The book must be classified as an advanced treatise on theoretical soil science. Pedology is sometimes identified with the section of the domain of soil science that studies the soil body in its natural position. It is in this sense that the term is used throughout the book. As far as the author is aware the approach and presentation of the subject matter are entirely novel. They are the result of intensive research and a dozen years of teaching, beginning with an instructorship at the Federal Technical Institute in Zurich, Switzerland, followed by an association with the University of Missouri from 1927 to 1936. It is impossible to acknowledge adequately and specifically the assistance, criticisms, and encouragement rendered by scores of colleagues and students. To all of these the author tenders his sincere thanks. The author wishes to express his deep indebtedness to Dr. Roy Overstreet, who has given much time to long and profitable discussions. He has improved the manuscript logically and technically. In particular his contribution to the elucidation of the role of organisms in the scheme of soil formers will be appreciated by all who have been baffled by the complexity of the biotic factor. The author's profound thanks are also due to Dr. J. Kesseli of the Department of Geography, who read the manuscript and offered many helpful suggestions. The author extends his appreciation to Dr. R. H. Bray of the University of Illinois and to Dr. A. D. Ayers of the United States Salinity Laboratory for the use of unpublished data on loessial soils and on salinization. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the cooperation of members of the personnel of the Works Progress Administration Official Project No. 465-03-3-587-B-10, who assisted in the stenographic work and furnished translations from recent Russian literature. The author wishes to add that the data selected from the literature are presented to illustrate pedological relationships. The selection does not reflect the author's opinion regarding the validity of these data nor does it indicate any discrimination against investigations that are not mentioned in the text. HANS JENNY. Berkeley, Calif., June, 1941.
Page 1 and 2: FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION A System
Page 3: To MY WIFE
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION CHAPTER I
Page 9 and 10: To a certain extent, many geologica
Page 11 and 12: FIG. 6.—Illustration of a soil in
Page 13 and 14: FIG. 8.—The larger system. (After
Page 15 and 16: However, it remained for Hilgard in
Page 17 and 18: These terms are identical with the
Page 19 and 20: thus avoid lengthy excursions into
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER II METHODS OF PRESENTATION
Page 23 and 24: Colloid chemists favor size-distrib
Page 25 and 26: These ratios afford a means of dete
Page 27 and 28: FIG. 14.—Illustration of soil var
Page 29 and 30: Studies on Experimental Weathering.
Page 31 and 32: een very rapid, an average thicknes
Page 33 and 34: FIG. 18.—This graph shows in a sk
Page 35 and 36: thickness of the eluvial horizon in
Page 37 and 38: material contained from 9 to 10 per
Page 39 and 40: FIG. 25.—Schematic illustration o
Page 41 and 42: Tujunga sand —> Hanford fine sand
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER IV PARENT MATERIAL AS A SOI
Page 45 and 46: they would have to be considered as
Page 48 and 49: Physical and Chemical Rock Decay.
Page 50 and 51: FIG. 31.—Comparison of relative b
Page 52 and 53: environment should produce soils th
Page 54 and 55:
TABLE 13.—RELATIVE PERCOLATION VE
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In certain parts of the world, espe
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minds of all students of loessial s
Page 60 and 61:
that parent material is one of the
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Jersey, out of 48 soil types, 24, o
Page 64 and 65:
Scherf claims that the climate of t
Page 66 and 67:
13. KAY, G. F., and APPEL, E. T.: T
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FIG. 42.—Relationship between slo
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Specific examples of the relationsh
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FIG. 46.—Distribution of organic
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suffered salinization. Some of the
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from Marbut's standpoint; but, in t
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FIG. 50.—Distribution of mean ann
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main, they have not been very succe
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modifications in environment due to
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correlation exists between total so
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FIG. 59.—Soil nitrogen-depth func
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eliminates chance correlation. More
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TABLE 25.—CHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF TH
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(49), and thereby identify the soil
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FIG. 65.—Relationship between CaO
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published in the Soil Survey Report
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(usually pH 7) is known as the base
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In Table 30 are given corresponding
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particularly in the more humid regi
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The hydrogen ion concentration and
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Soil Color.—In humid regions of t
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Nitrogen and Organic Matter as a Fu
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area by soil scientists of the U. S
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TABLE 38.—DATA FOR THE PARENT MAT
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Crowther correlates clay compositio
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Podsols.—In vast areas of norther
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FIG. 85.—Diagrammatic section of
Page 120 and 121:
FIG. 87.—Comparison of podsolizat
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ft. above sea level, the total nitr
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Generalized Soil-climate Functions.
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d. Under conditions of constant moi
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horizons. The decrease in the clay
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directly from the melting ice. Thic
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FIG. 97.—Climatic and vegetationa
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soil processes occur mainly during
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FIG. 98.—Chernozem soil near Khar
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FIG. 99.—Marbut's classification
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47. MARBUT, C. F.: A scheme for soi
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CHAPTER VII ORGANISMS AS A SOIL-FOR
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as a consequence of natural reinocu
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intensive leaching supports acidoph
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TABLE 51.—AREAS OF NATURAL VEGETA
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TABLE 53.—DRY WEIGHTS OF LIVING U
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TABLE 56.—RAINFALL AND PLANT PROD
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the yields of corn: that is to say,
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disappear and acid-tolerant species
Page 158 and 159:
TABLE 60.—COMPARISON OF PRAIRIE A
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differences are found in the distri
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Here also the leaves of the deciduo
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indeterminate past. The land, after
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chapters, we must be content with a
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Duley (44) initiated the first scie
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matter acts as a binding agent betw
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areas in the San Joaquin Valley of
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independent variables. These latter
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Inherent Productive Capacity of Soi
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FIG. 121.—Showing the relation be
Page 180 and 181:
FIG. 123.—Decline of soil nitroge
Page 182 and 183:
FIG. 124.—This graph depicts the
Page 184 and 185:
25. HOSKING, J. S.: The carbon-nitr
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CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSIONS In this ch
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the other correlates soils in terms
Page 190 and 191:
knowledge of the physical, chemical
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