Download IOTA Edition - College of Engineering Roorkee

Disha...the technical committee presents
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THE ANNUAL TECHNICAL MAGAZINE
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1, OCTOBER 2010
GUEST COLUMN
p25
GUEST OF HONOR
p36
NETWORK SIMULATORS
p2
WUDLEAF N’ AMIGO
p38

Mrs. Usha Banerjee, Senior Lecturer
Department of Computer Science
Dr. Pawan K. Emani, Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Manoj Kumar, Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering
Dr. V. K. Verma, Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Dr. Madhav Bhattacharya, Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Narsingh Dass, Professor
Department of Physics
Dr. V. K. Singh, Professor
Department of Chemistry
Dr. D. V. Gupta, Professor
Department of Mathematics
CHIEF MENTOR
Dr. Kamal Kapoor
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
01
02
04
09
Technical Article
64 bit vs. 32 bit Operating System
Technical Article
Network Simulators
Review Article
Human Powered Aircraft
Technical Article
Indoor Millimeter Antenna
Designing
Rakesh Kumar Pandey
Saurabh Negi
Anjali Ghildiyal
Mitesh Upreti
Ritambhara Agnihotry
Atin Chaudhary
Documentation
Rakhi Singh
Kopal Nigam
Yashasvi Bansal
Shashwat Singh
Upasana Thapliyal
Publicity
Neha Misra
Neha Pande
Shalini Singh
Vivek Aggarwal
Marketing
Utkarsh Khanna
Gaurav Kumar
Prateek Arora
Parush Aggarwal
Sponsorship
Rakesh Kumar Pandey
Pranav Khanna
Utkarsh Khanna
Abhinay Manbansh
Puneet Joshi
Atin Chaudhary
Saurabh Negi
Suyog Mittal
Maulik Murari
Rishabh Bhardwaj
Ankit Mehra
Ambuj
Himanshu Gauniyal
No part of this publication can be distributed,
transmitted or stored in a database or retrieval
system without the prior written permission of
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE.
© College of Engineering Roorkee
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27
31
36
43
Technical Article
Semantic Web
Research Paper
Complex Analysis of mass, velocity and time
Research Paper
Sustaining recession in Indian scenario.
Guest of Honor
Interview of Dr. D. C. Pande
The Pursuit of Fragging
Counterstrike
iota October 2010 i

CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE
I am very much pleased to introduce the inaugural issue of IOTA,
the annual technical magazine. The magazine will surely help the
young COER’ians and the faculty members in more than one way. It
will provide them a platform to show their talent besides vast sea of
knowledge. I wish all the readers a purposeful and constructive
learning experience.
J. C. Jain
DIRECTOR GENERAL’S MESSAGE
It gives me immense pleasure to introduce ‘IOTA’-the first ever
technical magazine of College of Engineering Roorkee. This magazine
is a creative step which provides the students an opportunity
to expand their horizons and share their technical thoughts. It is an
excellent platform for the budding engineers, scientists and researchers
to pursue their passion and get acknowledged. I extend
my heartiest wishes to young COER’ians and faculty members for
this new endeavor and hope this step proves to be a successful
one.
Gopal Ranjan
iota October 2010 ii

IOTA...an introduction
iota: 1. noun [s] an extremely small amount, 2. ninth letter of the Greek alphabet.
A flash of idea came into the mind of a young boy sitting in an apple orchard. The idea laid the foundation
of Theory of Gravitation and the boy later became one of the greatest physicists of all time, Isaac
Newton. Perhaps most of the discoveries and inventions are the result of an instant idea, that we call
an intuition. A small idea changes the way we think, we do the things. In this era of technology we are
going through a phase where young and fresh minds are sprouting up with ideas having a Midas
touch. IOTA as the name itself depicts is a small contribution to the progress of those endowed minds
who by their aptitude and innovation poses the potential to change the face of the globe with their
explicit offerings. This magazine includes the elite piece of writing of those young minds however it is
just an iota of ingenuity of those minds too. IOTA provides them an elite opportunity to exhibit their
skills, intelligence, creativity and resourcefulness that will in turn add to their capability to contend
with the unparallel world and grow up their idea from an iota to a mammoth. Apart from this, the
magazine holds the curiosity and interests through its contents which is a medley of Technical Articles,
Research Papers, Graffiti and short notes. On the whole this is a rational publication that would
certainly add something to the readers’ intellect.
Welcome to the world of creativity and knowledge.
TEAM IOTA
CHIEF MENTOR’S MESSAGE
Dear Readers,
The much awaited issue of IOTA is finally at your desk, CONGRATULATIONS! Unfortunately we were
not able to include all the compositions that many of you might have written due to various constraints
like lack of content and lack of space. But, then it is not the end. It is just a beginning. The
magazine will surely reflect the standard of the compositions that we wanted to include. So you may
write accordingly next time. Human mind is blessed with the ability to adapt and survive. This holds
significance even in context to the contemporary scenario. The incessant developments in the fields
of technology, education and research, very well justify the above fact. However, it should also be
noted that every human mind has got a different and an independent orientation which is governed
by a person’s perception, intellect and rationalism. And these three important factors are built
through knowledge. Hence, Knowledge forms the base of every purposeful activity. Therefore, if
knowledge is properly channelized to a target and the randomization of thoughts is reduced, we
would achieve our goal. To serve same purpose, we have come up with the idea of IOTA and introducing
this inaugural edition of annual technical magazine- IOTA brings me to an elated state of mind. It
is one of our most prominent endeavors to guide students with a pool of knowledge. The magazine
aims to collect the knowledge and redistribute it uniformly among all its readers. It is going to act as a
rich source of information for both students and the faculties. The magazine will surely hold your interest
and will definitely add something to your armory.
Dr. Kamal Kapoor
iota October 2010 iii

64 bit vs. 32 bit Operating System
Anurag Sati, ME-III year
You're probably aware that 64-bit and 32-bit versions of
your operating system exist, but apart from ascribing to a
bigger-is-better philosophy, you may have no idea what
separates the two. The question: Should you use a 64-bit
version of Windows, and why? More and more frequently,
users are installing the 64-bit version of their operating system
of choice over the less capable 32-bit version. But
most people don't really have a full understanding of what
the difference really is. We're taking a look at the most important
differences so you can better understand what
you gain (and potentially lose) if you upgrade to the 64-bit
version of your OS.
Which Version Do I Have?
To figure out which version of Windows you are running,
just head into the System properties in Control Panel, or
you can take the easy route and right-click on your Computer
icon in the start menu or desktop, and choose Properties
from the menu. Windows 7 or Vista users will be able
to check the System type in the list, while the few XP users
with 64-bit will see it on the dialog.
Keep in mind that your CPU must support 64-bit in order to
be running a 64-bit operating system—if you're running a
modern CPU you should be fine, but some of the budget
PCs don't include a 64-bit processor.
Does 32-bit Really Have a Memory Limit?
In any 32-bit operating system, you are limited to 4096 MB
of RAM simply because the size of a 32-bit value will not
allow any more. On a 32-bit system, each process is given
4 GB of virtual memory to play with, which is separated
into 2 GB of user space that the application can actually
use at a time. A common misconception is that this is a
Windows-specific problem, when in fact 32-bit Linux and
Mac OS X have the same limitations and the same workarounds.
More Problems with 32-Bit
Not only does 32-bit have a hard limit for the amount of
memory it can address, there's also another problem: your
devices, like your video card and motherboard BIOS take
up room in that same 4 GB space, which means the underlying
operating system gets access to even less of your
RAM. Windows expert Mark Russinovich found that a desktop
running 32-bit Windows with 4 GB of RAM and two 1
GB video cards only had 2.2 GB of RAM available for the
operating system—so the bigger and better your video
cards get the less of that 4 GB will be accessible on a 32-
bit system.
What's Different About 64-Bit?
While 32 bits of information can only access 4 GB of RAM,
a 64-bit machine can access 17.2 BILLION gigabytes of
system memory, banishing any limits far into the future. This
also means that your video cards and other devices will
not be stealing usable memory space from the operating
system. The per-process limit is also greatly increased—on
64-bit Windows, instead of a 2 GB limit, each application
has access to 8 TB of virtual memory, a huge factor when
you consider applications like video editing or virtual machines
that may need to use enormous amounts of RAM.
On Windows, the 64-bit versions also come with a technology
to prevent hijacking the kernel, support for hardwareenabled
data execution protection, and mandatory digitally
signed 64-bit device drivers. You also won't be able to
use your 16-bit apps anymore, which hardly seems like a
loss.
Do 32-bit Applications Work on 64-Bit?
The vast majority of your 32-bit applications will continue to
work just fine on 64-bit Windows, which includes a compatibility
layer called WoW64, which actually switches the
processor back and forth between 32-bit and 64-bit
modes depending on which thread needs to execute—
making 32-bit software run smoothly even in the 64-bit environment.
There are some exceptions to that rule, however: 32-bit
device drivers and low-level system applications like Antivirus,
shell extensions that plug into Windows, and some
media applications simply won't work without a 64-bit
equivalent. In practice, the vast majority of your favorite
applications will either continue to work, or provide a 64-
bit version you can use instead—but you should check to
make sure.
Does 64-Bit Use Double the RAM?
A common misconception about 64-bit Windows is the
amount of RAM that is actually used—some people seem
to think it will use double the RAM, while others incorrectly
assume a 64-bit system will be twice as fast as 32-bit.While
it's true that 64-bit processes will take a little extra memory,
that is a result of the memory pointers being a little bigger
to address the larger amount of RAM, and not an actual
double in size. What will increase with 64-bit Windows is the
amount of drive space needed for the operating system
with a compatibility layer in place, the base OS will take
up a few extra GBs of space, though with today's massive
hard drives that should hardly be a concern.
“Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing”
~Werner Von Braun
iota October 2010 1

Technical Article
Network Simulators
USHA BANERJEE
Senior Lecturer, Department of Computer Science
A simulator is a collection of hardware and software systems
which are used to mimic the behavior of some entity
or phenomenon. Simulators are used to analyze and
verify theoretical models which may be too difficult to
grasp from a purely conceptual level.
The basic advantage of simulators is that they are able to
provide users with practical feedback when designing
real world systems. This allows the designer to determine
the correctness and efficiency of a design before the
system is actually constructed. Consequently, the user
may explore the merits of alternative designs without actually
physically building the systems. By investigating the
effects of specific design decisions during the design
phase rather than the construction phase, the overall
cost of building the system diminishes significantly. As an
example, consider the design and implementation of a
complex network of connected computers. During the
design phase, the researcher is presented with a myriad
of decisions regarding such things as the placement of
computers, the routing of the wires etc.. It would be very
costly and time consuming to actually connect all of the
possible network combinations and then evaluate each
of their respective performance. Through the use of a
simulator, however, the user may investigate the relative
superiority of each network without actually connecting
the systems themselves. By mimicking the behavior of the
networks, the network simulator is able to provide the researcher
with information pertaining to the correctness
and efficiency of alternate networks. After carefully
weighing the pros and cons of each network, the best
network may then be designed. Another benefit of simulators
is that they permit researchers to study a problem
at several different levels of abstraction. By approaching
a system at a higher level of abstraction, the researcher is
better able to understand the behaviors and interactions
of all the high level components within the system and is
therefore better equipped to counteract the complexity
of the overall system. This complexity may simply overwhelm
the researcher if the problem had been approached
from a lower level. The components of a system
designed by the researcher is simulated and the performance
of that design is evaluated. If found satisfactory,
the design is accepted for further processing or else
the design is rejected and the next one is simulated.
Thirdly, simulators can be used as an effective means for
teaching or demonstrating concepts to students. This is
particularly true of simulators that make intelligent use of
computer graphics and animation. Such simulators dynamically
show the behavior and relationship of all the
simulated system's components, thereby providing the
user with a meaningful understanding of the system's nature.
Consider again, for example, a network simulator.
Students are able to develop complex networks, implement
network protocols, evaluate the performance of
such networks and create situations which in reality may
not be very feasible. Such a simulator should also permit
students to speed up, slow down, stop or even reverse a
simulation as a means of aiding understanding.
Network simulators are basically simulation software
which are used to simulate computer networks which
might consist of computers, routers, data links etc. and
test the performance of such networks. Network simulators
are very fast and relatively inexpensive compared to
the actual time and cost required to set up real networks.
They allow engineers to test scenarios that might be particularly
difficult or expensive to emulate using real hardware.
Networking simulators are particularly useful in allowing
designers to test new networking protocols or
changes to existing protocols in a controlled and reproducible
environment. A typical network simulator encompasses
a wide range of networking technologies and
help the users to build complex networks from basic
building blocks like variety of nodes and links. With the
help of simulators one can design hierarchical networks
using various types of nodes like computers, hubs,
bridges, routers, optical cross-connects, multicast routers,
mobile units, etc. The most popular network simulator is
Network Simulator-2 (popularly called NS-2). NS-2 was
developed in 1989 and over the years has evolved itself
into the most popular network simulator. NS-2 is written in
C++ and is fully object oriented. The most attractive feature
of NS-2 is that it is available as open source viz. it is
free to be downloaded and used. Users could also develop
modules of NS-2 which could be added to the basic
package of NS-2. Other network simulators available
are PDNS (Parallel and Distributed Network Simulator),
GloMoSim, QualNet, Scalable Simulation Framework, Jsim
(Java Simulator), NetPath etc. The choice of the simulator
depends on the users requirements, cost of the simulator,
operating system used, architecture of the systems being
used, network structures, security and privacy of the network,
network traffic and a host of other parameters. Ultimately
the choice of the simulator also lies in the fact
that the user should be adept at using the simulator. Without
simulators, the world of science and engineering research
would have been much more complex, time consuming
and expensive.
USHA BANERJEE is a Senior Lecturer in the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
College of Engineering Roorkee,
Roorkee, India. She is also the Principal Investigator
of a project sponsored by
the Department of Science & Technology,
Government of India. Her research interests
are MANETs, Intrusion Detection Systems,
Network security and performance of mobile
networks. She can be reached at ushaban@gmail.com
“ If architects worked on the same principle as software engineering, most buildings would end up
looking like the Leaning Tower of Pisa”
-David Crocker
iota October 2010 2

ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS AS ALTERNATE
SOURCE OF ENERGY & HYDROGEN
ECONOMY
Alok Kumar, IT-IV year
Artificial photosynthesis is a research field that attempts
to replicate the natural process of photosynthesis, converting
sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into glucose,
oxygen and hydrogen . Artificial photosynthesis may be
carried out with help of artificial photosynthesis engine
including carbon nano-tubes. Artificial photosynthesis
engine containing carbon nano-tubes interconnected
with glucose oxidation cell converts water into its constitutes
Hydrogen & Oxygen. Few molecules of manganese,
oxygen and calcium are also used within core of
photosynthesis engine in order to support water splitting
reactions going within the core. Ruthenium and Iron acts
as scaffold to the core which absorbs required input of
251kj/mol from sunlight in the form of photons harnessed
by components present in core promoting the multielectron
bond-cleavage and bond-formation which is
responsible for transforming water into hydrogen and
oxygen, substituting the role of natural chlorophyll in
case of natural photosynthesis. In night glucose oxidation
cell works as power supplier yielding energy in form
of ATP causes water splitting. Chemical reactions involved
in converting carbon dioxide to glucose are
―uphill‖ i.e. need energy in form of electrons moving at
high speed, which is provided by carbon nano-tubes
equipped with photolithograph equipments, ethanol,
methanol and quartz where 25% electrons stored in
nano–tube fixes carbon dioxide into glucose and liberates
energy by simultaneous water spitting reactions.
AS AN ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCE: Artificial photosynthesis
engine cut worldwide energy related problems to
a tickle due to following special qualities:
It uses sunlight (renewable energy source) in day-time
and uses glucose (economically produced by carbon
nano-tubes attached to the artificial photosynthesis engine
core) in night-time, makes it cost-efficient. Along
with economic operation unlike other power plants, it
also controls global warming by in taking carbon dioxide
and producing oxygen as by-product again ecofriendly.
As power suppliant its major product hydrogen
possess highest energy content of any fuel by weight,
recognizing this fact NASA has used hydrogen in space
program. Hydrogen fuel cells provide longer power for
laptop, mobiles and military. Hydrogen is proved to be
better energy carrier then electricity. ―Hydrogen economy‖
is to be launched shortly where all vehicles run on
hydrogen-powered fuel cells, yielding energy and drinkable
water. The idea is to create artificial systems that
exploit the basic chemistry of photosynthesis in order to
produce hydrogen for future transportation engines.
There is also the additional benefit that artificial photosynthesis
could mop up any excess carbon dioxide left
over from our present era of profligate fossil fuel consumption.
Glucose is used in photo electrochemical bionano
fuel cell technology for energy production. It uses
sunlight (renewable energy source) in day-time and uses
glucose (economically produced by carbon nano-tube)
in night-time, makes it cost-efficient as well as operable
for 24 hours. Along with economic operation unlike other
power plants, it also controls global warming by in taking
carbon dioxide and producing oxygen as by-product
again eco-friendly.
UPPER EDGE: Artificial photosynthetic efficiency of 10-20%
provides an upper edge over natural photosynthesis having
efficiency of only 6% for solar energy. Introducing carbon
nanotubes with artificial photosynthesis engine unlike
natural plants makes it operable 24 hours. Hydrogen is
better energy carrier then electricity. The large market
and sharply rising prices in fossil fuels have also stimulated
great interest in alternate cheaper means of hydrogen
production like artificial photosynthesis.
THREAT: Main threat to this process is prescribed geometry
of core of photosynthesis engine which is a very critical
issue, but with continuous innovations with X-rays it seems
to be removed shortly especially with the help of X-ray
Crystallographic model it would be solved shortly.
FIRST MOLECULES OF LIFE DISCOVERED
Princy Juneja, CS-III Year
In the beginning there was RNA. RNA begat DNA, and
DNA begat lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins: That is
Genesis according to the ―RNA
world‖ hypothesis, a leading
but still sketchy picture of how
life began. In June, chemist
Reza Ghadiri of the Scripps
Research Institute started filling
in details. Ghadiri posited the
existence of a helper molecule:
a kind of prebiotic template
that might have enabled RNA to spawn more complex
organic compounds. Then he actually constructed a version
of the molecule in his lab. Called tPNA (thioester
peptide nucleic acid), it comprises the same four base
pairs as DNA. The amazing thing about tPNA is that it
adapts, chameleon-like, as it interacts with other molecules.
When Ghadiri poured tPNA molecules into a soup
of DNA bits, the tPNA base pairs reshuffled until they
matched the sequence of a DNA strand. When he mixed
tPNA with a single strand of RNA, it conformed to RNA‘s
structure. And when he let tPNA mingle with its own kind,
the molecules danced until their structures became stable.
In short, Ghadiri says, it ―exhibits the most basic properties
needed for evolution.‖
The next challenge for Ghadiri is to show that tPNA can
self-replicate, crucial for a DNA precursor. If so, RNA
world—and the whole field of biogenesis—will look a lot
more credible.
iota October 2010 3

Review Article
Abstract
HUMAN-POWERED AIRCRAFT
Rohit Sharma , ET (2010 Batch)
Have you ever dreamt of flying like a bird, without any
limitation independent and free or flying with your school
friends on bicycle like in Steven Spielberg's movie E.T.?
Imagine you ride your bike at 30 km/h, and then slightly
pull a gear to ride in a couple of meter above ground
level, after couple of yards of flying
you take a turn. Now after a slight turn
you float over the meadows, jump
over a small fence, cross that creek...
Isn't that a fairytale? No it's not; your
dream is now a reality. This is human
powered aircraft (HPA). Paul Mac-
Cready made this great human
dream flight powered by direct human
energy true (Wright Brothers did it, but, with an engine)
in 1977. It was the first human powered airplane
capable of controlled and sustained flight.
Introduction
A human-powered aircraft (HPA) is a light weight aircraft
which is directly powered by human energy and can
carry one or at most two humans. The thrust provided by
the human may be the only source for power and is further
assisted from thermals or rising air currents. Pure HPA
do not use hybrid flows of energy. Thrust is provided by
human powered rotor attached to fuselage.
Discussion
Now, let's refresh our memory on the physics of flying airfoil.
Airfoil is any surface designed so as to obtain reacting
for force from the air through which it moves because of
its shape which have upper face more curved than lower
P/ ρ + g h + v 2 /2= constant. So,
(v2 2 - v1 2 ) = 2(P1 –P2)/ρ. ("h‖ is negligible). Thus,
(v2 - v1)* 2v =2(P1 –P2)/ρ
(v is velocity of plane= (v2 +v1)/2).
Hence,
(v2 - v1) = (P1 –P2)/ v ρ. So,
(P1 –P2) = (v2 - v1) v ρ. Thus,
Mg < (v2 - v1) A v ρ for a HPA to lift an average human
M=100kg (plane + man),
Let v = 8m/s = 28.8 km/hr. A=30m2, (v2 - v1) = 4m/s., we
know (ρ= 1.29 kg m-3) density of air. g= 9.8 ms-2.
So (v2 - v1) A v ρ/g=126.36 kg> 100kg.
Hence, human powered flight is theoretically feasible.
Brief history of HPA
1961 - The SUMPAC, human-powered fixed-wing, designed
by Derek Pigot, first human powered aircraft flown
in the UK.
1966 - The Linnet 1, human-powered fixed-wing, from Nihon
University, first human powered aircraft flown in Japan.
1976 - The Olympian, human-powered fixed-wing, designed
by Joseph Zinno, first human powered aircraft
flown in the USA.
1977 - The Gossamer-Condor, human-powered fixedwing,
designed by Dr Paul MacCready, wins the Kremer
prize by performing a figure 8.
1979 - The Gossamer-Albatross fixed-wing, designed by Dr
Paul MacCready, wins the Kremer prize for crossing the
English Channel from England to France: a straight distance
of 35.82 km (22 miles 453 yards) in 2 hours, 49 minutes.
1983 - The Monarch fixed-wing wins the first Kremer speed
prize.
1988- MIT Professor Mark Drela designed Daedalus, a
lightweight aircraft, piloted by Kanellos Kanellopoulos set
the world distance record for human-powered flight by
travelling 72.4 miles from Crete to the Greek island of
Santorini.
1989 - On 10 December 1989, the first man-powered helicopter,
the California Polytechnic State University Da
Vinci III, flew for 7.1 seconds and reached a height of 20
cm.
1994 - The Yuri I, by Dr. Akira Naito, second human powered
helicopter, flies for 19.46 sec and reaches 0.2 m.
one so that velocity of air above the airfoil is more than
on the lower side (Equation Of Continuity) creating a
pressure difference (Bernoulli's Theorem) which gives rise
to an upward lift (Dynamic Lift) which maintains the airfoil
in air against force of gravity.
So, it is clear that for pressure P1 above the wing and
pressure P2 below the wing and Area of the wing, A.
Uplift = (P1 –P2)*A.
Let ―M‖ be mass of plane for level flight.
(P1 –P2)*A= Mg.
According to Bernoulli's theorem,
Reason for development of HPA is to design a light aircraft
which can make human body fly using his own low
power. While developing HPA, valuable lessons were
learned about configuration, layout,
detail design, aerodynamics,
performance, stability and control,
aero elasticity, fabrication techniques,
light weight materials, and
are equally applicable to other
high performance aircraft, specially
for the cases where propulsion
power is strongly limited like
“There is no logical way to the discovery of these elemental laws. There is only the way of
intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behind the appearance”
-Albert Einstein
iota October 2010 4

for high altitude aircraft that are designed to fly in the
stratosphere, or for aircraft with very low fuel consumption
and long endurance.
Types of Human Powered Vehicle
Land ---bicycle · unicycle · tricycle · quadricycle · velomobile
· kick scooter · roller skates · skateboard · trikke ·
wheelchair · long board
Water -----canoe · kayak · pedalo · rowing
Snow And Ice Cross-Country Skis -----· ice skates · kick
sled
Air --human-powered aircraft, human powered helicopters,
human powered airships. A true HPA uses only human
power for propulsion. The Kremer Prize had been
set up in 1959 by Henry Kremer, a British industrialist, and
offered 50,000 pounds ($85,000) in prize money to the
first group that could fly a human-powered aircraft over
a figure-eight course covering a total of a mile (1.6 kilometers).
Early attempts to build human-powered aircraft
had focused on wooden designs, which proved too
heavy. In the early 1970s, Dr Paul B. MacCready's and
Dr. Peter B. S. Lissaman, both of AeroVironment Inc., took
a fresh look at the challenge, and came up with an unorthodox
aircraft, the Gossamer Condor. The Gossamer
Condor was basically a flying wing, modified with the
addition of a gondola for the pilot underneath and a
canard control surface extended in front, and was
mostly built of lightweight plastics. The aircraft, piloted by
amateur cyclist and hang-glider pilot Bryan Allen, won
the first Kremer prize on August 23, 1977 by completing a
figure '8' course specified by the Royal Aeronautical Society,
at Minter Field in Shafter, California. The aircraft
has been preserved at the Smithsonian National Air and
Space Museum. The success led Paul MacCready and
AeroVironment to carry on with experimental aircraft:
The Gossamer-Albatross fixed-wing, designed by Dr Paul
MacCready, wins the Kremer prize for crossing the English
Channel from England to France: a straight distance
of 35.82 km (22 miles 453 yards) in 2 hours, 49 minutes.
The current distance record recognized by the FAI was
achieved on 23 April 1988 from Iraklion on Crete to
Santorini in a MIT Daedalus 88 designed by MIT Professor
Mark Drela & piloted by Kanellos Kanellopoulos: a
straight distance of 115.11 km (74 miles). That accomplishment
put Drela on the map as a leading expert on
human-powered flight. However, even more significant
than the world record was the advance in computational
aerodynamic design that went into building Daedalus.
It ensured Drela would be recognized as one of
the best aerodynamicists and airplane designers in the
world. To design and test Daedalus, Drela developed a
software program called XFOIL. A kind of MATLAB for
aerodynamicists, XFOIL wrapped established computational
techniques for airfoil design in a graphical, intuitive
interface.
Current activity
Machines have been built and flown in Japan, Germany,
Greece, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,
Austria, Canada, Singapore, the United States and the
United Kingdom, with their total number approaching a
hundred. With further funds from the late Henry Kremer,
the Royal Aeronautical Society has announced four new
prizes:
£50,000 for the Kremer International Marathon Competition
for a flight round a specified twenty six mile Marathon
distance course, in a time of less than one hour,
£100,000 for the Kremer International Sporting Aircraft
Competition for a sporting aero plane able to operate in
normal weather conditions, as encountered in the United
Kingdom
£1,000 for the Schools Competition
£500 for The Robert Graham Competition for students for
experimental research or engineering design
Various Competition are being organized for development
of HPA as adventure sport. The eventual aim is to
achieve Olympic recognition as a sport. International
Human Powered Vehicle Association is a dedicated association
for the development & promotion of HPA.
Conclusion
While developing HPA, valuable lessons were learned
about configuration, layout, detail design, aerodynamics,
performance, stability and control, aero elasticity, fabrication
techniques, light weight materials, and are equally
applicable to other high performance aircraft, specially
for the cases where propulsion power is strongly limited
like for high altitude aircraft that are designed to fly in the
stratosphere, or for aircraft with very low fuel consumption
and long endurance. Like the development of XFOIL, innovative
structural design, fabrication techniques, light
weight materials as an example
Velair 89 -The primary structure is made of carbon fiber
reinforced epoxy, with custom fabricated and tailored
tubes with or without a sandwich core. Those prepreged
materials have to be cooked with pressure and temperature.
The secondary structure is made of all kinds of
foams, wood, and a very light cover film (Hostaphan).
Genius fabrication methods were developed to enable
production and make it robust. Thus, the empty weight of
plane is approximately 38 kg. Also leads to the development
of very interesting recreational activity and also an
Olympic sport.
Rohit Sharma is a 2010 batch passout from
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication.
His areas of interest include
Robotics and Embedded Systems. He can
be reached at
your.rohitsharma@gmail.com
“I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only a boy playing
on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier
shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me”
Isaac Newton
iota October 2010 5

Research Paper
Remediation of Arsenic using Iron
nanoparticles
Through Spectrophotometric Analysis
Abstract
Rakesh Kumar Pandey, IT (2010 Batch)
Off late, iron nanoparticles have played a pivotal role in
the detoxification of plethora of organic and inorganic
contaminants. Among all, arsenic is of the prime concern
and its determination using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
has been reported in the literature. The method involves
the comparative study of concentration of arsenic over a
wide range. It involves bleaching of the pinkish red colored
dye, Rhodamine-B, by the action of iodine which is
released by the reaction between potassium iodate and
arsenic in slightly acidic medium. The proposed method
observes the relative lowering of arsenic when it is mixed
with iron nanoparticles.
Keywords: Iron Nanoparticles, UV-VIS Spectrophotometer,
Rhodamine-B, Arsenic.
Introduction
Adequate and sustainable supplies of
clean water are vital to the world‘s
health, environment and economy.
We are currently facing formidable
challenges in meeting rising demands
of potable water as the
available supplies of freshwater
are decreasing due to extended
droughts, population,
growth, decline in water quality
due to increasing groundwater
and surface water pollution and
increasing demands from a variety
of competing users. Nanoparticles
have great potential as
water-purification catalysts and
redox active media due to their
large surface areas and their size
and shape dependent optical, electronic
and catalytic properties [2]. Nanoscale zero
valent iron Fe and bimetallic Fe particles have emerged
as effective redox media for the detoxification of organic
and inorganic pollutants in aqueous solutions. These
nanoparticles (10-100 nm) have larger surface areas and
reactivity than bulk Fe particles [1, 4, 9]. One reason why
iron nanoparticles might exhibit greater rates of reaction
with contaminants is simply that their large specific surface
area provides more of the sites on which reaction
occurs. On the issue of longevity, reactivity of nano-sized
iron suspensions can persist at least for 6-8 weeks. Arsenic
is one of the most toxic metals whose remediation has
been of prime concern for years. It occurs in nature in
both organic and inorganic forms. Erosion of arsenic containing
surface rocks, smelting of non-ferrous metal ores
are perhaps its main suppliers [7]. Inhalation of arsenic in
excessive amounts can be very fatal. It accounts for gastrointestinal
damage and cardiac damage. Chronic
doses can cause vascular disorders such as Blackfoot
disease [7]. The study was carried out to observe the relative
lowering of Arsenic when it was mixed with Iron
nanoparticles. The comparative study of concentration
of Arsenic was observed through UV-VIS Spectrophotometer.
The work aims at developing a low cost, less
time consuming and analytically simpler method for
remediation of arsenic (III) at sub milligram per liter using
iron nanoparticles.
Experimental Details
Stock solution of arsenic was prepared by dissolving 0.173
g of sodium arsenite in 100 ml of deionised double distilled
water. The working standards were prepared by
appropriate dilution of the stock solution: 0.05% aqueous
Rhodamine-B, 2% aqueous Potassium Iodate and 0.4M
aqueous Hydrochloric Acid [3]. Similarly, another set of
working standards containing iron nanoparticles were
prepared to observe the relative lowering of arsenic as
compared to that of standard arsenic solution. Working
standard containing 5 ml of 40-400 ppb of arsenic in a 25
ml calibrated flask, 2 ml of potassium iodate and 1 ml of
HCl was added and the mixture was shaken gently. Then
2 ml of 0.05% Rhodamine-B was added and the solution
was kept for 15 min [8]. The absorbance was measured
using an UV-VIS Spectrophotometer at 553 nm against a
reagent blank which was prepared in the same
way as described above [3]. Earlier iron
nanoparticles in aqueous medium were
prepared by appropriate method.
The solution was sonicated for 3-4 hrs
continuously and was filtered first
using 1µm filter paper followed by
filtration using 0.45µm membrane
filter so that the micro particles and
agglomerated nanoparticles could
be removed. The working standards
of arsenic mixed with iron nanoparticles
were prepared during the
course of sonication so that the
formed nanoparticles would not settle
down. The ratio of iron nanoparticles
to that of arsenic was 3:2. After the
preparation the working standards were
kept for over 24h, thereby allowing the arsenic
to mix with iron nanoparticles. Deionised
double distilled water was used throughout the experiment.
Results and Discussion
Beer’s Law
The working standards of arsenic solution and mixed iron
nanoparticles solution didn‘t follow the Beer‘s Law continuously
and strictly, rather they followed the law discretely
within few concentration ranges. Figure 1 shows
very clearly that for the concentration range of 5-15 ppb,
20-25 ppb, 50-75 ppb, 100-300 ppb and 500-750 ppb of
standard arsenic solution (blue line) the Beer‘s Law is foll-
iota October 2010 6

Absorbance
Absorbance (*.01)
owed while for all other ranges of concentration it is not
obeyed. On the other hand if we take a look at the yellow
line i.e. for the mixed iron nanoparticles Solution, it
also obeys the law for the concentration range of 25-50
ppb and 750-1000 ppb only.
15
10
5
0
5
-5
25
200
750
Concentration
(ppb)
Standard arsenic solution
(ppb), 14-07-2008
Standard arsenic solution
(ppb), 15-07-2008
Mixed Iron nanoparticle
Figure 1-Absorbance versus concentration solution (ppb) plot measured
at a wavelength of 553 nm.
Even standards of higher concentration i.e. in the range of
[1-1000 ppm] were plotted as in Figure-2. The same results
were reported except that the peaks were not that sharp
and till 250 ppm the Beer‘s law was broadly obeyed. From
1-10 ppm the curve followed the linear relation, again it
followed for 50-100 ppm but this time with slightly larger
slope, for 100-500 ppm the curve remained almost constant
then it dipped sharply for a concentration range
>500 ppm.
Spectral Characteristics
The differential absorbance of Rhodamine-B dye with various
concentrations of arsenic against a reference solution
shows a maximum difference at 553 nm. Therefore, this
wavelength was chosen for spectral measurements [3].
1
0.5
Standard arsenic solution
(ppm), 23-07-2008
0
1
-0.5
20
100
500
Standard arsenic solution
(ppm), 23-07-2008
-1
Mixed iron nanoparticle
solution (ppm)
-1.5
Concentration (ppm)
Figure 2-Absorbance versus concentration plot measured
at a wavelength of 553 nm
Effect of varying reaction conditions
All the measurements were done at room temperature
and the time taken for the completion of reaction was 15
min. Though some differences in the measurement were
observed while repeating the analysis, the color of the
solution was found to be stable for ~24 h.
While the color of the working standard was found to be
stable for ~24 h, the readings when taken in duplicate
showed some differences [3].
Conclusion
Compared with the other existing and common Spectrophotometric
methods, it was clear that the proposed
method is more sensitive, selective and simple (Table-2)
The experimental results lead to the conclusion that the
validation of Beer‘s law could not be obtained continuously,
rather they were reported to be valid only for discrete
concentration ranges of arsenic and when it was
mixed with iron nanoparticles. The law is obeyed broadly
for solutions having arsenic concentration >1 ppm (Figure-
2), but the presence of arsenic at ppb levels can not be
ignored according to the standards set by WHO [7].
iota October 2010 7

References
1. Nurmi J.T., P.G. Tratnyek, V. Sarathy, D.R. Baer, J.E.
Amonette, K. Pecher, C. Wang, J.C. Lineham, D.W.
Matson, R.L. Penn & M.D. Driessen, 2005. Characterization
and properties of metallic iron nanoparticles:
spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and kinetics. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 39(5), 1221-1230.
2. Obare S.O. & G.J. Meyer, 2004. Nanostructured materials
for environmental remediation of organic contaminants
in water. J. Environ. Sci. Health A. 39(10),
2549-2582.
3. Pillai Ajai, G. Sunita & V. K. Gupta, 2000. A new system
for the Spectrophotometric determination of arsenic in
environmental and biological samples. Anal. Chim.
Act. 408, 111-115.
4. Schrick B., J.L. Blough, A.D. Jones & T.E. Mallouk, 2002.
Hydrodechloration of trichloroethane to hydrocarbons
using bimetallic nickel-iron nanoparticles. Chem. Mater.
14(12), 5140-5147.
5. Water Quality and Treatment. American Water Works
Association, 1992. 83.
6. Yamamoto D. & K. Kisu, 1974. J. Jpn. Anal. 23, 638.
7. Zhang W.X., 2003. Nanoscale iron particles for environmental
remediation. J. Nanopart. Res. 5, 323-332.
8. Gulstrom D. K., M. G. Mellon, 1953. Anal. Chem. 25,
1809.
9. Jie N., S. Wang, Huaxue Shiji, 1987. Anal. Abstr. 9, 175.
10. Jie N., S. Wang, Huaxue Shiji, 1988. Anal. Abstr. 40, 50.
11. Jan K., T. Jedrzej, 1987. J. Chem. Anal. 32, 757.
12. Cherian L., V. K. Gupta, 1990. J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 67(6),
500.
Rakesh Kumar Pandey is a 2010 batch
passout student of Department of
Information Technology. Besides
Nanotechnology his areas of interests
include Algebraic Topology, Number
Theory, Cryptography and Operating
Systems. He can be mailed at
rk.pandey@live.com
USB 3.0
Dhruv Virmani, IT– IV year
send the host a signal to begin a data transfer.
It's more power efficient. The signalling method mentioned
directly above also means that non-active or idle devices
won't have their power drained by the host controller as it
looks for active data traffic.
It's backwards compatible. Your existing USB 2.0 gear will
work on version 3.0 ports and vice versa. You'll be able to
maximize your bandwidth when using a USB 3.0 cable with
USB 3.0 devices and ports.
Dhruv Virmani is a student of Information
Technology and is presently in fourth year.
The Universal Serial Bus standard has come a long way
since its introduction in 1996. it offered some unheard-of
features for its time, including the ability to connect peripherals
without turning off the computer first and to draw
power without a separate AC connection allowing a maximum
transfer rate of 12Mb/s. USB 3.0 is the next major revision
of the ubiquitous interface. Dubbed Super Speed USB,
this new version promises a tenfold leap forward in transfer
speeds as well as improved capabilities. Some quick facts
about USB 3.0
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
It's fast. The new standard breaks the 480Mb/s data transfer
limit of USB 2.0 and takes it to a new theoretical maximum
of 4.8Gb/s. USB 3.0 devices are not expected to
reach their full potential at launch, but as the standard
matures the USB-IF considers it reasonable to achieve a
throughput of 3.2Gb/s, or just about enough to transfer a
27GB high definition movie in little over a minute rather
than 15 or more with USB 2.0.
It's bi-directional. USB 3.0 can read and write data simultaneously.
This is achieved by adding two new lanes dedicated
to transmit SuperSpeed data and another pair for
receiving it.
The signalling method This ensures that the USB host controller
doesn't continually access a connected device in
anticipation of a data transfer. Instead, USB 3.0 devices will
Win key + R : will open the Start menu's Run box
Win key + F : will open the Start menu's Find window
Win key + E : will quickly launch Explorer
Win key + Pause/Break : will open the System Properties
window
Win key + M : will Minimize all windows
Win key + Shift + M : will undo Minimize all windows
Win key + D : will switch between minimizing all open programs
and showing them all
Win key + Tab : will cycle through items on the taskbar
iota October 2010 8

INDOOR MILLIMETER ANTENNA
Dhiraj Kumar Gupta, ET-IV year
Demand for bandwidth has been on the rise, pushing a
lot of regulatory agencies such as the TRAI in India and US
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to explore
the use of millimetre-wave bands for commercial applications.
Already, wireless local-area networks (WLANs)
have been developed for millimetre-wave frequencies. In
addition, many scientists have reported on requirements
for millimetre-wave equipment for cable television, as
well as terrestrial and satellite-broadcast systems. A 60-
GHz CATV system, for example, would enable the development
of very compact transmitters (Txs) and receivers
(Rxs), and allow a television set to receive signals anywhere
in a room without wired connections. But millimetre
-wave signals do not propagate well through the inner
walls of buildings, requiring that each room have at least
one antenna to satisfy the technical requirements of
WLAN systems. Which is but not a big cost. This could be a
boon to the deployment of high-speed WLANs and
broadband-access systems for the Internet. These bands
are currently restricted to government use, and are being
used in radio astronomy, space-borne cloud radars, and
military applications. In addition to their possible use for
high-speed Internet and network access, the FCC in US
believes that the spectrum could also be used for other
applications, including passive imaging of airport runways
and imaging systems that could be used to display hidden
contraband, weapons, and non-metal objects, an
application area that would prove a boon for India as
well. The recent declaration by America in reply to F-16
Jets to Pakistan to provide India with superior of the technologies
and help it become a major player in the 21st
century by collaborating in technological build-ups,
brings a chance before TRAI and Indian Institutions to
build home massive research on Bandwidth enhancement
through millimetre Waves-a technology in the offering.
To make commercial millimetre-wave systems a reality,
however, practical, inexpensive antennas are
needed. What follows is a description of an inexpensive
antenna configuration for indoor use to meet the requirements
of millimetre-wave WLANs. The main idea of a millimetre-wave
antenna with highly shaped beam pattern is
based on the earlier work of Kumar. These report and papers
describe an X-band, right-hand-circularly-polarized
(RHCP) shaped-beam telemetry antenna suitable for retransmitting
the radar data back to an earth terminal.
The antenna has been used by the European Space
Agency (ESA) and Canadian Space Agency (CSA) for
Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites and RADARSAT, respectively.
The main idea is to use a highly shaped beamreflector
antenna hanging from a room ceiling. To compensate
for free-space attenuation at millimetre-wave
frequencies, the reflector antenna produces a sec2
ètype of radiation pattern in the elevation plane. The antenna
provides very sharp cell (room) boundaries with
negligible radiation outside the cell limits. A characteristic
of sec2 è patterns is that the cell dimensions are scaled to
the antenna height. This characteristic provides a simple
means to control illumination of the walls at the edge of
the cell to maintain an adequate compromise between
multipath effects and the need for alternative paths in
case of line-of-sight blockage.
Millimetre-wave applications such as WLANs require constant
electromagnetic (EM) field intensity throughout the
coverage area (the room). The fixed-terminal antenna is
mounted near the ceiling at the centre of the room and
is required to produce sec2 è illumination with a square
region that extends from nadir (è = 0) to (but excluding)
the walls (0 < è < qmax). The desired sec2 è characteristic
compensates free-space attenuation at each è direction,
producing constant electric-field illumination at constant
height everywhere within the cell limits.
The design of the reflector profile is based on geometrical
optics (GO) and the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) to
produce the required shaped beam. Optimization of the
different parameters that define the antenna reflector
has been carried out through software developed by
Kumar.
In short, a shaped-beam antenna can provide very uniform
indoor EM patterns. This design can be very useful for
the future commercial-frequency bands from 71 to 95
GHz to build future networks on higher bandwidths. A
must requirement for India if it ought to lead the world in
Telecom and the Internet Revolution, a technology in the
waiting.
CTRL + C: Copy
CTRL + X: Cut
CTRL + V: Paste
CTRL + Z: Undo
CTRL + B: Bold
CTRL + U: Underline
CTRL + I: Italic
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Press SHIFT five times: Toggles Sticky Keys on and off
Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds:
Toggles Filter Keys on and off
Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds:
Toggles ToggleKeys on and off
Left ALT + left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and
off
Left ALT + left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on
and off
ALT + F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same
program (for example, when the Notepad Find dialog box
is displayed
“Unless in communicating with it one says exactly what one means, trouble is bound to result”
~Alan Turing, about computers
iota October 2010 9

First Flexible Solar Retinal Implant Designed
To Restore Vision
Shashi Ranjan, EN-III year
The retinal implant, with solar cells that can rotate independently,
produces enough electrical current to stimulate
the brains neural cells that, in turn, translate the signals
into vision. All elements in the system have to operate fast
enough so as not to compete with any current images
coming into the brain through residual retinal abilities.
Less than a year ago, at the 2009 International Electron
Devices Meeting (IEDM), researchers from Stanford University
presented their solution for a retinal implant that has
the potential to restore vision in those who lose sight due to
age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa
(RP), and certain other retinal disorders. The implant
is composed of solar cells embedded in a bed of
flexible silicon electrodes that transfer visual images to the
brain. The human lens is curved in order to best project
light rays onto the retina, which is also curved.
AMD is the most prevalent cause of blindness in the US
and what is considered the "developed world." RP affects
about 1.5 million persons worldwide. The flexible solar retinal
implant is a hopeful step in helping many of them regain
their vision.
In some eye conditions, like AMD, photoreceptors in the
retina are damaged, which can result in partial or complete
blindness. Currently, photoreceptor retinal implants
use tiny solar cells that are surgically arranged to deliver
signals to the retina, but solar cells are flat and they require
many surgeries to place and partially cover the curved
retina. "If you have a lens, the focal plane is always curved
and the best picture forms on a spherical surface," "This is
why the retina is curved." The Stanford University solution is
to insert the solar, or photovoltaic, cells into one flexible
silicon MEMS device that can be implanted on the retina
in one surgery. Testing on retinas extracted from pigs show
that the device can be fitted without damaging the array
of solar cells.
Flexible array of solar cells.
But the implant itself will not do the work of recreating vision.
The implant is just part of a system , which involves a
video camera mounted to the side of a pair of user eyeglasses,
a pocket computer that processes the video, and
a projector worn on the front of the glass frame that projects
images onto the photovoltaic implant.
Self-powered retinal prosthetic
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Start + M: Minimizes all open windows
Start + Shift + M: Maximizes All Windows
Start + E: Runs Windows Explorer
Start + R: Open the RUN Dialog Box
Start + F: Open the Search Results Dialog box
Start + CTRL + F: Opens the Search Results-Computer dialog
Box (if the computer is connected to a network)
Start + Pause (Break): Opens the System Properties Dialog
Box
“Necessity is the mother of all inventions”
- Anonymous
iota October 2010 10

Technical Article
Semantic Web
Currently the focus of a W3C working group, the Semantic
Web vision was conceived by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor
of the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web changed
the way we communicate, the way we do business, the
way we seek information and entertainment – the very
way most of us live our daily lives. Calling it the next step in
Web evolution, Berners-Lee defines the Semantic Web as
―a web of data that can be processed directly and indirectly
by machines.‖
Purpose
Humans are capable of using the Web to carry out tasks
such as finding the Finnish word for ―car‖, to reserve a library
book, or to search for the cheapest DVD and buy it.
However, a computer cannot accomplish the same
tasks without human direction because web
pages are designed to be read by people,
not machines. The semantic web is a
vision of information that is understandable
by computers, so that they can perform
more of the tedium involved in finding,
sharing and combining information on
the web.
Difference Between Semantic Web and
WWW
In the Semantic Web, data itself becomes
part of the Web and is able to be processed independently
of application, platform, or domain. This is
in contrast to the World Wide Web as we know it today,
which contains virtually boundless information in the form
of documents. Computers can present you with information
but can‘t understand what information is well enough
to be displayed and what data is most relevant in a given
circumstance. The Semantic Web, on the other hand, is
about having data as well as documents on the Web so
that machines can process, transform, assemble, and
even act on the data in useful ways.
Divyang Agarwal, IT– IV year
Examples
In simple words, it can be said that Semantic web makes
our search refined as the data we search, before being
displayed undergoes processing by the machines. For eg.
if we search a word ―SOAP‖, millions of options appear
before us, however, in a Semantic Web-enabled environment,
you could use a Semantic Web agent to search the
Web for ―SOAP‖ where SOAP is a type of technology
specification used in Web services. This time, the results of
your search will be relevant. Based on the semantic information
available for SOAP, your agent also presents you
with a list of related technologies such as WSDL, XML, and
URI which are technologies related to SOAP.
A computer might be instructed to list the prices of flat
screen HDTVs larger than 40 inches with 1080p resolution at
shops in the nearest town that are open until 8pm on Tuesday
evenings. To do this today requires search engines
that are individually tailored to every website being
searched. The semantic web provides a common standard
(RDF) for websites to publish the relevant information
in a more readily machine-processable and integratable
form.
The Semantic Web agent does not include artificial intelligence
– rather, it relies on structured sets of information
and inference rules that allow it to ―understand‖ the rela
tionship between different data resources. The computer
doesn‘t really understand information the way a human
can, but it has enough information to make logical connections
and decisions.
Broadening Our Horizons
The vision of the Semantic Web is a ―web of
data‖ that not only harnesses the seemingly
endless amount of data on the
World Wide Web, but also connects that
information with data in relational databases
and other non-interoperable information
repositories, for example, EDI systems.
Consider the concept of Relational
Databases that house the majority of
enterprise data today. In addition, relational
databases already include a great
deal of semantic information. Databases are
organized in tables and columns based on the
relationships between the data they house, and
these relationships reveal the meaning (the semantics)
of the data.
The Semantic Web, also allows a machine to connect to
any other machine and exchange and process data efficiently
based on built-in, universally available semantic
information that describes each resource. In effect, the
Semantic Web will allow us to access all the information
listed above as one huge database.
Building Blocks
XML provides syntactic interoperability only when both
parties know and understand the element names used.
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
An official W3C recommendation, RDF is an XML-based
standard for describing resources that exist on the Web,
intranets, and extranets. RDF builds on existing XML and URI
(Uniform Resource Identifier) technologies, using a URI to
identify every resource, and using URIs to make statements
about resources.
RDF Schema (RDFS)
RDFS is used to create vocabularies that describe groups
of related RDF resources and the relationships between
those resources. An RDFS vocabulary defines the allowable
properties that can be assigned to RDF resources
within a given domain.
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
“The universe is full of magical things patiently waiting for our wits to grow sharper”
~Eden Phillpotts, A Shadow Passes
iota October 2010 11

OWL is a third W3C specification for creating Semantic
Web applications. Building upon RDF and RDFS, OWL
defines the types of relationships that can be expressed in
RDF using an XML vocabulary.
Applications
Semantic Web applications are just starting to appear. A
Canadian example is EventSherpa, from Toronto-based
Semaview. Say your company sponsors seminars. With
EventSherpa, you can post a list of upcoming events on
the Web, and others can subscribe to this list. Events are
downloaded to subscribers‘ calendars. If you change the
date of an event, it‘s automatically changed in every subscriber‘s
calendar. One catch is that Microsoft Outlook,
probably the most popular calendar tool, doesn‘t support
this yet. Another example is the search giant Google who
has started using Semantic Web indexing for sale of
phone cards through Google Ad words.
Aim
The Semantic Web aims to add a machine tractable, repurpose
able layer to compliment the existing web of
natural language hyper text. In order to realize this vision,
the creation of semantic annotation, the linking of web
pages to ontologies, and the creation, evolution and interrelation
of ontologies must become automatic or semiautomatic
processes.
Semantic Web Present and Future
It‘s important to note that implementation of RDF, OWL,
and the Semantic Web as a whole will be a gradual process.
INTERESTING FACTS
1. Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and
strengthens the immune system. Six-year-olds
laugh an average of 300 times a day. Adults only
laugh 15 to 100 times a day.
2. The sound you hear when you crack your knuckles
is actually the sound of nitrogen gas bubbles
bursting.
3. Human hair and fingernails continue to grow after
death.
4. The only part of the body that has no blood supply
is the cornea in the eye. It takes in oxygen
directly from the air.
5. The average person has over 1,460 dreams a
year.
6. You're born with 300 bones, but when you get to
be an adult, you only have 206.
7. Your stomach has to produce a new layer of
mucus every two weeks otherwise it will digest
itself.
8. The pupil of the eye expands as much as 45 percent
when a person looks at something pleasing.
9. It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to
circle the whole body.
F1 - Help menu
F2: Rename object
F3: Find all files
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
F10: Activates menu bar options
SHIFT + DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving
the item to the Recycle Bin
ALT + ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object
To Copy a File: Press and hold down the CTRL key while
you drag the file to another folder.
To Create a Shortcut: Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT
while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.
10. Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in
their hair.
11. Women blink nearly twice as much as men.
12. The human heart creates enough pressure while
pumping to squirt blood 30 feet.
13. An Astronaut can be up to 2 inches taller returning
from space. The cartilage disks in the spine
expand in the absence of gravity.
14. There are more living organisms on the skin of a
single human being than there are human beings
on the surface of the earth.
15. The human head is a quarter of our total length
at birth, but only an eighth of our total length by
the time we reach adulthood.
“An experiment is a question which science poses to Nature, and a measurement is the recording
of Nature's answer”
~Max Planck
iota October 2010 12

YOUR EYES HAVE MEMORY!
Sanjay Kumar, EN-III year
Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the eye by
which an after image is thought to persist for approximately
one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina or we
can say that our eye have memory to store it for a short
time . Whenever light strikes the retina, the brain retains
the impression of that light for about a tenth of a second—
depending on the brightness of the image—after the
source of that light is removed from the eye. This is due to
a prolonged chemical reaction. As a result, the eye cannot
clearly distinguish fast changes in light that occur
faster than this retention period. The changes either go
unnoticed or they appear to be one continuous picture to
the human observer. ―The eye is in itself a wonderful camera‖.
The picture is photographed in the eye and transmitted
from that point to the brain, When it reaches the brain,
a length of time is required to bring about its construction,
for the brain is something like the photographic plate, and
the picture requires developing. In this respect the brain is
somewhat sluggish, for when it has formulated the picture
imprinted upon the eye, it will retain the picture even after
the reality has disappeared from sight. 'persistence of vision',
an effect usually attributed to a 'defect' of the eye,
(or in some accounts the 'eye-brain combination'), was an
archaic concept long left behind by psychologists and
physiologists specialising in perception. This means that
everything we see is a subtle blend of what is happening
now and what happened a fraction of a second ago. The
motion picture, the scanning of an image for television,
and the sequential reproduction of the flickering visual
images they produce, work in part, because of an optical
phenomena called the persistence of vision and its psychological
partner, the phi phenomenon—the mental
bridge that the mind forms to conceptually complete the
gaps between the frames or pictures. Persistence of vision
also plays a role in keeping the world from going pitch
black every time we blink our eyes. This fundamental fact
of the way we see has been used to our advantage application.
Movie theatre
When we go to the movies, we know that a motion picture
creates an illusion of a constantly lit screen by flashing
separate, individual photographs in rapid succession. Even
though the movie screen appears to be constantly lit, it is
in fact dark about half the time. This flickering image on
the screen gave rise to the old term ―flicks‖ in the early
days of movies. Today‘s motion pictures flash a picture on
the screen at flicker-free 24 frames per second.
Television and lcd
Television too, uses a complicated form of intermittent light
impulses to literally build the picture we see. If a picture
can be built up in less than a tenth of a second, the eye
will be unaware that this process is even occurring. In fact,
it will and does appear as if the picture is constantly lit all
the time. Video records at 50 (Eurasia) or 60 (US & Japan)
images per second (ips) depending on the national system
used; The flicker or refresh rate on a television screen is
fixed to one or the other nationally chosen standards. A
technique called interlace uses persistence of vision to
combine two consecutive images (or fields) to create one
frame with higher detail in non-moving areas. Because the
fields are exposed and displayed separately in time, a single
TV "frame" can potentially contain motion or even two
distinct images. With ordinary video from video cameras,
the flicker rate and the image rate are the same. However,
when footage shot on 24 Hz film is shown on 60 Hz TV,
each film frame is repeated for 2.5 consecutive fields to
produce 60 fields per second. In countries using 50 Hz TV,
24 frame/s film is speed up by 4% to produce 25 frames (50
fields) per second. Many modern video systems also decouple
display rate from image update, for example, systems
using LCD or plasma panels with continuous light output,
or intermediate frame buffers that increase the display
rate to 100 or 120 fields per second. Such implementations
can occur on low-flicker purpose-built CRT TVs flickering
Computer monitors computer monitors do not use
interlacing. They may sometimes be seen to flicker, often in
a brightly lit room, and at close viewing distances. The latter
effect is due to the greater likelihood that part of the
screen will occupy the viewer's peripheral vision, where
sensitivity to flickering is greater. Generally, a refresh rate of
85 Hz or above (as found in most modern monitors) is sufficient
to minimize flicker at close viewing distances, and all
recent computer monitors are capable of at least that
rate. Flat-panel liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors do not
suffer from flicker even if their refresh rate is 60 Hz or even
lower. This is because LCD pixels open to allow a continuous
stream of light to pass through until instructed by the
video signal to produce a darker color . CRTs by comparison
create a momentary burst of light each time the electron
beam strikes a particular point on the CRT
Cartoon animation
In drawn animation, moving characters are often shot "on
twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every two
frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frames per second),
meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even
though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory
for most subjects. However, when a character is required
to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary
to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow
to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two
techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary pro-
“In science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to the man to whom the idea
first occurs”
~Francis Darwin
iota October 2010 13

duction cost. Animation for most "Saturday morning cartoons"
is produced as cheaply as possible, and is most often
shot on "threes", or even "fours", i.e. three or four frames
per drawing. This translates to only 8 or 6 drawings per second,
respectively.
.Led displays
youtube. The main logic used in the spinning LED display
was to control the ON or OFF state of the individual LEDs.
A typical way of representing H in air, by moving a string of
8 led‘s. Here on off state each led is
contolled by microcontroller. I have
build this project and its amazing.
Most people are familiar with LED array display systems
(see figure) ,in Delhi metro we can see this type of display
system. These are electronic display devices which consist
of an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which allow the
display of text or graphics. Usually, the text is displayed as
a moving sequence of characters, scrolling horizontally
across the LED array. When text is to be displayed, each
row is fed in turn with the light pattern which it must display.
Each row displays this pattern in rapid succession.
Only one row of LEDs are activated at any one time but,
due to the persistence of human vision and the rapidity of
display sequence, it appears all the rows are ‘on‘ at the
same time.
Persistence Of Vision Displays
A class of display device described as
"POV" is one that composes an image by displaying one
spatial portion at a time in rapid succession (for example,
one column of pixels every few milliseconds). A 2 dimensional
POV display is often accomplished by means of rapidly
moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular
path. The effect is that the image is perceived as a whole
by the viewer as long as the entire path is completed during
the visual persistence time
of the human eye. A further
effect is often to give the illusion
of the image floating in mid-air.
A 3 dimensional POV display is
often constructed using a 2D
grid of LEDs which is swept or
rotated through a volume. POV
display devices can be used in
combination with long camera
exposures to produce light writing.
You can see its video on
Concentrate on the four dots in the
middle of the picture for about
30 seconds.
Close your eyes, and tilt your head
back.
Keep them closed... you will see a circle of light.
Continue looking at the circle... what do you see?
Explanation
The human eye forms an image on the retina - the light
sensitive part - and transfers information about the image
to the brain. Just like film in a camera, this process involves
reactions. The light falling on the retina stimulates nerves. It
takes time for the stimulation to clear. Normally we don't
look at one thing for a long period, so further stimulation
happens, over-riding the last image about 20 times a second.
If we stare at things, however,
t h i n g s
are different - especially
w h e n
what we stare at has
d a r k
and light areas (as in
t h e example here). Dark
regions
have little (or no) light
c o mi n g
from them - so no stimulation
oc- curs. The eye grows used to
the image it
sees, and the nerves go on
relaying the same information, over and over.
In the, initially strange, example here the brain is confused
by what it sees, and tries to add detail to it. Only when you
close your eyes (zero stimulation) does the fading image
of Jesus of Nazareth "appear". Unexpected is the fact that
his hair is dark - whereas in the image, it's bright! This is the
result of over-stimulation. Some people imagine they see a
colour image - in this case the result of their brain overactively
filling in missing detail.
“Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating ten more”
~George Bernard Shaw
iota October 2010 14

QUIZ
What is the name of the penguin mascot of LINUX?
Chuck
Tux
Pingu
Linus
Which of these earlier machines were programmable?
A printing press
A Chinese incense clock
A textile loom
A mill
Which of these represents the highest quality tag in a pirated
movie?
TELESYNC
R5
CAM
TVRip
Which of these operating systems is based on Unix code?
Minix
Linux
Free BSD
Mac OS
According to a survey by brandchannel.com, Apple is
considered the world‘s best brand. Which of these didn‘t
make it to the top 5?
Google
Microsoft
Coca-Cola
Nike
CHECK YOUR TQ
Abhishek Mishra, IT-III year
There was in fact a kitchen computer released by
Honeywell years ago to assist women with recipes &
other gourmet activities
Microsoft‘s next venture into the home business is the
kitchen computer.
Which of these was one of the code names for Windows 7
Viridian
Blackcomb
Kahuna
Velocity
Galvan Manufacturing Corporation went on to sell car radios.
How do we know it today?
Dunlop
Goodyear
Michelin
Motorola
Mail your answers to disha.iota@gmail.com by November
28, 2010. The entry with maximum correct answers will get
a prize.
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Only one of these artists has not released an album that
isn‘t a free or ―pay what you want to‖ download. Who?
Nine Inch Nails
Radiohead
Eminem
Madonna
Find the odd one out
Bluetooth
Zigbee
Wibree
Infrared
The kitchen computer is a term hardly heard of these days.
What is it?
You must be kidding. Why would someone need a
kitchen computer
A PC placed in kitchen is called a kitchen computer
ALT + F4 - Quit a program / Shut down
ALT + TAB - Hold down the ALT key and hit tab to cycle
through open windows.
CTL + ESCAPE - Display the Start menu
SHIFT + TAB - tab backwards through a form
CRTL + TAB - Navigate tabs on a tabbed screen
SHIFT + F10: Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item
(this is the same as right-clicking an object
ALT + DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box
ALT + SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu
(from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize,
minimize, maximize, or close the window)
ALT +- (ALT + hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface
(MDI) child window's System menu (from the MDI
child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize,
minimize, maximize, or close the child window)
“I have had my results for a long time: but I do not yet know how I am to arrive at them”
~Karl Friedrich Gauss
iota October 2010 15

Will World end in 2012?
Myths and Facts
Should we be worried about mysterious planets going
rogue?
"If Nibiru or Planet X were real and headed for an encounter
with the Earth in 2012, astronomers would have been
The Earth's magnetic field will reverse.
Don't hold you breath. The last field reversal happened tracking it for at least the past decade, and it would be
nearly 800,000 years ago. Geological evidence shows visible by now to the naked eye."
that the field has reversed its orientation tens of thousands "There are no planetary alignments in the next few decades,
Earth will not cross the galactic plane in 2012, and
of times over Earth history. Yet there is no definitive evidence
that a magnetic field reversal has ever caused any even if these alignments were to occur, their effects on the
mass extinction due to increased cosmic ray influx. Earth would be negligible."
A grand alignment of Jupiter and Saturn will gravitationally
perturb Earth.
For the past several decades there have been doomsday
claims that the combined gravity from grand planetary
alignments will cause geologic and meteorological upheavals
on Earth. .
―There is no ‗galactic alignment‘ in 2012, or at least nothing
out of the ordinary,‖ said David Morrison, senior scientist
with the NASA Astrobiology Institute.
The black hole in the galactic centre will affect us.
The Milky Way's black hole has no influence on the galactic
disk. The black hole is three million solar masses. The
Milky Way is several trillion solar masses when we add the
tug of dark matter. Any gravitational influence of the
black hole over the galaxy would be like the tail wagging
the dog.
An asteroid will smash into Earth.
A threatening near-Earth asteroid that's gotten the most
press is the 900-foot wide Apophis. But its chances of collision
have been downgraded to 1 in 250,000 at its next
close approach in 2029. In theory, an uncharted asteroid
or comet could come out of the blue tomorrow. But if we
don't know about it today, the Mayans certainly didn't
know about it 1,200 years ago.
Mukul and Jayraj (ET– IV year)
About this doomsday calendar business .
"The Mayan calendar does not cease to exist on December
21, 2012. This date is the end of the Mayan long-count
period but then -- just as your calendar begins again on
January 1 -- another long-count period begins for the Mayan
calendar."
What about meteors and asteroids?
"... Nothing is predicted to hit in 2012."
The earth's crust won't do a 180-degree rotation around
the core in a matter of days if not hours?
"A bait-and-shift to fool people."
So what you're saying is ...
"Nothing bad will happen to the Earth in 2012 ... scientists
worldwide know of no threat associated with 2012."
A myth is that in some 2012 disaster scenarios, our own sun
is the enemy, as it‘s rumoured that it will produce lethal
eruptions of solar flares, turning up the heat on Earthlings.
―As it turns out the sun isn‘t on schedule anyway,‖ said
Morrison. ―We expect that this cycle probably won‘t peak
in 2012 but a year or two later,‖ he added.
So...
ALL IZZ WELL!!!
The rogue planet Nibiru will swing by Earth.
There isn't such a planet any more than the planet Nibiru
from the Star Wars trilogy is real. Purported Internet pictures
of the interloper are photographic lens flares or hoaxes.
Don't believe every dot you see photographed in the sky.
What you need to know (NASA comments in quotes):
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Why 2012?
"The story started with claims that Nibiru, a supposed
planet discovered by the Sumerians, is headed toward
Earth. This catastrophe was initially predicted for May 2003,
but when nothing happened the doomsday date was
moved forward to December 2012. Then these two fables
were linked to the end of one of the cycles in the ancient
Mayan calendar at the winter solstice in 2012 - hence the
predicted doomsday date of December 21, 2012."
F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves
down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows
Explorer)
F5: Refreshes the current window.
F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
CTRL + G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows
Explorer only)
CTRL + A: Select all the items in the current window
SHIFT + click + Close button: For folders, close the current
folder plus all parent folders
“Research is the process of going up alleys to see if they are blind” ~Marston Bates
iota October 2010 16

NEW TECHNOLOGY
Google
GO
A new language for geeks to play with
Abhishek Mishra, IT-III year.
There is a reason Google appeals to geeks, they give so
much fun stuff to play with, and often for free. Google Go
is one of the latest new projects. Born during the famous
20% time that all Google employees use to develop innovative
products on their own. The initial design of Go was
started in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike,
and Ken Thompson, building on previous work related to
the Inferno operating system. Go was officially announced
in November 2009, with implementations released
for the Linux and Mac OS X platforms.
WHAT IS GO?
GO is a new open source programming language created
by Google which it claims to be simple, safe, concurrent
and fun. For someone who is familiar with programming
languages such as Java & C++, it doesn‘t significantly
depend upon the syntax. The same familiar
curly braces are there along with semicolons as lone terminators.
Yet there are enough idiosyncrasies to make
the language new. The language supports concurrency
in its basic syntax which are heavily drawn from C and
has built-in garbage collection.
GO, AS IN GOOGLE
Named from the first two letters of Google itself, Go is
aimed to be the programming language of tomorrow‘s
concurrent, networked computer world.
NOMENCLATURE
The Google Go compiler & linkers are named as per Plan
9 with one letter for architecture (6 for amd64, 8 for x86, 5
for ARM) and the second is g for Go or I for linker.
WHY ANOTHER LANGUAGE?
Google created GO because they believe that current
programming languages are not very suitable for creating
the kind of applications that are needed nowadays.
Languages such as C and C++ use headers, which make
dependency analysis and fast compilation difficult. Many
of the current programming languages also have a very
―cumbersome‖ type system which pushes more people
towards languages like Python and JAVA script which
have dynamic typing. Programming languages have
kept on adding features via newer libraries which bring
new features, however the languages themselves have
not evolved to take on the features which are required at
their very core
SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS
Let us look at some of the ways in which GO differs from
C++, one of the most popular language for system
development:-
No pointer arithmetic.
No type hierarchy.
No overloading methods or operators.
No implicit type conversions.
No header files, GO uses the concept of pack
ages instead.
Strings, arrays and maps (hashes) are a native
type in GO.
Variable are initiated on declaration, there are
never ant uninitiated variables.
GO supports multiple parallel assignments.
GO ON GO?
The Google Go website golang.org runs on the godoc
documentation server which is written in Go itself.
CONCLUSION
Google GO is still pretty much a language in incubation.
Google has unveiled the programming language and its
source code early so that people can begin experimenting
and playing with it. Google is already offering a
choice of two compilers for the language, once which is
a standalone compiler and linker, and another implementation
which is built on GCC (GNU compiler collection).
Bad news for all the geeks out there using windows
through, the GO compiler is currently exclusively for
Linux and Google has no plans to release a windows
version any time soon.
Google Go: Google‘s take on what a modern programming
language should be like
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
SHIFT + right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing
alternative commands
SHIFT + double click: Runs the alternate default command
(the second item on the menu)
SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert
a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature
“My mother made me a scientist without ever intending to. Every other Jewish mother in Brooklyn
would ask her child after school, "So? Did you learn anything today?" But not my
mother. "Izzy," she would say, "did you ask a good question today?" That difference - asking
good questions - made me become a scientist”
~Isidor Isaac Rabi
iota October 2010 17

Research Paper
Development of hardware for representation of
Abstract
a 3D pixel of a 3D TV
Rohit Sharma, ET (2010 Batch)
In this model hardware, we will present the concept of a
system that allows an unorthodox way of representing 3D
objects or motion pictures. The general approach towards
3D representation or 3D imaging generates a good image
but produced 3D images have a limited viewing angle
(about 0-45 degree) and limited viewing range i.e. it produces
a virtual 3D image of the 3D object visible in a limited
area. It needs lots of middleware and software to convert
10-20 views of an object to process it & reproduce
image in 3D. 3D TV generally forms a virtual 3D pixel. My
model hardware of 3D TV suggests forming a 3D pixel and
also discusses the requirements for a 3D equivalent of
pixel. The proposed model for 3D pixel (quantum) can be
made by using the transparent conductor (ITO indium tin
oxide as electrode) and transparent LEDs which can be
arranged in 3D array as pixel are arranged in 2D array. This
model suggests the need of new approach towards 3D
imaging and its requirements for the model and suggests
practical techniques for its implementation.
Keywords— 3D TV, ITO (indium tin oxide), persistence of
vision, transparent LED.
INTRODUCTION- IDEA BEHIND HARDWARE
Humans learn from their surroundings, thus their interest
and appreciation for natural objects around them, led
them to represent these surroundings in their own way as
human is structured for innovation. Humans started from
paintings, sculptures, then, with the advancement in technology
we created display devices. The display devices
were first created to relay information from source to receiver
through visual medium, and then came the invention
of TV, first moving image changed the way we look at
our surroundings, our world. The display devices have
come a long way from the first TV screen to CRT screens,
LCD screens, but the thirst for better display keeps on increasing.
This gave birth to new display devices like IMAX
and plasma TV, as human mind craves for new limits. We
have created CRT, LCD, Plasma displays, Electroluminescent(EL),
EPID- Electrophoretic image display, LVD-
Liquid Vapour Display, Incandescent displays and many
other kind of display devices. Also the focus of the display
devices has changed from just information display to arcade
games, entertainment and leisure activities. In this
series, we would certainly need newer display devices with
better display, devices that have natural like displays, with
higher refresh rates , better resolution, better response
time , better viewing angle, brightness, and contrast ratio.
From old ages there have been generally two ways of
representation of natural objects (3D objects)-
1. 2D representation of the given 3D object [like painting]
2. 3D representation of the given 3D object [like statue].
My model of 3D TV deals with 3D representation of 3D objects.
CONCEPT OF 3D PIXEL
We need new innovation in this field which will represent
a real object by a 3D visual image not by a 2D image i.e.
image should act as a real object not as a visual image of
the real object. We have seen tremendous technological
advances in field of electronics and have reached certain
level of proficiency in display devices that we can make
LCD, CRT with a pixel size of less than .1mm, plasma TV,
projectors, HDTV for a 2D display.
The general approach for 2D display is to divide the
screen in very small pixels which are basic unit of screen
e.g. LCD display has millions of small LCDs.
3D Pixel
For a 3D display, we must also have a 3D equivalent for
a pixel in 2D display. Requirements for a 3D equivalent of
pixel (say quantum) are:
Quantum should be in transparent state when not in use
(in unexcited state).
Quantum should emit light (monochromatic or colour)
when excited.
Quantum should be as small as possible (preferably that
of pixel).
Quantum should have high refresh rates, better resolution,
response time, brightness, and contrast ratio.
Quantum can be controlled by an external device
(equivalent to active matrix structure of LCD display.
Quantum should have viewing angle of 0

trolled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible
colours for each pixel.
To represent a 3D object, here green LED is used as a 3D
pixel as it fulfils almost all the requirements of a 3D pixel.
GaAs- gallium arsenide-RED LED
GaP- gallium phosphide GREEN LED
InGaN- indium gallium BLUE LED
Thus suggested model satisfies the requirements of a quantum.
There can be many more models for quantum.
Thus a 3D pixel (quantum) is practically realizable.
WORKING OF 3D TV
It is in transparent state when not in use (in unexcited
state).
It emits light (green) when excited.
It is small.
It has high refresh rate, good resolution, response
time, brightness, and contrast ratio.
It can be controlled by an external device (here microcontroller
is used for 3D matrix control).
It has viewing angle of almost 0

Fig. 2 Controlling circuitry of 3D matrix
where you can view character as 3D image rather as a
real character thus end result will more interactive game.
Circuit diagram 3D matrix of LED
The circuit of 64 LEDs is arranged as a 2D matrix of 16* 4
LEDs connected with PORTS of microcontroller, as in Fig.3
ADVANTAGES OF THIS MODEL OF 3D TV
Advantages
1. Starting from the evolution of the display devices, focus
was on the 2D virtual representation of the 3D object, by
changing focus on 3D virtual representation of the 3D
object we can have a better view within the limits of
present day technology.
2. Present day 3D technology either uses 3D specs, special
glasses, micro lenses to create virtual objects by controlling
the direction of the emission of the light, also uses
supporting software ,dedicated circuitry, gives full effect
when viewed at an angle 30 degree and at distance of
30 cm. This concept can overcome this problem as it‘s
viewing angle is almost 0

INTRODUCTION
STIRLING ENGINE
Saurabh Garg, ME (2010 Batch)
Stirling engines are external combustion engines that use
air or other gases as working fluid. They can burn any solid
or liquid fuel as their heat source. This makes them very
attractive, particularly in situations where conventional
fuels are expensive and hard to obtain. Because some
types of Stirling engine are so simple to make and yet so
effective, they are excellent choices for power generation
in developing countries. This paper describes the basic
Stirling engine, as well as some of the most promising modern
varieties. The intent here is to familiarize people in developing
countries with the engine's operation and range
of applications
HISTORY
The Stirling engine was invented by Robert Stirling, a Scottish
minister, in 1816. The early Stirling engine had a history
of good service and long life (up to 20 years). It was used
as a relatively low-power water-pumping engine from the
middle of the nineteenth century to about 1920, when the
internal combustion engine and the electric motor replaced
it. The hot-air engine was known for its ease of operation;
its ability to use any burnable material as fuel; it‘s
safe, quiet, moderately efficient operation; and its durability
and low maintenance requirements. It was very large
for its small power output, however, and had a high purchase
cost. Nevertheless, its low operating cost usually
justified choosing it over the steam engine--the only alternative
at the time-which burned much more fuel for the
same power and demanded constant attention to avoid
dangerous explosions or other failures. The other major
disadvantage of the early hot-air engine was its tendency
to fail if the heater head got too hot. Which is due to the
relatively low heat resistance of the cast iron heater head.
The problem was overcome by redesigning the burner,
which prevented the engine from overheating. This improvement
resulted in safe, but even lower, power operation.
Despite this improvement, the Stirling engine could
not compete with the cheaper, more powerful internal
combustion engine, and it disappeared from the commercial
scene. This situation changed in 1980, when the U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID) funded the
development of a simple Stirling engine specifically intended
for manufacture and use in developing countries.
The engine was designed, built, tested, and delivered to
Bangladesh, and copies of it were built and put into operation
there. This demonstrated the Possibility of the engine's
manufacture in simple machine shops of the type
found in many regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
NEEDS SERVED BY THE TECHNOLOGY
Although the Stirling engine is an old machine, modern
materials and design methods make it much more attractive
than ever before. The crank-drive Stirling engine is
definitely useful to anyone who has solid fuel. This type of
Stirling engine can burn any local fuel as its source of heat
to produce electricity, pump water, or perform tasks requiring
mechanical power such as food processing.
II. OPERATING PRINCIPLES BASIC THEORY OF THE TECHNOL-
OGY
Stirling cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the
general class of Stirling devices. This includes the original
Stirling engine that was invented, developed and patented
in 1816 by Reverend Dr. Robert Stirling with help
from his brother, an engineer. The cycle is reversible,
meaning that if supplied with mechanical power, it can
function as a heat pump for heating
or refrigeration cooling, and even for cryogenic cooling.
The cycle is defined as a closed-cycle regenerative cycle
with gaseous working fluid. This also categorizes the engine
device as an external heat engine. "Regenerative" refers
to the use of an internal heat exchanger called
a regenerator which increases the device's thermal efficiency.
The idealized Stirling cycle consists of
four thermodynamic processes acting on the working fluid
(See diagram):
Points 1 to 2, Isothermal Expansion: The expansion-space is
heated externally, and the gas undergoes near-isothermal
expansion.
Points 2 to 3 , Constant-Volume (known
as isovolumetric or isochoric) Heat-removal: The gas is
passed through the regenerator, thus cooling the gas, and
transferring heat to the regenerator for use in the next cycle.
Points 3 to 4, Isothermal Compression: The compression
space is intercooled, so the gas undergoes nearisothermal
compression.
Points 4 to 1 , Constant-Volume (known
as isovolumetric or isochoric) heat-addition: The compressed
air flows back through the regenerator and picksup
heat on the way to the heated expansion space
The ideal Stirling cycle (pv curve).
Basic idea is that when gas in a closed cylinder is moved
into the hot part of the cylinder, it expands, its pressure
increases, and it can do work. When the gas moves into
the cold part of the cylinder, its pressure is reduced. Once
the gas reaches the lower pressure, it is compressed back
to its original volume. The gas performs more work during
its expansion than is required to be put into it during its
compression. Thus, the entire cycle results in the net positive
output of work.
Engine configurations
There are two major types of Stirling engines that are distinguished
by the way that they move the air between the
hot and cold sides of the cylinder:
The two piston alpha type design has pistons in independent
cylinders, and gas is driven between the hot and cold
spaces. The displacement type Stirling engines, known
as beta and gamma types, use an insulated mechanical
displacer to push the working gas between the hot and
iota October 2010 21

cold sides of the cylinder. The displacer is long enough to
thermally insulate the hot and cold sides of the cylinder
and displace a large quantity of gas. It must have enough
of a gap between the displacer and the cylinder wall to
allow gas to easily flow around the displacer.
1. Power piston (dark grey) has compressed
the gas, the displacer piston (light grey) has
moved so that most of the gas is adjacent
to the hot heat exchanger
Alpha Stirling
An alpha Stirling contains two power pistons in separate
cylinders, one hot and one cold. The hot cylinder is situated
inside the high temperature heat exchanger and the
cold cylinder is situated inside the low temperature heat
exchanger. This type of engine has a high power-tovolume
ratio but has technical problems due to the usually
high temperature of the hot piston and the durability of its
seals. In practice, this piston usually carries a large insulating
head to move the seals away from the hot zone at the
expense of some additional dead space.
Action of an alpha type Stirling engine
The following diagrams do not show internal heat exchangers
in the compression and expansion spaces,
which are needed to produce power. A regenerator
would be placed in the pipe connecting the two cylinders.
The crankshaft has also been omitted.
1. Most of the working gas is in contact with
the hot cylinder walls, it has been heated
and expansion has pushed the hot piston to
the bottom of its travel in the cylinder. The
expansion continues in the cold cylinder,
which is 90° behind the hot piston in its cycle,
extracting more work from the hot gas.
2. The gas is now at its maximum volume.
The hot cylinder piston begins to move most
of the gas into the cold cylinder, where it
cools and the pressure drops.
3. Almost all the gas is now in the cold cylinder
and cooling continues. The cold piston,
powered by flywheel momentum (or other
piston pairs on the same shaft) compresses
the remaining part of the gas.
4. The gas reaches its minimum volume,
and it will now expand in the hot cylinder
where it will be heated once more, driving
the hot piston in its power stroke.
Beta Stirling
A beta Stirling has a single power piston arranged within
the same cylinder on the same shaft as a displacer piston.
The displacer piston is a loose fit and does not extract any
power from the expanding gas but only serves to shuttle
the working gas from the hot heat exchanger to the cold
heat exchanger. Unlike the alpha type, the beta type
avoids the technical problems of hot moving seals.
Action of a beta type Stirling engine
Again, the following diagrams do not show
internal heat exchangers or a regenerator,
which would be placed in the gas path
around the displacer.
2. The heated gas increases in
pressure and pushes the power piston to the
farthest limit of the power stroke.
3. The displacer piston now
moves, shunting the gas to the cold end of
the cylinder.
4. The cooled gas is now compressed by the
flywheel momentum. This takes less energy, since when it is
cooled its pressure dropped he cylinder.
OTHER STIRLING ENGINES CONFIGURATIONS:
Other Stirling configurations continue to interest engineers
and inventors for instance, Tom Peat conceived of a configuration
that he likes to call a "Delta" type, although currently
this designation is not widely recognized, having a
displacer and two power pistons, one hot and one cold.
Rotary Stirling
There is also the rotary Stirling engine which seeks to convert
power from the Stirling cycle directly into torque, similar
to the rotary combustion engine. No practical engine
has yet been built but a number of concepts, models and
patents have been produced..
Free piston engines
Various Free-Piston Stirling Configurations: F. "free cylinder", G.
Fluidyne, H. "double-acting" Stirling (typically 4 cylinders).
Free Piston Stirling
"Free piston" Stirling engines, including those with liquid
pistons and those with diaphragms as pistons. In a "free
piston" device, energy may be added or removed by an
electrical linear alternator, pump or other coaxial device.
This sidesteps the need for a linkage, and reduces the
number of moving parts. In some designs friction and wear
are nearly eliminated by the use of non-contact gas beariota
October 2010 22

Thermo-acoustic cycle
Thermo-acoustic devices are very different from Stirling
devices, although the individual path travelled by each
working gas molecule does follow a real Stirling cycle.
These devices include the thermo-acoustic engine
and thermo-acoustic refrigerator. High-amplitude
acoustic standing waves cause compression and expansion
analogous to a Stirling power piston, while out-ofphase
acoustic travelling waves cause displacement
along a temperature gradient, analogous to a Stirling displacer
piston. Thus a thermo acoustic device typically
does not have a displacer, as found in a beta or gamma
Stirling.
APPLICATION:
Heating and cooling
If supplied with mechanical power, a Stirling engine can
function in reverse as a heat pump for heating or cooling.
Combined heat and power
Power plants on the electric grid use fuel to produce
electricity; however there are large quantities of
waste heat produced which often go unused. According
to the second law of thermodynamics, a heat engine can
generate power from this temperature difference. In a
CHP system, the high temperature primary heat enters the
Stirling engine heater, then some of the energy is converted
to mechanical power in the engine, and the rest
passes through to the cooler, where it exits at a low temperature.
The "waste" heat actually comes from engine's
main cooler, and possibly from other sources such as the
exhaust of the burner, if there is one.
Solar power generation
Placed at the focus of a parabolic mirror a Stirling engine
can convert solar energy to electricity with efficiency better
than non-concentrated photovoltaic cells, and comparable
to Concentrated Photo Voltaic.
Stirling cryocoolers
Any Stirling engine will also work in reverse as a heat pump;
when a motion is applied to the shaft, a temperature difference
appears between the reservoirs. The essential mechanical
components of a Stirling cryocooler are identical
to a Stirling engine. In both the engine and the heat
pump, heat flows from the expansion space to the compression
space; however, input work is required in order for
heat to flow against a thermal gradient, specifically when
the compression space is hotter than the expansion
space. One of their modern uses is in cryogenics, and to a
lesser extent, refrigeration. At typical refrigeration temperatures,
Stirling coolers are generally not economically
competitive with the less expensive mainstream
Rankine cooling systems, even though they are
typically 20% more energy efficient. However, below
about −40 ° to −30 °C, Rankine cooling is not effective because
there is no suitable refrigerants with boiling points
this low. Stirling cryocoolers are able to "lift" heat down to
−200 °C (73 K), which is sufficient to liquefy air . They can
go as low as 40–60 K, depending on the particular design.
A wide variety of smaller size Stirling cryocoolers are commercially
available for tasks such as the cooling of electronic
sensors and sometimes microprocessors. For this application,
Stirling cryocoolers are the highest performance
technology available, due to their ability to lift heat efficiently
at very low temperatures. They are silent, vibrationfree,
and can be scaled down to small sizes, and have
very high reliability and low maintenance. As of 2008, cryocoolers
are considered to be the only commercially successful
Stirling devices.
Heat pump
A Stirling heat pump is very similar to a Stirling cryocooler,
the main difference being that it usually operates at room
temperature and its principal application to date is to
pump heat from the outside of a building to the inside,
thus cheaply heating it. The expansion side of the heat
pump is thermally coupled to the heat source, which is
often the external environment. The compression side of
the Stirling device is placed in the environment to be
heated, for example a building, and heat is "pumped" into
it. Typically there will be thermal insulation between the
two sides so there will be a temperature rise inside the insulated
space. Heat pumps are by far the most energyefficient
types of heating systems. Stirling heat pumps also
often have a higher coefficient of performance than conventional
heat pumps.
Marine engines
The Swedish shipbuilder Kockums has built 8 successful Stirling
powered submarines since the late 1980s. They carry
compressed oxygen to allow fuel combustion whilst submerged
which provides heat for the Stirling engine. They
a r e c u r r e n t l y u s e d o n s u b m a r i n e s o f
the Gotland and Södermanland classes. They are the first
submarines in the world to feature a Stirling engine airindependent
propulsion (AIP) system
Nuclear power
There is a potential for nuclear-powered Stirling engines in
electric power generation plants. Replacing the steam
turbines of nuclear power plants with Stirling engines might
simplify the plant, yield greater efficiency, and reduce the
radioactive byproducts. A number of breeder reactor designs
use liquid sodium as coolant. If the heat is to be employed
in a steam plant, a water/sodium heat exchanger
is required, which raises some concern as sodium reacts
violently with water. A Stirling engine eliminates the need
for water anywhere in the cycle.
United States government‘s Dept of Energy (DoE) and
NASA labs have developed a modern Stirling engine design
known as the Stirling Radioisotope Generator for use in
space exploration. SRG is one of the technologies being
developed to provide spacecraft onboard electric power
for potential use on future NASA missions lasting decades.
Automotive engines
It is often claimed that the Stirling engine has too low a
power/weight ratio, too high a cost, and too long a starting
time for automotive applications. They also have complex
and expensive heat exchangers. A Stirling cooler must
reject twice as much heat as an Otto engine or Diesel engine
radiator. The heater must be made of stainless steel,
exotic alloy or ceramic to support high heater temperatures
needed for high power density, and to contain hydrogen
gas that is often used in automotive Stirling to
maximize power. The main difficulties involved in using the
Stirling engine in an automotive application are startup
time, acceleration response, shutdown time, and weight,
not all of which have ready-made solutions.
However, at least two automobiles exclusively powered by
Stirling engines were developed by NASA, as well as earlier
projects by the Ford Motor Company (Fumes - to -
Fuel) and the American Motor Company.
iota October 2010 23

Electric vehicles
Many people believe that Stirling engines as part of
a hybrid electric drive system can bypass all of the perceived
design challenges or disadvantages of a nonhybrid
Stirling automobile. In November 2007, a prototype
hybrid car using solid bio-fuel and a Stirling engine
was announced by the Precer project in Sweden.
The Manchester Union Leader reports that Dean
Kamen has developed a series plug-in hybrid car using
a Ford Think (TH!NK). DEKA, Kamen's technology company
in the Manchester Millyard, has recently demonstrated an
electric car, the DEKA Revolt that can go approximately
60 miles (97 km) on a single charge of its lithium battery.
Aircraft engines
Stirling engines may hold theoretical promise as aircraft
engines, if high power density and low cost can be
achieved. They are quieter, less polluting, gain efficiency
with altitude due to lower ambient temperatures, are
more reliable due to fewer parts and the absence of an
ignition system, produce much less vibration (airframes last
longer) and safer, less explosive fuels may
be used. However, the Stirling engine often
has low power density compared to
the commonly used Otto engine
and Brayton cycle gas turbine.
Low temperature difference engines
A low temperature difference Stirling Engine
by American Stirling Company
shown here running on the heat from a
warm hand. A low temperature difference
(Low Delta T, or LTD) Stirling engine
will run on any low temperature differential, for example
the difference between the palm of a hand and room
temperature or room temperature and an ice cube.
OTHER RECENT APPLICATIONS
Acoustic Stirling Heat Engine
Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed an
"Acoustic Stirling Heat Engine" with no moving parts. It converts
heat into intense acoustic power. High-amplitude
acoustic standing waves cause compression and expansion
analogous to a Stirling
power piston, while
out-of-phase acoust
i c t r a v e l l i n g
waves cause displacement
along a temperature
gradient.
Chip cooling
MSI (Taiwan) recently
developed a miniature
Stirling engine cooling
system for personal computer chips that use the waste
heat from the chip to drive a fan.
Other
Think Nordic, an electric car company in Norway, is working
with inventor Dean Kamen on plans to install Stirling
engines in the Think City, an otherwise all-electric vehicle
announced in 2007.
References
1. IC Engines, V.Ganeshan, Tata Mc Grew Hills Publications.
2. IC Engines, Shyam, TMH
3. www.wikipidia.com
4. http://www.ford.com/innovation/environmentallyfriendly
5. Press Release: ford‘s eco-friendly fumes-to-fuel technology
ramping up for operation at oakville assembly,
2002
6. Technical Paper Published By: William Beale; volunteers
in technical assistance
1600 Wilson boulevard, suite 500, Arlington, Virginia
22209 USA.
7. NASA research papers on Space Radioisotope,
Power Systems, Stirling Radioisotope Generator, April
2002.
INTERESTING FACTS
1. The Titanic was the first ship to use the SOS signal.
2. The Mercedes-Benz motto is ―Das Beste oder
Nichts‖ meaning ―the best or nothing‖.
3. The first Harley Davidson motorcycle was built in
1903, and used a tomato can for a carburetor.
4. 160 cars can drive side by side on the Monumental
Axis in Brazil, the world's widest road.
5. A car traveling at 80 km/h uses half its fuel to
overcome wind resistance.
6. Cars were first made with ignition keys in 1949.
7. J.B Dunlop was first to put air into tires.
8. Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone,
also set a world water-speed record of
over seventy miles an hour at the age of seventy
two.
9. Flying from London to New York by Concord,
due to the time zones crossed, you can arrive 2
hours before you leave.
10. There is enough fuel in a full tank of a Jumbo Jet
to drive an average car four times around the
world.
11. A Boeing 707 uses four thousand gallons of fuel
in its take-off climb.
12. The surface speed record on the moon is 10.56
miles per hour. It was set with the lunar rover.
iota October 2010 24

Guest Column
Ring laser gyro is a laser with a ring cavity having a readout
mechanism which makes the two laser beams travelling
inside the ring cavity to leak out and interfere with
each other resulting into an interference fringe pattern.
This fringe pattern is then made to fall on a photo diode,
which gives a signal at beat frequency between the two
output beams. Therefore, a ring cavity with a proper read
out system and a photodiode are the basic requirements
of RLG. There are certain inherent errors in RLG which need
to be corrected or overcome by some mechanism. Of the
errors the scale factor error and lock-in error are the most
prominent ones. Scale factor error is mostly due to the
path length changes and hence any RLG should have
path length control mechanism. Any variation in the intensity
of the two beams will lead to a variation in the output
for a given input rotation resulting in an error. Therefore, it is
essential to have an intensity control also. A mechanism to
overcome the lock-in effect is also required in order to
achieve the required performance on a Ring Laser Gyro.
Apart from these, an excitation mechanism is required to
have the laser. Keeping all this in view one can broadly
define the Ring Laser Gyro to consist the following
Ring laser Cavity
Excitation Mechanism
Path length control
Intensity Control
Mechanism to overcome Lock-in
RLG
Overview of RLG
The ring laser consists of the sital block, the sital covers and
four TRP, which are mounted on the block by optical contact,
the diaphragms, the combining prism and the photo
detector. Ring cavity is made of Zerodur glass material into
which 4 channels are drilled to create open path for the
laser beam to pass. In one of the channels of the cavity
called Active Channel, a gain medium is placed. Ring
cavity is formed by contacting four Total Internal Reflection
Prisms. External Diaphragms are used to generate Single
Mode Operation. The combining prism is used to mix
the two beams and the resulting interference fringes projected
onto the photo detector. The signal from the Photo
detector is electronically processed to get the counts
which are proportional to the amount of rotation according
to the equation
N = 4A/L*
To provide cavity stability two TRP-I have spherical
small leg surface and other two TRP-II have all surfaces flat.
Combining prism is used to o/p from the cavity and to mix
a part of counter propagating waves (cw & ccw) energy.
This mixed beam is directed onto the two-plate photo detector.
In the plane of the photo detector‘s sensitive plates
interference picture (fringe pattern) is observed. The TRPs
are fixed by optical contact on the sital(glass-ceramics like
cervit or zerodur) body. One channel of the body that is
vacuum tightly closed by TRP-I,is fitted with active heliumneon
mixture. The TRPs are air tightly closed by special sital
covers(caps)to keep their surfaces cleanliness. The channel
located opposite to the active one, is fitted with dried
air. The ring laser generation frequency control (cavity
path-length control)is carried out in it. the active heliumneon
medium is excited with the high frequency gas discharge
controlled by the special oscillator (HFO).HFO is
supplied through the output signal amplitude stabilizer. To
ignite (light-up)a gas discharge in the He-Ne medium a
Light-Up high frequency transformer is included in the
structure of the laser Gyro. Just after power to be applied
to the HFO eight pulses of 330….350V amplitude and 2….3
µs duration are put to the light-up transformer. Intervals
between pulses should ne minimum 0.5sec.To tune the
laser generation frequency at the centre of He-Ne active
medium gain line the LG includes a serving element
(heater) which controls a cavity path-length. To increase
accuracy of the instrument a temp. Sensor (a wire thermal
resistor) is incorporated in it. With the use of this sensor
an algorithmic compensation of the ring laser temperature
error in the external computer may be carried out. There is
different configuration for TRP ring cavities, among which
four prism with
re-
versed second
prism has
been
selected
on the basis of
suitabil-
ity and satisfactory
test result.
Working Principle of RLG
The Principle of RLG is based on Sagnac Effect. In which
two light beams are allowed to travel in CW and CCW
directions in an enclosed optical cavity. The frequency of
the oscillation is determined by the optical path length of
the beams inside the ring cavity. When such cavity is rotated,
the degeneracy in Optical Path between the two
beams is removed and the resultant beat frequency produced
is directly proportional to the amount of rotation.
FOUR-PRISM CAVITY
WITH REVERSED SECOND PRISMS
iota October 2010 25

Beam shifts occur under temperature variations because
the prism material refractive index depends on the temperature.
Beam shift leads either to variation of geometric
parameters of cavity that may be accompanied by LG
scale factor variation. There is a beam shift in TRP cavities
under environmental temperature. The beam shift may
cause the scale factor variation. However the beam shift
leads to the cavity path-length variation. It is found that In
one arm of the TRP ring cavity the temp. beam shift is negligibly
small. In this arm the active member is based TRP
cavity have two sections (A & B) where the beam shift is
equal to zero. In these sections beam shift sensitive optical
elements like diaphragms, combining prism etc are arranged.
Cavity path-length variation in the LG with the TRP
depends on a variation of prisms refractive index and optical
beam path-length in them rather than on sital block
temperature expansion as it is in mirror LG. This matter
causes tens wavelength cavity path-length variation in the
operating temperature range and during LG self-heating.
Since the TRP deformation leads to an increase of the double
refraction and therefore to an increase of the polarization
losses and magnetic sensitivity, the traditional cavity
perimeter tuning method, based on the application of
Piezo-drive fixed on the reflector, is not suitable in the ring
laser with TRP cavity. The cavity path length is controlled
by air density variation in one arm of the ring laser. The
serving element is hermetically evacuated and has a
Piezo-controlled membrane and a nichrome wire to heat
air inside. The internal volume of the heater is connected
with the pipe to the channel of sital block. A Piezoceramic
plate glued on the membrane is supplied with
A.C.voltage (50V, 120…..180Hz) to induce air density oscillation
within the channel. It causes a ring laser cavity path
length scanning and hence the ring laser frequency scanning
over a bandwidth (2MHz).If the cavity path length
doesn‘t fit to the centre of the gain line ,a synchronous
variation of the ring laser o/p signal amplitude is observed.
The cavity path length control system selects the feedback
signal by detecting the phase of the amplitude
modulated o/p signal of the LG. The selected feedback
signal varies the heating of the spiral(nichrome) in the
heater. There was a problem of internal stress development
in prism material while connecting it to sital body.
This mainly depends on the method of connecting. There
are different methods like cement connection, low temp.
Ultrasonic indium soldering etc. These methods have different
drawbacks but optical contact method is practically
free of almost all defects of above methods. Advantages
of optical contact are following
Reliable vacuum tight
Mechanically strong connection
Doesn‘t create initial stresses in the prism during its
connection with the block
Accepts high temperature degasation of the assembled
ring laser.
There is no reflecting boundary of media in optical
contact connection hence no repeated reflections
from the large leg of the prism and no additional contribution
to back scattering.
To achieve above given advantages it is needed that the
dimensions of the sital body and shape of contacting surfaces
of the block and of the prisms are to be provided
precisely, contacting surfaces should be thoroughly
cleaned, local defects and contaminations should be
avoided as it creates additional stresses.
Applications
The Ring Laser Gyros (RLG) can be used as the stable elements
(for one degree of freedom each) in an inertial
guidance system. The advantage of using a RLG is that
there are no moving parts. Compared to the conventional
spinning gyro(DTG), this means there is no friction, which in
turn means there will be no inherent drift terms. Additionally,
the entire unit is compact, lightweight and virtually
indestructible, meaning it can be used in aircraft. Primary
applications include navigation systems on commercial
airliners, ships and spacecraft, where RLGs are often referred
to as Air Data Inertial Reference Units
Air Data Inertial Reference Unit
An Air Data Inertial Reference Unit is a key component of
the integrated Air Data Inertial Reference System , that
supplies air data and inertial reference information to the
pilots' Electronic Flight Instrument System displays as well as
other systems on the aircraft such as the engines, In these
applications, it has replaced its mechanical counterpart
(Dynamically Tuned Gyroscope), the Inertial guidance system.
Examples of aerospace vehicles/weapons utilizing RLG
systems
EF-111 Raven
F-15E Strike Eagle
MC-130E Combat Talon I and MC-130H Combat
Talon II
SU-30MKI Flanker-H
MH-60R and MH-60S Seahawk helicopters
HAL Tejas
HAL TejasThe HAL Tejas is a lightweight multirole jet
fighter being developed by India. It is a tailless, compound
delta wing design powered by a single engine...
Agni III
Boeing 777
Airbus A320
Shaurya Missile
Shaurya missile: The Shaurya missile is a canister
launched hypersonic surface-to-surface tactical missile
developed by the Indian Defence Research and
Development Organization for use by the Indian
Armed Forces. It has a range of between 600-700 km
and is capable of carrying a payload of one-tonne
conventional...
ASM-135 US Anti-satellite missile.
B-52H with the AMI upgrade
The author is an Engineer „B‟ working with Defense Research
Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defense, Government
of India.
iota October 2010 26

Research Paper
Abstract
Complex Analysis of Mass,
Velocity and Time
Rakesh Kumar Pandey, IT (2010 Batch)
The study of mass, velocity and time are the backbone of
Physical Science. It is the most essential background to
formulate the higher concepts. Moreover the study of
complex numbers has been of prime interest among the
researchers for a number of years. Its properties and
characteristics have fascinated researchers in more than
a single way. Many applicable findings and interesting
facts have been reported in the literature. The objective
of this paper is to analyze and verify various laws of motion
and relativity employing imaginary mass, imaginary
velocity and imaginary time and compare them with
standard results to support the hypothesis.
Keywords: Imaginary Mass, Imaginary Velocity, Imaginary
Time, Spacetime, Worldline, Tachyons.
Introduction
―It is believed by most that time passes; in actual fact it
stays where it is. This idea of passing may be called time
but it‘s an incorrect idea, for since one only sees it as
passing, one can‘t understand that it stays just where it is.
In a word, every being in the entire world is a separate
time in one continuum‖
-Dogen Zenji
―There is no absolute space…..there is no absolute time‖
-Poincare (1902)
Perhaps these two above said views are difficult to analyze
or interpret as far as the analysis of time is concerned.
Is it real or imaginary? The most startling conclusion
of the former view is that according to him ―time
doesn‘t change, rather it stays where it is‖. Definitely, it is
a hard nut to crack but not an impossible one. Albert
Einstein in his special theory of relativity (1905), gave the
spacetime and the world line, where the +Y axis was absolute
future while –Y axis was absolute past. What is here
that amuses us is that the present is only a point in space
i.e. the origin. The present relates the future and the past
through the worldline. Moreover he took ‗ict‘ along the Y
axis. If we recall, there ‗c‘ was only a conversion factor
and nothing else. This means that ‗ict‘ is equivalent to
time and that too imaginary time. Our belief and convention
says t>=0 i.e. it can‘t take any other value except
this. Have you ever analyzed your dream? The dream
that you dreamt last night was an event that happened
for an imaginary observer still awaken while you were fast
asleep!!! You analyzed that event after you wake up in
morning, but that event had already occurred. If t=0 is
that point of time you started analyzing your dream, then
the event that had already occurred must be imaginary.
CONCEPT OF IMAGINARY MASS
Is it merely a mathematical convention that energy
(or mass) must be a real number? The question certainly
seems a bit ambiguous at first sight but if we
take a look over the concept of DARK MATTER in cosmology,
it‘ll be a matter to ponder. The whole universe
is supposed to consist of luminous and non luminous
matter. The former one which consists of the
stars and galaxies in the sky while the latter one is still
a mystery. Let us set aside the contents of dark matter
and confine ourselves only to the matter of concern
i.e. luminous matter.
The actual density of the luminous
matter in the universe is only a few percent of critical
density (ρ). The remaining are the dark matters. Recalling
the mass-equivalence relationship of Einstein
we know that, a particle with zero rest mass can only
travel with a speed of ―c‖. What if the speed of a
imaginary particle greater than ‗c‘? No doubt our
common sense doesn‘t allow this but in words of a
great poet ―common sense is not so common‖. Let us
take a look at this for a moment.
ψ=e ipx(2π)/h is the wave function which describes a
particle. It is analogous to y=A sin(ωt) in case of a
wave motion where y denotes the displacement of
the particle. ψ is defined everywhere in space. Whatever
states a particle is in its waveform has a complex
value at every point in the universe. By definition
modulus of ψ 2 gives the probability of finding the particle
at some specific position. The wave function is
unnormalized, however it tells that the relative probabilities
of the particle existing at two places but tells
nothing about the absolute probability anywhere. By
convention we normalize ψ by insisting that the total
probability of finding the particle somewhere in
space is 1(certainty). It is only by definition and convention
that a particle is required to be somewhere in
space. There is no physical or theoretical basis to exclude,
a priori, that a particle can somehow be
caused to escape or vanish altogether from space
and go somewhere else, outside the universe in
which that wave function ψ is everywhere defined.
Now returning to relativity a mass can vanish if and
only if v>c. It means we can think of an imaginary
mass moving with a speed greater than that of light.
This can also satisfactorily explain the mystery of dark
matter. Dark matter can perhaps be measured and
mass or energy apparently escaping from a region of
spacetime may be taken as an indication that something
is leaving the region, perhaps along another
direction. In a nutshell we can think it as the transformation
of an object with real mass into an object
with imaginary mass by accelerating it instantaneously
to a speed greater than that of light in vacuum.
And according to Lorentz equations, such objects
with imaginary mass don‘t seem to break any physical
law.
TACHYONS
There was a young lady named Bright,
Whose speed was far faster than light.
iota October 2010 27

She went out one day,
Now for c=1, and v>c i.e. v>1
In a relative way,
And returned the previous night!
E=m*[1-v 2 ] -1/2
-Reginald Buller
It is very well known fact that nothing can travel
faster than the speed of light. At best, a massless particle
travels at the speed of light. In 1962, Bilaniuk,
Deshpande and Sudarshan, Physics Today 22, 43
(1969), said ―NO‖!
E=m*z -1/2
Relativistic energy and momentum are given by the
equation:
E 2 -p 2 c 2 =m0 2 c 4
Let us take c=1 for our convenience, this will make
the equation of the form:
E 2 -p 2 =m0 2
Draw a graph, with momentum (p) on the x-axis, and
energy (E) on the y-axis. Then draw the ―light cone‖,
two lines with the equations E=+/-p. this divides our
1+1 dimensional space-time into two regions. Above
and below are the ―timelike‖ quadrants, and to the
left and right are the ―spacelike‖ quadrants.
Now the fundamental fact of relativity is that
CASE-1
E 2 -p 2 =m0 2
For any non-zero value of m (mass), this is a hyperbola
with branches in the timelike regions. It passes
through the point (p, E) = (0, m), where the particle is
at rest. Any particle with mass m is constrained to
move on the upper branch of hyperbola. For massless
particle i.e. m=0, E 2 =p 2 , and the particle moves CASE-2
on the light cone.
Tachyon is the name given to the supposed ―fast‖
particle which would move with v>c i.e. speed
greater than that of light.
Again, according to theory of relativity
E=m*[1-(v/c) 2 ] -1/2
Now since v>1, v 2 >1 and thus 1-v 2

CONCEPT OF IMAGINARY VELOCITY, AND
IMAGINARY TIME
Do you have ever wondered where and how the
airplane would be flying before we started staring at
it? Perhaps this question is not that easy to analyze or
interpret. Time before you started staring! Puzzled!
Conventionally we assume time to be real or to be
very precise positive real. Yes, we have not seen a
watch moving in opposite direction or some negative
numbers engraved on its dial. Our common sense
says time is what we see, what we observe, and with
respect to which we change our position. However,
none of us bother to know where and how the airplane
would have been flying before they started
observing that? It is something like analyzing your
dream! We all know that t=0 is that point of time from
where the observer starts his observation. But what of
t

1. Beiser Arther, Concepts of Modern Physics. Tata
McGraw-Hill publication 6 th ed. 2006.
2. Physics: Text Book for Class XI, NCERT publication, 1 st
ed., 2002.
3. Physics: Text Book for Class XII, NCERT publication, 2 nd
ed., 2004.
4. TACHYONS:http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/
particleandneucleartachyons.html
5. the special theory of relativity: http://
www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/
SpecRel/Specrel.html
6. Public lectures by Stephen Hawking.
Rakesh Kumar Pandey is a 2010 batch
passout student from Department of
Information Technology. His areas of
interests include Algebraic Topology,
Number Theory, Cryptography and Operating
Systems. He can be mailed at
rk.pandey@live.com
COMPUTER TRICKS
1. Recover a Corrupted System File
If an essential Windows file gets whacked by a virus or
otherwise corrupted, restore it from the Windows CD.
Search the CD for the filename, replacing the last character
with an underscore; for example, Notepad.ex_. If
it's found, open a command prompt and enter the command
EXPAND, followed by the full pathname of the file
and of the desired destination: EXPAND
D:\SETUP\NOTEPAD.EX_ C:\Windows\NOTEPAD.EXE. If
either pathname contains any spaces, surround it with
double quotes.
If the file isn't found, search on the unmodified filename. It
will probably be inside a CAB file, which Win XP treats as
a folder. Simply right-drag and copy the file to the desired
location. In other Windows platforms, search for a
file matching *.cab that contains the filename. When the
search is done, open a command prompt and enter EX-
TRACT /L followed by the desired location, the full pathname
of the CAB file, and the desired filename; for example:
EXTRACT /L C:\Windows D:\I386\Driver.cab Notepad.exe.
Again, if the destination or CAB file pathname
contains spaces, surround it with double quotes.
2. Manage Saved IE Passwords
When you enter a user name and password, Internet Explorer
may ask if you want it to remember the password.
Click on Yes and it will automatically fill in the password
next time you enter that user name. But if you check
Don't offer to remember any more passwords, then
whether you click on Yes or No, you won't be prompted
again. To recover this feature, launch Internet Options
from IE's Tools menu, select the Content tab, click on the
AutoComplete button, and check Prompt me to save
passwords.
To delete an individual saved password entry, go to the
log-on box on a Web page and double-click. Your saved
AutoComplete entries will drop down. Use the arrow keys
to scroll to the one you want to delete, and press the Del
key.
3 Renaming Recycle Bin to whatever you Want
a. Start, Run, 'Regedit'.
b. Press 'Ctrl'+'F' to open find box and type 'Recycle Bin'
to search.
c. Change any value data with 'Recycle Bin' to whatever
name you want to give it ( ie, like 'Trash Can' or 'Dump'
etc).
d. Press F3 to continue searching for 'Recycle Bin' and
change wherever you come across 'Recycle Bin' to new
its new name.
e. Repeat step 4 until you have finished with searching
and changed all values to its new name.
f. Close regedit and hit F5 on desktop to see the new
name on screen.
Note: As a good practice, always backup your registry
before changing anything although changing 'Recycle
Bin' name is a simple tweak and doesn‘t affect anything
else.
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
ALT + double click: Displays properties
ALT + F6: switches between the Find dialog box and the
main Notepad window
CTRL + F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface
(MDI) window
ALT + underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu
Keyboard shortcuts were compiled by
Hitesh Sahni, a student of Computer Science
Department. He is a 2010 batch passout.
His areas of interest include Operating
Systems and Artificial Intelligence.
iota October 2010 30

Research Paper
Abstract
SUSTAINING RECESSION: THE INDIAN
SCENARIO
Mrs. Veeralakshmi & Mr. Naveen Mittal
This paper analysis various factors resulting in recession.
Impact of recession on Indian economy has been discussed
in this paper in the light of many layers that triggered
recession. A detailed analysis has been done in this
paper on a crisis which is perennial in nature, a postmortem
of such series which triggered economic slowdown
has been discussed in the light of cases like AIG, Lehman
Brothers and bailout packages of Washington Mutual,
Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs etc. The role of Government
measures like monetary and fiscal policies have been emphasized.
We are also suggesting measures to combat
against such economic slowdown and to sustain against
such outcomes in the future and make India recession
proof as possible. The impact of recession in India was
seen on some of the following industries like automobiles,
commercial vehicles, steel, textiles, petrochemicals, construction,
real estate, finance and retails activity etc., However,
India is not a direct bearer of such slowdown. This
paper describes India‘s position, and its growth factor in
many sectors which is still positive and the role of entrepreneurship
and indigenous business ventures, indigenous
marketing which could minimize the dependency on
other nations and make India a positive economy. The
role of entrepreneurship which would strengthen the
economy by making Indian youth self dependent and
also make them job providers than job seekers will build up
a strong bone for our economy that would suppress the
effect of downfall in business cycle and bring back the
recovery stage to a positive curve.
two successive
quarters of the
year. Failures and
b a n k r u p t c i e s
among industrial
units increase rapidly.
There is significant
retrenchment
resulting in massive
unemployment. In
macroeconomics,
a recession is generally
associated
with a decline in a
country's real gross domestic product (GDP), or negative
real economic growth. It‘s a stage of the business cycle in
which economic activity is declining. Recession usually
follows a boom, and precedes a depression. It is characterized
by rising unemployment and decreasing levels of
output and investment.
The economy goes through different cycles. One of them
is recession. It is observed when the prices start to increase
and the living standard starts to fall. Another indicator of
recession is a decreasing gross national product of a nation,
which is observed over two quarters.
Thus, Recession is when GDP growth slowdown,
Contraction phase of the business cycle.
Businesses stop expanding,
Employment falls,
Unemployment rises, and
Housing prices decline.
For these reasons, U.S. economic activities named as recession
the impact of same was seen on India due to its
relation with the outside world.
Differences between recession and depression
Recession
Depression
Key Words: Entrepreneurship, indigenous business ventures,
positive economy
“Recession is when your neighbor loses job and Depression
is when you lose your job”
Introduction
Recession is an economic phenomenon / fluctuations in
economic activity that occurs in a more or less regular
time sequence in many societies. Economic activity in a
community is shown, by several indicators viz., the volume
of employment, output and income and the price level.
When these indicators are plotted on a chart the graph
looks like a wave. This shows that economic activity rises
and falls in more or less a regular manner.
It is one of the stages in Business
cycle. Global Recession is the upper turning point where
the national income, employment and output fall, prices
and profits also decline and the people are thrown out of
employment. Eventually, the bottom is reached and the
contraction phase gives way to the recovery and expansion
phases at the lower point. According to some economists
it is a phenomenon which fulfills three main criteria.
Viz., Industrial production falls in absolute terms at least for
Recession is not to be confused with depression. Recession
means a slow down or slump or temporary collapse of a
business activity. In its early stage it can be controlled in a
methodical manner. Experience helps to avert total collapse.
Unchecked, it leads to severe depression. Depression
is a dead end. It is time to close shop completely. It is
a total state of irrevocable economic failure. When a
country is doing well all round its Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) is on the rise. According to one of the study conducted
on this we can see the graphical representation of
recession since 1950, a typical recession lasted for ten
months in the past and the shortest one lasted for six
months and the longest one lasted for 16 months. After
observing this we can hope that recession will not last for
long and current recovery which is healing the economy
will be effective. However, let us study some more events
which caused current economic condition.
Table 1(a)
iota October 2010 31

Recession
Months
July 1953-May 1954 10
Aug 1957-April1958 8
April 1960-Feb 1961 10
Dec 1969 – Nov 1970 12
Nov 1973 – Mar 1975 16
Jan 1980 - Jul 1980 6
Jul 1981 – Nov 1982 16
Jul 1990 – Mar 1991 8
Mar 2001 – Nov 2001 8
Table 1(b)
Current recession started with banking crisis, which lead to
a series of event. Such as bailout packages started from
August 2007 with federal reserve bailout, March 2008 Fed
Bail out on Bear Sterns, later in the month of September
2008 Lehman Brothers one of the big giant went bankrupted
later on many events happened like, Fed buying
AIG, money market freezing up, bailout of credit card
market, citigroup bailout etc. Critics say that ‗Lehman
Brothers‘ insolvency is the largest bankruptcy ever in
United States, Which was a 158 years old financial giant
that survived two world wars in 1918 and 1945 with huge
assets declared insolvent this was shocking to the world
economy. The tremors of same affected the whole economy
shaking up the policy makers and many nations
which had trade with these huge economy got affected,
result of which is in front of us in many ways, like many employees
became unemployed because of downsizing,
cutting in salaries and wages and many employees resigned
from their jobs. Industries got affected as their production
was hit, consumption level came down. Corporate
worried about their future plans, they stopped all their
future plans, which created a huge problem in the Indian
economy. Many corporate used various HR tools to safeguard
themselves by downsizing employees. We would
like to quote a case study here on our local
market. One of the good companies like Mahindra and
Mahindra started cutting down the salaries and their production
was hit. Many employees resigned because of
huge pay loss.
Impact of recession on India.
We have already thrown light on reasons for current economic
conditions i.e., the greediness of big giant to become
richer. Due to India ‗s economic relations with US,
impact was seen on the nation also. As the saying goes, if
our neighbors house on fire we can not save our selves
from the heat. So the heat is on in our economy. However,
some of the analysts believed that impact are not so
strong but we feel US accounts for one-fourth of the world
GDP and any significant slowdown is bound to have reverberations.
Secondary sector, the main driver of growth,
had declined to from 11% (in 2006-07 to 4.7% in second
quarter of 2008-09, industrial output, as measured by index
for industrial production (IIP), grew at cumulative 3.9% in
current fiscal year till November 2008. Continuous southward
trends in exports, fall in capital flows. Economy and
the stock market are closely related. The stock markets
reflect the buoyancy of the economy, Stock market index
fell by 15%. . Foreign investors have pulled out from
stock markets leading to heavy losses in stocks and mutual
funds, due to crisis their investment value has declined.
Because of such uncertainty many people have started
saving money in banks rather than investing. Aviation in
India suffered, many big organization started cutting salary
of their employees like Reliance, Mahindra and Mahindra,
massive job layoffs have happened in the many corporate
like Reliance, Kingfisher, Infosys etc. Future production
plans were withheld from the market e.g. Reliance.
Source 1(a) and 1 (b): NBER report on Current recession
Dec 2008.
On the other hand interdependencies between the US
economy and emerging economies like India and China
has reduced considerably over the last two decades.
Thus, the effect may not be drastic, as it would have been
in 1980‘s.
Sustaining recession – towards a positive economy
Much has happened between then and now. Reports
have shown that Indian economy has shown a robust and
consistent growth trajectory and the projection for 2008 is
9%. Indian exports to the United States account for just
over 3% of GDP. India has a healthy trade surplus with the
United States. Following are worth evaluating about the
effects of recession on India. In other words, the effects of
this recession on India may be quite distinct from those of
the past.
1 FDI – a large part of FDI would flow in India and China.
iota October 2010 32

Cascading effect can be expected. Along with
the already significant dollar funds available, the
additional funds could be deployed to create
infrastructure--roads, airports, and seaports--and
be ready for a rapid takeoff when normalcy is
restored.
2. Some specific sectors like IT have tremors be
cause a majority of Indian IT firms derive 75% or
more of their revenues from US Instead of looking
at the scenario as a threat, the sector would do
well to focus on product innovation.
3. Economies of scale need to show a positive edge
n operational efficiency and improve productivity.
The demand for appliances, consumer electron
ics, apparel, and a host of products is huge and
can be exploited to advantage by adopting ap
propriate pricing strategies.
4. Aggressive promotion strategies in spiritual and
health tourism with a distinct cost advantage, In
dia can be the destination of choice for health
tourism.
5. Government intervention with monetary and fiscal
policy could help in sustaining the recession and
building up a positive economy. A strong domes
tic demand would also help in competing glob
ally when the recession is over.
Innovation
To put it in a nut shell, at the macro-level, ―a recession in
the US may bring down GDP growth, but not by much. At
the micro-level, specific sectors could be affected. Now
may prove to be the engine for growth when the next
boom occurs. After all, 350 million people with purchasing
power cannot be ignored.
How to sustain recession?
“Act global think local”
Strengthening our economy with indigenous business ventures
and Entrepreneurship is call for the day. Reason being
we need to make ourselves self sufficient first, we need
to build a positive immune system within ourselves, which
will help us to combat against external forces and help us
in sustaining the bad times in the future. Entrepreneurship
will strengthen the economy by providing income to the
nation bringing up the GDP level as a supporter of revenue,
increases the employability of the locals, which
would reduce the stress and dependency on multinational
corporations by making Indian youth a self- reliant and self
-sufficient with themselves which in turn makes our economy,
a positive economy. We are suggesting some of the
industries where we can increase the indigenous ventures.
We can concentrate on recession proof industries and
strengthen our economy. For example - Food processing
companies will not be affected much and rather will earn
profits by increasing the prices. These are the basic needs
which we cannot produce ourselves. Food processing
units could be set up with the help of government support
that would bring in money as well provides employment
opportunities. No one can survive without basic food materials
like milk, vegetables and drinking water.
India has big potential of herbal products. Export of
herbal products and ayurvedic production would bring in
more cash flow in any economy.
The rural sector needs to be tapped. Primary sector of
Indian economy itself is a recession proof sector. So, we
should give more importance and as well bring in new
strategies to make our backbone a stronger one.
Conclusion
One thing that is certain, as we eventually come out of
the economic slowdown, whether that is in one to two
year‘s time, the world will look very different than it does
today. As recession is not an unusual occurrence. It is a
regular recurring event which can be anticipated and
prepared for, its not a one day process and with proper
planning, ready for innovation it can be well managed.
Companies need not give a shock to its employees all of a
sudden on one fine day but they can always prepare their
employees to face the economic slowdown and increase
the human capital efficiency and sustain the recession.
Bibliography
CNN News
Eisenhardt, K.M. & Sull, D.N. “Strategy as Simple Rules‖. In
Harvard Business Review ,January 2001, pp. 107
Business Today issues Dec 08‘, Jan-march 09‘
M.L. JHINGAN, J.K.STEPHEN - Managerial Economics,
(2004), pg. no 898-929, Vrinda publications LTD, New Delhi.
UDDIPTO ROY . Managerial Economics pg. no. 345-
355,357-370 (2008), Asian books Ltd.
Mrs. Veeralakshmi is currently an Assistant
Professor and Head of Department of
Management Studies, COER School of
Management. Her areas of interests are
Finance and Economics. She can be mailed
at veeralakshmibabu@yahoo.co.in
Mr. Naveen Mittal has interests in fields
of Human Resource and Organisational
Behaviour. He can be mailed at
visnaveen@yahoo.com
iota October 2010 33

New Technology
Google Wave
Siddharth Kakkar, IT (2010 Batch)
Google wave- A wave
that will change your
life.......
It‘s a personal communication
and collaboration
tool in a very early form. This magical product is the work
of the same people who developed our very popular
Google maps under the engineering leadership of two
brothers –Lars & Jens Rasmussen. The Google wave is
open sourced so that developers and people like us can
contribute to the completion of this early form of technology
that will change our online social life and take it to a
whole new level. What you people might be thinking now
is that is it just a web site like ―Facebook‖ but mind you it‘s
not..
It‘s a product, a platform as well as a protocol…
The E-Mail
The traditional e-mail was a message that was sent from
one place to another like the figure given below. Google
mail type intelligent mail
services could co-relate
related messages into conversations.
E-Mail
Google Wave
Wave by contrast starts out with a definition of a conversation
which is a tree structure that has the message and
the set of users participating in that conversation. Wave by
contrast starts out with a definition of a conversation
which is a tree structure that
has the message and the set
of users participating in that
conversation. But with wave
the shared message is
hosted (placed) on a server
somewhere. The individual
users can post there replies
go away and then new users
who are part of the wave
can do the same.
Google Wave
This is how a Wave window looks in Google Chrome.
This new technology is actually fully based on the concept
of hosted conversation. In all we can say that wave has
functionality that has more coverage than traditional e-
mails. I am calling the e-mails traditional because once
this new wave technology strikes your life u will yourself be
calling it a traditional technology that once existed and
was an integral part of your social and corporate networking
life. It integrates the e-mail and the instant messaging
application (Google talk-most of you must be familiar with
this) into one. When u start a new wave a message is
saved on a central server. Users are added to this message
and only they can see the message. New users can
be added at any time. In wave you can respond to any
part of the message as well as the whole message. These
are known as in-line-replies. These are done by attaching
threads to the message at a place where you post a response.
And here is where you see the wave power. If the
people included in the message are online then this email
type wave serves as an instant message where the transmission
takes place live , almost character by character
i.e. you don‘t have to wait for the other person to press
enter you can see what he/she is typing as the transmission
takes place element by element. This helps in formatting
your own response while the other person is still typing
and you don‘t have to wait for the other person to press
enter. Therefore, you spend 100% of your time reading or
writing which speeds up conversation. You might be feeling
that this is awkward. So wave also provides you with a
feature to stop this where you will have to press enter for
each line to be transmitted.
An in-line reply
This is just one feature of this all new product. Now check
out the one called ―PLAYBACK‖. Suppose a new person is
added to the message that is being circulated. So he can
see the whole message along with the in-line replies (the
responses posted in between the messages). But he can
also use the playback button to see in what sequence the
responses were posted. In actuality a wave or a single
communication is a tree of messages in which you can
separate any sub-tree which will be visible only to the person
you want. Thus, in a wave you can send a private mes-
iota October 2010 34

sage to any user included in that wave because that part
of the tree will be visible only to him. The others will be unaware
of the fact that a private message has been sent.
All it does is provide strict access to the subset of participants.
Playback is going to be a very powerful tool for investigating
and manipulating the entire history of a wave.
We all upload photos on social sites. And do you know
how easy it is with Google wave? All you have to do is just
drag the pictures and drop it in the wave and all the participants
of that wave will automatically be able to see
them. Not only this but they themselves get attached to
the participant‘s photo album and the thumbnails are instantly
visible-even before the pictures are fully uploaded.
The next feature is (and it‘s an important one) that we can
embed our wave with any other link such as our blog site
etc. And the responses posted to them show up again
character-by-character onto my wave client. Using this
you can publish pictures on blogs and give immediate
replies to people responding to your posts without even
opening thousands of pages that you responded to, and
are awaiting responses for (like blogs, community forums,
fan following, discussion groups etc). What a time saver
from opening and remembering page addresses and
username, passwords. The wave can be used to collaboratively
author document. With wave we can do both discussion
(like forum discussion) and content collaboration
(like wikis) in one tool. Suppose while writing thi
s article for ―iota –college‘s first technical magazine‖ I
wanted some suggestions regarding it. So i just put it in a
wave, share it with whosoever I like and now that person
can add comments to whatever part he likes or dislikes
using in-line replies or can even edit my text but this editing
will be visible to me as well to the other participants and
now it‘s on me to keep it or discard it. So this technology is
going to become a very powerful document production
tool. Now u might be appreciating this and thinking how
easy it will be to take suggestions and remove errors from
your documents but wait for more. You might be thinking
what will happen if more than one people are editing the
same document simultaneously? Well here is the fun part
that people, I think will really enjoy. You will see all the people
editing and posting comments together, even in different
languages as the feature of character-by-character
transfer also applies here. A person writing in Hebrew starts
on the bottom right corner, a Chinese starts writing at the
top left and the normal English conversation continues in
between with all the transmission taking place in real-time
and edits by different people highlighted in different colours.
Now comes a fabulous, extraordinary feature you
may have never seen. Google wave introduces ―ROBOTS‖.
These are powerful tools of extending wave‘s functionality.
These are server side programs that participate in a wave
with power same as that of human participant. It is using
these ―ROBOTS‖ that you see live changes in a wave. Developers
have named them like ―SPELLY‖, ―BLOGGY‖ etc.
The ―SPELLY‖ checks the context of the word instead of just
the spelling and corrects it accordingly. This is not done on
the basis of the dictionary but a large language model
that has been built from the web. Try typing ―ICLAND IS AN
ICLAND‖ which automatically changes to ―ICELAND IS AN
ISLAND‖. Another one is ―LINKY‖ which checks whether a
name exists as a link or not and automatically makes it a
hyperlink. Another one is ―SEARCHY‖ which is embedded
in wave as a link, does a normal Google search for it and
you can add it as a link to the text you are typing (even
image search-―IMAGY‖). Fantabulous!!... Isn’t it.....??
Goggle wave has been built using the Google Web Developer
Toolkit. It uses java for the code to be written and
converts it to scripting language of our choice. This feature
gives us (the user as well as the developer) power to develop
extensions which can be used on the wave. There
are a lot of these extensions which the people outside
Google have built and we the users can take advantage
of these extensions. What Google provides us with is an API
(Application Program Interface) that helps us develop our
own extensions and make them collaborative. An example
of extensions is a ―YES,NO,MAYBE GADGET” which
helps us post our answers in this form by simple drag-ndrop.
Thus the developer of a gadget has to store the update
of the state in the local XML. There also exist some
server side extensions like ―POLLY THE POLLSTER‖ which
helps you create new forum like posts. You can also integrate
a wave with another communication system like
Facebook, Twitter etc. You can get live updates in a wave
on particular searches. Example you search twitter for
―Google wave‖, and the moment somebody in your following
list tweets something related to it you will be informed.
Thus without opening twitter and generating a
wave called ―TWAVE‖ (Twitter wave) you get your twitter
updates. Similar to SMTP which can be used to build an e-
mail system by anyone, the wave protocol too can work in
the same fashion. Thus any organisation can build their
own wave system, give accounts to users in competition
with Google and the protocol will ensure that you can still
interact across these boundaries.
And that is not all to it. Once you start using this technology
you will find a whole new world of innovation open in
front of you where you can induce your own ideas to
make it better as well as find new application of it in conferencing,
meeting, book publishing and a lot of other applications
All I expect you to do is be enthusiastic about this new
technology, spread it and start innovating because this
wave will change your life. The registration comes with 10
invitations so spread the wave so new features can be
collaborated and added to it to make this place a better
place to live in.
Siddharth Kakkar is a 2010 batch passout
student from Department of Information
Technology. His areas of interest
include Hacking, Artificial Intelligence.
He can be reached at siddarthkakkar@gmail.com
iota October 2010 35

Guest of Honor
Here is an excerpt of the electronic interview of Dr. D. C.
Pande, Scientist-G, DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government
of India. Interview arranged by Neha Misra, ET-IV
year.
Q: What is the definition of science?
Search for Truth
Dr. D. C. Pande
Q: Tell us something about DRDO?
Vision of DRDO
“Make India prosperous by establishing world class
science & technology base & provide our Defence
Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally
competitive systems & solutions”
Mission of DRDO
Design, develop & lead to production state-of-the-art,
sensors, weapon systems, platforms & allied equipment
for our Defence Services.
Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimise
combat effectiveness & to promote well being of
troops.
Develop infrastructure & committed quality manpower
& build strong technology base.
In addition expertise & infrastructure have been build
up for carrying basic / applied research in areas of
relevance to defence science & technology, quality
assurance & safety, project & technology management.
Core Competence of DRDO
System design & integration of complex sensors,
weapon systems & platforms.
Development of complex high-end software packages.
Development of functional materials.
Test & evaluation.
Technology transfer & absorption.
Q: What is the main purpose of the research/work that
you do?
Design, develop & produce state-of-the-art antenna
technology for Radar Application.
Design, develop & establish electromagnetic test facilities
for antenna evaluation, calibration & collimation,
& electromagnetic characterization of electrical
/ electronic subsystems & systems.
Design & develop Radar systems for electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) in their intended operational electromagnetic
environment.
Q: What is the best part of the work you do – the part that
gives you the most satisfaction?
Simulation of electromagnetic environment resulting
from various systems including nuclear detonation for
the vulnerability & Susceptibility of the electrical / electronic
components/ subsystems/systems
Q: What do you consider as your greatest achievement?
Design & development of India's first Indigenous
Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Simulator.
Q: What contemporary scientific issues are you most
concerned about?
Development of electric component technology.
Q: What continues to inspire you about your research?
To strengthen our Armed Forces with the state-of-theart
strategic, complex & security sensitive technologies
in par with global arena in shortest possible time.
Q: What kind of skills according to you should a person
have if they want to pursue a career like yours?
Hard work, perseverance, dedication, devotion &
taking challenging risks & responsibilities.
Q: What is the scope of research work in a developing
country like India?
There are tremendous opportunities in the country
where one could do research from agriculture, life
sciences to high-end electronics & communication
sciences. In present scenario one can always has a
global collaborations to bridge the technology gap.
Q: What advice would you like to give to a student who
wants to shape his future with a career in research
field?
Very clear concepts of the basic science, strong analytical
power & good knowledge of mathematics.
Q: What is the way to gain entry in DRDO?
Through Recruitment Assessment Centre (RAC) of
DRDO. Every year RAC recruits scientists in DRDS mostly
at entry level (Scientist 'B') by conducting written exam
on 1 st Sunday of September. The qualification in written
exam is followed by interview. Depending on the
requirements in specialised areas of research & development,
limited number of scientist are also recruited
in high grades (Scientist ‗C‘ to Scientist ‗G‘). For more
details visit RAC website
http://10.2.52.1/rac/recruitment_programme.html.
Q: What procedure needs to be followed for an internship
in DRDO?
DRDO has 50+ establishments working in different fields
spread all over the country. Depending upon one's
interest after completing VI/VII Semester one can join
as a student trainee, the minimum time for residency
will be two months. The request should be send by the
Principal / HOD to the Director of the Establishment.
Once request is accepted, a formal letter will be send
to the college. One of the most important requirements
is the Police Verification Certificate for the candidate
due to security sensitivity of DRDO labs.
Q: What is your vision for INDIA?
To see India as a Developed Country -―SONE KI
CHIRIYA‖
Q: Can you suggest some reading material relevant to
anything that we have discussed about your work?
Technical – all reference and standards books prescribed
in your course.
iota October 2010 36

Management – books on R&D Management
General – Books by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, Dr Narayana Murthy and great people
Dr D C Pande: Did his BS, MSc & PhD in 1974, 1976 and 1981 respectively. Since 1981he is with
Electronics & Radar Development Establishment, DRDO, where he is working in field of Electromagnetics.
He has designed & developed EMI Control Techniques for systems used by Defence
Services, and first to start research in the field of NEMP & HPM in India. He is also steering
the design, development & evaluation of Radar Antennae. He has authored
more than hundred technical papers , fifty technical reports, and written five chapters for a
book on ‗EMC‘. He has got number of awards including ―DRDO Scientist of the Year Award
2005‖. Presently, he is Scientist ‗G‘ & Director (Technologies) in LRDE Bangalore.
Types of viruses
There are many type of viruses. Typical viruses are simply programs or scripts that will do various damage to your
computer, such as corrupting files, copying itself into files, slowly deleting all your hard drive etc. This depends on the
virus. Most viruses also mail themselves to other people in the address book. This way they spread really fast and appear
at others' inboxes as too many people still fall for these
Worms
Worms are different type of viruses, but the same idea, but they are usually designed to copy themselves a lot over a
network and usually try to eat up as much bandwidth as possible by sending commands to servers to try to get in.
The code red worm is a good example of this. This worm breaks in a security hole in Microsoft IIS (Internet Information
Server) in which is a badly coded http server that, despite the security risks, a lot of people use it. When the worm
successfully gets in, it will try to go into other servers from there. Some worms such as the SQL slammer will simply send
themselves over and over so many times that they will clog up networks, and sometimes all of the internet. Worms
usually affect servers more than home users, but again, this depends on what worm it is. It is suspected that most
worms are efforts from the RIAA to try to stop piracy, so they try to clog up networks that could contain files. Unfortunately,
the RIAA have the authority to do these damages and even if caught, nothing can be done.
Trojans
Trojans are another type of virus. They are simply like a server in which enables hackers to get into and control the
computer. A trojan such as Subseven can enable a hacker to do various things such as control the mouse, eject the
cd-rom drive, delete/download/upload files and much more.
MBR viruses
Keeping an eye out for viruses
Boot sector viruses are another type, they are similar to file viruses, but instead they go in the boot sector and can
cause serious damage when the computer is booted, some can easily format your drive simply by booting your
computer. These are hard to remove.
Most viruses have various characteristics. For example, a worm can also be a trojan and also infect the boot sector.
It all depends on how the virus is written and what it is designed to do. That's why there are not really strong structured
categories, as they can easily mix one in the other.
Know the potentially dangerous files. Like any other files, viruses must be opened in order to do something. Most viruses
come through e-mail as an attachment. Some will make it look like it's someone you know, and it will try to convince
you to open an attachment. Never open attachments at any cost! Some viruses will infect files in programs, so
opening a program will actually open the virus, maybe the same one, or another part of it.
Bottom line is, if you don't know what a file is just don't open it. Some viruses will sometimes be named a way as to
mask the real file extension to make it look like a harmless file such as a image file. This is easily noticed, but can still
be missed. Simply don't open unexpected files.
If you get something that appears like something legit, just ask the person it came from if they sent it. Most viruses use
a friend's address to make it look like it comes from them. The virus does this by using the person's address when sending
itself to the address book contacts.
iota October 2010 37

Wudleaf n’ Amigo…Use BOTH sides of paper
2010
HI, I’m Wudleaf.
Today I’ll tell u a story
1983
In 1980’s we had a very happy
family, my brother Goldleaf, sister
Blue leaf etc.
2010
Devils started cutting us for
papers. They wrote on one
side and left the other blank,
thus wasting papers.
Blueleaf...was
cut and so was
goldleaf...I lost
everyone..:(
1986
I became ill
and weak.
My whole world was ruined
and I was all alone
until I met Amigo.
1988
iota October 2010 38

If we worked together
we could do something
to stop this.
1988
1988
IDEA!!!
So, we started working
together to save
the earth and those
devils too.
2010
2010
2010
iota October 2010 39

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE
r e c y c l e r e u s e r e p l e n i s h
To see how vast your vision is,
To see how high you can fly sans wings,
To see how fast you can run the lap,
To see how firm your steps are.
―Start by doing what's necessary; then do what's
possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible.‖
St. Francis of Assisi
MANTHAN is the annual techno management fest of
College Of Engineering Roorkee The word‗Manthan‘
itself speaks volumes. The proverbial ‗SAMUDRA
MANTHAN‘ yielded the elixir upon the churning of
sea, leaving venom behind. Manthan is an attempt
to draw out the finest skills, crème – de – la – crème
talents, the matchless potentials from the enthusiastic
technocrats. Manthan was conceived in the year
2005 as a platform to enhance the technical skills of
the students and enable them to undertake the
quest for knowledge and come up with fresh and
innovative ideas. Manthan, the annual technical
festival of College of Engineering Roorkee is a
unique forum where the young engineers get an
opportunity to experience and interact with science
and technology in all its myriad forms. It aims to provide
a welcome change from the treadmill of rote
learning and above all fairly groom students to accept
similar changes when they actually step into
the world of professionalism. A cradle for new and
grand ideas, it is ever-evolving and diversifying to
act as catalyst for instilling the passion for technology
and the zeal to turn abstract ideas into concrete
realities MANTHAN provides a venue to discuss
the latest in technology and management.
Manthan‘10 raised social concerns like environmental
problems, energy conservation etc. throughout
the fest by spreading the theme Recycle , Reuse
,Replenish in its various formal and informal
events .
Recycle, Reuse, Replenish
The Earth has provided enough to satisfy every
man‘s need, but not every man‘s greed. With the
growing material civilization, the earth is in a grave
danger. The struggle to save the earth is a war with
ourselves. We are the enemies just as we have ourselves
as the allies. Everyone knows there's a problem.
What everyone does not realize is that they are
part of the solution. Hence this year
in ―Manthan‖
we take an initiative to encourage
the idea of ―Recycle, Reuse,
Replenish‖ and come together
for a cause to harmonize
the relationship between human
beings and nature. We believe
that in trying to think of making
a big difference we must
not ignore the small differences
we can make which,
over time, add up to become big differences that
are often not foreseen.
Manthan 10 reached new horizon and was put it in
the map as Uttarakhand‘s largest technomanagement
fest. Manthan 10 viewed a participation
of about 1800 students with 1500 from college
and 300 from outside colleges.
iota October 2010 40

THE ANNUAL TECHNO-MANAGEMENT FEST
There were total 12 formal events which included 8
events in technical events category and 4 in management
category :-
FORMALS
Technical events include :
INSIGHT – the paper presentation contest
PRASHN-the general quiz
ROBOSYNC-battle of robots
PRAYOG-model making contest
KURUKSHETRA-the LAN battle ground
CODEX-the website making contest
GIGABIT-the battle of programming lords
IBC-jack of all master of one
Management events include :
r e c y c l e r e u s e r e p l e n i s h
ADVOCATE –the analysis of advertisements.
MEGABUCKS-the relaunch strategy of products.
CEREBRATE-are you a good manager?
THE BLITZKRIEG-a management prowess game.
There were a number of fun filled informals . Few of
them are mention below :
DALAL STREET: Where stocks are your heart
beat..!!!
GAME ZONE: ...are you game???
NIRMAAN: Kabaad Se Jugaad..!!!
RADIO JOCKEY: the hunt is on..!!!
WHEEL OF FORTUNE: spin and win..!!!
BOMB SQUAD: ...the final ultimatum!!!
iota October 2010 41

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE
r e c y c l e r e u s e r e p l e n i s h
OUR SPONSORS
Tushar Builders
and Engineers
Bhagwati
Electronics
Enmas-Andritz
Pvt. Ltd.
iota October 2010 42

The Pursuit of Fragging::Counter – Strike…..
Manu Singh, ET (2010 Batch)
We take a look back at years past with the most popular
online action series: Counter-Strike.
It all started one June day back in 1999. About a year after
Game Spy‘s ―Game of the Year‖ Half-Life came out, history
was made: Counter-Strike was released, a team
based multiplayer game that pits counter-terrorists (CTs)
against terrorists (Ts). This mod for Half-Life was the brainchild
of modder ―Gooseman,‖ a.k.a. Minh Le of Vancouver,
Canada. In fact, he did a hell of a lot of the mod all
by himself. He teamed up with Cliffe (not Maverick), a.k.a.
J. A. Cleof IV from Virginia Tech, Virginia (at least he was at
the time). In fact, CS was originally hosted on PHL before
counter-strike.net started up. This may have turned into CS-
Nation, but don‘t quote me on that. Counter-Strike, over
the years, turned into the most popular and most-played
game out there, and can now even be bought without
having a copy of Half-Life. And this gamer was there to
see history made. I never had a copy of HL but in 06
owned CS in college. So now, please join me on a journey
through time as we take a look at the History of Counter-
Strike (through the eyes of me). Keep all body parts inside
the vehicle at all times.
As the game is about to be eleven years old this year, I
don‘t remember every little fact about all of the updates.
Anyway, on June 19, Counter-Strike Beta 1 made its debut
featuring four maps, including cs_siege, which is still played
today. Its only mode of play was hostage rescue. Players
were provided with only a handful of guns at this point, but
they included the infamous AWP, M4a1, and Para. When
the game was released, weapons weren‘t designated as
counter-terrorist or terrorist weapons: everyone and his
grandmother could use any gun he pleased. Another interesting
thing was that guns didn‘t disappear after every
round like they do now; if you lost you‘re $5000+ Para, you
had the chance of picking it up next round if you were fast
enough. Of course, someone else could always swipe your
precious machine gun. Beta 1 also included flash bangs,
the only grenades available. Due to limited graphics technology,
they didn‘t have the same blinding effect back
then as they do now, though these suckers were still annoying.
Eight days later the first update came out, Beta
1.1. Along with fixing bugs and changing balance issues,
Beta 1.1 featured new maps and a new firing mode for
the GLOCK 18. The new maps were cs_assault and
cs_desert, an amazingly fun map that unfortunately has
passed away into the great beyond. It was my favorite
map.I still remember playing cs_assault with pankaj and
nikhil all day in college. There were two bunker spawn
points on either side of the map with a bunch of big boulders
in between, a couple of which featured good vantage
points for snipers. Sure it was small and repetitive, but
it provided hours and hours of good times.
July 20 saw the immersion of Beta 1.9, later renamed Beta
1.2 (not sure why since 2.0 came next). This added new
things that would make CS was it is today. When it came
out, bunny hopping was immensely popular due to HL multiplayer.
Bunny hopping was a tactic created by newbies
in which the player hopped around the map, quickly increasing
speed, and decreasing the chance of getting hit.
Well, Gooseman was able to nip this one in the bud early
on by greatly reducing accuracy while jumping for every
gun. Cash reserves were capped at $16,000, flash/bangs
were tweaked to be more effective, and money awards
were tweaked (doesn‘t say how, though). Prices were also
adjusted for each of the weapons. Beta 1.2/1.9 also
added what the team termed a ―molasses period,‖ which
stopped people from rushing right at the start of the round
(players were frozen, giving everyone time to purchase
things). Body armor was also improved, adding protection
to arms.
Beta 2 was the first of many highly anticipated CS betas
(anticipated by me, anyway). The big part of this update
was the addition of the Sig SG-552 Commando, AK-47,
and Desert Eagle. Of course, this was the time when the
weapons still had their real name, not some phony copyright
infringement avoiding name like they‘ve been given
now. Add to these new weapons silencers for the USP and
M4a1 and you can see that August 13, 1999 was, indeed,
a very special day. It added more challenges to the game
and made it more realistic, giving players many new options.
Two other updates changed the game play and
also had a big impact. The first is the round timer. I remember
what a pain it was twiddling my thumbs as a ghost
wondering when the round would end. The other major
update was the addition of team scores to the score
board. Now people could keep track of how many rounds
their team won. This update was actually the most important
update to CS. Without it, CAL, The CPL, and other
leagues probably wouldn‘t exist because of a lack of
team scores. Also important to this update was the addition
of night vision goggles. No more would you have to
glow like a bonfire to see in the dark: now you could see
people without them seeing you. Unless they had night
vision, too, that is. In the early stages, NVG weren‘t that
great: they had an ugly green hue reminiscent of the NVG
from Opposing Force and really only made things look
green instead of black or darkened. But still, for the technology
available, it was a good addition.
Four days later Beta 2.1 was released, but had more technical
updates than practical. The main two were fixing
telefragging in cs_assault and AK-47 pricing. The former
would happen on occasion at the start of rounds due to a
lack of spawn points and too many players. I think it still
may have happened in other maps, but I don‘t really remember.
Like I said, this update wasn‘t very impressive,
and more or less to fix small annoyances.
About a month later on September 14, Beta 3.0 came out.
This was the largest beta to date and included many cool
things. In fact, it was the one I most looked forward to due
to the addition of the Fabrique Nationale (FN) P90. Cool as
it was, the original P90 did have some problems: mainly
recoil that was unrealistically high and the resulting poor
accuracy. In real life, someone can fire two P90s at once,
one in each hand (and I‘ve seen it done, too, on TV). It‘s a
highly accurate, highly powerful submachine gun that isn‘t
accurately portrayed even in today‘s Counter-Strike:
Source. But it was still a fun addition. Another weapon addition
was that of the knife, for use when out of ammunition.
The knife has been through many changes over the
years of CS, eventually evolving into its present day form,
which I believe is just the Source‘s Version 1.6 knife. The
final weapon addition was the flash/bang concussion grenade,
which would shoot shrapnel and issue a blinding
light that paled in comparison to the Source f/b. In other
iota October 2010 43

words, it sucked; but it did get the job done well enough
at the time. But what was probably the most substantial
addition to CS in Beta 3.0 was the radio system. With it,
players could push a button and have a preprogrammed
voice message go out to teammates, saying such things
as ―Need backup‖ and ―Enemies down.‖ Four new maps
were added, including cs_militia, and three maps were
updated. Beta 3.1 was another small update, with nothing
special except for a decreased volume for the radio communication.
November saw the release of the monstrous Beta 4.0,
which towered over Beta 3.0 in awesomeness and content.
I‘ll start with the small stuff. Two new guns were
added, the Sig P228 and the notorious (ly ghey) Steyr
Scout. High explosive grenades were also introduced
(sure, these could‘ve gone in the previous sentence, but
grenades aren‘t guns). Gooseman also stopped gunrunning
in this beta by removing all loose guns at the end of
each round. Money tweaks were also added: the losing
team was given more money so they would still have a
chance at winning and hostage money was altered, giving
someone $500 for touching a hostage (―use‖ key),
$1000 for rescuing a hostage, and $500 for a helping team
bonus (sounds odd, but I like to keep lists parallel). They
also modified the rescuing of hostages, in which saving
50% resulted in a CT win. The ammunition system was
changed here so that you could buy primary and secondary
ammo (meaning for pistols and everything else). New
maps were also tossed into this update: cs_station,
de_nuke, de_prodigy, and the infamous de_dust. And this,
my dear readers, brings me to the best part of the update:
bomb defusal maps (de) were added. The change log for
Beta 4.0 includes the rules for this new type of game play,
but all of you reading this are more than familiar with it, so I
won‘t go into it. However, the one interesting thing about it
was that you could plant the bomb wherever the hell you
pleased. It was major fun: whenever I was the last man
alive and had no hope of winning, I would plant the bomb
where I was and took out the CTs that came to hunt me
down.
About a month later, Beta 4.1 entered onto the scene, but
like the other X.Y betas, this one wasn‘t very big, but included
some important things. Probably the most important
change was that the terrorists could pick up a bomb
that was placed improperly (as bombs could be planted
anywhere, like mentioned above). The C4 timer was given
a default of thirty-five seconds and the P228 was ―toned
down‖ and came standard with thirteen rounds. (I don‘t
recall that gun being so powerful, but I guess it was.) They
also fixed it so that team chat would work while dead, that
way dead players could work out a plan for the next
round without the enemy knowing. Either that or bash the
other team.
On Christmas Eve (12/23), Gooseman and the team gave
the world a present: Beta 5.0, so chock-full of new stuff
that it made Beta 4.0 look like Twiggy against Schwarzenegger
in his prime. The new weapon of this update was
the automatic newb cannon, the Benelli XM 1014 automatic
shotgun. Two new maps, including de_train, were
added and numerous ones were updated. The hostage
model was revamped and was given two new skins, and
the HUD also got a facelift with new icons for everything.
The HUD was updated to show zones in it as well; these are
places where ammo can be bought, hostages rescued,
and bombs planted. Game play also had massive updates.
Many changes were made revolving around the
C4: it could only be planted in the bomb zone, it became
an equipment item, it got a different diffusal method (I‘d
explain it, but I don‘t know the original to compare it to), it
could be dropped for teammates, and it could be diffused
in five seconds with the diffusal kit, or ten without.
Progress bars were added to the planning and diffusing of
the bomb (the former took three seconds). The CTs no
longer start with the diffusing kit; this was when everyone
had to start purchasing it. A plus for CTs was that diffusing
the bomb gave them the win, but if the Ts were able set us
up the bomb and it blew, they won (like always). An interesting
addition was included here: ghosts could be seen
by other ghosts as floating orbs of light. I thought this was
present from the start, but I guess I was mistaken. But back
to the new, fancy pants updates: three observer modes
(the same ones now used) were added, new radio messages
and organization of them were added, and reload
sounds were added (you could hear when someone else
was reloading). A comprehensive help system was included
that included auto IDs that showed teammate‘s
name and health, enemies‘ name and health (when observing),
and hostages‘ health (as well as pointing out that
it was a hostage).
January 2000 saw Y2K, in which all computers and electronics
were destroyed. Just kidding. Beta 5.1 wasn‘t too
exciting; mostly it just included bug fixes. Though, the
scoreboard began being showed at the end of every
map.
March produced the next sizable update, Beta 6.0. The
Mac-10 and Steyr Aug were added to this beta, and they
gave the NVGs back, though there is no record of when
they were removed. Two new game types were added:
assassination and escape. I never played escape or assassination
and am under the impression that it didn‘t last
very long. However, the name says it all: terrorists started in
one place and had to escape to another while the CTs
tried to eradicate them. Apparently, the Ts could find an
armory to shoot back, but fleeing seemed like the thing to
do. Assassination was a stellar game type that really needs
to be brought back. One player played the role of the VIP,
armed only with the umbrella, and tasked with escaping
the map. The CT team had to protect him from being
killed by, you guessed it, the Ts. New maps were also
added, including the always fun cs_747. New models were
added, along with radio chats, and players could now
decide if they wanted to be left-handed or right-handed
(i.e. which hand the gun is held in).
Few hours after after my twelth birthday (4/23 being my
birthday), Beta 6.1 came out, but it was a server-side only
update (meaning only servers had to download it), and it
didn‘t include much. However, NVG were improved and
the MP5 and TMP ammo reserves were limited to 120
rounds. Beta 6.2a came out around here (no date is
given), but was minuscule and again only server-side. It
included nothing substantial or noteworthy.
Ironically, on June 5, Beta 6.5 was released. The most important
additions were the smoke grenade and new
maps, including the ever popular cs_italy. Gun models
were changed on several weapons and a new player
model (Guerrilla Warfare) was added. New commands
were also added, but these were basically irrelevant to
game play.
The next few updates were small. Beta 6.6 came out on
June 22, adding the ―timeleft‖ command, adding new
iota October2010 44

sniper crosshairs, and fixing many cheats. Betas 6.7 and 6.8
fixed a few exploits (including godmode); though, no release
dates were given.
Beta 7.0 came out on August 27 and included guns like
the dual Beretta 96g Elites; the knife model was also redone
and given a secondary ―fire‖ mode. The VIP was
given a USP, which proved to be quite interesting because
many times a skilled player would be able to get a kill with
it. But the 200 Kevlar helped keep them alive. This beta
also maps like de_jeepathon2000, in which players could
drive vehicles around the map.
September 13 saw Beta 7.1 emerge. This was mainly a
bunch of bug fixes, but also gave cs_siege an APC that
was drivable and put in a new headshot icon.
On November 18, updates were no longer called ―Beta;‖
they now became versions. This day had the release of
Version 1.0. The H&K UMP .45 submachine gun, FN Five-
SeveN pistol, and Sig SG-550 sniper rifle were the most notable
additions. The rest of the update was new models
and incorporation of new Valve blending technology
(whatever that means).
It was a while before the next update, but March 10, 2001
gave the world Version 1.1. As with more or less every
other update, Version 1.1 came with bug fixes and added
CVARs. But few people care about those, unless of course
the bug fix took squashed a major problem, like the fixing
of many cheats included here. Two of the most substantial
changes were decreased accuracy while jumping and
AWP leg shots becoming non-lethal. This meant that bunny
hoppers couldn‘t score an easy skill and neither could
those pesky snipers armed with the famed AWP. Four new
maps, including the insanely popular de_dust2, were
tossed into the mix and numerous ones were upgraded.
Other small, though somewhat important, changes were
the re-addition of the C4 backpack and diffuse kit, as well
as the removal of crosshairs on sniper rifles when not
zoomed in. Models were given swimming animations in this
update as well. On April 4, Version 1.1c came out, but it
only gave a partial fix to incorrect hitboxes.
Version 1.2 was omitted when the retail version came out
(this was the CS standalone, meaning one didn‘t have to
own Half-Life to play). But September 19 brought Version
1.3 with it. In my opinion, the best part of this update was
the removal of bunny hopping. A favorite motion for Half-
Life death match, bunny hopping totally ruined the
Counter-Strike atmosphere and realism. While people can
no longer hop madly around the map, I still find myself falling
victim to the occasional major BS, mid air kill. A player
will start jumping and kill me while he is in mid air. Some will
argue with me that this is not BS, but those people need to
be slapped upside the head numerous times with a damp
halibut. Other bug fixes included hitbox and night vision
issues. Version 1.3‘s best technical triumph would definitely
have to be the addition of voice communication, in which
players could talk to each other with a microphone and
have their actual voice transmitted to everyone else. This
negated the need for such early communication programs
as Roger Wilco, but certainly cannot compare to a
downloaded program. I, myself, never used Roger Wilco or
Ventrillo, though Ventrillo is many times better than the CS
voice system as it is much clearer; however, CS‘s voice
system was still a great achievement. Other minor things
were added, but the last triumph of Version 1.3 was that
nearby enemies could hear a player‘s radio chatter from
the preprogrammed radio commands the Gooseman implemented
earlier on.
On April 24, 2002, nearly seven months later, the colossal
Version 1.4 was released to the world. This version had the
largest bug fix of any previous one, the most prominent
one probably being the fixing of ―fastwalk‖ cheats. With
too many changes to name them all, the most notable,
and most clutch, was the addition of Anti-Cheat protection.
This was not the same as the Valve Anti-Cheat (VAC)
system, but did help to greatly reduce the number of
cheaters and hackers that filled up servers and ruined
games. A cinematically artistic change was added when
players died: the camera would zoom out on their dead
body and the angle would change to show the direction
from which their killer came. Four changes revolving
around the bomb were made. Only Ts were notified of the
bomb being dropped or picked up, Ts were forced to
stand still while diffusing the bomb (so no jumping either),
(going along with that one) Ts were unable to move or
shoot while setting us up the bomb, and Ts were able to
see the bomb blinking in red on their radar once planted.
Two new maps were added, and de_train was updated.
Though only just added in Version 1.3, 1.4 came with the
removal of players being able to hear enemy radio communication.
Another discrepancy has risen in the records
kept by CS-Nation (hey, no one‘s perfect). For Version 1.3,
it says that bunny hopping was removed; however, for 1.4
it says that jumping values were modified to reduce bunny
hopping. I‘m not sure which is correct, but it seems that
today in CS:S, bunny hopping no longer exists so I‘ll go with
the records for Version 1.3 as correct. Many other minor
updates were added, but an interesting one was having
dead bodies remain on the ground throughout an entire
round, which added to the realism of the game.
June 12 and Version 1.5 released de_piranesi and a few
bug fixes, but not much else. It wasn‘t until January 16,
2003 when another major version was released, Version
1.6, which included two new weapons: the FAMAS and
Galil. Though updated many times between January 16
and January 17, 2007, the most notorious and fought-over
addition was that of the riot shield, which caused many
riots in the gaming community. I was tired of all the BS and
cheaters that ran rampant throughout the game. Much of
the bull that the game is rife with bothers me still today,
though so far as I can tell the cheating is barely there, if
even at all. But my 2009-2010 year in C.O.E.R was a tough
one, which also added to me playing CS less. I did,
though, play on a few occasions in which I was able to
see why everyone was complaining so much about the
riot shield. As with its real life counterpart, the riot shield
was a big piece of bullet-proof metal with a handle and a
little ―window‖ on it. Players were only able to use a pistol
with the riot shield, and it was moved aside while shooting,
but still people didn‘t like it. Those skilled with it were able
to protect themselves from incoming fire, but I never got
the hang of it. Players thought it was an unfair advantage,
though it seemed balanced enough: you could only use a
pistol in conjunction with it and it didn‘t protect you while
shooting. It would appear, though, that the riot shield is still
in use to this day in Version 1.6, which is still available despite
the existence of Counter-Strike: Source.
However, there still remains an aspect of bull that I‘m not
to fond of, but don‘t really think will ever go away. Things
like random headshots, especially from the AK-47 at long
range, and jump kills really bother me. While I really love
iota October 2010 45

playing, these aspects make me play less (though, quite
honestly, it‘s my poor Internet connect that really contributes
to my lack of playing). Coupled with that is the lack of
good servers. There are a select few servers that I will ever
play on. These are ones that I either admin on or I know
are going to be full with serious players who are there both
to play and have a good time. I once went on some random
server because my regulars were full and never
again will I do so. Text chat was constantly flying across the
screen with newbies and ten-year-olds bitching and
moaning about another player‘s actions. Oh, that was BS.
No fair; ―you cheated! Your mom‘s so fat she was classified
as Earth‘s second moon‖. Childhood crap like that
spammed up the servers. Now, I‘m not saying everyone
was like that, but enough were that it ruined the game.
OK, I‘ll grant you that I do occasionally complain about a
BS kill, but I‘m nothing like those people. They just went on
and on and on and on. And the players who tried to stop
them just got sucked in. Now, now, there‘s no need for all
this fighting and wining. STFU, d-bag! Go off yourself. It‘s
like the vast majority of CS players are young teenagers
whose mothers baby them so much they get whatever
they want. I mean, I‘ve been on servers where someone
using voice communication was obviously about twelve
and was using more swear words than Ozzy Osbourne. He
was the type of kid that would whine and scream until
mommy gave him whatever he wanted, and mommy
caved in every time. I so wished I could just smack the kick
in the head with a shovel and shout at him, ―No! You can‘t
have whatever you want! Deal with it!‖ Like I said before,
not everyone is like that, but it‘s the players who are that
ruin CS and online game play for me, and many others as
well.
Anyway, enough of my ranting. Counter-Strike continues
to be the most widely and the most popular game on the
internet, barring World of Warcrap. I mean, Warcraft. It
seems the MMORPG will never die, just like Bill Gates will
never be poor. I wish he‘d send some of those greens my
way. I‘d be happy with a couple J.
Counter-Strike had has had many effects on the gaming
industry some making it more innovative while others
made the gaming industry look evil and violent . From setting
global records to being placed into the Guinness
book for world records. Through-out all of obstacles that
were placed before Counter-Strike, it has persevered
through all of this and still has a large following despite its
age, it has seemed to have grown a better taste as the
years have gone by, similarly to a fine wine. There is no
doubt that Counter-Strike will survive. And even if it does
eventually fade away, it will be resurrected as something
better, more powerful, and more entertaining, for the next
generation of gamers to come.
So wishing very best of times for all the gamers out there…
HF n GL!!!
......HAPPY FRAGGING…...
Wasp*cr0ssy~ mVsR < T0x!C>
Manu Singh is a 2010 batch passout
from Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication. His areas of interests
are Multiplayer Gaming, Ethical
Hacking and Web Designing. He can
be mailed at
manusingh_23@yahoo.com
INTERESTING FACTS
1. Do you know the names of the three wise
monkeys? They are:Mizaru(See no evil), Mikazaru(Hear
no evil), and Mazaru(Speak no evil)
2. German Shepherds bite humans more than
any other breed of dog.
3. The only 2 animals that can see behind itself
without turning its head are the rabbit and the
parrot.
4. Large kangaroos cover more than 30 feet with
each jump.
5. Cockroach can live several weeks with its
head cut off.
6. A giraffe can clean its ears with its 21-inch
tongue.
7. A goldfish has a memory span of three seconds.
8. A hippo can open its mouth wide enough to fit
a 4 foot tall child inside.
9. Camels have three eyelids to protect themselves
from blowing sand.
10. Cats can produce over one hundred vocal
sounds, while dogs can only produce about
ten.
11. Donald Duck comics were banned from
Finland because he doesn't wear pants.
12. Penguins can jump as high as 6 feet in the air.
13. Starfish don't have brains.
14. Shrimp's hearts are in their heads.
15. Ants cannot chew their food, they move their
jaws sideways, like scissors, to extract the juices
from the food.
16. There are more beetles than any other kind of
creature in the world.
17. Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur.
18. The heart of giraffe is two feet long, and can
weigh as much as twenty four pounds.
19. Shark's teeth are literally as hard as steel.
20. Cheetah's can accelerate from 0 to 70 km/h in
3 seconds.
iota October 2010 46

CREDITS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
Various people besides TEAM IOTA have contributed
in one way or other for the success of this magazine.
We owe a lot to them and express our sincere thanks
for their encouragement and support.
Ankit Pandey, CS (2010 Batch)
R. Sirisha, ET (2010 Batch)
Tanmay Mehra, CS (2010 Batch)
Neha Dangwal, EN-IV
Saurabh Bansal, CS-IV
Shailesh Raturi, EN-IV
Shivangi Goel, ET-IV
Shubhi Harbola, CS-IV
Smriti, IT-IV
Akansha Jain, EN-III
Akshat Jain, ET-III
Amit Mishra, ET-III
Charanpreet Singh, ET-III
Deepak Sharma, ME-III
Maulik Murari, IT-III
Mayank Garg, IT-III
Niharika Sharma, EN-III
Nupur Rawat, CE-III
Sumeet Gupta, EN-III
Shweta Makhaloga, CS-III
Anshuman Prakash, CS-IV (Guest Column)
Himank Sharma, IT (2010 Batch) (Sponsorship Team)
Siddharth Jain, ET (2010 Batch) (Sponsorship Team)
TEAM IOTA
To contribute a technical article, research paper, technical
review or short notes following schemes should
be followed:
1. Font : Times New Roman
2. Size : 10
3. Spacing : Before and After paragraphs 0pt and 1sp
between the lines.
4. The file should be (.doc) or (.docx)
5. Passport size photograph of author(s).
6. Brief profile along with areas of interest.
7. References in IEEE format.
8. Double Column.
NOTE: The compositions will be accepted round the
year and can be mailed to disha.iota@gmail.com. The
compositions can also be submitted to any of the
Disha member.
AN APPEAL
Dear Readers,
It took us almost two months of never-ending efforts
to bring out this issue. Though rare but there might be
a slightest possibility that the magazine may not suit
your areas of interest or your taste and you may dump
it somewhere. It would be very nice of you if you could
possibly pass it on to your friends or other acquaintances
who may find it useful and interesting. If still
you find no reason to do that you may kindly submit it
in the library. We would really appreciate your
honesty and kindness and would be happy to see our
progeny finding it useful and interesting.
BECOME A SMART & RESPONSIBLE ENGINEER.
DISCLAIMER
The magazine has been edited numerous times to make it free
from errors, yet some errors might have crept in. No member
of TEAM IOTA or the EDITORIAL BOARD is responsible for
the correctness or falsity of any of the articles published. The
authors themselves are solely responsible for the information
given.
Thanking You
TEAM IOTA
iota October 2010 47

THE COVER PAGE
A Human Brain (considered to be the most powerful machine) is capable of producing seminal and applicable results (the
seedling) . The figure shows a human brain full of smaller ideas (Greek symbols) , jeweled with proper reasoning and
logic is capable enough to lay the foundation of several significant theories or concepts which are essentially the motivation
behind any invention or any discovery.
CONCEIVED AND DESIGNED BY: RAKESH KUMAR PANDEY, IT (2010 Batch).