Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Factsheet: Source ...

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Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet: Clay Key Data Inlet Water Criteria The treatment capacity of clay is optimum when water pH is about 5.6 (Jinadasa et al. 1988) Bucket system is only good for low fluoride concentration (93.8% 1 Field Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available 1 Using bauxite from Malawi (Sajidu et al. 2008) Treatment efficiency depends on the quality of the clay and kind of filter used Operating Criteria Flow Rate Batch Volume Daily Water Supply Not available Not available Not available The flow rate, batch volume and daily water supply depend on the technique and kind of filter used Robustness The clay used in filters needs to be replaced or regenerated (very costly) when saturated It is necessary to measure the fluoride concentration in the outlet water to know when to replace or regenerate media Estimated Lifespan Clay media needs to be replaced every 25-40 days typically Manufacturing Requirements Worldwide Producers: Bricks are produced everywhere Local Production: Clay can be burnt in a kiln locally Materials: Clay Kiln Labour: Anyone can be trained to produce burnt clay chips Maintenance Frequent replacement or regeneration of clay Clean filter on a regular basis
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet: Clay Key Data Direct Cost Capital Cost Operating Cost Replacement Cost Not available Not available Not available Note: Program, transportation and education costs are not included. Costs will vary depending on location. Clay treatment for fluoride may only be cost effective if good quality, freshly burnt broken bricks are available on site or near to the users, and if the filter is prepared using low cost, locally available materials (WHO 2006) References Bjorvatn K. and A. Bardsen (1995). Use of activated clay for defluoridation of water. Ngurdoto, Tanzania. Bjorvatn K. and A. Bardsen (1995). Fluoride sorption isotherm on fired clay.Workshop on fluorosis and defluoridation of water. Publ. Int. Soc. Fluoride Res, 46–49. Cavill, S. (2007). Appropriate treatment options for high levels of fluoride in groundwater, Naiva sha, Kenya. Dew Point. Chidambaram S., A. L. Ramanathan, and S. Vasudevan (2004). Fluoride removal studies in water using natural materials: technical note. Water SA 29, no. 3: 339. Fawell, J.Kirtley, K. Bailey, and World Health Organization (2006). Fluoride in drinking-water: Chapter 5, Removal of excessive fluoride. World Health Organization. Lyengar L. (2002). Technologies for fluoride removal. Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, people and partnership, TP 40, Chapter 22. Miller, K. (2007). Defluoridation of drinking water using appropriate sorption technologies. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, no. 8: 9245–9254. Nagendra, R. (2003). Fluoride and environement – A review. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India: Pages 386 – 399. Sajidu et al. (2008). Groundwater fluoride levels in villages of Southern Malawi and removal studies using bauxite, International Journal of Physical Sciences 3, no. 1: 001–011 Wijesundara T. (2004). Low-cost defluoridation of water using broken bricks. in 30th WEDC International Conference. CAWST (Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology) Calgary, Alberta, Canada Website: www.cawst.org, Email: cawst@cawst.org Last Update: June 2011
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