chem3 handbook 07-08 1st Sept 2007 - University of Glasgow

Department of Chemistry
Chemistry Level 3
Class Handbook
2007-2008
Course Head: Dr Beth Paschke Room A5-20
Course Secretary: Mrs Ruth Thomson Room A4-04
1

Essential Information
Class Head: Dr Beth Paschke
Deputy Class Head: Dr. David Lennon
Room A5-20 Room B3-15
0141 330 6057 0141 330 4372
bethpas@chem.gla.ac.uk
davidle@chem.gla.ac.uk
Class Head Chemical Physics: Dr Malcolm Kadodwala
Room A3-15
0141 330 4380
malcolmk@chem.gla.ac.uk
Class Head Chemistry with Forensic Studies: Dr Mike Jarvis
Room C5-04
0141 330 4653
mikej@chem.gla.ac.uk
Class Secretary: Mrs Ruth Thomson
Room A4-04
0141 330 8618
rutha@chem.gla.ac.uk
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Laboratories
Coordinator
Dr Andrei Malkov
Prof Duncan Gregory
Dr Adrian Lapthorn
Tutorials
Organic
Inorganic
Physical
Coordinator
Dr Andy Sutherland
Dr Mark Murrie
Dr Adrian Lapthorn
MSci Placement Coordinator
MSci Essay Coordinator
Final Year Project Coordinator
Dr Graeme Cooke
Dr Daniel Price
Dr Mark Murrie
2

LEVEL-3 CHEMISTRY SESSION 2007 - 2008
The class head is Dr Beth Paschke, Room A5-20, e-mail bethpas@chem.gla.ac.uk, Tel: 0141-330-
6057 (direct). You are welcome to contact Dr Paschke at any time about any aspect of the course,
either directly or through the course secretary, Ruth (Room A4-04, Tel. 0141 330-8618).
This booklet contains most of the course information you will need at the start of the session.
However, you should get into the habit of checking the class notice boards frequently for course
announcements. One notice board is located on the ground floor near the porter’s box; however, the
one on Level-4 near the entrance to the Main Lecture Theatre is updated more frequently.
WHAT MAKES UP THE COURSE?
Lectures are normally held in the Carnegie Lecture Theatre but a few courses may be given in other
locations. Check the timetable to find out where and when each course is held. The content of each
course is described in detail later in this handbook. Attendance at Alchemist Club talks and local
section RSC lectures, Thursdays 4pm, is also strongly encouraged.
Tutorials in organic chemistry are held weekly, on Wednesdays at 10 am. Physical and inorganic
tutorials are held in alternate weeks, either on Monday or Thursday, normally at 10am. The names of
your tutors in organic, physical and inorganic chemistry and times of tutorials will be posted on the
class notice board during week 1. Tutors may sometimes have to reschedule a tutorial. Check class
notice boards regularly for news of such changes.
The tutorial system is a major part of the Chem-3 learning process. To understand the coursework
properly and to do well in the degree examination you must hand in assigned work before each
tutorial and attend the tutorial itself. There is a direct correlation between exam results and tutorial
attendance. Most students find the tutorials difficult – they are meant to be! Set aside enough time to
tackle them.
Your tutor will:
** Attendance and the completion of work for tutorials is compulsory **
1. Mark and assign a nominal grade reflecting the quality of the work you handed in (grades
A-E).
2. Record your attendance.
3. Pass a record of your attendance and grades to the class secretary (Ruth Thomson).
Note that tutorial grades will not contribute to the end of year mark. Students who have not handed
in written work must still attend tutorials to gain a positive record of attendance.
The class head will monitor your commitment to the course and factor that into an evaluation of your
performance in the class exam (Week 13). Persistent absentees will be asked to explain their
behaviour to Dr Paschke.
Workshops give you practical instruction in Organic Spectroscopy and form part of the Organic
Laboratory. A workshop on Inorganic NMR (Dr Farrugia) forms part of the Inorganic Laboratory.
3

Laboratories
Organic weeks 2 - 8 Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.
Inorganic weeks 9 - 12 & 14 - 16 Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.
Physical weeks 18 - 23 Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.
You should start your laboratory work at 1pm. The laboratories normally close at 5pm.
Your laboratory mark counts toward the grade you will receive in the degree examination.
Information Technology courses
The Chemistry Department runs several clusters of computers for 3rd and 4th year undergraduate use.
To use these you need a user name and password, which will be provided by Mr Mackay, Room A5-
09a. We offer a series of courses to help you use these computers. Attendance is not compulsory and
the courses will only be run if there is a demand for them. Some of the topics on offer are:
• PCs for beginners
• Scientific calculations with EXCEL
• Word processing using Microsoft Word
• Using the Internet
• Using electronic mail
• Drawing molecules using Chem Draw
Other topics can be covered if there is sufficient student demand. The teaching laboratories,
especially the Physical Chemistry Laboratory, will also help you develop your ability to apply
modern computer technology to chemical problems.
SUPPLEMENTARY COURSE
Chem 3H are expected to attend a short lecture on “Ethics” (S3c) given by Professor Cooper on
Friday 2nd November - 13.30 - 14.45 (Gannochy Room, Wolfson Medical Building) for 3H and
15.45 - 17.00 (Conference Room) for 3M.
Course S2 (Procter & Gamble) may have extra spaces to accommodate 3H students.
information will be available at registration.
Further
EXAMINATIONS
To help you prepare for the degree examination, a class examination, consisting of three papers, will
be held in week 13.
The Degree examinations are held in May and August.
10% of your May performance will be carried forward to contribute to your Final Degree
examinations in Level 4. Note that normally you may take a molecular model kit but not textbooks
or periodic tables into third- or fourth-year examinations. Occasionally, you may be allowed to take a
specific textbook into an examination. You will be told well in advance if this is so.
The Level-3 Degree examination is based on three three-hour written papers. These papers
contribute 85% to your final grade for the year. The other 15% comes from assessment of your
practical work throughout the session. For Masters students the breakdown is: written papers 80%;
lab assessment 15%; MSci essay 5%.
The course is made up of 18 lecture courses whose descriptions start on page 12. In the Degree
Examination, Paper 1 will be based on units O1 - O6, Paper 2 on I1 - I6 and Paper 3 on units P1 - P6.
4

STUDENT PROGRESS
To attain credit for the Level-3 course you must:
(a) regularly attend all meetings of the class - lectures, tutorials, workshops and laboratories
and
(b) perform acceptably in the class and degree examinations and in the laboratory
Dr Paschke will be happy to discuss points of concern with you in confidence at any time. However,
you should also visit your adviser of studies regularly to discuss how you are coping.
PROGRESSION TO LEVEL 4 & REQUIREMENTS FOR B.Sc. (Designated) DEGREES
Full details can be found in the 2007-2008 University Calendar (Science section)
http://www.gla.ac.uk/reference/calendar2007-2008.html and in the Undergraduate Course Catalogue
2007-2008. Both booklets can be obtained from the Science Office, Level 3, Boyd Orr Building. All
students should check with their adviser of studies on how the regulations apply in their particular
case.
To enter Level 4H you must complete the Level-3H course (120 credits), normally at grade D or
above. You must also have completed other courses (not including Level-3 chemistry) totalling at
least 240 credits with a grade point average of at least 11 - you will have already met this requirement
to gain admission to Level 3H. The final decision about progression to Level 4H is made by the
Head of Department. Note that a grade-D performance at Level 4 corresponds to third-class Honours.
To graduate from Level 3 with a B.Sc. (Designated) degree you must have:
(a)
completed courses totalling at least 360 credits (including those obtained at Level 3) with a
grade point average of at least 10 and either
(b) attained either at least 80 credits with a grade point average of at least 10 or at least 120
credits with a grade point average of at least 8 at Level 3 in the Designated subject or
(c)
where the Designated subject is a combination of two subjects, attained at least 60 credits
with a grade point average of at least 8 in each of these Level-3 subjects.
A student who meets or exceeds the minimum entry requirements of a Level-3H course and who
completes it with at least a grade E will normally be able to graduate with a B.Sc. (Designated)
degree.
The B.Sc. (Designated) degree may be awarded with merit if a grade point average of at least 12 is
attained or with distinction if a grade point average of at least 14 is attained, both overall and in the
Designated subject.
5

ILLNESS AND ABSENCE FROM CLASSES
If you are unable to attend classes, please contact Dr Paschke as soon as possible to explain the
reasons for your absence and to decide if a letter or a self-certificate or a medical certificate should be
submitted. The particular situations, which require submission of a certificate, are set out in the
current version of the booklet The Registry. A Student Guide, available from the Science Office.
If you believe that your performance in the course has been adversely affected for reasons, which you
wish to draw to the attention of the Board of Examiners, it is essential that you write to Dr Paschke
to inform her of the circumstances.
POLICY ON SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
All feedback on coursework used in assessment, including mid-year class exam/class test marks and
laboratory grades, is strictly provisional for your guidance only, and is subject to ratification by the
Board of Examiners and external examiners at the end of the academic year. You must retain all
copies of assessed work (lab notebooks, exam scripts, etc.) and have them available for inspection by
the examiners if requested at the end of the year. You will be given reasonable advance warning
should this be required.
PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is the submission of someone else’s work as one’s own without acknowledgement. As
recent cases have shown, it is regarded as a serious offence against University discipline. You must
read the Senate-approved Plagiarism Statement, which explains the policy of the University.
Degrees from Glasgow University recognise personal achievement. It follows that any work you
submit must be your own. It may be proper, and even desirable, to include words, data or ideas taken
from books or articles, the world-wide web or even from other students in work you submit for
assessment. But you must make it completely clear what is yours and what you have taken from
others. If you copy someone else’s words you must enclose them with quotation marks. You should
also give a verifiable reference: for example F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, page 1219 or J. Smith, Level-3
Inorganic Laboratory Report, April 2 nd , 2000.
This regulation applies to all work submitted for assessment, including lab reports, class tests and
research projects unless you have specifically been told otherwise, for example in the case of a group
project or when a number of students share experimental data.
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
Plagiarism Statement
See University Guidelines at the following address
www.law.gla.ac.uk/Students/Plagiarism.html
6

THE CHEMISTRY BRANCH LIBRARY
Our librarian, Denise Currie, has a selection of recommended textbooks, which are available for short term
loan and can also advise students on how to use the extensive collection of chemical literature held in the
library.
CHEMISTRY-3H: RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS FOR 2007-2008
(a)
ESSENTIAL PURCHASES. Level-4 Students will already have most of these books.
• Molecular models, table molecular model kit such as Organic/Inorganic Orbit kit, Orbit Molecular
Building System, Cochranes of Oxford Ltd, Leafield, Oxford OX8 5NT, £17.68.
• Inorganic Chemistry*, P F Shriver, P W Atkins and C H Langford, OUP, 4th Edition, 2006, £37.99
• Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, D H Williams and I Fleming, McGraw-Hill, 5th
Edition Revised, £39.99.
• Organic Chemistry, J Clayden, N Greeves, S Warren and P Wothers, OUP, £37.99.
• Atkins’ Physical Chemistry**, P W Atkins and J De Paula, 8 th Edition, 2006, OUP, £39.99
• Alternative texts, if purchased during 2 nd Year;
*Inorganic Chemistry, C E Houscroft and A.G Sharpe, Prentice Hall, 2 nd Edition, 2004,£42-99.
** Physical Chemistry, R A Alberty and R J Silbey, John Wiley, 4th Edition, £37.95.
(b)
BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR CONSULTATION – available in the Chemistry Branch
Library
• Introduction to Molecular Symmetry, J S Ogden, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
• Molecular Quantum Mechanics, P W Atkins and R S Friedman, 4th Edition, OUP, 2004.
• Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry, J Simons and J Nichols, OUP.
• Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C N Banwell, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition.
• Molecular Spectroscopy, J M Brown, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
• Photochemistry, C E Wayne & R P Wayne, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
• Crystal Structure Determination, W Clegg, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
• Textbook for Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, S Warren, Wiley.
• Reactive Intermediates, C J Moody and G H Whitham, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
• Stereoelectronic Effects, A J Kirby, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
• Selectivity in Organic Synthesis, R S Ward, Wiley 1999.
• Organic Stereaochemistry, M J T Robinson, Oxford Chemistry Primers.
• Stereochemistry, Tutorial Chemistry Text, D G Morris, RSC.
• Basic Solid State Chemistry, Second Edition, A R West, John Wiley.
• Introduction to Organometallics, C Elschenbroich & A Salzer, Cambridge.
• Solid state Chemistry, an Introduction, L Smart & E Moore, CRC Press.
• Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis, J M Thomas & W J Thomas,Weinheim,1996.
You will be notified of any additional references by your lecturer.
7

Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry 3M and 3H
2007 - 2008
semester 2
semester 1
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Begins
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thur
Fri
17
Sep
24
Sep
01
Oct
08
Oct
15
Oct
22
Oct
29Oct
05
Nov
12
Nov
19
Nov
26
Nov
9 I1 I1 I1 I1 I3 I3 I3 I3 I5/O7 I5/O7 I5/O7 I5/O7
03
Dec
10 IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT
10
Dec
11 O1 O1 O1 O2 O2 O2 O2 O6 O6 O6 O6
1 OL OL OL OL OL Co Pr IL IL IL IL IL IL IL PL PL PL PL PL
9 P1 P1 P1 P1 I3 I3 I3 I3 P6 P6
10 P4 P4 P4 P4 O5 O5 O5 O6 O6
11 enroll I1 I1 I1 I1 I2 I2 O3 O3 O3 O3 I4 I4 I4 I4
1 SW OL OL OL OL OL Co Pr IL IL IL IL IL IL IL PL PL PL PL PL PL
9 P1 P1 P1 P1 I4 I4 I4 I4 I5/07 I5/07 I5/07 I5/07
10 OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT
11 O1 I2 I2 O4 O4 O4 O4 O5 O5 O5 I6 I6 I6 I6
1 SW OL OL OL OL OL Co Pr IL IL IL IL IL IL IL PL PL PL PL PL PL
9 P2 P2 P2 P2 P3 P3 P3 P3 P5 P5 P5 P5 P6 P6 P6 I6 I6 I6 I6
10 IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT PT IT
11 I2 I2 I2 I2 O3 O3 O3 O3 O4 O4 O4 O4 O6 O6
1 SW OL OL OL OL OL Co Pr IL IL IL IL IL IL IL PL PL PL PL PL PL
9 P2 P2 P2 P2 P5 P5 P5 P5 P6 P6 P6
Holiday
Holiday
10 P3 P3 P3 P3 O5 O5
11 O1 O1 O1 O1 O2 O2 O2 O2 P4 P4 P4 P4
1 Pl.Talks Pl.talks S2 S3a-c S6a,b S4 S5 S7 S8a,b Assess Assess S9a,b
07
Jan
Exams
Exams Exams Exams Exams
OL = Organic lab (Co = coops, Pr = coop presentations) OT = Organic Tutorials (21)
IL = inorganic lab IT = Inorganic Tutorials (10) x2)
PL = physical lab PT = Physical Tutorials (10) x2)
14
Jan
21
Jan
28
Jan
04
Feb
11
Feb
18
Feb
25
Feb
03
Mar
10
Mar
07
Apr
14
Apr
21
Apr
28
Apr
Lec - Organic Lec - Inorganic Lec - Physical
O1 Organic Synthesis 1 (AS) I1 Coordination Chemistry (MM) P1 Biomolecular Interactions (AL)
O2 Mechanistic Organic Chemistry (RCH) I2 Main Group Chemistry (DP) P2 Quantum Mechanics/Symmetry (JM)
O3 Organic Synthesis 2 (SC) I3 Heterogeneous Catalysis (SDJ) P3 Kinetics (DL)
O4 Controlling Stereochemistry (AM) I4 Organometallic Chemistry (LF) P4 Spectroscopy (SW)
O5 Sugars and Steroids (PK) I5 Solid State Chemistry (JH) P5 Diffraction (AL)
O6 Reactive Intermediates (tba) I6 Bio-inorganic Chemistry (LC) P6 Photochemistry (MK)
O7
(CMC only) Medicinal chemistry (RM) replaces I5
S = Supplementary courses - mainly for MSci class (See Supplementary Timetable)
SW = Spectroscopy Workshop
8
Lectures normally in Carnegie Lecture Theatre

SUPPLEMENTARY TIMETABLE
2007-2008
ADDITIONS To The BSc PROGRAMME
Frontiers of Chemistry:
Week Lecturer Title Time
1 GC S1 Applying for Placements **
2 MSci-4 Placement Talks* 14.00-17.00
3 MSci-4 Placement Talks* 14.00-17.00
4† S2 Procter & Gamble - Transferable skills
workshop
13.00-15.00
6 Greig Sinclair S3a Intellectual Property (R&E) 14.00-15.00
6 DP S3b Introduction to Inorganic Presentations 15.00-15.30
6‡ AC S3c Ethics 15.45-17.00
9 AS S6a Biotransformations 1 13.30-15.30
9 AS S6b Biotransformations 2 16.00-17.00
10 DP & Inorg Staff S4 Inorganic Chemistry Presentations 13.30-15.30
11 DP & Inorg Staff S5 Inorganic Chemistry Presentations 13.30-15.30
14† DP S7 Essay Writing 13.30-14.30
15 AL S8a Protein Structure 1 13.30-15.30
15 CG/CW S8b Frontiers of Crystallography 1 16.00-17.00
16 BP/DL Student Assessment Interview 13.00-17.00
17 BP/DL Student Assessment Interview 13.00-17.00
18 CG/CW S9a Frontiers of Crystallography 2 13.30-15.30
18 AL S9b Protein Structure 2 16.00-17.00
Most classes are in the conference room unless otherwise instructed.
Those marked * are in the Physical Lecture Theatre (B4-06).
** Dr. Cooke will organise appointments with students individually to discuss placements.
† Optional for 3H
‡ Compulsory for 3H. To be given at 13.30 (Gannochy Room, Wolfson Medical Building )
9

Title:
Lecturer(s):
Organic Laboratory
Dr Andrei Malkov
Aims:
To develop skill in practical organic chemistry and in the oral and written presentation of
scientific results. To gain experience of group work.
Objectives:
Synthetic experiments and structure determinations:
1. To develop skills in the practical techniques of organic chemistry.
2. To practise mechanistic interpretation, and to understand reaction types and the factors
affecting reaction outcomes and yields.
3. To interpret spectra (IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR).
4. To use the chemical literature.
5. To write clear, informative and referenced reports and to defend conclusions orally.
The co-operative investigation:
1. To develop skills of group working, co-operation and lateral thinking.
2. To develop skills of literature searching, including the use of databases.
3. To develop skills of word processing and computer drawing.
4. To develop skills of oral discussion.
5. To develop skills of oral presentation to a large audience.
6. To offer a challenge and invite open-ended interpretation, correlation and deeper study.
Outline:
The laboratory will run from week 2 to week 8 inclusive. It will be open on Mondays and
Thursdays from 1 p.m. until 4 p.m. and Tuesdays and Wednesdays from 1 p.m. until 5
p.m., i.e. 14 hours per week.
• During these periods, each student will individually carry out 5 experiments and will
determine the structures of two unknown compounds using spectroscopic methods.
• In the last two weeks of the laboratory, weeks 7 and 8 a co-operative investigation takes
place. A group of students working as a team will be given a co-operative assignment.
These range from purely paper exercises to practical investigations carried out in the
laboratory. A named member of staff advises each group and assesses their effort, report
and understanding. Each group will present their conclusions to the whole class and
answer questions during the CO-OP presentations at the end of week 8.
• Prizes will be awarded for the best group presentation.
Except for the oral presentation, all work in the laboratory is assessed and contributes
toward the grade awarded in the degree examination. Material covered in the
laboratories is examinable.
10

Code:
O1
Title: Organic Synthesis 1
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
Dr A Sutherland
To revise and expand the understanding of synthetic transformations and to apply these
concepts to the synthesis of multifunctional organic compounds. The fundamentals of
retrosynthetic analysis will also be introduced.
Objectives:
1. To study several different approaches for the synthesis of carbon/carbon double bonds
including aldol condensations, eliminations and phosphorous based reactions.
2. Discuss the broad reactivity of alkenes and highlight important reactions such as, addition,
ozonolysis, epoxidation, hydroboration and oxidation.
3. Appreciate the different methods of formation of carbon / carbon single bonds.
4. Be able to carry out functional group interconversions of all the major functional groups.
5. Understand how chemoselectivity can be used for selective functional group manipulation in
both oxidations and reductions.
6. Apply the rules of retrosynthetic analysis to target compounds and to be able design synthetic
routes to these compounds.
Outline:
Synthesis of Alkenes:
• revise Aldol condensations and eliminations reactions;
• introduce the Wittig, Wadsworth-Emmons and Horner reactions (kinetic vs
thermodynamic control);
• reduction of alkynes.
Reactivity of Alkenes:
• revise addition reactions;
• ozonolysis;
• dihydroxylation;
• epoxidation and subsequent opening;
• hydroboration;
• Diels-Alder reaction;
• Oxidation using transition metals.
Synthesis of C-C single bonds:
• organometallic reagents;
• stabilised anions such as enolates;
• nitroalkanes;
• imines/enamines.
Functional group interconversions:
• oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones;
• Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones;
• Activation of alcohols and subsequent reaction with C-, N-, O-, S- and P-nucleophiles;
• Chemoselective reduction of carbonyl functional groups.
Case Study:
• Retrosynthetic analysis of a natural product and then design of a forward synthesis using
some of the aforementioned techniques.
11

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
Objectives:
O2
Mechanistic Organic Chemistry
Dr R C Hartley
To explain the factors that determine what products are formed in a reaction and the
mechanisms and rates of formation; to introduce ways of determining mechanism and
optimising reaction conditions.
1. Understand reaction co-ordinate diagrams, microscopic reversibility, Hammond postulate,
kinetic and thermodynamic control, and be able to use ∆G o =-RTlnK and the Arrhenius
equation.
2. Draw curly arrow mechanisms for a variety of reaction types including substitutions at
saturated centres (S N 1, S N 2 and intramolecular displacements) by various nucleophiles
(including enolates), eliminations to form alkenes (E1, E2 and E1cB), and rearrangements.
3. Understand the importance of orbital overlap (particularly in E2 reactions) and conjugation
and so predict and explain the shape, relative thermodynamic stability and reactivity of
molecules.
4. Recognise and explain steric and stereoelectronic effects and so predict and explain the shape,
relative thermodynamic stability and reactivity of molecules.
5. Explain the role of orbital and electrostatic interactions in S N 2 reactions.
6. Understand the importance of proximity and entropic effects, and recognise and give curly
arrow mechanisms for neighbouring group participation.
7. Derive and carry out calculations involving rate equations and effective molarity.
8. Understand how temperature, concentration, solvent, and catalysts (in particular nucleophilic)
affect the position of equilibrium and the rate of reactions (in particular substitutions at
saturated centres and eliminations) and suggest suitable conditions for proposed reactions.
9. Describe and suggest methods for determining mechanisms, and be able to interpret
mechanistic evidence.
Outline:
• Revision of mechanisms of substitution at a saturated centre, elimination, and acyl
substitution;
• Reaction co-ordinates, thermodynamics and kinetics (including control), microscopic
reversibility, Hammond postulate;
• Conjugation effects (aromatic substitution), orbital alignment (eliminations and
migrations), electronic strain, other stereoelectronic effects (hyperconjugation), HOMO-
LUMO and electrostatic interactions (hard/soft nucleophiles), steric effects, entropic
effects, proximity effects (ring size, neighbouring group participation, anchimeric
assistance);
• Variables including temperature, concentration, solvent, catalysts (nucleophilic);
• Determining mechanism of reaction through structural evidence (substrates, products,
stereochemistry), kinetic evidence (order of reaction, rate changes), and structural probes.
12

Code:
O3
Title: Organic Synthesis 2
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
Professor J Stephen Clark
To develop the concept of retrosynthetic analysis and synthetic planning based on functional
group transformation and normal carbonyl reactivity.
Objectives:
By the end of the course, you should be able to:
1. Understand and use the concept of “synthon” and “disconnection”.
2. Apply retrosynthetic analysis to a variety of functionalised carbonyl compounds in terms of α-
substitution and 1,3- and 1,5-difunctionalised compounds.
3. Apply in synthesis the effect of stabilisation of enolates derived from 1,3-dicarbonyl
compounds
4. Appreciate kinetic and thermodynamic control in enolate formation.
5. Understand the use of trimethylsilyl enol ethers as enolate anion precursors for α-alkylation.
6. Understand the α-alkylation of enamines and imines.
7. Apply Wittig and Mannich reaction and selenoxide formation as synthetic tools to generate
α,β-unsaturated compounds.
8. Understand Michael addition of enolates to generate 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds.
9. Appreciate the value of organocuprates in conjugate addition to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compounds and in allylic substitution.
Outline:
• Synthetic strategies based on one-group disconnection (simple alcohols, olefins and
ketones) and two-group disconnections (1,3- and 1,5-dioxygenated skeletons);
• functional group transformations;
• Michael addition and cuprate addition.
13

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
O4
Controlling Stereochemistry
Dr A Malkov
Aims: To introduce the principles of diasterereoselective and enantioselective synthesis. To
describe methods of measuring enantio- and diastereo-isomeric ratios. To demonstrate the
importance of six-membered rings (whose properties will be revised) and conformational
rigidity for conformational control, particularly in transition states.
Objectives:
By the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Understand and use accurately proper stereochemical conventions for drawing molecules
which owe their chirality to a chiral centre, a chiral axis or a chiral plane.
2. Understand the significance of enantiotopic and diastereotopic groups and faces.
Recognise and provide examples of enantioselective and diastereoselective reactions.
Rationalise selectivity in terms of diastereomeric transition states, which have different
energies.
3. Be familiar with chirally modified reagents including BINAL-H and chiral boranes, and
explain their modes of action in straightforward cases. Appreciate the importance of both
steric and stereoelectronic factors in stereocontrol.
4. Define and use appropriately the terms enantiomeric excess (ee) and enantiomeric ratio (ee).
5. Suggest analytical methods (spectroscopic and chromatographic) for measuring isomeric
ratios. Understand why determination of diastereomeric ratio is more straightforward than
that of ee. Appreciate that identification of the major isomer may not be straightforward but
may be achieved by correlation or by crystallography.
6. Apply Cram’s rule in nucleophilic addition to α-chiral carbonyl compounds, and explain
Cram’s rule in terms of the Felkin-Anh rationalisation.
7. Understand what is meant by chelation control in diastereoselective additions to α- and β-
chiral alkoxy ketones and related compounds and explain the observed selectivity in such
reactions.
8. Appreciate the importance of conformational rigidity in controlling stereo- and sometimes
regio-selectivity. Illustrate and explain the course of reactions on cyclohexenes and related
compounds.
9. Apply the above in unfamiliar situations.
Outline:
• Introduction. Definitions, terms and conventions; drawing three-dimensional molecules;
chirality without a chiral centre;
• Reactions on achiral compounds. Achiral ketone + NaBH 4 ; topism and prochirality;
importance of asymmetric synthesis; enantiotopic faces; asymmetric reduction of prochiral
ketones; (Ipc) 2 BCl and Alpine-borane TM and their mode of action; enantiotopic groups;
desymmetrisation and use of enzymes;
• Measuring the outcome. Enantiomeric excess; optical methods & their drawbacks;
physical separation of enantiomers; resolution; chiral chromatography; spectroscopic
methods; NMR on chiral compounds; chiral derivatising agents, Mosher’s acid chloride
etc.; determination of absolute configuration;
14

• Reactions on chiral compounds. Nucleophilic addition to unfunctionalised α-chiral
ketones; threo/erythro, syn/anti and l/u nomenclature; Cram’s rule; Felkin-Anh
rationalisation; chelation controlled attack; α-chiral, α-alkoxy carbonyl compounds; ester,
amine and silyloxy substituents; β-chiral, β-alkoxy carbonyl compounds;
• Six-membered rings. Reminder of chair conformations; half chair conformations of
cyclohexene and its oxide; axial alkylation of 6-ring cyclic enolates; ring opening of
cyclohexene oxides and related compounds; asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones;
BINAL-H and its mode of action; electronic factors in stereoselectivity.
Recommended Reading
Clayden, Greeves, Warren & Wothers. Key phrases to look up: chirality; prochirality; pro-R
and pro-S; diastereoselectivity; stereoselective reactions; cyclohexanes and cyclohexenes,
conformations of; axial attack on cyclohexenes; hydroboration.
15

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
O5
Carbohydrate and Steroid Chemistry
Professor Pavel Kocovsky
To provide a basic introduction to modern carbohydrate and steroid chemistry.
Objectives:
By the end of the course you should be able to:
1. Discuss the linear and cyclic structure of carbohydrates and the ways in which these forms are
represented.
2. Study the anomeric and exo-anomeric effects, their electronic origins and their role in
carbohydrate chemistry.
3. Discuss the protecting group chemistry of carbohydrates.
4. Examine glycosylation reactions and their mechanisms – directing and non-directing groups at
C2, the effect of solvent etc.
5. Learn different methods for glycosylation.
6. Get familiar with examples of synthetic sequences in carbohydrate chemistry.
7. Define the constitution and stereochemistry of the steroid skeleton.
8. Get familiar with various types of steroids and their biological function, their contraceptive
and anabolic effects, etc.
9. Highlight the synthetic approach to steroid hormones and their analogues
10. Get familiar with steroid glycosides and their function in treating heart insufficiency
Outline:
The course will examine the fundamentals of carbohydrate and steroid chemistry:
• In the first part, the linear and cyclic structure of carbohydrates and the ways in which
these forms are represented will be revised;
• The anomeric and exo-anomeric effects, their electronic origins and their role in
carbohydrate chemistry will be introduced;
• The crucial importance of protecting groups in carbohydrate chemistry will next be
discussed before the basics of the glycosylation reaction will be considered;
• The advantages and disadvantages of various methods for glycosylation will then be
examined;
• In the second part, the course will focus on the steroid skeleton, the function of steroids in
living organisms and the practical synthesis of selected representatives of the steroid
realm;
• The stereochemical issues, selective functionalization, and the role of protecting groups
will also be examined.
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
O6
Reactive Intermediates
To be confirmed
To provide a basic introduction to modern synthetic chemistry using radicals and carbenes.
Objectives:
1. To discuss the structure and stability of radicals and to understand the principle of homolytic
bond cleavage including how to draw radical mechanisms.
2. To examine the many methods for initiating and mediating radical reactions and the reagents
used.
3. To examine chain reactions using tributyltin hydride and various functional group
transformations using the reagent. (Barton-McCombie reaction, Reduction of
thiohydroxamate esters)
4. To study radical cyclisation reactions. (Baldwin’s nomenclature).
5. Electron-transfer reactions – use of dissolving metals, samarium(II) iodide and low-valent
titanium reagents. (Birch reduction, ketyl-olefin cyclisations and pinacol couplings).
6. To study the structure and properties of carbenes (including metallocarbenes and carbenoids).
7. To examine the synthetically useful reactions of carbenes including, cyclopropanation,
insertion and rearrangement reactions. (Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, intramolecular
cyclopropanation, the Wolff rearrangement (Arndt-Eistert homologation)).
Outline:
• The course will examine the properties and reactivities of important reactive
intermediates, focussing on radicals and carbenes;
• We will discuss the structure and stability of radicals and the principles of homolytic bond
cleavage and radical mechanisms;
• We will examine methods for initiating and mediating radical reactions, and the reagents
used;
• Chain reactions using tributyltin hydride and functional group transformations will be
studied (Barton-McCombie, Reduction of thiohydroxamate esters) as will radical
cyclisation reactions (Baldwin’s nomenclature);
• Electron-transfer reactions using dissolving metals, samarium(II) iodide and low-valent
titanium reagents will be discussed and the mechanism of reactions (Birch reduction of
aromatics, ketyl-olefin cyclisations and pinacol couplings) will be examined;
• The structure and properties of carbenes (including metallocarbenes and carbenoids) and
the synthetically useful reactions of carbenes including, cyclopropanation, insertion and
rearrangement reactions will be taught (Simmons-Smith, intramolecular cyclopropanation,
the Wolff rearrangement (as part of the Arndt-Eistert process)).
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Title:
Lecturer(s):
Inorganic Laboratory
Professor D Gregory
Aims:
To develop skills in practical inorganic chemistry and in oral and written presentation of
scientific results.
Objectives:
1. To develop skills in various practical techniques of inorganic and radio-chemistry including
safety, experimental design and the use of spectroscopy.
2. To interpret spectra (IR, NMR, mass, UV-VIS).
3. To use the chemical literature.
4. To write clear, informative, concise and referenced reports.
Outline:
• Students are expected to attend the laboratory for 14 hours per week for 7 weeks;
• Each student will carry out six experiments, each of which will last for a one-week
session;
• Each student will participate in a one-week multinuclear NMR workshop.
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
I1
Co-ordination Chemistry
Dr M Murrie
To give an overview of the coordination chemistry of the transition elements; to emphasise the
differences between the chemistry of the first row elements, the second and third row elements
and the lanthanide elements; to explain the electronic spectra and magnetic properties of
transition metal ions.
Objectives:
1. Understand the basic concepts of coordination chemistry: d-orbital shapes, co-ordination
number and geometry, chelate effect, LFSE, kinetic and thermodynamic stability.
2. Appreciate the type of coordination chemistry shown by the first row elements and how and
why the chemistry of the second and third row elements differs from this.
3. Appreciate how the chemistry of the lanthanide elements differs from that of the transition
elements.
4. Understand the origins of the electronic spectra of transition metal ions.
5. Understand the magnetic properties of transition metal ions.
6. Be able to solve problems involving coordination chemistry.
Outline:
• Revision of level 1 and 2 chemistry;
• Basic concepts of transition metal and co-ordination chemistry;
• Exemplification of first row chemistry;
• Contrast of first row, second and third row chemistry and lanthanide element chemistry.
Spectroscopy of d↔d and charge transitions;
• Single-ion magnetic properties.
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
I2
Main Group Chemistry
Dr D J Price
The course builds upon the knowledge gained in years 1 and 2. It will expand on the ideas of
bonding through the use of examples from main group chemistry. The student will also learn
about some of the general chemistry of these elements (particularly groups 13 – 16) in
addition to some detailed study of specific areas, including boron hydrides, oxides and
fluorides.
Objectives:
1. To be able to apply molecular orbital theory as a description of bonding in simple discrete
molecules.
2. To recognise situations when more unusual types of bonding occurs: Specifically; delocalised
interactions such as 3 centre 2 electron bonds, the occurrence of p -p bonding in the main
group compounds.
3. Knowledge of the general basic chemistry of the main group elements and the trends in the
chemistry of elements within groups 13 - 16.
4. A detailed knowledge of some specific groups of compounds, including the chemistry of
boron hydrides.
5. The ability to apply Wade’s rules to boron hydrides, Zintl ions and cluster compounds.
6. To be able to apply the knowledge and principles contained in 1 - 5 to unknown situations.
Outline:
• Chemistry of some simple halides (group 13 -16), as electron rich and electron deficient
compounds;
• Coordination geometry isomerism and fluxionality (e.g. in PF 5 );
• Using molecular orbital theory to understand bonding, structure and relativity in these
compounds;
• Simple boron hydride chemistry and the semi-delocalised 3c-2e bonding picture;
• Complex boranes - closo, nido and arachno cages and the use of Wade’s rules in structure
prediction;
• Extension of Wade’s rules to clusters and Zintl ions;
• The occurrence of homodinuclear and heterodinuclear p -p bonding in main group
compounds; including group 14, 15, and 16, borazines and boron nitride.
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
I3
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Prof S David Jackson
To provide students with an introduction to adsorption and heterogeneous catalysis
Objectives:
1. An understanding of the definition of a catalyst and the process of catalysis.
2. An appreciation of the basic principles of some heterogeneous catalyst preparation
methodologies.
3. To be familiar with the concepts of physical and chemical adsorption at the surface of a solid
and of the differences between the two processes.
4. The ability to derive the Langmuir isotherm for (a) the adsorption of a single gas at a solid
surface and (b) the competitive adsorption of two gases at the same surface.
5. To understand the uses and limitations of catalyst characterisation techniques.
6. To understand the concepts of activity, selectivity and yield.
7. To be able to perform a simple kinetic analysis on data from a catalytic reaction.
8. An appreciation of the main causes of catalyst deactivation.
Outline:
An introductory course in heterogeneous catalysis. The course will examine:
• Catalyst preparation; the adsorption of gases on a catalyst surface and the characterisation
of catalysts;
• The course will also study the analysis of data obtained from a catalytic reaction and the
effectiveness of a catalyst through concepts of activity and selectivity;
• Finally the course will briefly examine catalyst deactivation.
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
I4
Organometallic Chemistry
Dr L Farrugia
To consolidate and build on previous Level 1, 2 & 3 courses on the transition metals, to
develop ideas on their organometallic compounds with respect to type, bonding and reactivity.
Objectives:
1. Know the types of organometallic ligands found (both σ-donors and π-acid ligands) and be
able to rationalise their synergic bonding to transition metals, and their formal electron
donating counts. Be familiar with the experimental evidence for π back donation in carbonyl
and olefin compounds, and basic reaction types associated with the more common ligands, i.e.
oxidative addition, hydride migration, reductive elimination.
2. Understand the reasons why metal-alkyl complexes are unstable and know the pre- requisites
for β-elimination reactions. Know the experimental evidence for the mechanism for β-
elimination.
3. Understand the metal-metal bonding in bimetallic carbonyls such as Mn 2 (CO) 10 through the
isolobal principle. Know examples of larger carbonyl clusters with delocalised metal-metal
bonds, and how they are related to boranes via extensions of Wade’s Rules.
4. Know about the occurrence of metal hydrido compounds and multiple hydrido compounds
with dihydrogen ligands. Know the experimental evidence for “non classical” hydrides,
particularly T 1 NMR measurements.
5. Know a little about, and have a feel for the organometallic chemistry of all transition metals,
so they are not just symbols. In part this is achieved by the recommended readings.
Outline:
• 18-electron rule;
• Properties and synthesis of organotransition metal compounds and their reaction types;
• Applications to homogeneous catalysis;
• Metal-metal bonds in carbonyl compounds and clusters;
• Metal-hydride compounds.
22

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
I5
Solid State Chemistry
Dr J S J Hargreaves
To advance understanding of the structure and properties of common inorganic solids.
Objectives:
1. A knowledge of the structures of some common inorganic solids including perovskites,
spinels and silicates.
2. An understanding of the electronic properties of solids as applied to metals, semiconductors
and insulators by application of band theory.
3. An appreciation of the factors affecting electronic conduction (band gaps) in inorganic solids.
4. A knowledge of point defects in solids and the relationship of defect concentration to
temperature.
5. A knowledge of the various magnetic properties exhibited by solids and their origin.
6. An ability to discuss and answer questions on the relationship between structure and
properties in inorganic solids.
Outline:
• Study of the structures of various common inorganic solids;
• Electronic properties of solids investigated using band theory, p and n type
semiconductors and factors affecting conduction in inorganic solids;
• Point defects and ionic conductivity;
• Magnetic properties of inorganic solids;
• Discussion of some practical applications of electronic and magnetic properties.
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
I6
Biological Inorganic Chemistry
Dr L Cronin
To provide an appreciation of the role of the inorganic elements, primarily metal ions, in
biological processes; to explain how chemists determine the structure.
Objectives:
1. To understand the basic reasons for the incorporation of metal ions in life. To appreciate the
concentration of metal ions in the biosphere and living organisms. Biological ligands, outline
the metal ions used in life and their broaden uses. Introduction to metalloproteins.
2. To examine metals in proteins – how to study metalloproteins and to discuss modelling
studies. Choice and uptake and assembly of metal ions with a focus on Iron transport and
storage and sequestration.
3. To understand the Electron transfer in proteins with respect to: Redox potentials, Aerobic
respiration, Mitochondrial transport chain, Protection against oxygen c.f. Catalase Peroxidase
BSOD.
4. To understand and appreciate how life facilitates oxygen transport and storage.
5. To be aware of the types of zinc(II)-based metalloenzymes and to appreciate the reasons for
life selecting zinc(II) and how some zinc-based metalloproteins are examined.
6. To be aware of: Nucleic acids and zinc fingers in gene regulation with respect to structure and
function, Metal ions and DNA structure, Metal ions and anti-cancer drugs – DNA metallation
Outline:
• Introduction: What is biological inorganic chemistry and what areas does it cover;
• Study of Metalloproteins: Which metals are selected by life and their roles;
• Electron Transport and Oxygen Transport: The electron transport chain and the
transport of oxygen;
• Zinc-based metalloenzymes and metal based drugs: Lewis acids in biology and their
roles, metal drugs in life.
24

Code: -
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Physical Laboratory
Dr Adrian J Lapthorn
Aims:
To develop skills in both lab-based and computer based physical chemistry. To interpret and
analyse results critically. To present scientific results and conclusions in a concise and clear
report in the time provided.
Objectives:
The students should gain practical experience in several areas of physical chemistry in both
the lab and computer based experiments. As a result of attending this laboratory a student
should gain experience/develop skills in a selection of the following.
1. Applications of molecular spectroscopy in liquid and gas phase.
2. The determination of simple crystal structures from single crystal X-ray data.
3. Reaction kinetics for a three-phase catalytic system.
4. A choice of experiment from thermodynamic, spectroscopic and kinetic studies of
macromolecules.
5. A photo-chemistry experiment.
Outline:
This laboratory course is designed to closely support and augment the third year lectures in
physical and theoretical chemistry, to give hands-on experience in various techniques in these
areas, and to develop practical skills both at the laboratory bench and with computer based
applications. The course runs over a six week period, one week being a free period, with each
practical involving approximately twelve hours work per week.
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
P1
Biomolecular Interactions
Dr Adrian J Lapthorn
To discuss the theoretical and experimental basis of intermolecular forces in complex,
condensed systems and how this applies to the stabilisation of biomolecular structures and
interactions.
Objectives:
At the end of the course students should be able:
1. To understand the differences between covalent and non-covalent interactions and to describe
the basis of Van der Waals (dispersion) forces, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions,
electrostatic and related forces.
2. To appreciate the unique structure and properties of liquid water and how these might
influence non-covalent interactions in aqueous systems.
3. To describe the thermodynamic basis of various non-covalent interactions.
4. To appreciate the balance of opposing thermodynamic forces involved in protein folding and
other macromolecular interactions.
5. To describe experimental techniques and how they might be applied in the study of
macromolecular conformations and interactions.
6. To be able to apply these concepts and related techniques to solve unfamiliar problems.
Outline:
• Intermolecular forces;
• Water: structure/properties;
• Thermodynamics of (bio) macromolecules;
• Protein folding;
• DNA;
• Helix-coil transactions;
• Ligand binding;
• Molecular recognition;
• Biophysical techniques for determining energetics of biomolecular processes.
26

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
P2
Quantum Mechanics and Symmetry
Professor John McGrady
This course will build on Professor Cooper’s second year course ‘Quantum mechanics,
chemical bonding and symmetry’. The first part of the course deals with an introduction to
quantitative aspects of quantum theory in the context of atoms and diatomic molecules. Group
theory will then be used to extend these ideas to polyatomic molecules.
Objectives:
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Understand the basic concepts of quantum mechanics (quantisation, wave-particle duality,
wavefunctions and operators).
2. Understand how atomic wavefunctions combine to form molecular orbitals in diatomics
3. Understand the link between molecular symmetry and group theory.
4. Be able to identify the point group to which molecules belong.
5. Appreciate the meaning of characters and representations, and know how to reduce them by
inspection or formula.
6. Be able to apply group theory to the construction of molecular orbital diagrams for simple
triatomics such as H 2 O.
7. Be able to apply group theory to molecular vibrations.
27

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
P3
Kinetics
Dr D Lennon
To develop an understanding of liquid phase reaction kinetics applied to a number of
disparate chemical systems. The course builds on principles introduced in the kinetics
courses presented in Chem-1 and Chem-2Y. The course will illustrate the importance of
kinetics in chemical synthesis, reaction mechanisms, catalysis and aspects of modern
spectroscopic analysis.
Objectives:
1. To understand why reaction kinetics are important throughout all branches of chemistry.
2. To gain familiarity with the empirical treatment of reaction rates and to understand the linkage
between reaction kinetics and mechanism.
3. To understand the versatility of pseudo-order reaction conditions.
4. To have an understanding of the practical measurement of reaction rates.
5. To derive and manipulate kinetic reaction schemes for complex reactions: reversible,
concurrent and consecutive.
6. To have an appreciation of the application of numerical methods to calculate reactant (or
product) concentrations as a function of time.
7. To gain an understanding of how the choice of a solvent can effect reaction rates.
8. To introduce the concepts of transition state theory and apply it to understand solvent effects.
9. To demonstrate the importance of mass transfer properties to affect reaction rates and product
selectivities in heterogeneously catalysed liquid phase reactions.
10. To demonstrate how NMR spectroscopy can be applied to follow fast reactions in solution.
11. To introduce the concepts of two-phase liquid-liquid reactions.
Outline:
• Empirical treatment of reaction rates;
• Pseudo-order reactions;
• Physical measurement of rates;
• Complex reactions, pre-equilibria;
• Rate limiting step, numerical methods;
• Solvent effects on reaction rate;
• Transition state theory;
• Solvent classifications;
• Heterogeneous catalysis;
• fast reactions in solution (relaxation and lifetime methods);
• Two-phase liquid-liquid reactions.
28

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
P4
Molecular Spectroscopy
Professor Steve Wimperis
The course will cover molecular spectroscopy and specifically rotational spectroscopy
(microwave spectroscopy) and vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman). The course will
cover only diatomic molecules with examples where these spectroscopic techniques have been
applied. The course aims to cover the basic theoretical aspects of these spectroscopies, and
builds on Prof. McGrady’s course on Quantum Theory. Since spectroscopy is essentially an
experimental subject the course will specifically aim to develop an understanding of how
information is retrieved from spectral data by using lecture-based problem - solving exercises.
Objectives:
1. Why is spectroscopy important and what information can be obtained.
2. Rotational spectroscopy: its origin, selection rules and applications.
3. IR spectroscopy: vibrational/rotational-vibrational. Selection rules and applications.
4. Raman spectroscopy: how it differs from IR spectroscopy, selection rules and applications.
Reading:
Molecular Spectroscopy by John M. Brown (Oxford Chemistry Primer). Oxford University
Press, 1998.
Physical Chemistry by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula, Oxford University Press.
Physical Chemistry David W. Ball (Thomson, Brooks/Cole: ISBN 0-534-26658-4)
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Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
P5
Diffraction Methods
Dr Adrian J Lapthorn
To give an overview of the applications of diffraction methods and to outline the
fundamentals of single crystal diffraction theory.
Objectives:
1. Know how beams of monochromatic X-rays and neutrons can be obtained and how they
interact with matter. Understand and explain coherent elastic scattering of X-rays.
2. State and apply Bragg’s Law.
3. Understand the concepts used to describe the internal structure of crystals: net, lattice, unit
cell, non-primitive unit cell, space group, screw axis, glide plane.
4. Define and use Miller indices.
5. Understand the information available from various diffraction experiments, including the
relationship between intensity and structure amplitude.
6. Understand the terms atomic scattering factor and temperature factor.
7. Understand the terms structure factor, structure amplitude and phase. Know that the
observed structure factor amplitude depends on the positions of atoms within the unit cell of
the crystal.
8. Know what is required before the Fourier series expression for electron density can be
applied.
9. Understand and explain the nature of methods used to solve the phase problem.
10. To appreciate how and why crystal structures are refined.
11. Practical experience of the concepts developed in the lecture course is provided by an
experiment in the physical chemistry laboratory.
30

Code:
Title:
Lecturer(s):
Aims:
P6
Photochemistry
Dr M Kadodwala
The objective of the course is to provide a general overview of the field of photochemistry
Objectives:
1. Photochemical principles: The basic physical and chemical principles of photochemistry will
be introduced
2. Photochemical kinetics: It will shown how the analysis of information on the rates of
reactions can provide an improved understanding of photochemical processes
3. Photochemistry in Nature: Photosynthesis, atmospheric photochemistry
4. Photo-medicine: Examples of medical applications of photochemistry will be given
5. Photochemistry in industry: The applications of photochemistry in the fabrication of
electronic components, and its potential uses in nanotechnology will be outlined
31