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8 3 2006 8
JOURNAL OF PALAEO GEO GRAPHY
Vol18 No13
Aug1 2006
: 1671 - 1505 (2006) 03 - 0307 - 10
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3 4
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, 100034
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( ) , 102200
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, 100083
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( ) , 100083
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, / , ,
, (
)
,
, , , ,
, 2001 9
( ) ,
,
: P588122
: A
Geologic characteristics and their hydrocarbon implication of black shales
of the Lower Cretaceous in Kuco2Gamba Basin , Tibet
Yue Laiqun 1 ,2 Li Yongtie 3 Shi Xiaoying 4
1 S t rategic Research Center of Oil and Gas Resources , ML R , Beijing 100034
2 China U niversity of Pet roleum ( Beijing) , Beijing 102200
3 Research Institute of Pet roleum Ex ploration & Development , Pet roChina , Beijing 100083
4 China U niversity of Geosciences ( Beijing) , Beijing 100083
Abstract The Kuco2Gamba Basin in the southern Tibet is located in the northern Himalayas
structural zone , and is distributed in an east2west direction1 The sediments of the Early Cretaceous
were dominated by clastics. Black shales were mainly developed in the member 4 and member 5 of
Kuco Formation and Dongshan Formation of the Lower Cretaceous. Black shales are dominated by
muddy and clay minerals. The ratio of sandstone to mudstone is tiny. Locally the cycles composed by
3
(No149825102 )
: 2006 - 04 - 10
: 2006 - 04 - 30

308 2006 8
fine2grained sandstones and siltites of the submarine fan were interbedded. Siderite and calcareous
aerites were abundant , while organic fossils such as ammonite were poor. The sedimentary environ2
ment was a marine reduction environment with slow facies change , low2energy waterbody and a spe2
cial setting influenced by volcanic movement . The rare earth assemblage pattern reflected by the
siltites in the black shales is quite similar to the basalt standard pattern. It is demonstrated that the
deposit at that time was possibly accompanied by volcanic movement and intervention of mantle materi2
als. Comprehensive geologic characters show that the black shales of the Lower Cretaceous in the
study area are characterized by large2thickness , simple structure and better hydrocarbon formation
conditions. Though the organic maturity is high , black shales are one of the important factors in fu2
ture petroleum resource appraisal in the study area.
Key words Tibet , Kuco2Gamba , northern Himalayas , Lower Cretaceous , black shales , hy2
drocarbon formation condition , hydrocarbon potential
About the f irst author Yue Laiqun , graduated from China University of Geosciences and ob2
tained his doctoral degree in 2001. Now , he is a research professor and professoral engineer , and is
engaged in geoscience and research on resources economy.
1
1996) ,
,
1
, ,
(1)
,
1997 ; , 1991 ; , 1992 ; ,
1
Fig11 Tectonic location of Kuco2Gamba
2
Fig12 Location of Kuco and Gamba geological sections
2
211
,
, 3 000 m , ,
, , ,
,
(2) ,
, ( , 1990)
,
(
, 1993 , Jacobi Grandis ,

8 3 :
309
1
Table 1 Stratigraphic systems and their major characteristics of the Cretaceous in northern Himalayas
,
, , ,
,
,
,
,
,
( , 1987 ; ,
,
1985 ; Pathak and Jai Krishna , 1993)
;
;
, ,
, (4)
(3) ,
800 m ,
,
,
, Dimorphoplites ,
Hypacanthoplites Protanisoceras ,
( , 1985 ; , 1990)
,
( , 1996) ,
,
(5)
3
,
Fig13 Boundary between the Dongshan Formation and
,
the Chaqiela Formation in Gamba
,
,
20 %
,
,
(5) ,
, 212
(
, 1996) ,
, ,
, 60 %90 % ,
,
,

310 2006 8
4
Fig14 Photographs of the fine2grained rock fragments of sandstone intercalated layer in black shales
A
, ,
,
, , 4 50 ;
B
,
,
, 011mm ,
, , 4 20
5
Fig15 Correlation of black shale2bearing strata of the Lower Cretaceous between Kuco and Gamba areas

8 3 :
311
,
,
, ,
, 0104 mm
,
;
,
;
, 5 % , 6
Fig16 Rare earth distribution pattern of black shales
, ,
,
, 14 520 cm , 35 cm L/ H Eu/ REE( L La - Eu
,
, , H Gd - Lu
, REE La - Lu
)
,
(7) ,
, ,
Eu Ce ,
(
Ce Eu
, 2003) , L/ H 57 98 , Eu/ REE
( Himachal 01450170 ,
Ce
Pradesh) Spiti
(Bhar2
,
Eu
gava and Bassi , 1998)
Ce
213
3 +
Ce 4 + ,
,
( )
X (2) ,
14
,
8
,
(
6) ,
2
( 10 - 6 )
Table 2 Rare earth analysis results of black shales
Ce , Eu
g4 - 1 g4 - 2 g4 - 3 g4 - 4 g5 - 1 g5 - 2 d6 - 6 d9 - 6
La 6017 4314 4718 4918 5910 7016 5813 5717
Ce 125 8519 9611 107 123 153 112 104
Nd 5012 4014 4415 4818 6210 7319 5714 5011
Sm 1118 819 8193 9158 1116 1315 1015 9131
Eu 2117 1155 1189 2134 2125 3154 2159 2133
Tb 1178 0199 0194 1117 1139 1157 1126 1141
Yb 3174 2142 2151 3116 2193 314 2167 2182
Lu 0144 0130 0139 0137 0139 0143 0138 0137
:
5 7 L/ H Eu/ REE
Fig17 Diagram showing relationship between L/ H
and Eu/ REE of black shales

312 2006 8
(8)
3
Table 3 Element ratio of different black shales of the
Lower Cretaceous in northern Himalayas
Sr/ Ba
K/ Na Rb/ K Th/ U Co/ Ni Cr/ K
g3 - 1
g3 - 2
g4 - 1
g4 - 2
g4 - 3
g4 - 4
g5 - 1
g5 - 2
01174 01494 01003 01325 01233 01005
01389 11408 01003 01114 01031 01004
01480 11174 01004 01211 01051 01004
01629 11880 01004 0116 01013 01005
11482 61708 01003 31364 01038 01005
01327 21798 01003 71500 01019 01004
01315 31213 01004 61875 01125 01005
01320 41480 01004 101131 01032 01005
8
La/ Yb REE
Fig18 Diagram showing La/ Yb and REE
content in different rocks
Table 4 U , Th and K abundance of douke in black
214
shales of the Lower Cretaceous in northern Himalayas
Th U
Th
,
( ) ( )
,
U
, ( UO 2 SO 4 )
( Na [ UO 2
d6 - 6
d9 - 6
(CO 3 ) 3 ])
, U
, , U
01306 21472 01004 71547 01038 01009
01310 31033 01003 61392 01009 01007
4
UThK
K/ 10 - 6 18 073 19 750 850
Th/ 10 - 6 7138 1212 0104
U/ 10 - 6 212 1177 01015
Th/ U 2144 6197 2167
Th
,
, (5)
, ,
012 %
,
(3 0176 % , 13 C( PDB ) - 241380 - 211854 ;
4)
0146 % 1137 % ,
215
1102 % ,
13 C( PDB ) - 211148 - 241092 ,
- 22
CO 2 CO 2
13 C -
201805 - 241380 ,
CO 2 - 23125
,
, CO 2
( Hart and
Kim , 1986 ; Ken Goldeira et al1 , 1991 ; Leary et
al1 , 1989) ,
,
( Yoshiyuki Tatsu2
mi et al1 , 1998)

8 3 :
313
5
6
Table 5 Isotope data of organic carbon
in the Lower Cretaceous black shales of study area
g3 - 1
g4 - 2
g5 - 1
g5 - 2
d6 - 6
d9 - 6
13 C/ /
- 221164 01009
- 241101 01014
- 211854 01004
- 201805 01008
- 211148 01007
- 241092 01009
5
for argillaceous in Qiangtang Basin
7
/ % < 014 014016 016110 > 110
9
A / 10 - 6 < 100 100500 5001 000 > 1 000
< 100
9 / 10 - 6 100200 200500 > 500
9
9
3
311
( ) ,
,
,
(
( ) )
Table 6 Abundance appraisal standard of organic mass
< 1 12 26 > 6
/ mg g - 1
7
Table 7 Organic mass abundance in different
black shale2bearing formations
/ % A/ 10 - 6 / 10 - 6 / mg g - 1
011015 35 910 0112
0120176 49 1710 0118
01461137 48 1210 0140
,
1137 % , 1102 % ,
57 % ,
(6)
16 % ,
0115018 mg/ g
7 312
,
, 7
,
1 800 m
,
( ) (8) , ( ) ( 1 2
012 %0176 % ,
1 2)
44 %
0146 %
9
8
Table 8 Classified criterion of organic mass in hydrocarbon resources rocks
2 1 2 1
H/ C < 017 017110 110113 113115 > 115
13 C/ > - 2310 - 23102415 - 24152610 - 2610- 2810 < - 2810
2920/ 1600 ( ) < 018 018117 117310 > 310 > 310
1460/ 1600 ( ) < 0125 0125015 015018 > 018 > 018

314 2006 8
9
Table 9 Parameters of organic mass in the Fourth Kuco Formation , the Fifth Kuco Formation and the Dongshan Formation
H/ C
13 C/ HI/ mg g - 1 S 2 / S 3
G410 0103 - 24106 1 0106 C 10 - C 27 C 14 2 - 1
G411 0106 - 24115 1 0108 C 11 - C 27 C 17 2 - 1
G516 0105 - 21185 9 0107 C 17 - C 31 C 19 2
G517 0114 - 24160 2 0109 C 13 - C 27 C 15 2 -
G518 0113 - 20180 1 0103 C 08 - C 17 C 14 2
G06 0112 - 2112 1 0107 C 13 - C 31 C 17 2 - 1
G07 0104 - 2212 3 0109 C 13 - C 31 C 17 2 - 1
G08 0108 - 2415 7 0109 C 13 - C 31 C 17 2 - 1
60 % , C 25 - C 27
( HIOIS 2 / S 3 ) 2; ,
,
2 - 1 ;
, ;
,
,
,
,
,
( ) ( Ruediger Stienet al1 ,
,
,
1986)
,
( S 2 ) , ( HI)
( S 2 / S 3 ) ,
4
,
, 411
,
,
,
13 C ,
12 C ,
,
, ,
13 C ,
- 21185 - 20180 ,
,
(
, 1993) ,
,
313
R o 210 ,
,
R o
,
, C 13 - C 33 , ,
C 21 , C - 21 / C + 22 1 55 %
,
C 17 - C 19
,
,

8 3 :
315
,
412
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( ) Petroleum Science
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