P - bei Swiss-Cave-Diving

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Physiology Workshop Chairman’s Summary imposes the more familiar risk of nitrogen narcosis, whose mechanism is also discussed. Enhancement of narcosis by CO 2 is proven, while the significance of any contribution from high inspired PO 2 is more controversial. Lew Nuckols describes the inevitable thermal stresses imposed on divers undertaking increasingly longer technical dives. Given that many technical dives take place in temperate marine environments or coldwater caves, there is particular interest in avoiding heat loss and hypothermia. The consequences of hypothermia are discussed, and the relative performance of currently employed insulating strategies (wetsuits, drysuits and undergarments) under resting and working conditions is reviewed. Novel super-insulating materials that may vastly improve the efficacy of drysuit undergarments are likely to become available in the near future. Technical Diving Conference Proceedings 11
Physiology Workshop Respiratory Issues in Technical Diving RESPIRATORY ISSUES IN TECHNICAL DIVING Simon J. Mitchell, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D., DipDHM, FANZCA Department of Anaesthesiology University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand Introduction Immersion, the use of underwater breathing apparatus and the breathing of gases at densities higher than air at 1 atmosphere have important effects on respiratory function for all divers. These effects are potentially magnified for technical divers who venture deeper and may breathe denser gas. This paper will review respiratory issues of high relevance to technical divers, and attempt to answer the following questions: 1. How does normal respiration and gas exchange work? 2. How is ventilation controlled? 3. What are the effects of immersion, diving equipment, and increasing gas density on respiratory function? 4. How does hypercapnia (excessively high CO 2 levels) occur? Like many niche areas in medicine, respiratory physiology is a complicated and jargon-rich subject. This paper will attempt to provide a simplified account that emphasizes the practical issues. It must therefore be understood that it is aimed for the most part at technical divers rather than those with physiological or medical training. How Does Normal Respiration and Gas Exchange Work? The respiratory system provides a mechanism to bring blood and air into close contact primarily so that oxygen may be taken up into the blood and carbon dioxide removed into the lungs. What follows is a simple account of the normal anatomy and function of the respiratory system based partly on Lippmann and Mitchell (1). Structure of the respiratory system The respiratory tract can be divided into two portions, the “conducting” and the “gas exchange” portions. The "conducting portion" connects the external environment with the gas exchange area of the lung. It consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles (Figure 1). In a normal adult the volume of the conducting portion is approximately 150 ml. This will be increased when any sort of breathing device (such as a snorkel or scuba regulator) is added. The "gas exchange portion" is the alveolar sacs where actual gas exchange occurs. Other important components include the ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm, which provide the mechanical drive to ventilate the lungs as will be discussed. Technical Diving Conference Proceedings 12
Page 2 and 3: DAVID RHEA PHOTO/GUE.COM Technical
Page 4 and 5: Technical Diving Conference Summary
Page 8 and 9: Editors: Richard D. Vann, B.A., B.S
Page 14 and 15: Physiology Workshop Respiratory Iss
Page 40 and 41: Physiology Workshop Central Nervous
Page 62 and 63:
Physiology Workshop Central Nervous
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Physiology Workshop Nitrogen Narcos
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Physiology Workshop Thermal Concern
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Physiology Workshop Pathophysiology
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Decompression Workshop Risk Factors
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Decompression Workshop Deep Stops a
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Decompression Workshop Assessing th
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness Th
Page 182 and 183:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness th
Page 184 and 185:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness ad
Page 186 and 187:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness co
Page 188 and 189:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness 5
Page 190 and 191:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness 6.
Page 192 and 193:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness co
Page 194 and 195:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness tr
Page 196 and 197:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness Na
Page 198 and 199:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness Ed
Page 200 and 201:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness Me
Page 202 and 203:
Therapy for Decompresson Illness be
Page 204 and 205:
Workshop Rebreather Workshop: Chair
Page 206 and 207:
Testing Divers’ Underwater Breath
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Diving Rebreathing Apparatus Testin
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Rebreather Workshop Accident Invest
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Rebreather Workshop Manufacturers P
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Training Workshop Chairman’s Summ
Page 292 and 293:
Training Workshop Risk Assessment A
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Training Workshop Common Causes of
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Training Workshop Training Panel Di
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Training Workshop Written Answers t
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Appendix A. Glossary HSE IANTD ISO
Page 396 and 397:
Appendix B. Schedule APPENDIX B. Sc
Page 398 and 399:
Appendix C Attendees Dave Crockford
Page 400 and 401:
Appendix C Attendees Tom McKenna Ne
show all

P - bei Swiss-Cave-Diving

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?