Research Article

Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2 (7): 381 – 389
http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/journal/4
It's obvious that the heterogeneity is detected in stillbirth
but when there is heterogeneity that cannot readily be
explained, one analytical approach is to incorporate it into a
random effects model. In such case, we were unable to
define the causing factors and then unable to apply meta–
regression. A Forest plot for stillbirth was shown in Figure
(7).
Results revealed that the test of heterogeneity
confirmed the existance of a substantial heterogeneity in
dystocia and stillbirth. So the estimation of OR by random
model is more accurate in two mentioned traits. The OR of
dystocia (2.68) is higher than stillbirth (2.18) which means
that heifers is more likely to have dystocia as compared with
stillbirth. Although the studies in dystocia were more as
compared with stillbirth, results show that bias associated
with estimation of OR was present in dystocia only. The
current study confirmed that primiparous cows were most
likely to have dystocia and stillbirth as compared with
multiparous cows. Results also indicate that differentiation
can be made among primiparous and multiparous cows in
the risk of having dystocia and stillbirth. These differences
among cows could be useful to aid the better management
to minimize their harmful effects in the dairy herds;
particularly both traits have a low heritability (Lin et al.,
1989).
REFERENCES
Adamec V, Cassell BG, Smith EP, Pearson RE (2006). Effects of inbreeding in
the dam on dystocia and stillbirths in US Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 307
– 314.
Ansari–Lari M (2007).Study of perinatal mortality and dystocia in dairy cows
in Fars province, south Iran. Inter. J. Dairy Sci. 2: 85 – 89.
Atashi H (2011). Factors affecting stillbirth and effects of stillbirth on
subsequent lactation performance in a Holstein dairy herd in Isfahan.
Iranian J. Vet. Res. Shiraz Uni. 12: 24 – 30.
Atashi H, Abdolmohammadi AR, Asaadi A, Akhlaghi A, Dadpasand M,
Ahangari YJ (2012a). Using an incomplete gamma function to quantify
the effect of dystocia on the lactation performance of Holstein dairy
cows in Iran. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2718–2722. doi.org/ 10.3168/ jds. 2011–
4954.
Atashi H, Zamiri MJ, Sayadnejad MB (2012b). The effect of maternal
inbreeding on incidence of twinning, dystocia and stillbirth in Holstein
cows of Iran. Iranian J. Vet. Res. Shiraz Uni. 13: 93–99.
Bar D, Ezra E (2005).Effects of common calving diseases on milk production
in high yielding dairy cows. Israel J Vet Med. 60: 106 – 111.
Beaudea F, Seegers H, Ducrocq V, Fourichon C (2000). Effect of health
disorders on culling in dairy cows: a review and critical discussion.
Ann. Zootech. 49: 293 – 311.
Bell AW, Bauman DE (1997). Adaptations of glucose metabolism during
pregnancy and lactation. J. Mamm. Biol. 2: 265 – 278.
Begg CB, Mazumdar M (1994). Operating characteristics of a rank correlation
test for publication bias. Biometrics. 50: 1088 – 1101.
Bergen W, Bates D (1984). Ionophores: Their effect on production efficiency
and mode of action. J. Anim. Sci. 58: 1465 – 1483.
Berger PJ (1994). Genetic prediction for calving ease in the United States:
data, models, and use by the dairy industry. J Dairy Sci. 77: 1146 – 1153.
Bicalho RC, Galvao KN, Cheong SH, Gilbert RO, Warnick LD, Guard CL
(2007). Effect of stillbirth on dam’s survival and reproduction
performance in Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2797 – 2803.
doi:10.3168/jds.2006–504
Burrin D, Britton R (1986). Response to monensin in cattle during subacute
acidosis. J. Anim. Sci. 63: 888 – 893.
Cady RA, Burnside EB (1982).Evaluation of dairy bulls in Ontario for calving
ease of offspring. J. Dairy. Sci. 65: 2150 – 2156.
Chassagne M, Barnouin J, Chacornac JP (1999). Risk factors for stillbirth in
Holstein heifers under field conditions in France: A prospective survey.
Theriogenology. 51: 1477 – 1488
Cleophas TJ, Zwinderman AH (2007). Meta–analysis. Circulation. 115: 2870 –
2875. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/115/22/2870. doi:
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594960
Cole JB, Wiggans GR, Van Raden PM (2007). Genetic evaluation of stillbirth
in United States Holsteins using a sire maternal grand sire threshold
model. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2480 – 2488. doi:10.3168/jds.2006–435
Collett D (1994).Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research. Chapman and
Hall, London, UK.
Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB (1998). Systematic reviews: synthesis of
the bestevidence for clinical decisions. Ann. Intern. Med. 317: 339 – 342.
Dakal K, Maltecca C, Cassady JP, Baloche G, Williams CM, and Washburn
SP.(2013). Calf birth weight, gestation length, calving ease, and
neonatal calf mortality in Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred cows in a
pasture system. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 690 – 698. doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2012–
5817.
De La, Calle LML (2007). Integral study of calving ease in Spanish Holstein
population. A thesis, Univ. of Zaragoza, Spain.
Dematawewa CMB, Berger PJ (1997). Effect of dystocia on yield, fertility, and
cow losses and an economic evaluation of dystocia scores for Holsteins.
J. Dairy Sci. 80: 754 – 761.
de Maturana, LE, Ugarte E, Gonza lez–Recio O (2007). Impact of calving ease
on functional longevity and herd amortization costs in Basque
Holsteins using survival analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 4451 – 4457.
Djemali M, Freeman AE, Berger PJ (1987). Reporting of dystocia scores and
effects of dystocia on production, days open, and days dry from dairy
herd improvement data. J. Dairy Sci.70: 2127 – 2131.
Dohoo I, Martin W, Stryhn H (2003). Meta–Analysis. Page 706 in Veterinary
Epidemiologic Research. AVC Inc., Charlotte town, PEI, Canada.
Duval S, Tweedie R (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel–plot–based
method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta–
analysis.Biometrics,56:455–63.
Eaglen SE, Coffey MP, Woolliams JA, Wall E (2012). Evaluating alternate
models to estimate genetic parameters of calving traits in United
Kingdom Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution.
44: 1 – 13. http://www.gsejournal.org/content/44/1/23.
Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C (1997). Bias in meta–analysis
detected by a simple graphical test. BMJ. 315: 629 – 634.
Egger M, Smith GD, Altman D (2001). Systematic reviews in health care:
Meta–analysis in context. 2nd ed. BMJ Books, London, UK.
Fiedlerova M, Rehak D, Vacek M, Volek J, Fiedler J, Simecek P, Masata O,
Jilek F (2008).Analysis of non–genetic factors affecting calving
difficulty in the Czech Holstein population. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53: 284
– 291.
Gevrekci Y, Akbas Y, Kizilkaya K (2011). Comparison of different models in
genetic analysis of dystocia. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg.17: 387 – 392.
Gonzalez–Recio O, Lopez E, de Maturana, Gutierrez JP (2007). Inbreeding
depression on female fertility and calving ease in Spanish dairy cattle. J.
Dairy Sci. 90: 5744 – 5752. doi:10.3168/jds.2007–0203
Heins J, Hansen LB, Seykora AJ (2006).Calving difficulty and stillbirths of
pure Holsteins versus crossbreds of Holstein with Normande,
Montbeliarde, and Scandinavian Red. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 2805 – 2810.
Higgins J, Thompson S, Deeks J, Altman D (2003). Measuring inconsistency
in meta–analyses. Br. Med. J. 327: 557 – 560.
Johanson JM, Berger PJ (2003). Birth weight as a predictor of calving ease and
perinatal mortality in Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 3745 – 3755.
Lean IJ, Rabiee AR, Duffield TF, Dohoo IR (2009).Invited review: Use of meta–
analysis in animal health and reproduction:Methods and applications.
J. Dairy Sci. 92: 3545 – 3565.
Lin HK, Oitenacu PA, Van Vleck D, Ers HN, Smith RD (1989). Heritabilities
of and genetic correlations among six health problems in Holstein
cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 180 – 186.
Lombard JE, Garry FB, Tomlinson SM, Garber LP (2007). Impacts of dystocia
on health and survival of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 1751 – 1760.
doi:10.3168/jds.2006–295.
Lopez ME, Legarra A, Varona L, Ugarte E (2007). Analysis of Fertility and
Dystocia in Holsteins Using Recursive Models to Handle Censored and
Categorical Data. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2012 – 2024
Mark T (2004). Applied genetic evaluations for production and functional
traits in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 2641 – 2652.
Martinez ML, Freeman AE, Berger PJ (1983). Genetic relationship between
calf livability and calving difficulty of Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 1494 –
1502.
Mee JF (2008). Newborn dairy calf management. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim
Pract. 24(1): 1 – 17.
Meyer CL, Berger PJ, Koehler KJ, Thompson JR, Sattler CG (2001).
Phenotypic trends in incidence of stillbirth for Holsteins in the United
States. J. Dairy Sci., 84, 515– 523.
Olson KM, Cassell BG, McAllister AJ, Washburn SP (2009). Dystocia,
stillbirth, gestation length, and birth weight in Holstein, Jersey, and
reciprocal crosses from a planned experiment J. Dairy Sci. 92: 6167 –
6175. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009–2260
Philipsson J (1996). Strategies to reduce problems in calving performance and
stillbirths by selection and differential use of bulls. In: Proc. Int.
Workshop Genet. Improvement of Functional Traits in Cattle.
Gembloux, Belgium, Interbull Bulletin. p. 12: 65 – 71.
Rabiee AR, Breinhild K, Scott W, Golder HM, Block E, Lean IJ (2012).
Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and
Al–Samarai (2014). Meta–analysis on Dystocia and Stillbirth 388
ISSN: 2307–8316 (Online); ISSN: 2309–3331 (Print)