5. Medicinal plants used as anti-epileptic - an update

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Recent Developments on Neurological Diseases, 2013: 129-154 ISBN: 978-81-308-0524-5
Editor: Anna Capasso
5. Medicinal plants used as
anti-epileptic - an update
Payal Mittal 1 , Vikas Gupta 2 , Dhirender Kaushik 3 and Pankaj Ghaiye 1
1 Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, India
2 University Institue of Pharmacy, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, India
3 Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
Abstract. Traditional medicine occupies an important place in the
healthcare systems of developing countries. The people in
developing countries depend on traditional medicine, because it
is cheaper and more accessible than orthodox medicine. Epilepsy
is an important health problem. Epilepsy is a chronic disorder
characterized by recurrent seizures. Various pharmacologic and
surgical options are available, including different formulations for
its treatment. There are number of drugs available for epilepsy in
modern therapy. But the major disadvantages being faced are their
chronic side effects. Herbal drugs are acting at target side having
same mechanism of action as that of synthetic drugs. In this paper
authors have discussed the potentials of important anti-epileptic
plants which help the scientist for further research.
Introduction
Epilepsy is a disorder that is being viewed as a symptom of disturbed
electrical activity in the brain. It is a collection of many different types
of seizures that vary widely in severity, cause, consequence, appearance and
Correspondence/Reprint request: Ms. Payal Mittal, Assistant Professor, Akal College of Pharmacy and
Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, India. E-mail: payal_mittal84@yahoo.com

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management. Epilepsy implies a periodic recurrence of seizures with or
without convulsions. There are around 20 to 70 new cases of epilepsy per
100,000 people per year [1]. A mental or neurological disorder encompasses
broad range of conditions that result in dysfunction of brain, spinal cord and
nerves. In this modern era, epilepsy is the most frequent neurodegenerative
disease [2]. There are many classes of anti-epileptics that are of clinical
usefulness with good prognosis for controlling seizures in most patients [3].
Despite this, many patients have seizures that are not adequately managed by
the established antiepileptic drugs [4]. Moreover, the high incidence of
adverse effects from the use of established antiepileptic drugs is also a source
of widespread concern in patients who use them chronically. There are many
mechanisms by which seizures can develop in either normal or pathologic
brains. Three common mechanisms include:
1. Diminition of inhibitory mechanism (especially synaptic inhibition due
to GABA).
2. Enhancement of the excitatory synaptic mechanism (especially those
mediated by NMDA).
3. Enhancement of endogenous neuronal burst firing (usually by enhancing
voltage dependent calcium currents).
Different forms of human epilepsy may be caused by any one or
combination of the above said mechanisms [5,6]. Both in vivo and in vitro
models are available for the evaluation of anti epileptic activities of drugs. In
the in vivo methods, animals are used for the demonstration of an injury by
exogenous agents of epileptic seizure on the brain with its physiological
significance. In vitro models are employed to elucidate specific aspects of the
mechanisms of injury. In vivo animal models have been categorized by
external agents and chemical agents that initiate the epileptic seizures, for
e.g., maximal electro shock (MES) induced epilepsy, pentylenetetrazol
(PTZ) induced epilepsy, picrotoxin (PTX) induced epilepsy and also other
chemical agents like isoniazid, biccuculine (BCL), strychnine (STZ),
4- aminopyridine, kainic acid induced epilepsy models also kindled rat
seizures. Mechanical methods like epilepsy induced by focal lesion, and
genetic animal models of epilepsy, audiogenic models of epilepsy are
available methods to screen the antiepileptic activities of drugs [7-8].
The alternative drug therapy for the management of this disease can be by
the use of medicinal plants and their active principles having little or
without side effects. The list of plants having anti-epileptic activity is listed
in table 1.

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Table 1. List of plants having anti-epileptic activity.

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Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

A mental or neurological disorder 137
Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

A mental or neurological disorder 139
Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

A mental or neurological disorder 141
Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

A mental or neurological disorder 143
Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

A mental or neurological disorder 145
Table 1. Continued

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Table 1. Continued

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Conclusion
Herbal plants are well known and have potential source of curing
aliments from the time of immemorial. The health care systems are going to
become more and more expensive therefore, we have to develop technologies
to essentially introduce and integrate herbal medicine system in our health
care. This can be possible only through the development of standardized
herbal products. So here we summarize the important anti-epileptic plants
with more efficacy and lesser side effects.
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