EKITI STATE - The Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

EKITI STATE
Diagnostic Survey Report
December 2009
500'
530'
600'
630'
700'
730'
730'
Oy o
Ekiti
Os un
Og un
On do
700'
Iko r o
Ilo ro
Ijero Ekiti
Ushi
1400 m m
Ayede
Ifa ki Oye
Iko le E kiti
W
N
S
E
700'
La go s
Edo
De lta
630'
600'
Ire E kiti
1500 m m
Aram oko Ekiti
Ig b e m o E k iti
Iyin Ekiti
Ado Ekiti
Aisegba
Ila w e E kiti
OgotunIg b a ra O d o
Ike r e E k iti
Ise E k iti
Emure Ekiti
1600 m m
10 0 10 Kilometers
Om u Obadore
630'
600'
E k it i riv e rs .
E k it i roa d s
E k it i a nn u a l ra in f a ll
E k it i L U L C
Agricultural Tree crop plantation
Disturbed forest
Dom inantly trees/woodlands/shrubs
Forest plantation
Grassland
Gullies
Intensive(row crops, minor grazing)
Irrigation project
Mining areas
Minor urban
R a in fe d a ra b le c rop s
Resrevoir
Riparian forest
Rock outcrop
Teak/G m elina plantation
Undisturbed forest
Urban centres
500'
530'
600'
630'
Land-use/land-cover map of Ekiti State with annual
700'

EKITI STATE
Diagnostic Survey Report
December 2009
ii

© UNAAB-IFSERAR, 2010
ISBN 978-978-50092-3-1
EKITI STATE
Diagnostic Survey Report
December 2009
Published by:
Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research
University of Agriculture
P.M.B. 2240
Abeokuta
Nigeria
Tel.: +2348064779102
e-mail: ifserar.unaab@yahoo.com
website: www.unaab.edu.ng/ifserar
iii

REPORT OF DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY CONDUCTED IN EKITI
STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
BY
J. M. AWOTUNDE - AERD, COLAMRUD
O. OGUNTOKE - EMT, COLERM
T. A. OLAIFA - CGNS, COLAMRUD
O. T. ADENUBI - PHARMVET, COLVET
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA
SUBMITTED TO
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE (RESDEC)
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA
iv

ACRONYMS
1. ADP - Agricultural Development Programme
2. AERD - Agricultural Extension and Rural Development (Dept in
UNAAB)
3. AMREC - Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre in
UNAAB
4. CGNS - Communications and General Studies (Dept in UNAAB)
5. COLAMRUD - College of Agricultural Management and Rural
Development
6. COLERM - College of Environmental Resources and Management (in
UNAAB)
7. COLVET - College of Veterinary Medicine (in UNAAB)
8. EKADEP - Ekiti State Agricultural Development Programme
9. EKSG - Ekiti State Government
10. EMT - Environmental Management and Toxicology (Dept in
UNAAB)
11. FADAMA - Hausa Language for Swamp or Wet Land used for dry
season cropping
12. FDG - Focus Group Discussion
13. NERICA - New Rice for African Dissemination Project
14. NIHORT - National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan
15. NSPFS - National Special Programme for Food Security
16. PHARMVET - Pharmacology Veterinary (Dept in UNAAB)
17. PRA - Participatory Rural Appraisal
18. RESDEC - Research and Development Centre (in UNAAB)
19. UNAAB - University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page
iv
v
vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Backgro 1
1.2 1
1.3 2
2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2
2.1 2
2.2 Sampling and data collection
4
..
3.0 DATA AND FINDINGS 5
31 5
3.2 9
3.3 9
3.4 10
3. 5 10
3.2 CROP/LIVESTOCK 10
3.2.1 11
3.2.2 11
3.2.3 11
3.2.4 Frequ 11
4.0 AREAS OF INTERVENTION 12
4.1 12
5.0 CONSTRAINTS/PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURE 13
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 13
REFERENCE 14
APPENDIX 15
vi

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 3
Table 2 4
Table 3 Total number of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Participants according 5
To EKADEP s
Table 4 7
Table 5 8
Table 6 9
Table 7 Yiel 10
vii

APPENDIX
i Ekiti State Agricultural Development Programme Ikole 15
ii Ekiti State Agricultural Development Programme National Programme for
Food Security (NFFS) First Qu
24
iii
iv
v
Ekiti State Agricultural Development Programme National Programme for
Ekiti State Agricultural Development Programme, National Programme for
Ekiti State Agricultural Development Programme Status Report of ADP
(2007
vi Agricultural Performance Survey of 2008 Wet Season in Nigeria (Ekiti State 70
Report)
vii 98
viii 122
ix Driving Direction for Ekiti 123
x 124
xii Land-use/Land- 125
40
48
60
viii

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB) was established in 1998 by
the Federal Government of Nigeria, with the tripodal mandate of teaching, research and
extension (UNAAB 2007). The University (UNAAB) has a direct responsibility of
conducting research and extension services in her mandate States which comprise of
Ogun, Oyo, Ondo, Osun, Ekiti, Lagos, Edo and Delta States.
Agricultural development policies often follow top-down approach with varying
levels of failure. To provide a remedy for this situation, a reversal of policy structure and
strategy is required. It is in this light that the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta geared
up efforts to identify the agricultural problems and needs of the farmers in the mandate
States using bottom-up approach which is participatory in nature.
The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques involve the active participation
of rural community dwellers being targeted (Nabasa et al., 1995)
The PRA techniques are indeed useful in discovering, weighing and prioritizing
problems and needs as presented by groups of farmers technically known as Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) participants; during the early stages of identifying and setting the
research agenda.
1.2 Problem Statement
The Federal Government of Nigeria established various Agricultural Research
Institutes and Universities to tackle the problems of agricultural production within their
catchment areas in form of developing research agenda. The University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta (UNAAB), being one of them conducted a survey in the early 1990s but the
attempted efforts have not reflected positively on agricultural production of farmers
within the States. Although enviable heights seemed to have been attained in its
academic endeavours, the research and extension arm are still largely unfulfilled.
A lot has been attributed to lack of funds, and inappropriate technologies,
inconsistent policies which have inadvertently impacted negatively on research and
extension services. Farmers still face myriad of problems such as lack of access roads,
poor funding, use of crude implements, non-availability of improved inputs and post
1

harvest losses due to poor storage facilities. These problems have direct or indirect
poor
Southwestern region of Nigeria. All these betray the research gap(s) in agriculture in the
mandate States.
1.3 Survey Objectives
The broad objective of this diagnostic survey study is to determine the research
gap(s) in agriculture, the problems and needs of farmers in Ekiti State as a prelude to
conducting appropriate research to address them within the context of overall national
development.
The specific objectives of the study are to:
(1) Identify the basic social and economic characteristics of the farmers in Ekiti State.
(2) Identify the farm activities and the common practices.
(3) Identify the basic problems in farming in Ekiti State.
(4) Identify the available technologies in farming in the State.
(5) Describe the role of other institutions in the area of agriculture in the State.
(6) Draw conclusion and action plans.
2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Study Area
The PRA diagnostic survey study was conducted in Ekiti State, being one of the
mandate States of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.
Ekiti State, created on 1 st October 1996, was carved out of the old Ondo State. It
is located between Longitude 4 0 0
Latitudes 7 0 0 5 North of the Equator (EKSG, 2009). The State is a relatively
young State requiring enormous resources to advance its development.
The vegetation of Ekiti State is guinea forest with its attendant climate, flora and
fauna. The State is homogenous in ethnic composition originally, but other tribes (Ebira,
Nupe, Igede, Urhobo, Igala, Ibo and Hausa) now abound.
2

Agriculture is the main occupation of Ekiti people and it is the major source of
income for many in the State. Agriculture provides income and employment for more
than 75% of the population of Ekiti State (EKSG, 2009)
The main cash crops are cocoa, coffee, kolanut, cashew and oil palm. Other crops
include citrus, fruits, coconut, mango, sugarcane, guava and pineapple. The state can also
boast of various species of timber that provide raw materials for wood-based industries
(Table 1).
Food crops that abound in the State include yam, cocoyam, maize,
plantain/banana, rice, beans, tomatoes and varieties of vegetables (Table 2).
Table 1: Cash Crop widely cultivated in Ekiti State
S/N Crop Location Uses
1 Cocoa Ise, Emure, Ilawe, Ado, Igede, Igbara Odo, Cocoa butter, Cocoa
Aramoko, Ikoro
Powder, Beverages, Cocoa
Liquor and Export
2 Oil Palm Spread across the state Vegetable Oil, Spices,
Flavoring and Export
3 Kola Nut Ikoro, Igede, Ise and generally in the forest Stimulants and export
zone
4 Plantain/ Widespread across the state Plantain Flour, Plantain
Banana
Beer, Plantain Balls and
Chips/Crape
5 Cashew Northern part of the state Oil, Nut and for export
6 Citrus Widespread across the state Fruit juice, Fruit wine and
for export
7 Timber Southern part of the state Tyre manufacturing, Crepe
and for export
8 Timber Ijero, Ise, Ikere, Aramoko, Ado, Ilawe Log, Planks, Panel Furniture
and for export
3

Table 2:
Arable Crops widely cultivated in Ekiti State
S/N Crop Highly Cultivated LGAs Industrial Uses/Products
1 Rice Irepodun/Ifelodun Ekiti West, Ikole, Ekiti Flour, Grits, Grains
East
2 Yam Widely cultivated across the State Yam Flour
3 Cassava Widely cultivated across the State Garri, Starch, Adhesive,
Mosquito Expeller,
Livestock Feeds, Chips,
Yeast, Alcohol Products
4 Maize Widely cultivated across the State Maize, Grit, Corn Flour
5 Cowpea Northern Part of the State Grits, Flour
6 Plantain & Widely cultivated Plantain Flour, Plantain
Banana
Chips/Crepe, Plantain Juice
and Beer
Food culture and habit is roots and tubers based, but cereals, plantain, bananas are also
significant crops in the State. Mixed cropping is predominant and aquaculture practice is
growing rapidly. Goats, sheep and bush meat are preferred delicacies. The soil is fertile,
but the use of fertilizers has increased remarkably in recent times. Among the tree crops
cultivated in the State, the most important are cocoa, oil palm and citrus.
2.2 Sampling and Data Collection
The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the village groups. The
two EKADEP zones were used and three blocks were randomly selected from zone 1 and
two blocks from zone 2. One to six extension village groups were randomly selected
from each block which gave a total of twenty-two village groups (Table 3). Information
was elucidated from the Focus Group Discussion participants with the use of a
standardized diagnostic survey interview guide. The field research work was carried out
from 7 th to 11 th December, 2009.
4

3.0 DATA AND FINDINGS
This section presents the data obtained and discusses the findings, during the PRA
field work in Ekiti State. Data on the characteristics of the participants at the Focus
Group Discussion (FGD) along gender lines, to include the total number of male and
female, the major tribes of the communities, their age brackets, primary and secondary
occupations were presented in this section.
3.1
A.1 Table 3 presents the total number of Focus Group Discussion participants
according to EKADEP zones and sites which consist of homogeneous villages. Majority
(76.7%) of the overall number of participants were male while the female participants
were less than one quarter (23.3%). This data implies that more men than women are
actively involved in farming activities in Ekiti State.
EKADEP
ZONES
1 (a)
(b)
(c)
2 (a)
(b)
Table 3:
Total Number of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) participants
according to EKADEP Sites
BLOCK
OFFICE
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION SITE AND VILLAGES
FGD
FGD VILLAGES
SEX
SITES
M F TOTAL
Iddo/Osi Block Orin site Ifaki, Orin, Ora, Aaye, Ifisin,
Igbole 30 9 39
Iddo site Iddo, Usin, Ayetoro, Ilogbo, Osi,
13 1 14
Aramoko Aramoko Ile Ona, Ikogosi, Aramoko
Block
Site
10 2 12
Efon
Efon-Alaaye Obake, Iwaji, Efon, Itawure
site
10 5 15
Ikole Block Odo-Oro Ikole, Odo-Oro
Site
11 4 15
Ode-Agbado Ode site Ode 6 - 6
Block
Agbado site Agbado 9 6 15
Total 89 27 116
TOTAL MALE = 89 (76.7%)
TOTAL FEMALE = 27 (23.3%)
5

A.2 The major tribes in the State is the Yoruba ethnic group (especially of Ekiti
dialect) while other tribes namely Ebira, Nupe, Igede, Urhobo, Igala, Ibo and Hausa were
also observed as migrant farmers in the State, who also formed the bulk of farm labour.
A.3 The list of social infrastructures available in the FGD Communities in Ekiti State
is presented on Table 4.
6

Table 4: Infrastructural Facilities Status of the Selected Villages / Sites
S/N
FGD
Location/Village
Primary
Schools
Secondary
Schools
Post Sec.
Schools
Churches
Mosques
Shrines
Petrol
Station
Pry Health
Centre
Maternity
Medicine
Shop
Pharmacy
Zone 1
Ifaki 8 2 1 45 4 10 5 5 4 30 -
1.
2. Orin 4 1 - 15 1 4 1 2 2 -
3. Ora 13 1 - 7 1 4 1 2 3 -
4. Aaye Aaye 2 1 - 7 1 4 - 1 2 -
5. Ifisin 2 1 - 8 1 3 - 1 2 -
6. Igbole 2 1 - 8 1 4 - 1 3 -
7. Iddo
8. Usin
9. Ayetoro
10. Ilogbo
11. Osi
12. Ile Ona 4 2 - 4 4 - - 4 1 2 -
13. Ikogosi 6 2 - 18 6 - - 5 1 6 -
14. Aramoko 16 6 1 50 8 9 7 11 2 100 1
15. Obake 2 - - 4 1 1 - 1 - - -
16. Iwaji 2 - - 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 -
17. Efon-Alaye 50 16 - 102 3 8 4 10 20 50 1
18. Itawure 3 1 - 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 -
Zone 2
19. Ode 10 5 - 30 2 15 1 3 3 3 -
20. Agbado 14 3 - 48 7 10 2 4 2 8 -
21. Odo-Oro 5 2 - 12 5 3 1 2 1 8 1
22. Isaba 6 1 - 10 1 1 - 1 1 -
23. Ayedun 10 3 - 20 1 - 2 2 1 -
24. Asin 6 4 - 30 1 1 - 2 - -
25. Ushin 5 - - 10 - - 1 - - -
26. Ikole
One striking observation is that is no village community that does not have
schools (especially primary schools). The people value and pursue education
7

A.4 The coordinates of the communities taken and recorded during the field research
work are presented on Table 5 below.
Table 5: Coordinates of Selected FGD Locations in Ekiti State
S/N Location/Site Northern Eastern Altitude
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Agbado (Isharun Qtrs)
Resident of ADP Agent
Ext. Block Office (Ode) Ode-Ekiti
Palm Oil Press (Oyo)
Ilu Omoba-Ekiti
Aramoko (ADP) Office
Itawure
Efon-Alaaye (Hall)
Odo-Oro (Hall)
Orin Ekiti (Village)
Nearest tarred Road
Iddo Ekiti
Ora Ekiti
Aaye Ekiti
Ifaki
Odo Oro (Village town)
ADP Hqtrs (Ikole-Ekiti)
Min. of Agric. (Ado-Ekiti)
7.59077
7.58960
7.64676
7.64677
7.71109
7.72613
7.65135
7.83273
7.83274
7.83150
7.84518
7.82085
7.80288
7.78821
7.78878
7.80375
7.63330
5.51679
5.51996
5.56082
5.42315
5.03291
4.95239
4.92206
5.52142
5.23880
5.23687
5.18172
5.21957
5.21886
5.24353
5.52142
5.49787
5.20180
392m
380m
413m
379m
575m
441m
561m
590m
568m
575m
580m
572m
578m
578m
590m
564m
454m
A.5 Means of transportation available to the farmers in the FGD communities were
mainly commercial motorcycles (popularly known as Okada) and motor cars. The
the markets. A few (5%) still use bicycles.
A.6 Age category of FGD participants along gender line.
Table 6 below shows the age category of the FGD participants.
8

Table 6: Age category of FGD participants
FGD
Below 30years 31 50 years 75% Total
Sites
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Orin 1 - 9 6 19 2 37
Iddo 0 0 8 1 6 0 15
Aramoko 0 0 5 1 3 0 9
Efon-Alaaye 1 0 3 2 7 5 18
Odo-Oro 0 0 7 4 4 0 15
Ode 0 0 2 0 4 0 6
Agbado 0 0 5 1 4 5 15
Total (%) 2
(1.7%)
0
(0)
39
(33.9%)
15
(13.1%)
47
(40.9%)
12
(10.4%)
115
(100%)
A.7 Primary Occupation of the FGD participants
The primary occupation of the FGD participants in Ekiti State is farming (60% to
70%), while the secondary occupation include artisan (20%), trading (10%), civil
servants (10%), hunting (3% - 10%) and labourer (2%). All the FGD female participants
d processing. All their children that are
of school age were all in schools; as education is given high priority in the State.
A.8 Type of training common to the farmers
The FGD participants received regular trainings on their agricultural production
crops, livestock, beekeeping, snail rearing, and management of micro-credits/loans given
them. These trainings were organized and conducted by the Ekiti State Agricultural
Development Programme (EKADE), NIHORT, FADAMA and National Programme on
Food Security (NPFS).
A.9 Average yield from crop
The average yield in metric tonne per hectare of the major crops grown in Ekiti is
shown on Table 7.
9

Table 7 Yield (mt per Ha)
S/N Crop Name 2007/2008
Dry season
2008
Wet
season
Total
2008
2008/2009
Dry season
2009 Wet
season
Total
2009
% Change
Dry
season
A Root and Tubers
Cassava 19.06 19.06
Yam 18.65 18.65
Cocoyam 11.5 11.5
Sweet Potato 7.3 7.3
B Cereals
Maize 2.16 2.1 2.1 2.08 2.08 -3.7 -0.95
7 Rice 1.79 2 2 1.75 1.75 -2.23 -12.5
C8 Legumes
9 Cowpea 1.33 1.33 1.79 1.79 34.59
10 Soyabean 1.3 1.3 5.4 5.4 315.38
D Others
1 Melon 1.64 1.64 2.27 2.2.7 38.41
2 Leafy Vegetable 4.86 4.34 4.57 4.69 4.69 -3.5 2.63
3 Okro 3.4 4.19 3.83 3.13 3.13 -7.94 -18.28
4 Tomato 3.12 3.1 3.1 2.84 2.84 -8.97 -8.39
5 Pepper 1.25 1.25 1.8 1.8 44
6 Lettuce 1.91 1.91 1.39 1.39 -27.23 -27.23
%
Change
Wet
season
% Change
Total
10

A.10 Primary and Secondary Sources of Income
earnings on crops and livestock sales, while the secondary sources of their income come
from micro-credits and loans from State governments, NPFS, FADAMA programmes.
A. 11 Credit Sources for farming
The credit sources for farming in the FGD locations in Ekiti State include Interest
free micro-credits or loans from State governments, NPFS, ADP, NERICA rice project.
3.2 Crop/Livestock
The crops produced in the study area include maize, cassava, white yam, water
yam, plantain, banana, oil palm, cocoyam, tomato, rice (NERICA project), beans, melon,
cocoa, orange, pineapple, pawpaw, walnut, sugarcane, kolanut, mushroom, fluted
pumpkin (Ugwu), Economic
Livestock include Cattle, sheep, goat, duck, chicken (fowl), rabbit, pigs (Piggery).
Farm implements/equipments mainly utilized by the FGD include mostly crude
implements like hoes and cutlasses.
3.2.1 Sources of Farm Inputs in the FGD
(a) Hoes and cutlasses are bought by farmers from the markets.
(b) Fertilizers and pesticides are being purchased from private individuals and retail
shops. Inputs are therefore expensive for the FGD participants. They suggested
that EKADEP should be allowed to handle agricultural inputs distribution to
Farmers.
(c) Seeds and seedlings are distributed by EKADEP in collaboration with
Agricultural Input Supply Company (AISC).
11

3.2.2 Forest and Wildlife Products
Indigenous trees in Ekiti State include Iroko, Mahogany (Khaya spp), Obeche
(Triplochiton spp), Orin dudu (Eki), Teak.
3.2.3 Fisheries Practices and Species
There is presently no river body or lake in Ekiti State hence existing fishery
practices includes mainly the use of fish ponds mostly by medium scale fish producers.
Aquaculture practices for producing Cat fish mainly is being engaged in by very few
farmers.
3.2.4 Frequency of visit by Extension Agent
All the FGD participants said that the EKADEP extension agents visit them
regularly and frequently.
4.0 Areas of Interventions
Note: AMREC/UNAAB SOYA BEAN PRODUCTION PROJECT AT ODO-ORO
SITE
Five years ago (2005) AMREC/UNAAB under Prof. Yahaya Adeoti (Director)
introduced Soyabean to Odo-oro and they produced in tones. But when it was time to
sell, Nestle Nig. Plc came and offered the farmers N50 per kg, whereas the cost of
production alone incurred by the farmers was in range of N70 per kg. The farmers had no
choice but to finally sell their produce at loss. This situation discouraged the farmers
from planting soyabean in the following season.
Hence, when AMREC/UNAAB under Prof. Akin Omotayo (Director) returned
back to Odo-Oro, and offered N80 per kg buying price, to encourage the farmers to
produce Soyabeans; Very few farmers planted Soyabeans and in fact did not harvest
because of multiple production problems encountered that period and so when NESTLE
Nig. Plc returned back, there was visually nothing to buy. In 2008 and 2009, Mr. Adeniji
and his team from AMREC/UNAAB, came back to encourage the farmers to produce
Soyabeans, but to date the farmers refused to plant. When asked to suggest solution to
12

this problem, the farmers recommended that both AMREC/UNAAB and NESTLE Nig.
Plc should give farmers loan in kind (in form of certified seeds of improved Soyabean
variety, insecticides, pesticides etc) and give them assurance that their harvested
Soyabeans will surely be bought by NESTLE at a price profitable to the farmers.
Other conditions are as follow:
(1) There should be concrete agreement on the price (to favour the farmers)
(2) Farmers should be given deposit to start Soyabean production
(3) Give a month notice to intimate the farmers on production
(4) Any monetary assistance or loan for the production should be given between June
15, and July 15 because this is the best period to plant Soyabean
(5) Certified seeds should be supplied to the farmers
(6) Other inputs like tractors and planters should be provided
5. 0 CONSTRAINTS / PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURE
The major constraints or problems to Agriculture in the FGD communities
include lack of fund for farming operations, untimely release of micro-credit facilities
from the Federal/State governments, untimely release of production inputs such as
fertilizers, tractor hiring services, poor transportation, storage problems, bad roads, labour
scarcity, crop diseases especially bacterial wilt of tomatoes.
6. 0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The array of information obtained so far from this field diagnostic survey among
Focus Group Discussion participants in Ekiti State imply that there are very important
needs and problems facing the State farmers that have hitherto been taken for granted or
overlooked by previous research and government intervention efforts. Little wonder then
It is hereby recommended that these identified problems and needs should be
researched on comprehensively and in great depth in order to provide lasting solutions to
them.
13

REFERENCES
Ado-Ekiti: Ekiti
State Government Press.
Fajardo, F. R. (1985): Economic Development. Manila, Philippines: National Book
Store Inc. 112-114pp.
Nabasa J, G. Rufwara, F. Walker and C. Were (1995): Participatory Rural Appraisal:
Practical Experiences. Chatham, U. K: Natural Resources Institute (NRI) pp. 1-
49.
UNAAB (2007): University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria. 2005/2006 and
2006/2007 Undergraduate Prospectus Abeokuta: UNAAB. p. 14
14

APPENDIX