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From Rio 1992 to 2012 and beyond: Sustainable Mountain Development Central Asia Last updated: 1 November 2011 This report is an illustrated overview of the trends and challenges in sustainable mountain development in Central Asia since 1992. It highlights selected achievements and lessons learned, and identifies opportunities for further progress. The information comes from interviews with key actors, from official and scientific sources and from media accounts. While the report strives to maintain high research standards, it presents the scientific and technical material in a manner accessible to lay readers. The Swiss Development Cooperation has provided support for the process of identifying trends, developments, lessons and opportunities in the Central Asia mountains and in other mountain regions. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the partner organizations and governments. This report was prepared by the University of Central Asia (head office in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan) and Zoï Environment Network (Switzerland) with assistance and advice from: the Kyrgyz State Agency on Environmental Protection and Forestry, the Tajik Committee on Environmental Protection, CAMP Alatoo, CAMP Kuhiston, the Alliance of Central Asian Mountain Communities, The Aga Khan Mountain Societies Development Support Programme, the Regional Mountain Centre, the National Centre on Mountain Regions Development, the Centre for Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, the Osh Aarhus Environmental Information Centre, Issyk-Kul State University and the Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences. Colleagues at the Consortium for Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion and at Bern University provided useful comments. Numerous site visits, regional consultations in Bishkek and Karakol and online discussions helped shape this report. A preliminary version was presented at the Lucerne World Mountain Conference (10-12 October 2011, Switzerland) where the experience and insights of colleagues in other mountain regions of the world informed this final report. Case study authors, contributors and reviewers: E. Batjargal (coordinator), N. Dhanani, A. Soronkulova, N. Safarov, B. Toktoraliev, A. Aidaraliev, B. Salykmambetova, Ch. Alibakieva, I. Dairov, T. Mamatov, M. Anarbaev, L. Joldubaeva, Sh. Kainazarov, G. Ilipbaeva, M. Kuchmanov, N. Abdylasoba, A. Kiyazova, A. Barieva, U. Kasymov, A. Karsymbek, S. Djumabaeva, C. Kelner, T. Bakirov, A. Tekenova, K. Adishov, A. Satkynaliev, S. Jumaeva, G. Nekushoeva, Kh. Berdova, T. Berkeliev, N. Djumabaev, S. Mogilyuk, K. Isabaev, E. Sagyntay, I. Domashov, N. Abdurasulova, N. Imanbaev, A. Nazarov. Concept: Ch. Dear, O. Simonett, V. Novikov Editor: G. Hughes Maps and graphics: M. Beilstein, V. Novikov
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Findings, observations and recommendations ...................................................................................................... 5 Part 1: Setting the stage .......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Mountain ecosystem goods and services .......................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Key characteristics of the Central Asian mountains .......................................................................................... 9 1.3 Trends in the Central Asia mountain regions over the past 20 years .............................................................. 10 1.3.1 Independence and the transition to national governance .................................................................... 11 1.3.2 New international borders .................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3 Political and economic influences ......................................................................................................... 14 1.3.4 The effects of climate change ................................................................................................................ 15 1.3.5 Natural disasters .................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.6 Dwindling biodiversity ........................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.7 Land degradation ................................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.8 Roads, rails and international trade ...................................................................................................... 19 1.3.9 The expansion of mobile communications and information technologies ........................................... 21 1.3.10 New opportunities in tourism ............................................................................................................. 22 1.3.11 The gold rush and other mountain mining developments .................................................................. 23 1.3.12 Tapping the vast potential of energy resources .................................................................................. 25 1.3.13 Conflict and the need for hard security measures .............................................................................. 26 1.3.14 A new era in highland–lowland relations ............................................................................................ 27 1.3.15 Soft security for stability and conflict avoidance ................................................................................. 28 1.3.16 Natural resource ownership, management approaches and property rights ..................................... 29 1.3.17 Demographics, poverty and labour migration ..................................................................................... 30 1.3.18 Urbanization ........................................................................................................................................ 31 1.3.19 Education and health: Investing in human capital .............................................................................. 32 1.3.20 Religion, culture, ethnicity and traditional knowledge ....................................................................... 33 1.4 Soviet environmental legacies and emerging conditions ................................................................................ 34 1.5 Institutions and governance in sustainable mountain development .............................................................. 35 1.6 Monitoring and research ................................................................................................................................. 37 1.6.1 Hydrometeorology ................................................................................................................................ 38 1.6.2 Ice, snow and permafrost ...................................................................................................................... 38 1.6.3 Biodiversity and land resources ............................................................................................................. 39 1.6.4 Geological survey and seismology ......................................................................................................... 40 1.6.5 Other mountain research ...................................................................................................................... 40 Part 2: Case studies: Progress, changes and lessons learned .............................................................................. 41 2.1 Networks .......................................................................................................................................................... 41 2.1.1 The Central Asian Mountain Partnership network ................................................................................ 41 2.1.2 Experience exchange: The Alliance of Central Asian Mountain Communities ...................................... 42 2.1.3 The Interstate Commission on Sustainable Development in Central Asia ............................................ 43 2.2 Food, biodiversity and land management ....................................................................................................... 44 2.2.1 Kyrgyz high-altitude kitchen gardens .................................................................................................... 44 2.2.2 Sustainable pasture management ......................................................................................................... 46 2.2.3 Pamir-Alai Land Management and regional cooperation in mountainous countries ........................... 48 2.2.4 Community-based forestry .................................................................................................................... 49 2.3 Climate change and natural disasters .............................................................................................................. 50 2.3.1 Climate change: Pilot Program for Climate Resilience in Tajikistan ...................................................... 50 2.3.2 The stabilization of hazardous mountain slopes through planting fruit trees ...................................... 51 2.4 Community-based tourism .............................................................................................................................. 52 2.5 Science and education ..................................................................................................................................... 53 2.5.1 Earthquake risk reduction: The CASCADE project ................................................................................. 53 2.5.2 The University of Central Asia ............................................................................................................... 54 2
Page 1: Sustainable Mountain Development
Page 5 and 6: Executive summary For the five coun
Page 7 and 8: Mountain ecosystems (one step forwa
Page 9 and 10: Central Asia mountains is impressiv
Page 11 and 12: Kazakh uplands stretch for more tha
Page 13 and 14: government is striving to increase
Page 15 and 16: Physical borders - fences and trenc
Page 17 and 18: The degradation of the large Fedche
Page 19 and 20: esilience in mountains, and the lac
Page 21 and 22: Better construction technology has
Page 23 and 24: The use of geographic information s
Page 25 and 26: have hardened local opposition, and
Page 27 and 28: past 20 years, the system has opera
Page 29 and 30: The emergence of China as a dominan
Page 31 and 32: With license fees that run from US$
Page 33 and 34: Two decades ago, industrial air pol
Page 35 and 36: mechanical solutions are too expens
Page 37 and 38: The key regional player in water an
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Page 41 and 42: monitor soil erosion and the qualit
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mudflows that threaten mountain com
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Experts from GFZ, CAIAG and the nat
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The Aga Khan Development Network es
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The analysis of mountain developmen
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3.1.3 Sub-national cooperation The
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Modernization of the power system m
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3.3 Institutions and governance The
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50. CASE-STUDY: Sustainable pasture
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Rakhmon, E. 2011. Statement on the
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Safarov, N. and Novikov, V. 2003. T
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Acronyms and abbreviations ADB: Asi
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Sustainable Mountain Development
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