Volume 2. Animals - UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

AC20 Doc. 8.5 

Annex 

(English only/Seulement en anglais/Únicamente en inglés) 

REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE 

ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS 

WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF 

SELECTED SPECIES 

Volume 2. Animals 

Prepared for the 

CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat 

by the 

United Nations Environment Programme 

World Conservation Monitoring Centre 

JANUARY 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 3

Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK 

UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (UNEP-WCMC) 

www.unep-wcmc.org 

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The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory 

organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any 

opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the CITES Secretariat or contributory organisations concerning the 

legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its 

frontiers or boundaries 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 4

Table of Contents 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................6 

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................8 

METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................................................................9 

SECTION 1: SPECIES IDENTIFIED AS POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE .......13 

SECTION 1A: MAMMALS ...................................................................................................................13 

SECTION 1B: BIRDS............................................................................................................................16 

SECTION 1C: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.......................................................................................18 

SECTION 1D: FISH AND INVERTEBRATES..........................................................................................21 

SECTION 2: COUNTRY-LEVEL TRADE INFORMATION................................................................................23 

SECTION 3: WILD COLLECTED ANIMAL SPECIMENS EXPORTED FROM NON-RANGE STATES................24 

SECTION 4: GROSS EXPORTS TRADE TABLE (ATTACHED AS AN EXCEL FILES).........................................25 

ANNEX A: MAMMAL INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 

ANNEX B: BIRD INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 

ANNEX C: REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK N 

ANNEX D: FISH AND INVERTEBRATE INFORMATION SHEETS (ATTACHED AS A WORD FILE)ERROR! BOOKMARK NO 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The present document, produced by UNEP-WCMC on behalf of the CITES Secretariat as part of 

the process of Review of Significant Trade – Phase V, contains a summary of annual report 

submitted by the Parties to CITES. The analysis of data, based on 1.3 million records of trade in 

Appendix-II animal species, considers the gross level of exports from the wild reported between 

1992 and 2002. In order to facilitate the work of the Animals Committee in the onerous task of 

sifting of the vast amount of data available, a preliminary analysis was conducted of the slope and 

variance of the trends of trade over time, in conjunction with information on global and national 

conservation status (as reported in the scientific literature), to identify those species whose levels 

of trade appear to deserve the most attention. 

The list of potential candidates proposed to the Animals Committee for consideration in the 

Significant Trade process Phase V emerging from this analysis is presented (Table 1). Information 

on the status of species that appeared as likely candidates according to the analysis of their trade, 

but that were recommended as candidates on the grounds of their conservation status is also 

presented. Complete summaries of gross trade for all the species traded in the period in question 

are also provided in this report. 

In total, 32 species and 1 genus were identified as possible candidates for inclusion in the 

Significant Trade process. The reasoning behind species selection is provided in the main report 

and Annex documents. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 6

Table 1. Species highlighted for possible inclusion in Significant Trade process Phase V 

TAXON GROUP 

MAMMALS 

BIRDS 

REPTILES 

INVERTEBRATES 

SPECIES 

Delphinapterus leucas 

Monodon monoceros 

Pseudalopex culpaeus 

Pseudalopex griseus 

Vulpes zerda 

Conepatus humboldtii 

Prionailurus bengalensis 

Arctocephalus pusillus 

Equus zebra hartmannae 

Amazona dufresniana 

Brotogeris versicolurus 

Poicephalus gulielmi 

Poicephalus robustus 

Poicephalus senegalus 

Psittacus erithacus 

Psittinus cyanurus 

Otus scops (Togo only) 

Gracula religiosa 

Callagur borneoensis 

Indotestudo elongata 

Phelsuma comorensis 

Phelsuma dubia 

Phelsuma v-nigra 

Uromastyx spp. 

Bradypodion xenorhinum 

Chamaeleo bitaeniatus 

Chamaeleo hoehnelii 

Furcifer cephalolepis 

Tridacna crocea 

Tridacna derasa 

Tridacna maxima 

Tridacna squamosa 

Hippopus hippopus 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 7

INTRODUCTION 

Resolution Conf. 12.8 ‘Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species’ directs the 

Animals and Plants Committees, in cooperation with the Secretariat and experts, and in 

consultation with range States, to review the biological, trade and other relevant information on 

Appendix-II species subject to significant levels of trade, to identify problems and solutions 

concerning the implementation of Article IV, paragraphs 2 (a), 3 and 6 (a) of the Convention. As 

part of this procedure the Secretariat requested UNEP-WCMC to produce a summary from the 

CITES Trade database of annual report statistics of trade in Appendix-II species. 

The volume of information that needs to be included in this type of reports is very large, which has 

made the selection process by the Animals Committee increasingly onerous. Consequently, UNEP- 

WCMC has included in this volume some additional analytical sections to supplement the usual 

tables of CITES trade statistics (see METHODOLOGY section), and produced a list of potential 

candidates for selection emerging from this analysis, to assist the Committee in the selection 

process. 

In total, 32 species and 1 genus were identified as possible candidates for inclusion in the 

Significant Trade process. The reasoning behind species selection is provided in the main report 

and Annex documents. The list of potential candidates emerging from this analysis is presented 

(Table 1). 

The report is structured as follows: 

Sections 1 identifies potential candidate species for review by the Animals Committee (whether or 

not such species have been the subject of a previous review). 

Section 2 brings to the attention of the Animals Committee, countries where there have been 

recent and significant increases in trade across one or more animal groups. 

Section 3 brings to the attention of the Animals Committee, wild collected specimens that are 

being exported in significant numbers from countries that are not known range states for the 

species involved in the trade. 

Section 4 (see separate Excel spreadsheets) includes comprehensive tables of recorded level of 

exports for Appendix-II animal species over the eleven most recent years (1992-2002). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 8

METHODOLOGY 

1. Selection of Data 

This report includes a summary from the CITES Trade database of annual report statistics for 

Appendix-II animal species over the eleven most recent years (1992-2002) for specimens recorded 

from wild sources 1 . 

Preliminary analysis of the data showed that the levels trade in some species can be highly 

variable, with relatively high volumes being traded in some years, and little or no trade being 

reported in other years. Thus, in order to represent more accurately trade in these and other 

species, data was analysed for the period of 1992 to 2002. Following a detailed examination of the 

data, UNEP-WCMC determined that re-export data for wild collected specimens did not add new 

information to the analysis of the species for review 2 . Therefore, to simplify the data presented, 

only the data concerning direct exports was considered for the purposes of this document. Further 

information on the data processing protocols used are provided in the CITES Trade Database User 

Manual, available from UNEP-WCMC. 

2. Conversion of Units 

Green and Shirley (1999) 3 estimate the mean mass of traded pieces of live coral as 206.1 ± 13.1g. 

These mean values were used to convert between trade reported in kg to an equivalent in pieces. 

However, the 95 per cent confidence limits for the average weight of a piece of raw coral reported 

by Green and Shirley (1999) are wider than those for live coral (i.e., 580g ± 121g) and the total mass 

traded is best treated as an estimation. The mean value for raw coral was used to convert between 

trade reported in pieces to an equivalent in kg. 

Other units of trade that were converted in order to standardise the data and facilitate the analysis 

are listed below. 

Units of trade converted, and Units used in this report. 

Converted from 

Grammes; Milligrammes 

Millilitres 

pairs 

sides 

Centimetres 

Converted to 

Kilogrammes (kg) 

Litres (l) 

whole values 

whole skins 

Metres (m) 

cm² / ft² m² 

cm³ m³ 

1 Included with wild collected specimens are those specimens recorded without a source or with record source unknown 

(U) but which, on examination of the data, appeared most likely to be from wild sources. 

2 In general terms, including re-export data in the report would have added a great deal of records from major entrepot 

States (e.g. Singapore, Italy, France, Thailand, etc.). These records often also bring into the equation stock-pile material. 

For the purposes of the significant trade review, it was considered that these type of data do not add useful information 

to the analysis. Instead, only data about source countries was included (whether reported by the exporting or the 

importing country). 

3 Green, E. and F. Shirley, 1999. The global trade in coral. WCMC Biodiversity Series no. 9 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 9

3. Analysis of Data 

The analysis of data is based on 1.3 million records of trade in Appendix-II animal species. In order 

to facilitate the work of the Animals Committee in the onerous task of sifting of the vast amount of 

data available, a preliminary analysis was conducted of the slope (i.e. overall trends of trade 

volumes throughout the period in question) and spread (i.e. variability in the levels of volume 

observed in the period in question) of the data for each species. The criteria used for this analysis is 

explained below. 

The quantitative analysis of trade data was subsequently complemented with information on both 

global (i.e. IUCN/SSC) and national conservation status (as reported in the scientific literature and 

other relevant sources) for the species whose trade appeared to follow concerning patters, in order 

to identify those species whose levels of trade appear to deserve the most attention. 

Data for 2002 have been included in the full data tables (see Section 4 – Excel spreadsheet), but 

were excluded in the statistical analysis because, as of 9 January 2003, only 50% of Annual Reports 

to CITES for 2002 had been received by UNEP-WCMC and included in the CITES Trade database. 

3.1. Statistics: Slope 

Slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance between any two points on the 

line. Thus, for a series of data the slope represents the average rate of change along the regression 

line. A positive slope represents a general increase in the levels of trade, while a negative slope 

signifies an overall decrease in such levels. For the purpose of the analysis conducted here, a 

species whose trade shows a large slope (be it positive or negative) was generally assumed to be in 

greater need of attention than a species for which trade has been fairly stable (small slope). In the 

particular case of large negative slopes (i.e. fairly sharp declines in levels of trade), it was assumed 

in the first instance that the observed decline in trade could be the result of a decline of the species 

in the wild. The validity of these assumptions was later tested through the analysis of reports on 

the global and national conservation status of the species in question. 

Because the value for the slope is an expression of the rate of change in the specific volumes of 

trade experienced by a given taxon, for the purpose of comparisons among taxa, the value of the 

slope was divided by the mean 4 level of trade for that taxon over the period of analysis. This was 

done to allow a proper comparison between species traded at different levels. In the rest of the 

text, any mention of 'slope' therefore refers to the measure of slope divided by mean. 

Following examination of the slopes shown by all species within the period of analysis cut-off 

thresholds of ± 0.15. That is to say, values below +0.15 and above –0.15 were considered small 

slopes, while values higher than +0.15 and lower than –0.15 were considered large slopes and 

therefore given priority as potential candidates for selection – see selection protocol, below. 

3.1.1. Statistics: Spread 

As explained earlier, preliminary analysis of the data showed that the levels trade in some species 

can be highly variable, with relatively high volumes being traded in some years, and little or no 

trade being reported in other years. It was considered that a species showing high variation in 

levels of trade over the period of analysis need more attention than those showing fairly constant 

trade levels. Many measures of spread exist but the most appropriate when comparing across 

groups with different means was considered to be the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV is used 

to compare the amount of variation in data sets (i.e. among taxa) with different means where direct 

comparisons of the standard deviations (a more common measure of spread) are difficult to make, 

4 That is to say the sum of the total volume of trade over the decade and divided by ten or less in the case of those species 

that have been listed in the CITES Appendices for less than ten years 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 10

as they are confounded by differences in scale. The CV is calculated as the standard deviation 

divided by the mean. 

Following examination of the coefficients of variation shown by all species within the period of 

analysis, a cut-off value of +2 was used to select candidate taxa. Thus, taxa whose levels of trade 

showed a coefficient of variation higher than +2 (i.e. trade level are highly variable) were 

considered as potential candidates for selection – see selection protocol below. 

4. Protocol for the selection of potential candidates for review 

Species were selected as possible candidates for review of significant trade based on the analysis of 

trade data, as well as information on the global and national conservation status, following using 

the following protocol: 

1) Automatic selection of taxa: Species were initially selected on the basis of their trends of trade 

(slope) and variability of trade (spread), following an automatic decision-making process 

described in Figure 1. If the species was listed in the 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5 , 

the global threat status was taken into consideration at this stage. Species selected as potential 

candidates which have been considered in Phase IV of the Significant Trade Review are 

indicated in the appropriate section (below) but were excluded from further examination in 

this report. 

2) Manual selection of taxa: Recorded trade levels of all species were individually examined, and 

those not selected by the automatic selection process but for which it was thought that trade 

was significant were also selected as potential candidates in the first instance e.g. taxa that may 

have been subjected to fairly high levels of trade for one or two years only, and for which 

measures of slope and/or spread are therefore not good indicators, or traded in relatively high 

volumes in 2002 according to the data available to date for that year. A more detailed analysis 

of trade records (e.g. examining trends for each range State, or seeking to explain negative 

slopes as a consequence of increasing trade in captive bred specimens) was also conducted for 

selected borderline cases and for species not initially selected for review when UNEP-WCMC 

staff, familiar with the data, thought they may be possible candidates for the significant trade 

review process, to consider their inclusion in the list of candidates. 

3) Conservation status: Information on the global and national conservation status (across the 

known distribution range of the species) were compiled and analysed for all species selected 

under steps 1 and 2, above. Final recommendation of candidate species selected under steps 1 

and 2 was made on the basis of the status of the populations reported in the literature. A final 

list identifying possible candidates for review was produced and reasons for the exclusion of 

likely candidates are also provided (tables 2 to 9). Fact sheets with the conservation status 

information used are also included in this report (see Annexes A to D). 

Section 2 identifies countries where there have been recent and significant increases in trade across 

one or more animal groups (i.e. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian, fish and invertebrates). The 

species listed in Section 2 were identified following the first step in selection of candidates. 

Section 3 identifies prominent cases of trade reported in wild collected specimens that are being 

exported in relatively high numbers from countries that are not known range states for the species 

involved in the trade. The species listed in Section 3 were identified following comparison of trade 

data with species distribution data maintained on the Species database at UNEP-WCMC (see 

www.unep-wcmc.org or www.cites.org). 

5 IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 11

Figure 1: Flow chart for selection of candidate species for consideration in the 

Significant Trade Review Process 

Is there trade data for the 

species where the mean 

for 1992-2002 > 100? 

No 

Do not include in 

current selection 

process 

Yes 

Is slope of trade data 

equal to or greater than 

+0.15 

Yes 

Consider for 

inclusion in current 

selection process 

No 

Is Coefficient of 

Variation greater 

than 2? 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

Is slope of trade data 

greater than –0.15 and 

lower than +0.15 

No 

Consider as borderline 

[selected cases to be 

further analysed under 

manual selection 

process – see step 2, 

section 4, above] 

Consider for 



Is species listed in the 2003 IUCN 

Red List of Threatened Species as 

endangered, critically endangered 

or vulnerable? 

Yes 

Consider for 



No 



process 

If the species has been considered for inclusion in current selection process: 

Is the species currently 

under review through the 

significant trade process 

(Phase IV)? 

Yes 



process 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 12

SECTION 1: 

SPECIES IDENTIFIED AS CANDIDATES FOR REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE 

SECTION 1A: MAMMALS 

Table 2 lists those mammal species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets on 

the mammal species listed in Table 2 are provided in Annex A. 

Table 2: 

Mammal species selected for review 

FAMILY SPECIES COMMENT 

PTEROPODIDAE Pteropus vampyrus Not recommended for review. Populations in 

Philippines are declining but there is no reported trade 

for this country. Widespread but declining in Malaysia 

but not due to trade. Most of the trade is coming out of 

Indonesia but levels of trade have been low since 1997 

and the Indonesian trade is within its quota. No 

information on status in Indonesia but given that trade 

has been low since 1997 and within the quotas the species 

is not considered a priority for review. 

MONODONTIDAE Delphinapterus leucas Recommended for review. Trade has been relatively 

low since 1999. However, populations appear to be 

declining and are thought to be negatively affected by 

trade as well as other threats. 

MONODONTIDAE Monodon monoceros Recommended for review. Levels of trade from 

Canada and Greenland appear to be stable. However, 

despite the Animals Committee’s recommendation in 

1995, a comprehensive survey has still not been done 

and the impact of current levels of trade on populations 

is uncertain. 

CANIDAE Pseudalopex culpaeus Recommended for review. Argentina is the main 

exporter and exports have been increasing with 

relatively high levels in 2002. No recent population 

estimates seem to be available, and this species is 

considered endangered in Argentina. 

CANIDAE Pseudalopex griseus Recommended for review. There are no recent 

population estimates in any range state. Although it is 

said to be widespread in Argentina, the main exporter 

of this species, it is classified as endangered. Given the 

high levels of recent trade from Argentina and an 

apparent increase in trade in 2002 the species is 

recommended for review. 

URSIDAE Ursus arctos Not recommended for review. Romanian exports have 

remained below the quota, as have exports from Turkey 

and Uzbekistan. Levels of trade from Canada, Romania 

and the Russian Federation do not appear too high 

given the population size in these countries. 

URSIDAE Ursus maritimus Not recommended for review. This species is considered 

globally to be as low risk. Canada is exporting similar 

quantities every year, but population sizes in Canada 

appear large and stable. 

MUSTELIDAE Conepatus humboldtii Recommended for review. Conflicting information 

regarding status in Argentina but globally this species 

is not considered to be threatened. Traded in high 

numbers as skins but not possible to determine whether 

these levels are sustainable. Recommended for review 

because of uncertainty over population status in 

Argentina. 

FELIDAE Caracal caracal Not recommended for review. South Africa and 

Namibia are the main exporters but these are the 

countries in which the Caracal is most abundant, with an 

expanding range. Moreover, Caracals are classified as 

problem animals in these countries. Ethiopia and 

Mozambique are not exceeding their quotas. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 13


FELIDAE Panthera leo Not recommended for review. South Africa, Tanzania 

and Zimbabwe are the main exporters for this species 

and show relatively high but stable levels of trade over 

time. These are the countries in which the lion is most 

abundant. Ethiopia is not exceeding its quotas. 

FELIDAE Prionailurus bengalensis Recommended for review. China is the main exporter 

with very high levels of trade. Although China is the 

centre of the leopard cat’s range, no information on 

national status is available so given the high levels of 

trade the species is recommended for review. 

OTARIIDAE Arctocephalus pusillus Recommended for review. Namibia is the main 

exporter, with relatively stable levels of trade over time 

but a relatively large and sudden increase in 2002. 

Although Namibia’s population is large, a review is 

recommended to determine sustainability of the trade. 

EQUIDAE Equus zebra hartmannae Recommended for review. Constant and relatively 

high level of trade from Namibia and lower levels from 

South Africa. Namibia has a widespread population but 

South Africa has a very small population. Suggested for 

review to determine whether current levels of trade are 

sustainable from these two countries. 

Following a review of all data the following one additional mammal species was selected for a 

more detailed review. 


CANIDAE Vulpes zerda Recommended for review. Sudan has been the only 

country exporting this species recently. Fennecs are rare 

and being intensively hunted. Given the lack of 

information on the status in any range state the species is 


AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 14

Table 3 lists those mammal species that were also selected using the automatic selection process 

but which were excluded after further examination. 

Table 3: 

Mammal species initially selected but subsequently EXCLUDED as possible 

candidates for review 

SPECIES 

COMMENT 

Saguinus midas 

On closer examination of the data the species was thought not to be a 

candidate for review 

Cebus apella 



Manis javanica 

Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV 

Balaenoptera acutorostrata Selected because of high coefficient of variability but on examination of 

the trade data and IUCN status the species was thought not to be a 


Canis lupus 

It was considered that Canada and the United States have adequate 

management controls in place for this species 

Ursus americanus 



Lontra canadensis 



Lynx canadensis 



Lynx rufus 



Loxodonta africana 

Extensive work is already underway on the conservation and 

management of this species, and trade volumes include stockpiles 

Pecari tajacu 


Tayassu pecari 


Hippopotamus amphibius Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV 

Lama guanicoe 

Extensive work is already underway on the conservation and 

management of this species 

Vicugna vicugna 


Moschus chrysogaster Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV 

Moschus moschiferus Included in Significant Trade Review Phase IV 

Damaliscus pygargus pygargus It was considered that South Africa has adequate management controls 

in place for this species 

Saiga tatarica 


AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 15

SECTION 1B: BIRDS 

Table 4 lists those bird species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets on the 

bird species listed in Table 4 are provided in Annex B. 

Table 4: 

Bird species selected for review 


PSITTACIDAE Amazona dufresniana Recommended for review. Considered to be declining. 

Trade is fairly low but has increased in the last 2 years for 

Guyana. Little information about population status there, 

thus although within quota should be looked at further. 

PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris sanctithomae Not recommended for review. Fluctuating trade from 

Peru. No population information seems to be available, but 

internal trade may also be a significant factor. Given the 

low numbers traded and that it occurs in a number of 

countries which are not trading it, it does not appear to be 

necessary to review this species at this time. 

PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris versicolurus Recommended for review. Little trade from Peru but has 

fluctuated over the last 5 years. Decline in recent years 

possibly due to increased demand internally or decreasing 

population. May require further attention. Recommended 

for possible review. 

PSITTACIDAE Forpus passerinus Not recommended for review. Relatively high levels of 

trade from Suriname but well within quota and decreasing. 

As species is thought to be fairly common there, it is not 


PSITTACIDAE Psittinus cyanurus Recommended for review. Trade is within quotas. 

However it is restricted to a range which is under 

considerable pressure from human population expansion, 

and may well be in decline. The species does not appear to 

cope well with the stress associated with capture for trade. 

STRIGIDAE Otus leucotis Not recommended for review. A very widespread species, 

ranging from uncommon to common. Relatively high trade 

observed only in Togo, where it is said to be a “not 

uncommon resident”. This level of trade does seem fairly 

high but given the widespread distribution of this bird and 

lack of trade from elsewhere, it is not considered a priority 

candidate for review. 

STRIGIDAE Otus scops Recommended for review, for Togo only. Widespread 

species. Relatively high trade observed only in Togo, and 

the species is reported as being “uncommon” in this 

country. 

EMBERIZIDAE Paroaria capitata Not recommended for review. No population information 

for Paraguay but there have been high trade levels and a 

lack of quota in the past. However, Paraguay has imposed 

a moratorium on export of wildlife. 

EMBERIZIDAE Paroaria coronata Not recommended for review. There appears to be little 

information on population levels. Trade is low with the 

exception of Paraguay but Paraguay has imposed a 

moratorium on export of wildlife therefore not 

recommended for review at this time. 

STURNIDAE Gracula religiosa Recommended for review. Relatively high trade from 

Myanmar, Malaysia and Vietnam. There appears to be 

considerable internal trade as well as illegal international 

trade. For Malaysia, trade is above the quota. Although 

cited as common in Malaysia and not immediately 

threatened by habitat destruction, information on the 

status of the population does not appear to be available. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 16

Following a review of all data the following bird species were also selected for a more detailed 

review. 


PSITTACIDAE Poicephalus spp. 6 The only species recommended for review: 

Poicephalus gulielmi 

Poicephalus robustus 

Poicephalus senegalus 

See individual fact sheets (Annex B) for rationale followed. 

PSITTACIDAE Psittacus erithacus Recommended for review. Relatively high levels of trade, 

which appear to be above the quotas, for Cameroon, 

Congo and Côte d'Ivoire. The species seems to be in 

decline over much of its range. 

RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos toco Not recommended for review. A widespread and 

adaptable species with little trade (within quotas for 

Guyana) over the past years. Paraguay began exporting the 

species in 2002 and originally set a quota of 1046 for 2003. 

This country has imposed a moratorium on export of 

wildlife. 

MUSCICAPIDAE Leiothrix argentauris Not recommended for review. Common in many areas of 

its range. Zero trade since 2001. 

MUSCICAPIDAE Leiothrix lutea Not recommended for review. Minimal trade since 2001 

and a fairly common species in China where trade was 

high in the past. 

Table 5 lists those bird species that were also selected using the automatic selection process but 

which were excluded from the detailed review process. 

Table 5: 

SPECIES 

Falco cherrug 

Grus canadensis 

Neopsittacus musschenbroekii 

Platycercus eximius 

Tauraco livingstonii 

Tauraco persa 

Chalcostigma olivaceum 

Bird species initially selected but then EXCLUDED as possible candidates for 

review 

COMMENT 

Selected for Significant Trade Review at AC19 

The majority of the trade is coming from Canada and it was considered 

that there are adequate management controls in place for this species. 

The trade is in decline and thought not to pose a risk to the species in the 

wild. 

The majority of the trade is coming from New Zealand where the species 

is introduced. 




Selected because of high coefficient of variation but on examination of 

the trade data and IUCN status the species was considered not to be a 


6 Several Poicephalus species were selected using the automatic selection process. Therefore a general review of data and 

conservation status information was conducted for the whole genus. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 17

SECTION 1C: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 

Table 6 lists those reptile species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets on the 

species listed in Table 6 are provided in Annex C. No amphibian species were selected. 

Table 6: 

Reptile species selected for review. 


EMYDIDAE Callagur borneoensis Recommended for review. This species is a critically 

endangered and reported exports total over 15000 live 

specimens since 1997. 

TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone denticulata Not recommended for review. Trade appears relatively 

stable and within quota limits set by the two main 

exporting countries. 

TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone sulcata Not recommended for review. Trade in wild specimens 

has decreased in recent years and exports of captivebred 

specimens from El Salvador have been increasing. 

TESTUDINIDAE Indotestudo elongata Recommended for review. Reports from Malaysia 

suggest that the species is scarce, quotas may have been 

exceeded by a small amount, and status is unknown in 

Laos. 

TESTUDINIDAE Indotestudo forstenii Not recommended for review. Trade levels from 

Indonesia have stabalised since 1997 and have 

remained under quota 

TESTUDINIDAE Manouria emys Not recommended for review. Trade levels appear to 

be fairly stable since the late 1990s and quota limits do 

not appear to be exceeded. 

TESTUDINIDAE Testudo horsfieldii Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be 

within quotas. 

GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma comorensis Recommended for review. Recent trade from the 

Comoros, where its range is restricted, has been 

reported. 

GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma dubia Recommended for review. Trade volumes have 

increased in recent years as a result of imports from 

Comoros and increased exports from the United 

Republic of Tanzania. 

GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma v-nigra Recommended for review. The species has a very 

restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 

10000 exported so far. 

AGAMIDAE Uromastyx spp. 7 Genus recommended for review. There has been a 

general increase in trade across the genus 

CHAMAELEONIDAE Bradypodion xenorhinus Recommended for review. Uganda began exporting 

the species in recent years and the species appears to 

have a restricted range. 

CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo bitaeniatus Recommended for review. It appears that the United 

Republic of Tanzania have exceeded their quotas for 

several of the years between 1998 and 2002, and 

Uganda has begun exporting the species. 

CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo calyptratus Not recommended for review. Although trade shows a 

marked increase in trade from the Yemen between 1999 

and 2001, the bulk of the trade is in animals bred in 

captivity in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, El Salvador 

and Ukraine. 

CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo cristatus Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be 

fairly stable. 

CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo hoehnelii Recommended for review. The species has a restricted 

range in the main exporting country, Uganda, and there 

have been 2688 exported from Uganda since 2000. 

7 Several Uromastyx species were selected using the flowchart methodology but a decision was taken to look at trade for 

the whole genus 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 18


CHAMAELEONIDAE Furcifer cephalolepis Recommended for review. The species has a very 

restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 

8000 reported as exports in three years. 

CORDYLIDAE Cordylus vittifer Not recommended for review. Exports from 

Mozambique are within quota. Initial look at the data 

suggested Mozambique was over quota for 2002 (1599 

reported) however further investigation revealed this 

was due to a year-end reporting issue. 

Table 7 lists those reptile and amphibian species that were also selected using the automatic 

selection process, but which were excluded from the detailed review process. 

Table 7: 

SPECIES 

Geochelone carbonaria 

Malacochersus tornieri 

Pyxis arachnoides 

Pyxis planicauda 

Testudo hermanni 

Lissemys punctata 

Alligator mississippiensis 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus 

Caiman crocodilus fuscus 

Caiman yacare 

Palaeosuchus palpebrosus 

Palaeosuchus trigonatus 

Crocodylus niloticus 

Bradypodion tavetanum 

Chamaeleo africanus 

Chamaeleo deremensis 

Chamaeleo pfefferi 

Chamaeleo rudis 

Chamaeleo werneri 

Cordylus pustulatus 

Reptile and Amphibian species initially selected but then EXCLUDED as 

possible candidates for review 

COMMENT 




There is work already being carried out by the Animals Committee on 

this species after a request by the Kenyan Authorities for assistance with 

conservation and management of the species. 

Included in the Madagascar country review process. 

Included in the Madagascar country review process. 





It was considered that the United States has adequate management 

controls in place for this trade 

The majority of trade is exported by Venezuela and trade is now at 

relatively low levels. 

Most trade is now in farmed specimens from Colombia. There has been a 

decrease in specimens being reported as wild-sourced. 

The majority of the trade is from Bolivia and Paraguay. The CITES 

Secretariat are closely monitoring the situation in Paraguay. 

On closer examination of the data, the species was not considered to be a 




















AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 19

SPECIES 

Cordylus rhodesianus 

Cordylus warreni 

Tupinambis merianae 

Tupinambis rufescens 

Tupinambis teguixin 

Varanus doreanus 

Varanus exanthematicus 

Varanus salvator 

Python molurus 

Python regius 

Python reticulatus 

Naja naja 

Dendrobates reticulatus 

Epipedobates pictus 

Epipedobates trivittatus 

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 

Mantella spp. 8 

COMMENT 





Trade shows a sudden increase following the recent split in the genus. 

There has been an increase in exports from Paraguay in recent years. 

However, the CITES Secretariat are closely monitoring the situation in 

Paraguay. 

There had been previous review and trade levels are not as high as in the 

early 1990s. There has been an increase in exports from Paraguay in 

recent years. However, the CITES Secretariat are closely monitoring the 

situation in Paraguay. 

There have been previous reviews, and trade levels are not as high as in 

the early 1990s. 

On closer examination of the data the species was not considered to be a 



















Reported trade from non-Range State. See Section 3 for further 

discussion on this species. 

Included in the Madagascar country review process 

8 11 species selected for reveiw 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 20

SECTION 1D: FISH AND INVERTEBRATES 

Table 8 lists those invertebrate species that were selected for detailed review. Information sheets 

on the invertebrate species listed in Table 8 are provided in Annex D. 

Table 8: 

Invertebrate species selected for review (no Fish species were selected) 


TRIDACNIDAE Tridacnidae spp. 9 

Includes Tridacna and 

Hippopus species 

The only species selected for review: 

Tridacna crocea 

Tridacna derasa 

Tridacna maxima 

Tridacna squamosa 

Hippopus hippopus 

See individual fact sheets (Annex D) for rationale 

followed. 

Table 9 lists those reptile and amphibian species that were also selected using the automatic 

selection process but which were excluded from the detailed review process. 

Table 9: Fish and Invertebrate species initially selected but then EXCLUDED as possible 

candidates for review 

SPECIES 

Acipenser baerii 

Acipenser fulvescens 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii 

Acipenser nudiventris 

Acipenser oxyrinchus 

Acipenser persicus 

Acipenser ruthenus 

Acipenser schrenckii 

Acipenser stellatus 

Acipenser transmontanus 

Huso dauricus 

Huso huso 

Polyodon spathula 

Arapaima gigas 

Ornithoptera priamus poseidon 

Ornithoptera rothschildi 

Trogonoptera brookiana 

Trogonoptera brookiana albescens 

Troides helena 

COMMENT 





The majority of the trade is from Canada and it was considered that 

there are adequate management controls in place for this species. 

The majority of the trade is from the Islamic Republic of Iran and it was 

considered that there are adequate management controls in place for this 

species. 




The majority of the trade is coming from United States and it was 

considered that there are adequate management controls in place for this 

species. 




Selected because of high coefficient of variation, but on examination of 

the trade data and IUCN status the species was considered not to be a 





On closer examination of the trade data the species was not considered 

to be a candidate for review 





9 Several species from the family Tridacnidae were selected using the flowchart methodology but a decision was taken to 

look at trade for the whole family. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 21

SPECIES 

Troides oblongomaculatus 

Brachypelmides klaasi 

Hirudo medicinalis 

Strombus gigas 

CORALS 

Antipatharia spp. and 

Scleractinia spp. 

COMMENT 





The majority of the trade is coming from Turkey and it was considered 

that Turkey has adequate management controls in place for this trade 

Work is ongoing on the management and conservation of this species. 

Corals for several species and genera were selected for inclusion 

however it was considered that it would be difficult to relate volumes of 

trade reported to actual populations and their status in the wild. Much 

of the trade is also reported at Class, Order, Family and Genus level 

making it a difficult group for the significant trade process. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 22

SECTION 2: 

COUNTRY-LEVEL TRADE INFORMATION 

As mentioned in Section 1, following the automatic selection process, an initial group of species 

was selected as possible candidates for review of significant trade. During the second stage of the 

selection process followed for this report a pattern emerged identifying general increases in bird 

exports from the Solomon Islands, notably for the year 2002. The relevant data of bird exports for 

1992-2002 are therefore included in this section, see Table 10. 

The Solomon Islands is not a Party to CITES. 

Table 10. Gross exports of wild-sourced Appendix II-listed bird species from the Solomon 

Islands 1992-2002 (direct exports only) 

Taxon 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Gallus sonneratii 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 

Cacatua ducorpsii 32 66 1170 685 330 174 514 690 90 360 1714 

Cacatua ophthalmica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Chalcopsitta cardinalis 70 31 490 400 50 30 210 186 0 80 1091 

Charmosyna margarethae 0 20 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 200 

Eclectus roratus 554 619 858 159 160 181 441 244 0 190 1344 

Forpus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Geoffroyus heteroclitus 0 0 361 103 13 0 0 233 0 69 266 

Lorius chlorocercus 0 0 1655 212 105 152 346 181 80 130 1370 

Platycercus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 

Pyrrhura spp. 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Trichoglossus haematodus 0 0 530 120 100 50 80 90 0 20 1180 

Trichoglossus ornatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 

Aceros plicatus 0 0 0 2 0 10 63 23 0 0 240 

Terpsiphone bourbonnensis 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 656 736 5074 1706 758 627 1659 1711 170 889 7425 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 23

SECTION 3: 

WILD COLLECTED ANIMAL SPECIMENS EXPORTED FROM NON-RANGE STATES 

This section presents trade data for several animal species that are apparently in trade in relatively 

high numbers from non-range States, and possibly warrant investigation although perhaps not 

under the Significant Trade process. 

Table 11. Appendix II-listed species in trade from non-range state 

Taxon Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ptyas mucosus Malaysia Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 630 7000 10000 

Ptyas mucosus Malaysia Skins 0 0 0 0 0 140000 318000 0 4926 0 0 

Hoplobatrachus 

tigerinus 

Hoplobatrachus 

tigerinus 

Brachypelma 

albopilosum 

Viet Nam Meat 

(kg) 

0 0 0 88 124540 90977 104223 26010 24005 67010 184986 

Viet Nam Meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14967 0 

Nicaragua Live 0 0 0 395 2095 2684 1218 1888 1562 664 2629 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 24

SECTION 4: 

GROSS EXPORTS TRADE TABLE (ATTACHED AS AN EXCEL FILES) 

A printable version of the trade data is provided as an attachment to this document (see section 4). 

This includes: gross exports of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and fish and 

invertebrates. A more detailed breakdown of the data is provided in an electronic file. This 

contains also details of trade on a country-by-country basis for exporting countries. 

Please note that small differences may be seen in the volumes of trade reported in the country-bycountry 

tables, compared to the data provided in the summary tables (printable version). This is 

the result of the electronic protocol used in the CITES Trade Database for the calculations of these 

reports. The method used follows the precautionary principle and, on finding discrepancies 

between data reported by importers and data reported by exporters, it will always take the higher 

total. The selected total is therefore sometimes different when making the summary reports on a 

country-by-country basis, than when summarising the data for all countries at once. For further 

information on the decision process followed to estimate global and country-level trade estimates, 

please refer to the CITES Trade Data User Manual, available from UNEP-WCMC. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 25

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 26

SECTION 4: 

RECORDED GROSS EXPORTS OF APPENDIX-ANIMALS 1997-2002 - No exporter details 

1992-1996 values are hidden in columns D-H - Column I provides an average value for years 1992-1996 

Taxon Term Unit 

Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

MAMMALIA: MAMMALS 

Phalanger orientalis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phalanger orientalis live 35 0 18 0 0 0 0 

Phalanger orientalis skins 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 

Spilocuscus maculatus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spilocuscus maculatus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spilocuscus maculatus skins 1.6 1 2 0 27 15 0 

Dendrolagus inustus live 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 

Acerodon celebensis live 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Acerodon humilis live 0 0 0 0 10 20 15 

Pteropus giganteus live 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 

Pteropus hypomelanus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus hypomelanus skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus livingstonei live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus lylei bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus niger bodies 0 0 0 20 2 0 0 

Pteropus niger live 0 6 7 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus nitendiensis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus pumilus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus pumilus skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus rufus bodies 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus rufus live 27 234 116 60 40 0 0 

Pteropus seychellensis live 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 

Pteropus tokudae bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus vampyrus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Pteropus vampyrus live 296 1250 0 0 12 0 30 

Pteropus vampyrus meat kg 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus vampyrus skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus voeltzkowi bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteropus voeltzkowi live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrogale melanura bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupaia dorsalis bodies 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Tupaia glis live 21 0 40 35 40 0 0 

Tupaia minor live 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Tupaia montana bodies 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Tupaia nicobarica live 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Arctocebus calabarensis live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Nycticebus coucang bodies 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Nycticebus coucang live 9 6 5 3 0 0 0 

Nycticebus coucang skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Nycticebus pygmaeus bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Nycticebus pygmaeus live 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 

Nycticebus pygmaeus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Perodicticus potto live 137 20 18 10 0 0 0 

Perodicticus potto trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Euoticus elegantulus live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Galago alleni live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Galago alleni trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Galago moholi live 4 160 0 2 0 0 0 

Galago moholi skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Galago moholi trophies 0.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Galago senegalensis bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Galago senegalensis live 228 160 402 10 0 50 0 

Galago senegalensis skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Galago senegalensis trophies 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Galagoides demidoff live 133 80 320 5 25 50 0 

Galagoides zanzibaricus trophies 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 27


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Otolemur crassicaudatus live 5 65 2 14 0 0 0 

Otolemur crassicaudatus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otolemur crassicaudatus trophies 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 

Tarsius bancanus live 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Tarsius spectrum live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Callithrix argentata live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Callithrix geoffroyi live 3 0 0 0 5 5 0 

Callithrix jacchus live 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Callithrix kuhlii bodies 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 

Callithrix penicillata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Callithrix pygmaea live 3 4 0 1 2 1 38 

Callithrix pygmaea trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Saguinus fuscicollis live 1 0 2 0 12 0 5 

Saguinus fuscicollis skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Saguinus imperator live 3 4 0 0 12 0 0 

Saguinus labiatus live 0.8 20 0 0 0 0 0 

Saguinus midas live 46 207 260 241 201 93 134 

Saguinus mystax live 54 52 50 16 42 0 60 

Saguinus mystax skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Saguinus nigricollis live 0 4 0 0 0 10 0 

Alouatta caraya live 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 

Alouatta pigra live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Alouatta seniculus live 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 

Aotus nancymaae live 24 46 26 120 116 71 32 

Aotus trivirgatus live 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aotus vociferans live 5 10 24 50 30 33 26 

Ateles belzebuth live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ateles geoffroyi live 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 

Ateles geoffroyi geoffroyi live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ateles paniscus live 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Callicebus cupreus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Callicebus personatus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cebus albifrons live 1 0 20 44 9 16 0 

Cebus apella live 67 200 205 324 191 215 137 

Cebus capucinus live 1 1 0 8 7 0 0 

Cebus olivaceus live 0 0 72 58 99 123 40 

Chiropotes satanas live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Lagothrix lagotricha live 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Pithecia pithecia live 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Saimiri boliviensis live 65.4 15 76 65 42 0 0 

Saimiri sciureus live 1280 1965 1508 2461 1285 743 855 

Allenopithecus nigroviridis live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Allenopithecus nigroviridis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercocebus agilis live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercocebus agilis trophies 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 

Cercocebus galeritus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercocebus galeritus trophies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Cercocebus torquatus live 7 0 0 2 0 0 4 

Cercocebus torquatus trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus ascanius live 4 0 0 2 6 0 0 

Cercopithecus ascanius trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus cephus live 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 

Cercopithecus cephus trophies 1 3 3 5 5 1 0 

Cercopithecus dryas trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus erythrogaster live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus erythrotis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus hamlyni live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus mitis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus mitis live 2 17 8 5 11 0 0 

Cercopithecus mitis plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus mitis skins 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 28


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cercopithecus mitis trophies 1 3 2 0 1 2 0 

Cercopithecus mona bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus mona live 83.4 45 27 33 14 1 14 

Cercopithecus mona skins 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus mona trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus neglectus live 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Cercopithecus nictitans live 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 

Cercopithecus nictitans skins 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus nictitans trophies 1 4 4 5 5 1 1 

Cercopithecus petaurista live 133 45 37 36 22 5 4 

Cercopithecus petaurista trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus pogonias live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Cercopithecus pogonias trophies 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 

Cercopithecus wolfi bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cercopithecus wolfi live 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Chlorocebus aethiops bodies 3 7 1 3 18 1 1 

Chlorocebus aethiops live 1880 5048 2757 2983 5008 4792 2310 

Chlorocebus aethiops skins 7 7 15 40 42 44 56 

Chlorocebus aethiops trophies 86 96 63 69 114 115 296 

Colobus angolensis live 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Colobus guereza live 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Colobus guereza plates 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Colobus guereza skins 6 0 4 4 6 1 0 

Colobus guereza trophies 6 4 2 2 2 4 8 

Colobus polykomos live 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Colobus satanas trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Erythrocebus patas live 122.4 16 161 140 155 54 12 

Erythrocebus patas trophies 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 

Lophocebus albigena trophies 1 4 3 1 3 0 0 

Lophocebus albigena aterrimus live 2 1 0 0 4 0 0 

Macaca arctoides live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Macaca assamensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Macaca assamensis live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Macaca fascicularis bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Macaca fascicularis live 7624 4262 3851 3458 3210 2205 2895 

Macaca fascicularis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Macaca fuscata live 21 0 0 6 0 50 0 

Macaca mulatta bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Macaca mulatta live 418 212 154 104 336 128 48 

Macaca nemestrina bodies 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 

Macaca nemestrina live 746 3 42 2 0 1 0 

Macaca nigra live 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Macaca sylvanus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Macaca sylvanus live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Miopithecus talapoin live 34 110 204 234 25 22 0 

Papio hamadryas bodies 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 

Papio hamadryas live 12 0 162 39 32 7 0 

Papio hamadryas skins 1 3 24 7 24 20 13 

Papio hamadryas trophies 12 24 53 86 153 95 103 

Papio hamadryas anubis bodies 1 0 18 0 0 0 0 

Papio hamadryas anubis live 528.6 778 548 818 417 165 46 

Papio hamadryas anubis skins 4 3 7 6 4 2 5 

Papio hamadryas anubis trophies 66 139 137 145 127 140 129 

Papio hamadryas cynocephalus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Papio hamadryas cynocephalus live 4 20 0 0 0 1 0 

Papio hamadryas cynocephalus skins 2 1 12 9 7 6 2 

Papio hamadryas cynocephalus trophies 14 13 28 15 75 13 33 

Papio hamadryas papio live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Papio hamadryas papio trophies 3 0 3 0 2 2 5 

Papio hamadryas ursinus bodies 11 5 5 4 33 2 1 

Papio hamadryas ursinus live 188 140 1 88 1 14 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 29


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Papio hamadryas ursinus skins 25 33 53 52 81 48 52 

Papio hamadryas ursinus trophies 333 323 304 366 388 561 909 

Papio hamadryas ursinus trophies kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Presbytis frontata skins 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Presbytis hosei skins 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Presbytis melalophos skins 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Presbytis rubicunda skins 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Procolobus badius live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Theropithecus gelada live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Theropithecus gelada skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Theropithecus gelada trophies 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 

Trachypithecus auratus live 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Trachypithecus cristatus live 0 2 0 0 0 0 60 

Trachypithecus obscurus live 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Myrmecophaga tridactyla live 3 4 1 2 20 5 11 

Bradypus variegatus bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Bradypus variegatus live 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 

Manis gigantea bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Manis javanica bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manis javanica live 1 0 12 0 50 0 0 

Manis javanica scales kg 2286 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manis javanica skins 11881 2269 18685 29747 27661 0 0 

Manis javanica skins kg 816 0 0 870 0 0 0 

Manis javanica skins m2 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manis pentadactyla bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manis pentadactyla live 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Manis pentadactyla meat kg 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Manis pentadactyla scales kg 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 

Manis pentadactyla skins 1000 500 1 400 1000 0 0 

Manis pentadactyla skins kg 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manis tetradactyla live 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 

Manis tetradactyla skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Manis tricuspis live 6 1 2 5 5 1 16 

Manis tricuspis trophies 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 

Ratufa affinis live 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 

Ratufa affinis skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Delphinapterus leucas bone carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Delphinapterus leucas live 1.6 2 12 26 13 12 3 

Delphinapterus leucas meat 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 

Delphinapterus leucas meat kg 906 814 585 13200 0 4 41 

Delphinapterus leucas teeth 16 65 0 630 0 8 0 

Monodon monoceros bone carvings 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Monodon monoceros bodies 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 

Monodon monoceros carvings 535 544 248 743 34 23 193 

Monodon monoceros horns 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Monodon monoceros horn products kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Monodon monoceros ivory products 9 10 9 27 0 4 0 

Monodon monoceros live 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Monodon monoceros meat 211 1012 0 0 0 1 0 

Monodon monoceros meat kg 352 618 2558 0 0 30 637 

Monodon monoceros plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Monodon monoceros skins 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Monodon monoceros skins kg 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 

Monodon monoceros teeth 89 28 25 757 675 13 30 

Monodon monoceros teeth kg 0 0 26 5 0 0 0 

Monodon monoceros trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Monodon monoceros tusks 272 323 193 182 105 112 95 

Monodon monoceros tusks kg 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 

Cephalorhynchus hectori bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Delphinus delphis bone carvings 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Delphinus delphis bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 30


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Delphinus delphis live 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Delphinus delphis skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Globicephala melas bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Globicephala melas meat 5 181 0 0 0 0 0 

Globicephala melas meat kg 248 735 332 70 120 120 120 

Globicephala melas trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Lagenorhynchus acutus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lagenorhynchus albirostris bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens trophies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Orcaella brevirostris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Orcaella brevirostris live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Orcinus orca live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Pseudorca crassidens live 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 

Stenella attenuata bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Stenella longirostris bodies 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Tursiops truncatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Tursiops truncatus live 25 36 46 49 49 29 38 

Tursiops truncatus aduncus live 5 10 14 4 6 0 3 

Tursiops truncatus gilli live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Tursiops truncatus ponticus live 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Phocoena phocoena bodies 0 25 0 0 1 0 0 

Phocoena phocoena live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phocoena phocoena meat kg 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Balaenoptera acutorostrata meat 282.6 438 0 0 0 0 0 

Balaenoptera acutorostrata meat kg 1559 810 3084 346 20 0 855 

Canis lupus bodies 70 136 83 176 53 140 206 

Canis lupus live 25 61 8 13 2 33 0 

Canis lupus meat kg 18 0 0 0 0 7 0 

Canis lupus plates 474 57 209 111 124 121 160 

Canis lupus plates kg 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Canis lupus skins 4730 4920 4904 5433 3319 3912 3065 

Canis lupus skins kg 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Canis lupus trophies 223 254 220 401 364 336 361 

Cerdocyon thous bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cerdocyon thous live 0 0 0 0 4 1 7 

Chrysocyon brachyurus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cuon alpinus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pseudalopex culpaeus garments skins 0 70 0 126 0 0 1962 

Pseudalopex culpaeus plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Pseudalopex culpaeus plates kg 0 0 0 0 0 232 0 

Pseudalopex culpaeus skins 813 514 6703 57 521 7218 16253 

Pseudalopex culpaeus skins kg 100 0 2250 0 0 0 0 

Pseudalopex culpaeus skin pieces skins 0 0 166 1 0 0 0 

Pseudalopex griseus garments skins 0 22628 0 2661 0 0 6324 

Pseudalopex griseus plates 6530 56 21 78 897 60 62 

Pseudalopex griseus plates kg 0 0 0 0 2526 890 160 

Pseudalopex griseus plates skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 

Pseudalopex griseus skins 25675.6 20913 37049 17564 23150 42863 125059 

Pseudalopex griseus skins kg 161 57 263 63 1028 23 299 

Pseudalopex griseus skin pieces skins 0 2568 128 2167 0 0 0 

Pseudalopex griseus trophies 0 1 1 3 0 4 1 

Pseudalopex gymnocercus live 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 

Vulpes cana trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Vulpes zerda bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Vulpes zerda live 231 20 17 105 0 40 43 

Vulpes zerda trophies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Ursus americanus bodies 1718 2748 4464 2002 928 619 698 

Ursus americanus bodies kg 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Ursus americanus gall bladders 473 453 123 557 0 8 33 

Ursus americanus gall bladders kg 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 31


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ursus americanus live 14 12 136 1 2 13 3 

Ursus americanus meat 322 410 648 487 58 131 46 

Ursus americanus meat kg 171954 186778 191227 165570 2268 5876 6614 

Ursus americanus meat shipments 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Ursus americanus plates 211 388 306 654 753 5513 904 

Ursus americanus plates kg 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Ursus americanus skins 10797 12033 11074 12892 1050 4472 6319 

Ursus americanus skins kg 369 0 91 112 21 48 0 

Ursus americanus trophies 7222 9072 7090 8250 7570 5655 6576 

Ursus americanus trophies kg 208 10 10 0 0 145 306 

Ursus arctos bodies 33 58 27 52 12 38 25 

Ursus arctos gall bladders 8.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ursus arctos gall bladders kg 2 18 0 3 0 10 0 

Ursus arctos live 73 42 60 27 24 31 6 

Ursus arctos meat 5 0 1 0 3 0 0 

Ursus arctos meat kg 1388 3538 250 1408 900 0 95 

Ursus arctos plates 12 10 22 9 13 11 16 

Ursus arctos skins 311 321 280 303 133 192 212 

Ursus arctos trophies 456 391 590 642 771 666 524 

Ursus arctos horribilis bodies 22 5 1 0 0 4 0 

Ursus arctos horribilis live 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Ursus arctos horribilis plates 4 12 4 15 19 33 5 

Ursus arctos horribilis skins 15 13 11 7 22 38 21 

Ursus arctos horribilis trophies 82 83 29 32 53 62 53 

Ursus arctos middendorffi bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Ursus arctos middendorffi plates 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 

Ursus arctos middendorffi skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ursus arctos middendorffi trophies 2 7 7 3 1 1 0 

Ursus arctos richardsoni bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Ursus arctos richardsoni live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ursus arctos richardsoni plates 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Ursus arctos richardsoni skins 3 2 1 0 2 0 0 

Ursus arctos richardsoni trophies 5 7 4 2 0 0 1 

Ursus maritimus bodies 10 26 23 50 7 39 33 

Ursus maritimus gall bladders 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ursus maritimus live 3.2 10 0 1 0 12 0 

Ursus maritimus meat 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Ursus maritimus meat kg 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Ursus maritimus plates 78 3 54 0 1 1 1 

Ursus maritimus skins 279 472 352 412 93 116 169 

Ursus maritimus trophies 26 105 85 136 88 82 93 

Ursus maritimus tusks 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 

Amblonyx cinereus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aonyx capensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aonyx capensis live 1 0 7 7 0 2 4 

Aonyx capensis skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Aonyx capensis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Conepatus humboldtii garments skins 0 0 0 2550 0 0 0 

Conepatus humboldtii plates 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 

Conepatus humboldtii skins 694 24 900 1550 9970 1980 1 

Conepatus humboldtii skins kg 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 

Enhydra lutris bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Enhydra lutris live 9 7 6 0 0 6 0 

Enhydra lutris skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lontra spp. skins 0 0 231 0 0 891 0 

Lontra canadensis bodies 10 14 13 598 2 7 18 

Lontra canadensis live 6 0 6 0 1 17 2 

Lontra canadensis plates 262 270 0 1 0 0 0 

Lontra canadensis skins 36084 52090 31323 40482 28242 38375 44481 

Lontra canadensis skins kg 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lontra canadensis trophies 48 4 112 24 11 11 6 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 32


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Lutra spp. skins 546 1380 7800 7938 0 0 230 

Lutra maculicollis live 1 0 9 8 9 16 3 

Lutra maculicollis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Lutrogale perspicillata live 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Mellivora capensis trophies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Mustela sibirica bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Civettictis civetta trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 

Cryptoprocta ferox bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cryptoprocta ferox live 1 0 4 7 24 24 12 

Cynogale bennettii bodies 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Eupleres goudotii live 0 0 0 0 10 5 0 

Fossa fossana live 0 8 2 0 10 21 0 

Hemigalus derbyanus live 4 8 3 0 1 0 0 

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Prionodon linsang live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Viverra civettina live 0 0 135 0 0 0 0 

Caracal caracal bodies 4 2 3 5 4 4 2 

Caracal caracal live 21 11 4 6 4 10 13 

Caracal caracal plates 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 

Caracal caracal skins 189 19 181 113 101 90 112 

Caracal caracal trophies 67 134 152 148 252 281 478 

Caracal caracal trophies kg 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Catopuma badia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Catopuma badia live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Catopuma temminckii live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Felis chaus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Felis chaus live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Felis chaus trophies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Felis margarita live 1 0 5 0 0 3 5 

Felis silvestris bodies 2 1 1 0 13 0 2 

Felis silvestris live 5 1 3 0 4 0 0 

Felis silvestris plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Felis silvestris skins 120 16 42 56 125 21 9 

Felis silvestris trophies 34 57 39 55 76 80 62 

Felis silvestris libyca bodies 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 

Felis silvestris libyca live 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 

Felis silvestris libyca plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Felis silvestris libyca skins 322 1 0 0 1 1 7 

Felis silvestris libyca trophies 20 11 0 3 9 6 72 

Felis silvestris ornata bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Felis silvestris silvestris live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Felis silvestris silvestris trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Leptailurus serval bodies 1 0 1 1 7 0 0 

Leptailurus serval live 8 0 10 9 2 1 18 

Leptailurus serval plates 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Leptailurus serval skins 12 6 10 7 69 12 3 

Leptailurus serval trophies 25.2 47 40 47 56 61 59 

Lynx canadensis bodies 35 53 45 84 22 171 88 

Lynx canadensis live 4 2 8 24 46 9 7 

Lynx canadensis meat kg 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 

Lynx canadensis plates 27 13 3 94 7 12 6 

Lynx canadensis skins 8330 4622 8632 7394 5775 15663 14664 

Lynx canadensis skins kg 0 0 0 0 2 0 354 

Lynx canadensis trophies 34 46 48 89 81 82 119 

Lynx lynx bodies 2 1 5 14 7 8 1 

Lynx lynx live 6 0 1 2 2 0 0 

Lynx lynx plates 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 

Lynx lynx skins 1078 885 712 783 894 621 124 

Lynx lynx trophies 10 6 16 26 43 20 9 

Lynx lynx lynx trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lynx rufus bodies 5 18 8 354 8 13 35 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 33


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Lynx rufus live 7 121 0 325 0 1 0 

Lynx rufus meat kg 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lynx rufus plates 128 60 96 725 2 3 4 

Lynx rufus skins 15447 9997 13505 18464 14616 24152 20634 

Lynx rufus skins kg 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 

Lynx rufus trophies 10 13 19 44 29 31 26 

Lynx rufus escuinapae bodies 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 

Lynx rufus escuinapae skins 5 0 5 1 2 0 0 

Lynx rufus escuinapae trophies 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 

Oncifelis colocolo bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Oncifelis colocolo trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Oncifelis guigna bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 

Otocolobus manul bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Otocolobus manul live 4 5 1 1 10 6 0 

Panthera leo bodies 10 9 6 2 18 2 4 

Panthera leo live 33 15 8 29 11 4 40 

Panthera leo plates 5 3 4 17 13 4 17 

Panthera leo skins 134 174 191 185 205 67 33 

Panthera leo trophies 574 513 461 512 603 443 449 

Panthera pardus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Prionailurus bengalensis bodies 6 0 0 2 1 0 0 

Prionailurus bengalensis live 3 0 2 6 0 0 2 

Prionailurus bengalensis plates 3263 20682 6902 1100 6669 812 7735 

Prionailurus bengalensis plates m2 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 

Prionailurus bengalensis skins 2582 17999 9050 5251 19470 3077 1400 

Prionailurus bengalensis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis plates 41 500 2278 6571 7841 20843 16548 

Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis skins 0 0 6950 15350 34745 17382 14559 

Prionailurus viverrinus live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Prionailurus viverrinus skins 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Profelis aurata live 0 0 0 0 10 2 0 

Profelis aurata skins 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Profelis aurata trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Puma concolor bodies 22.2 36 21 6 6 23 39 

Puma concolor live 3 4 3 2 1 2 2 

Puma concolor meat 0 0 14 1 0 4 2 

Puma concolor meat kg 128 201 198 14 33 18 64 

Puma concolor plates 4 16 15 6 11 13 28 

Puma concolor skins 99 195 238 88 95 233 209 

Puma concolor trophies 95 122 112 214 203 172 147 

Puma concolor trophies kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Puma concolor missoulensis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Puma concolor missoulensis meat kg 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Puma concolor missoulensis skins 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 

Puma concolor missoulensis trophies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Arctocephalus australis live 3 0 0 12 0 1 15 

Arctocephalus australis skins 706 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Arctocephalus australis trophies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Arctocephalus gazella bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Arctocephalus gazella live 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Arctocephalus gazella skins 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 

Arctocephalus pusillus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Arctocephalus pusillus gall bladders kg 0 0 0 0 197 0 0 

Arctocephalus pusillus live 20 16 48 24 12 66 12 

Arctocephalus pusillus meat kg 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 

Arctocephalus pusillus skins 32887 23950 6014 2207 48736 20863 117409 

Arctocephalus pusillus trophies 1 3 1 0 0 4 1 

Arctocephalus tropicalis live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Mirounga leonina live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mirounga leonina skins 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 

Monachus monachus tusks 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 34


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Orycteropus afer bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Orycteropus afer skins 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Orycteropus afer trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Loxodonta africana bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 

Loxodonta africana ivory products 0 1 0 0 309 29 36 

Loxodonta africana live 0 0 32 0 32 32 60 

Loxodonta africana plates 0 0 0 1045 13 0 0 

Loxodonta africana plates m2 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Loxodonta africana skins 0 3 3528 6019 3793 3973 932 

Loxodonta africana skins m 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Loxodonta africana skins m2 0 0 0 1067 10 0 11204 

Loxodonta africana trophies 0 106 268 407 458 378 391 

Loxodonta africana tusks 0 118 294 782 471 682 709 

Loxodonta africana tusks kg 0 0 350 87781 6551 7257 0 

Trichechus senegalensis live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Equus hemionus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Equus hemionus trophies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Equus hemionus kulan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Equus kiang live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Equus zebra skins 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Equus zebra trophies 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Equus zebra hartmannae bodies 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Equus zebra hartmannae live 17 140 30 0 0 0 0 

Equus zebra hartmannae plates 0 1 2 0 4 0 1 

Equus zebra hartmannae skins 934 2816 1568 1616 1809 933 913 

Equus zebra hartmannae trophies 433 180 236 223 253 895 785 

Tapirus terrestris live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ceratotherium simum bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Ceratotherium simum horns 1 14 118 7 0 0 0 

Ceratotherium simum live 2 2 43 16 4 0 0 

Ceratotherium simum skins 0 0 42 2 0 0 0 

Ceratotherium simum trophies 0 3 59 8 0 1 0 

Ceratotherium simum simum bodies 0 1 0 3 0 0 5 

Ceratotherium simum simum horns 5 37 11 84 75 95 3 

Ceratotherium simum simum live 5 4 2 20 14 20 11 

Ceratotherium simum simum plates 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Ceratotherium simum simum skins 1 6 5 23 47 47 2 

Ceratotherium simum simum trophies 11 48 57 66 68 55 98 

Pecari tajacu live 0 0 600 2 0 0 0 

Pecari tajacu plates 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pecari tajacu skins 59905 67335 55908 60431 49456 45093 50390 

Pecari tajacu skins kg 115 1075 0 0 590 12 0 

Pecari tajacu trophies 5 25 3 8 27 0 0 

Tayassu spp. skins 6449 0 450 0 0 0 0 

Tayassu spp. skins kg 77.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tayassu pecari bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Tayassu pecari live 60 0 0 2 1 0 0 

Tayassu pecari skins 20505 38816 18118 27087 20007 17642 10541 

Tayassu pecari skins kg 24 0 0 0 2271 45 0 

Tayassu pecari trophies 2 11 9 5 35 0 1 

Hexaprotodon liberiensis live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius horns 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius ivory products 2 0 360 0 0 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius live 0 9 50 7 0 0 1 

Hippopotamus amphibius meat kg 0 112 0 0 0 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius plates 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius skins 1192 6100 101 6529 1165 405 37 

Hippopotamus amphibius skins kg 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius skins m 165 874 0 0 0 0 0 

Hippopotamus amphibius skins m2 4 0 0 0 0 1 46 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 35


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Hippopotamus amphibius teeth 14260 3032 4161 10885 4092 3888 1108 

Hippopotamus amphibius teeth kg 6102 14785 13203 13461 20513 12520 9168 

Hippopotamus amphibius trophies 177 359 352 341 565 349 378 

Hippopotamus amphibius trophies kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 505 

Hippopotamus amphibius tusks 94 105 347 345 617 615 334 

Hippopotamus amphibius tusks kg 0 0 0 20 7 0 0 

Lama guanicoe cloth 20 20 30 5 0 10 0 

Lama guanicoe cloth kg 0 0 0 1.8 0 0 0 

Lama guanicoe cloth m 0 113 0 0 0 0 0 

Lama guanicoe garments skins 0 3286 380 2750 0 0 48 

Lama guanicoe hair kg 1351 500 1808 2112 8 713 827 

Lama guanicoe live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lama guanicoe meat kg 0 0 0 1908 0 0 0 

Lama guanicoe plates 486 0 102 11 0 0 150 

Lama guanicoe skins 1195 147 4932 1632 657 465 6 

Lama guanicoe trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Vicugna vicugna cloth 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Vicugna vicugna cloth kg 154 0 0 0 0 0 597 

Vicugna vicugna cloth m 423 95 61 69 27 31 72 

Vicugna vicugna cloth m2 0 0 0 49 0 0 15 

Vicugna vicugna fibres kg 616 751 2050 1752 0 0 96 

Vicugna vicugna hair kg 770 241 2050 1752 2007 2239 2692 

Vicugna vicugna live 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 

Vicugna vicugna skins 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Vicugna vicugna trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Moschus spp. derivatives 384 648 285 533 180 1034 452 

Moschus spp. derivatives flasks 0 0 0 29400 0 0 2 

Moschus spp. derivatives shipments 0 0 500 18200 1 0 21 

Moschus berezovskii derivatives shipments 4 0 0 40 0 0 0 

Moschus chrysogaster derivatives 0 0 0 0 0 20000 20000 

Moschus chrysogaster derivatives shipments 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 

Moschus moschiferus bodies 0.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Moschus moschiferus derivatives 662640 318510 114000 148000 179000 112050 680000 

Moschus moschiferus derivatives cases 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Moschus moschiferus derivatives kg 0 42 5 0 2 2 0 

Moschus moschiferus derivatives shipments 99816 29011 5016 1815 9764 5890 15500 

Moschus moschiferus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Moschus moschiferus musk 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Moschus moschiferus musk kg 272 48 31 60 70 55 25 

Moschus moschiferus musk pieces 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Moschus moschiferus skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Moschus moschiferus trophies 1 0 1 0 4 1 2 

Cervus elaphus bactrianus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Ammotragus lervia bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Ammotragus lervia horns 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Ammotragus lervia live 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Ammotragus lervia skins 0 3 15 1 1 1 1 

Ammotragus lervia trophies 7 17 26 15 35 44 46 

Bison bison athabascae bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 

Bison bison athabascae live 0 0 0 0 0 4 14 

Bison bison athabascae meat kg 0 0 0 0 5 27 0 

Bison bison athabascae skins 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 

Bison bison athabascae trophies 0 0 2 2 0 1 3 

Budorcas taxicolor live 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Budorcas taxicolor trophies 1 2 3 9 4 3 5 

Capra falconeri live 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cephalophus dorsalis live 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 

Cephalophus dorsalis skins 1 9 3 1 5 0 15 

Cephalophus dorsalis trophies 11 15 12 25 17 8 13 

Cephalophus monticola bodies 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 

Cephalophus monticola horns 2 0 3 0 4 0 1 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 36


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cephalophus monticola live 1 3 13 17 4 7 0 

Cephalophus monticola skins 5 5 33 38 13 6 3 

Cephalophus monticola trophies 58 86 157 169 135 128 124 

Cephalophus ogilbyi live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Cephalophus ogilbyi trophies 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 

Cephalophus silvicultor live 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 

Cephalophus silvicultor skins 1 0 6 2 1 1 0 

Cephalophus silvicultor trophies 16 17 8 17 18 5 8 

Cephalophus zebra skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Cephalophus zebra skins m2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cephalophus zebra trophies 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 

Damaliscus pygargus live 0 0 4 20 0 0 0 

Damaliscus pygargus skins 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 

Damaliscus pygargus trophies 1 6 8 4 14 11 2 

Damaliscus pygargus pygargus bodies 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 

Damaliscus pygargus pygargus horns 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 

Damaliscus pygargus pygargus live 0 70 4 4 8 0 0 

Damaliscus pygargus pygargus skins 0 4 67 30 5 9 2 

Damaliscus pygargus pygargus trophies 20.8 95 158 7367 164 157 196 

Kobus leche bodies 0 3 3 2 0 1 0 

Kobus leche horns 2 0 4 3 6 7 6 

Kobus leche live 1 0 2 21 3 0 0 

Kobus leche meat shipments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kobus leche skins 9 7 76 23 9 15 10 

Kobus leche trophies 278 310 325 383 395 301 363 

Kobus leche trophies kg 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 

Kobus leche kafuensis bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Kobus leche kafuensis horns 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 

Kobus leche kafuensis meat kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Kobus leche kafuensis skins 11 7 11 3 7 0 0 

Kobus leche kafuensis trophies 63 34 125 116 22 41 44 

Kobus leche smithemani bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kobus leche smithemani horns 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kobus leche smithemani skins 5 2 1 5 4 1 0 

Kobus leche smithemani trophies 31 6 81 71 17 14 4 

Ovis ammon bodies 0 1 0 60 0 1 0 

Ovis ammon horns 2 5 0 0 6 0 2 

Ovis ammon live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Ovis ammon skins 4 10 3 3 6 0 3 

Ovis ammon trophies 27 72 35 53 81 50 69 

Ovis ammon ammon horns 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Ovis ammon ammon skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Ovis ammon ammon trophies 7.8 16 12 20 15 13 8 

Ovis ammon dalailamae skins 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 

Ovis ammon dalailamae trophies 2 2 9 10 10 3 10 

Ovis ammon darwini horns 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 

Ovis ammon darwini live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Ovis ammon darwini skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Ovis ammon darwini trophies 6 1 27 43 34 33 0 

Ovis ammon karelini trophies 1 1 2 8 5 3 6 

Ovis canadensis bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Ovis canadensis horns 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Ovis canadensis skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Ovis canadensis trophies 6 21 44 60 75 70 85 

Ovis vignei horns 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 

Ovis vignei skins 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 

Ovis vignei trophies 0 0 0 0 3 33 35 

Saiga tatarica derivatives 41 218400 315277 220800 313250 220000 22 

Saiga tatarica derivatives flasks 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

Saiga tatarica derivatives kg 1 650 640 640 572 980 191 

Saiga tatarica derivatives shipments 553 1315 21063 1421 500306 603 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 37


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Saiga tatarica horns 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 

Saiga tatarica horns kg 1780 2433 0 0 0 19000 3000 

Saiga tatarica live 10 30 0 40 0 26 0 

Saiga tatarica skins 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Saiga tatarica trophies 5 0 2 2 1 0 1 

Saiga tatarica mongolica derivatives 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 38


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

AVES: BIRDS 

Rhea americana eggs 1.4 50 0 0 0 0 0 

Rhea americana live 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Rhea americana skins 1406 4000 0 7 6 0 0 

Rhea americana albescens eggs 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rhea americana albescens skins 10371 7000 2000 0 6 0 0 

Rhea americana albescens skins m2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spheniscus demersus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spheniscus demersus live 5 9 8 0 0 0 1 

Balaeniceps rex bodies 0.2 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Balaeniceps rex live 2 2 2 4 12 4 0 

Ciconia nigra bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Ciconia nigra live 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 

Eudocimus ruber live 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Geronticus calvus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Geronticus calvus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Platalea leucorodia live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phoenicopterus chilensis bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Phoenicopterus chilensis live 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phoenicopterus minor bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 

Phoenicopterus minor live 1007 1363 1338 1244 2022 803 855 

Phoenicopterus minor skins 0 1 0 20 0 0 0 

Phoenicopterus minor trophies 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 

Phoenicopterus ruber bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Phoenicopterus ruber live 647 683 182 527 1122 851 380 

Phoenicopterus ruber skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Phoenicopterus ruber roseus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phoenicopterus ruber roseus live 28 110 70 0 32 10 93 

Alopochen aegyptiacus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Anas bernieri live 1.6 4 3 0 0 0 0 

Anas capensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Anas capensis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Anas formosa bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Anas formosa trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Coscoroba coscoroba live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cygnus melanocorypha live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrocygna arborea live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrocygna autumnalis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 

Dendrocygna bicolor live 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Dendrocygna viduata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Nettapus auritus live 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 

Pteronetta hartlaubii trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Sarkidiornis melanotos bodies 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 

Sarkidiornis melanotos live 21 2 0 0 10 2 0 

Sarkidiornis melanotos skins 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Sarkidiornis melanotos trophies 2 3 2 2 4 3 6 

Pandion haliaetus bodies 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 

Pandion haliaetus eggs 8 15 0 2 0 0 0 

Pandion haliaetus live 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 

Pandion haliaetus skins 0.4 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter badius bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Accipiter badius live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 

Accipiter badius trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter bicolor live 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter butleri trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter cirrocephalus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Accipiter cooperii bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter cooperii live 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter cooperii trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Accipiter erythropus live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 

Accipiter fasciatus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 39


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Accipiter fasciatus skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Accipiter francesii live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter gentilis bodies 6 2 4 2 5 3 3 

Accipiter gentilis eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter gentilis live 38 110 111 143 225 210 8 

Accipiter gentilis skins 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 

Accipiter gularis live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter gularis skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Accipiter haplochrous bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter henstii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter madagascariensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter madagascariensis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Accipiter melanoleucus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter melanoleucus live 0 0 10 0 21 20 4 

Accipiter minullus live 0 0 0 0 0 35 60 

Accipiter nisus bodies 11 4 2 3 2 6 5 

Accipiter nisus eggs 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter nisus live 7 0 0 9 59 50 0 

Accipiter nisus skins 4 3 0 4 0 0 0 

Accipiter rufiventris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Accipiter rufiventris trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Accipiter soloensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Accipiter soloensis skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Accipiter striatus bodies 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 

Accipiter striatus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter superciliosus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Accipiter tachiro bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Accipiter tachiro skins 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter tachiro trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Accipiter toussenelii live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Accipiter trivirgatus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter virgatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter virgatus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Accipiter virgatus skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aegypius monachus bodies 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Aegypius monachus live 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Aegypius monachus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Aquila chrysaetos bodies 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 

Aquila chrysaetos eggs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila chrysaetos live 1 10 16 24 6 6 0 

Aquila chrysaetos skins 0 0 0 0 152 0 0 

Aquila chrysaetos trophies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila clanga bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila clanga live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila nipalensis bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila nipalensis live 0 31 14 70 4 0 0 

Aquila nipalensis skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Aquila pomarina live 0 0 0 4 4 2 0 

Aquila rapax bodies 6.6 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Aquila rapax eggs 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila rapax live 2 42 230 99 110 81 13 

Aquila rapax skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 

Aquila rapax trophies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila verreauxii bodies 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila verreauxii live 0 0 10 1 0 28 1 

Aquila vinhiana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aquila wahlbergi live 0 2 12 30 4 10 1 

Asturina nitida bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Asturina nitida live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Asturina nitida skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Aviceda cuculoides live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 40


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Butastur rufipennis live 0 0 0 0 1 0 18 

Butastur rufipennis skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Butastur rufipennis trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Buteo albicaudatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Buteo albigula bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Buteo albonotatus live 0 0 17 43 42 0 0 

Buteo auguralis live 0 0 0 0 3 10 2 

Buteo buteo bodies 15 2 4 11 10 10 7 

Buteo buteo eggs 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Buteo buteo live 2 5 7 49 42 0 0 

Buteo buteo skins 4 16 0 16 0 0 0 

Buteo buteo trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Buteo hemilasius eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Buteo jamaicensis bodies 3 1 2 0 2 2 0 

Buteo jamaicensis live 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 

Buteo jamaicensis skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Buteo jamaicensis trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Buteo lagopus bodies 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 

Buteo lagopus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Buteo lagopus skins 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 

Buteo leucorrhous bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Buteo magnirostris bodies 1 0 3 0 0 0 3 

Buteo magnirostris live 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Buteo magnirostris skins 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 

Buteo oreophilus live 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 

Buteo platypterus live 0 2 8 33 26 0 0 

Buteo poecilochrous live 0 0 11 27 31 0 0 

Buteo polyosoma bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Buteo polyosoma live 3 17 6 65 50 0 0 

Buteo regalis trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Buteo rufinus eggs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Buteo rufinus live 1 0 0 0 10 10 0 

Buteo rufinus trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Buteo rufofuscus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Buteo swainsoni bodies 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 

Buteo swainsoni skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Buteo swainsoni trophies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Buteogallus anthracinus bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Buteogallus meridionalis skins 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 

Buteogallus urubitunga bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Buteogallus urubitunga skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chelictinia riocourii live 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Circaetus cinereus bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Circaetus cinereus live 0 0 0 10 3 3 0 

Circaetus cinereus trophies 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 

Circaetus fasciolatus live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Circaetus gallicus live 0 0 0 10 3 0 1 

Circaetus gallicus beaudouini bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Circaetus pectoralis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Circaetus pectoralis skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Circus aeruginosus bodies 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 

Circus aeruginosus live 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 

Circus aeruginosus skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Circus aeruginosus trophies 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 

Circus cyaneus bodies 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 

Circus cyaneus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Circus macrourus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Circus macrourus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Circus melanoleucos bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Circus pygargus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Circus pygargus eggs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 41


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Circus pygargus live 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Circus ranivorus trophies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Dryotriorchis spectabilis live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Elanus axillaris bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Elanus axillaris live 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 

Elanus caeruleus bodies 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 

Elanus caeruleus eggs 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Elanus caeruleus live 3 0 2 2 0 25 35 

Elanus caeruleus skins 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Elanus caeruleus trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Elanus leucurus bodies 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Elanus leucurus trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Gampsonyx swainsonii bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Gampsonyx swainsonii skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Geranoaetus melanoleucus live 0 4 42 116 69 0 4 

Geranospiza caerulescens bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Geranospiza caerulescens skins 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 

Gypaetus barbatus live 1 1 6 3 9 3 0 

Gypohierax angolensis live 1 10 62 174 178 52 15 

Gyps africanus live 1 0 53 80 200 140 126 

Gyps africanus skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gyps africanus trophies 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 

Gyps bengalensis eggs 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Gyps bengalensis live 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Gyps bengalensis skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Gyps coprotheres bodies 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Gyps coprotheres live 0.2 0 0 0 0 2 5 

Gyps fulvus bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Gyps fulvus live 0 0 1 11 1 2 6 

Gyps fulvus skins 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 

Gyps himalayensis live 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 

Gyps rueppellii live 0 4 40 113 236 83 16 

Gyps rueppellii skins 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Haliaeetus leucogaster live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Haliaeetus pelagicus eggs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Haliaeetus pelagicus live 3 5 6 11 6 7 0 

Haliaeetus vocifer bodies 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 

Haliaeetus vocifer live 1 22 7 18 25 6 4 

Haliaeetus vocifer skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Haliaeetus vocifer trophies 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 

Haliaeetus vociferoides live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Haliastur indus live 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 

Harpagus bidentatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Harpagus diodon skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Hieraaetus ayresii live 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 

Hieraaetus fasciatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hieraaetus fasciatus live 0.4 3 0 30 0 0 0 

Hieraaetus pennatus bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Hieraaetus pennatus eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hieraaetus pennatus live 0 14 2 2 0 4 0 

Hieraaetus spilogaster live 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 

Hieraaetus spilogaster skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ictinia plumbea skins 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 

Kaupifalco monogrammicus live 4 0 1 0 5 15 6 

Kaupifalco monogrammicus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kaupifalco monogrammicus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Leucopternis albicollis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Leucopternis albicollis skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Leucopternis melanops bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Lophaetus occipitalis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lophaetus occipitalis live 0 2 0 41 29 28 14 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 42


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Lophaetus occipitalis skins 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Melierax canorus eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melierax canorus live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Melierax canorus skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melierax gabar bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melierax gabar trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Melierax metabates bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melierax metabates live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Melierax metabates skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melierax poliopterus skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Milvus migrans bodies 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 

Milvus migrans eggs 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Milvus migrans live 2 0 7 0 3 1 1 

Milvus milvus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 

Milvus milvus live 14 0 3 2 1 1 5 

Milvus milvus trophies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Morphnus guianensis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Necrosyrtes monachus bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Necrosyrtes monachus live 10 36 174 100 208 54 17 

Necrosyrtes monachus skins 1 0 3 0 0 0 2 

Necrosyrtes monachus trophies 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 

Neophron percnopterus live 1 0 0 30 0 0 2 

Parabuteo unicinctus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Parabuteo unicinctus live 13 25 24 78 40 1 1 

Pernis apivorus bodies 0 3 0 0 2 1 0 

Pernis apivorus live 0.2 1 0 1 4 3 0 

Polemaetus bellicosus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polemaetus bellicosus live 0 10 10 60 69 29 12 

Polemaetus bellicosus skins 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Polyboroides radiatus live 0 0 20 0 4 0 0 

Polyboroides typus bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Polyboroides typus live 0 0 1 0 6 6 0 

Spilornis holospilus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spilornis kinabaluensis skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Spizaetus africanus live 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Spizaetus nipalensis live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Spizaetus ornatus live 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Spizaetus tyrannus live 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 

Stephanoaetus coronatus live 2 10 20 30 58 22 0 

Stephanoaetus coronatus skins 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Stephanoaetus coronatus trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Terathopius ecaudatus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Terathopius ecaudatus live 2 10 21 10 68 59 10 

Terathopius ecaudatus skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Terathopius ecaudatus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Torgos tracheliotus bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Torgos tracheliotus live 2 2 27 31 154 0 0 

Torgos tracheliotus skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Trigonoceps occipitalis live 3 0 0 45 192 95 86 

Trigonoceps occipitalis skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sagittarius serpentarius live 10 10 22 20 36 31 41 

Sagittarius serpentarius skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sagittarius serpentarius trophies 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 

Falco alopex live 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco alopex skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco amurensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco amurensis eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Falco ardosiaceus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco ardosiaceus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco ardosiaceus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco ardosiaceus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 43


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Falco berigora bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Falco biarmicus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco biarmicus eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco biarmicus live 55 0 1 2 3 15 6 

Falco cenchroides bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Falco cenchroides skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Falco cherrug bodies 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco cherrug eggs 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco cherrug live 309 473 304 153 143 280 49 

Falco cherrug skins 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco chicquera bodies 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Falco chicquera live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco columbarius bodies 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 

Falco columbarius live 0 0 8 8 13 10 0 

Falco concolor bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco concolor live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Falco cuvieri live 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 

Falco cuvieri trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco deiroleucus eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 

Falco deiroleucus live 1 4 0 0 0 2 0 

Falco deiroleucus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco eleonorae live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco eleonorae skins 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Falco fasciinucha skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco femoralis live 4 16 2 12 2 6 2 

Falco mexicanus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Falco mexicanus live 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 

Falco naumanni bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Falco naumanni eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Falco naumanni live 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Falco peregrinus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Falco rufigularis live 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Falco rufigularis skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Falco rusticolus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Falco sparverius bodies 4 1 0 3 1 0 1 

Falco sparverius live 45 224 86 179 72 2 0 

Falco sparverius skins 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 

Falco sparverius trophies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Falco subbuteo bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Falco subbuteo live 4 5 22 22 49 40 0 

Falco subniger bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Falco tinnunculus bodies 4 3 4 3 3 7 8 

Falco tinnunculus eggs 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Falco tinnunculus live 17 50 32 26 78 51 4 

Falco tinnunculus skins 1.4 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Falco vespertinus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco vespertinus eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Falco vespertinus live 8 40 42 32 26 10 0 

Falco zoniventris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Herpetotheres cachinnans bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Micrastur gilvicollis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Micrastur ruficollis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Microhierax melanoleucus bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Milvago chimachima bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Milvago chimachima live 0 0 0 0 2 0 10 

Milvago chimachima skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 

Milvago chimango skins 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 

Phalcoboenus albogularis live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Phalcoboenus australis live 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 

Phalcoboenus megalopterus live 0 2 8 37 33 0 0 

Polihierax semitorquatus live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 44


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Polihierax semitorquatus skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polyborus plancus live 0.2 14 32 72 50 0 86 

Argusianus argus live 1 5 3 0 3 0 0 

Gallus sonneratii bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Gallus sonneratii live 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 

Gallus sonneratii trophies 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Ithaginis cruentus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pavo muticus live 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Polyplectron bicalcaratum live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polyplectron malacense live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Balearica pavonina bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Balearica pavonina live 721 279 135 71 50 85 25 

Balearica regulorum live 311 0 281 88 114 31 24 

Balearica regulorum skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Grus americana bodies 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 

Grus antigone live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Grus canadensis bodies 122 652 1358 1353 0 2 2 

Grus canadensis bodies kg 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Grus canadensis live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Grus canadensis trophies 81 545 948 390 1597 1075 1214 

Grus canadensis trophies kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Grus carunculatus live 0 0 10 17 29 0 1 

Grus grus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Grus grus live 1 3 5 25 22 24 2 

Grus paradisea bodies 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 

Grus paradisea eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Grus paradisea live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Grus paradisea trophies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Grus rubicunda trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Grus virgo bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Grus virgo live 146 204 448 76 138 301 0 

Ardeotis arabs bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ardeotis arabs live 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ardeotis arabs skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ardeotis arabs trophies 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 

Ardeotis kori bodies 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 

Ardeotis kori live 33 29 22 6 0 0 5 

Ardeotis kori skins 3 0 2 57 0 0 0 

Ardeotis kori trophies 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 

Chlamydotis undulata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Eupodotis gindiana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 

Eupodotis melanogaster live 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Eupodotis melanogaster skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Eupodotis ruficrista live 8 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Eupodotis savilei bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eupodotis senegalensis live 99 21 6 2 0 0 17 

Eupodotis senegalensis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Neotis denhami skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Neotis denhami trophies 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Neotis nuba bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Otis tarda bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Otis tarda eggs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otis tarda live 4 0 11 60 0 0 0 

Otis tarda skins 0.2 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Tetrax tetrax skins 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Goura cristata live 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Goura victoria live 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 

Oena capensis live 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 

Agapornis canus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Agapornis canus live 3185 4108 4600 3700 3700 3702 3500 

Agapornis fischeri live 182 2 300 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 45


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Agapornis lilianae live 10 0 0 20 1 0 21 

Agapornis nigrigenis live 4 0 0 0 25 0 5 

Agapornis personatus live 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Agapornis pullarius live 1335 912 1912 1257 1674 1436 850 

Agapornis roseicollis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Agapornis roseicollis live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Agapornis swindernianus live 0 50 50 0 205 100 0 

Alisterus amboinensis live 822 0 190 16 0 0 0 

Alisterus chloropterus live 495 793 358 149 98 134 14 

Alisterus scapularis live 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Amazona aestiva live 921 179 771 1289 1686 2538 3296 

Amazona agilis bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Amazona agilis live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Amazona albifrons bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Amazona albifrons live 466 713 114 132 3 60 133 

Amazona amazonica live 7384 11049 8297 13670 11111 11850 8867 

Amazona auropalliata live 440 217 89 13 1 0 75 

Amazona autumnalis bodies 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 

Amazona autumnalis eggs 0 0 0 9 6 0 0 

Amazona autumnalis live 1029 1272 324 87 11 4 202 

Amazona autumnalis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Amazona collaria bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Amazona dufresniana live 36 84 67 62 62 484 354 

Amazona farinosa bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Amazona farinosa live 1323 1727 843 1630 1328 1483 1249 

Amazona festiva live 0 1 4 0 0 439 356 

Amazona finschi bodies 0.2 0 0 0 3 1 0 

Amazona finschi live 7 6 5 54 288 355 60 

Amazona mercenaria live 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 

Amazona ochrocephala bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Amazona ochrocephala live 1022 1460 981 1731 1561 1477 1165 

Amazona ochrocephala skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Amazona oratrix bodies 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Amazona oratrix eggs 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 

Amazona oratrix live 1 0 22 5 3 0 3 

Amazona oratrix tresmariae live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Amazona ventralis bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 

Amazona ventralis live 1 23 0 0 0 0 0 

Amazona xantholora live 1 0 1 0 31 79 15 

Amazona xanthops live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Aprosmictus erythropterus live 222 442 180 0 0 0 0 

Aprosmictus erythropterus skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Aprosmictus jonquillaceus live 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ara ararauna live 1127 1315 921 1526 1503 1316 1252 

Ara chloroptera bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ara chloroptera live 762 1066 818 1406 1293 1282 963 

Ara severa live 141 255 142 174 116 103 132 

Aratinga acuticaudata bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga acuticaudata live 3739 2260 1950 3300 1855 1812 3691 

Aratinga acuticaudata skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga aurea live 23 23 33 23 20 9 53 

Aratinga aurea skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga auricapilla live 0.2 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Aratinga canicularis bodies 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 

Aratinga canicularis live 312 226 69 176 261 262 203 

Aratinga canicularis skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Aratinga chloroptera live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga erythrogenys live 1461 0 4 1 4 5 5 

Aratinga finschi bodies 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga finschi eggs 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga finschi live 91 35 0 0 0 0 16 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 46


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Aratinga finschi skins 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga holochlora live 91 45 2 0 0 24 64 

Aratinga jandaya live 0 1 0 0 0 100 5 

Aratinga leucophthalmus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga leucophthalmus live 624 181 90 394 519 709 1061 

Aratinga mitrata bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga mitrata live 650 271 141 187 300 0 668 

Aratinga nana live 4 54 0 1 1 40 0 

Aratinga nana astec live 2 0 0 0 0 20 0 

Aratinga pertinax bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga pertinax live 641 719 454 912 1028 791 615 

Aratinga pertinax skins 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Aratinga solstitialis live 17 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga strenua live 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aratinga wagleri live 3714 606 297 855 937 354 2046 

Aratinga weddellii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 

Aratinga weddellii live 0 0 96 194 60 0 39 

Bolborhynchus lineola live 0.4 0 1 0 21 0 0 

Bolborhynchus orbygnesius live 163 400 200 13 57 0 0 

Brotogeris chrysopterus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Brotogeris chrysopterus live 362 293 108 270 114 221 197 

Brotogeris chrysopterus skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Brotogeris cyanoptera bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Brotogeris cyanoptera live 1 0 259 215 116 0 175 

Brotogeris jugularis bodies 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Brotogeris jugularis live 270 65 72 3 0 0 54 

Brotogeris jugularis skins 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Brotogeris pyrrhopterus live 200 0 4 0 0 0 0 

Brotogeris sanctithomae live 1 0 370 521 236 0 317 

Brotogeris versicolurus live 2 0 399 1135 496 0 164 

Cacatua alba bodies 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Cacatua alba live 1774 954 424 23 10 0 2 

Cacatua ducorpsii live 626 174 524 690 90 360 1714 

Cacatua galerita bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Cacatua galerita live 89 97 209 148 69 29 129 

Cacatua galerita trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Cacatua galerita eleonora live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cacatua goffini live 222 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cacatua haematuropygia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cacatua leadbeateri live 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Cacatua ophthalmica live 5 24 0 0 0 0 20 

Cacatua sanguinea live 64 0 155 5 0 0 1 

Cacatua sulphurea live 1116 1 2 1 0 0 2 

Cacatua tenuirostris live 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Callocephalon fimbriatum live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calyptorhynchus banksii live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calyptorhynchus baudinii live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Calyptorhynchus funereus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Calyptorhynchus funereus live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Chalcopsitta atra live 424 0 241 15 0 0 0 

Chalcopsitta cardinalis live 340 30 224 186 0 80 1091 

Chalcopsitta duivenbodei live 658 340 399 159 102 127 14 

Chalcopsitta scintillata live 87 675 460 178 55 155 15 

Charmosyna josefinae live 0 294 185 0 0 0 0 

Charmosyna margarethae live 6 0 0 0 0 40 200 

Charmosyna multistriata live 12 0 140 20 0 0 0 

Charmosyna papou live 624 619 519 170 88 151 18 

Charmosyna placentis live 206 692 678 139 55 132 14 

Charmosyna pulchella live 242 365 323 116 33 133 0 

Charmosyna rubronotata live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Charmosyna wilhelminae trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 47


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Coracopsis nigra bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Coracopsis nigra live 263 143 72 167 277 244 254 

Coracopsis vasa bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Coracopsis vasa live 159 0 0 0 100 0 0 

Cyanoliseus patagonus live 3331 4021 7710 7245 10160 4120 2185 

Cyclopsitta diophthalma live 128 428 255 164 80 105 0 

Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii live 21 143 100 159 26 103 0 

Deroptyus accipitrinus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Deroptyus accipitrinus live 248.2 344 176 215 197 696 473 

Diopsittaca nobilis live 431 712 492 891 735 955 494 

Diopsittaca nobilis skins 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

Eclectus roratus live 593 182 445 244 0 190 1344 

Enicognathus leptorhynchus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eolophus roseicapillus live 6 5 8 1 3 0 22 

Eolophus roseicapillus skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Eos bornea bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eos bornea live 3849 2054 2159 284 0 0 1 

Eos cyanogenia live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eos reticulata live 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eos squamata bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eos squamata live 1323 376 492 129 29 134 14 

Forpus coelestis bodies 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Forpus coelestis live 1049 1107 195 185 226 0 0 

Forpus crassirostris bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Forpus crassirostris live 0 0 10 60 0 0 0 

Forpus crassirostris skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Forpus cyanopygius live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Forpus passerinus live 233 227 303 1144 1104 1000 688 

Forpus passerinus skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Forpus sclateri bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Forpus xanthops live 2 0 6 0 6 0 0 

Geoffroyus geoffroyi live 132 188 175 175 10 128 0 

Geoffroyus heteroclitus live 95 0 0 233 0 60 262 

Glossopsitta concinna bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Glossopsitta concinna live 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Graydidascalus brachyurus live 1 11 4 0 0 0 0 

Hapalopsittaca amazonina bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Lathamus discolor live 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 

Loriculus aurantiifrons live 0 60 36 74 0 77 0 

Loriculus galgulus bodies 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Loriculus galgulus live 1079 1086 1515 1224 913 582 1078 

Loriculus philippensis live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Loriculus pusillus live 83 325 35 0 0 0 0 

Loriculus stigmatus live 295 524 337 25 0 0 0 

Loriculus vernalis live 617 200 0 0 0 0 0 

Lorius chlorocercus live 442 152 360 181 80 130 1370 

Lorius garrulus live 2407 665 50 0 0 1 3 

Lorius hypoinochrous live 4 32 0 0 0 0 0 

Lorius lory live 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Micropsitta finschii live 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Myiopsitta monachus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Myiopsitta monachus live 25255 23476 17741 12057 12238 4363 7006 

Nandayus nenday live 3993 1893 2890 4547 1521 3933 3800 

Nandayus nenday skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Neophema elegans live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Neophema pulchella live 5 0 50 0 0 0 0 

Neopsephotus bourkii live 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Neopsittacus musschenbroekii live 10 380 466 93 10 101 12 

Neopsittacus pullicauda live 210 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northiella haematogaster live 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Oreopsittacus arfaki live 369.4 468 445 105 0 79 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 48


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Orthopsittaca manilata live 526 843 253 1009 653 975 539 

Orthopsittaca manilata skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Phigys solitarius live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Pionites leucogaster live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pionites melanocephala bodies 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pionites melanocephala live 929 1714 1171 1430 1198 1164 1352 

Pionopsitta barrabandi live 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 

Pionopsitta haematotis live 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 

Pionus chalcopterus live 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Pionus fuscus live 229 226 631 264 85 699 522 

Pionus maximiliani bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pionus maximiliani live 1632 1550 1370 1941 1323 1430 1566 

Pionus menstruus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pionus menstruus live 1080 1319 1196 1650 1207 1154 1152 

Pionus senilis live 275 298 84 0 0 0 65 

Pionus sordidus bodies 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Pionus tumultuosus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pionus tumultuosus live 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 

Pionus tumultuosus seniloides bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Pionus tumultuosus seniloides live 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus adelaidae live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus adscitus live 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus barnardi live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus barnardi macgillivrayi live 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus caledonicus live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus elegans bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Platycercus elegans live 9 2 0 0 65 0 0 

Platycercus eximius live 86 252 461 275 178 190 150 

Platycercus flaveolus live 22 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus icterotis live 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus venustus live 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus zonarius live 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Platycercus zonarius semitorquatus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Poicephalus crassus live 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 

Poicephalus cryptoxanthus live 769 102 100 126 60 62 73 

Poicephalus gulielmi live 2640 1701 1794 1813 2202 1378 920 

Poicephalus meyeri live 2944 408 250 0 478 204 36 

Poicephalus meyeri trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Poicephalus robustus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Poicephalus robustus live 1488 559 234 337 101 653 282 

Poicephalus rueppellii live 2 0 0 0 30 0 3 

Poicephalus rufiventris bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Poicephalus rufiventris live 1173 0 40 0 53 100 7 

Poicephalus senegalus bodies 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Poicephalus senegalus live 28045 23474 55364 54307 34437 33747 30584 

Poicephalus senegalus skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Polytelis alexandrae live 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Polytelis anthopeplus live 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Polytelis swainsonii live 21 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Prioniturus discurus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Prioniturus mada live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Prioniturus platurus live 102.2 208 278 190 10 0 0 

Propyrrhura couloni live 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 

Psephotus haematonotus live 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psephotus varius live 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 

Pseudeos fuscata live 613 753 673 195 78 174 18 

Psilopsiagon aurifrons live 145 250 126 142 91 0 0 

Psilopsiagon aymara live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittacula alexandri live 2188 1377 113 500 2754 0 0 

Psittacula columboides live 3 20 20 0 0 0 0 

Psittacula cyanocephala bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 49


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Psittacula cyanocephala live 10 100 0 0 0 200 0 

Psittacula derbiana live 14 2 0 3 0 0 1 

Psittacula eupatria live 481 161 154 80 0 151 4 

Psittacula finschii live 190 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittacula himalayana live 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittacula longicauda bodies 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittacula longicauda live 301 1137 1170 1137 612 156 516 

Psittacula roseata live 1346 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittaculirostris desmarestii live 454.2 529 185 15 0 0 0 

Psittaculirostris edwardsii live 568 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittaculirostris salvadorii live 182 0 136 28 0 0 0 

Psittacus erithacus bodies 131 0 0 0 0 0 24 

Psittacus erithacus eggs 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittacus erithacus live 31264 14385 22049 30356 29690 30464 24942 

Psittacus erithacus princeps live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Psittacus erithacus timneh bodies 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittacus erithacus timneh live 4325 1218 4152 3029 5202 3504 2830 

Psitteuteles goldiei live 196 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psitteuteles iris live 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittinus cyanurus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psittinus cyanurus live 103 225 434 836 480 214 530 

Psittrichas fulgidus live 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Purpureicephalus spurius live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Pyrrhura egregia live 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Pyrrhura frontalis live 253 0 1 0 0 97 306 

Pyrrhura frontalis skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Pyrrhura molinae live 82 0 0 2 0 0 10 

Pyrrhura picta bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 

Pyrrhura picta live 359 291 147 253 122 98 128 

Pyrrhura rhodocephala live 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Pyrrhura rupicola live 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 

Tanygnathus lucionensis live 0 0 82 0 0 0 0 

Tanygnathus megalorynchos live 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Touit huetii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus live 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Trichoglossus flavoviridis live 62 245 227 25 0 0 0 

Trichoglossus haematodus bodies 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Trichoglossus haematodus live 4545 2618 2724 293 171 173 1198 

Trichoglossus ornatus live 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 

Musophaga porphyreolopha bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Musophaga porphyreolopha live 20 0 170 180 0 10 20 

Musophaga porphyreolopha skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Musophaga porphyreolopha trophies 0.8 1 0 0 1 0 1 

Musophaga violacea live 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Tauraco corythaix bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Tauraco corythaix live 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 

Tauraco corythaix trophies 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Tauraco fischeri live 86 0 0 4 0 0 10 

Tauraco hartlaubi live 179 425 343 256 343 203 176 

Tauraco hartlaubi skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Tauraco leucolophus live 0 60 93 0 10 74 0 

Tauraco leucotis live 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Tauraco livingstonii live 74 239 196 168 263 220 96 

Tauraco macrorhynchus live 0 20 33 6 10 0 9 

Tauraco macrorhynchus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tauraco persa live 237 591 814 444 510 844 457 

Tauraco persa trophies 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 

Tauraco schalowi live 2 0 10 0 10 0 0 

Tauraco schuettii live 0 0 10 0 0 24 0 

Tyto alba bodies 7 5 9 6 5 2 4 

Tyto alba live 45.8 86 40 149 34 97 62 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 50


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Tyto alba skins 0 200 0 0 4 2 0 

Tyto alba trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Tyto capensis live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Aegolius acadicus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Aegolius funereus bodies 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 

Aegolius funereus live 1 0 0 4 62 4 0 

Aegolius harrisii bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 

Asio abyssinicus live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 

Asio capensis live 2 0 0 0 5 25 33 

Asio clamator live 0 5 10 54 30 0 0 

Asio flammeus bodies 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 

Asio flammeus live 4 0 0 50 12 45 0 

Asio otus bodies 4 3 9 4 0 7 8 

Asio otus eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Asio otus live 2 51 15 100 67 30 5 

Asio otus skins 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 

Asio stygius bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Athene noctua bodies 0 0 3 2 4 1 0 

Athene noctua eggs 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Athene noctua live 33 20 20 30 77 195 0 

Athene noctua skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Bubo africanus bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Bubo africanus live 7 0 0 0 0 23 39 

Bubo africanus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bubo africanus trophies 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 

Bubo bengalensis bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Bubo bubo bodies 2 1 1 0 4 1 1 

Bubo bubo live 4 3 0 12 4 1 1 

Bubo bubo skins 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Bubo bubo trophies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Bubo capensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bubo capensis live 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 

Bubo capensis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Bubo lacteus bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bubo lacteus live 1 0 0 10 4 40 30 

Bubo lacteus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bubo nipalensis live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Bubo poensis live 0 0 0 0 5 13 32 

Bubo sumatranus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bubo sumatranus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bubo virginianus bodies 2 2 5 2 1 2 3 

Bubo virginianus live 6 27 33 69 19 0 4 

Bubo virginianus skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 

Bubo virginianus trophies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Glaucidium brasilianum bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Glaucidium brasilianum live 71 389 174 202 92 0 0 

Glaucidium brasilianum skins 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 

Glaucidium brodiei live 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 

Glaucidium capense live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Glaucidium cuculoides live 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 

Glaucidium gnoma live 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Glaucidium hardyi bodies 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Glaucidium jardinii bodies 0 0 2 0 0 3 4 

Glaucidium jardinii live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Glaucidium minutissimum skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Glaucidium parkeri bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Glaucidium passerinum bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 

Glaucidium passerinum live 0 0 0 1 40 3 0 

Glaucidium perlatum live 39 0 0 0 5 56 71 

Glaucidium tephronotum live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Ketupa blakistoni live 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 51


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ketupa ketupu live 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Ketupa zeylonensis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Lophostrix cristata live 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Ninox novaeseelandiae skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Ninox scutulata bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ninox superciliaris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Nyctea scandiaca bodies 1 1 1 0 4 3 5 

Nyctea scandiaca live 4 11 8 1 32 0 5 

Otus albogularis bodies 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 

Otus asio live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otus atricapillus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otus bakkamoena live 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 

Otus brucei live 0 0 0 0 25 150 0 

Otus choliba bodies 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 

Otus choliba live 0 0 14 18 26 0 0 

Otus elegans skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otus flammeolus live 1.2 2 2 2 0 3 0 

Otus fuliginosus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otus ingens bodies 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 

Otus ireneae live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Otus leucotis bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Otus leucotis live 2 0 0 50 11 561 874 

Otus leucotis trophies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Otus longicornis live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otus mindorensis bodies 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otus mindorensis skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Otus petersoni bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Otus roboratus live 0 13 14 23 19 0 0 

Otus rutilus bodies 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Otus rutilus live 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 

Otus scops bodies 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 

Otus scops live 22 90 90 203 103 130 725 

Otus scops trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Otus trichopsis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Otus trichopsis live 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Otus vermiculatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 

Otus watsonii bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 

Otus watsonii live 0 0 4 28 34 0 0 

Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pulsatrix melanota bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Pulsatrix melanota live 0 0 0 32 26 0 4 

Pulsatrix perspicillata bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Pulsatrix perspicillata live 0.4 0 2 38 39 5 8 

Scotopelia peli live 0 0 0 0 12 15 26 

Speotyto cunicularia bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Speotyto cunicularia live 33 318 82 176 115 0 1 

Speotyto cunicularia trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Strix albitarsus bodies 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 

Strix aluco bodies 6 5 5 4 5 11 2 

Strix aluco eggs 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Strix aluco live 1 13 9 8 11 7 0 

Strix aluco skins 2 4 0 3 1 2 0 

Strix aluco trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Strix huhula live 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 

Strix nebulosa bodies 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 

Strix nebulosa live 6 7 7 9 26 7 0 

Strix nebulosa skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Strix nebulosa trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Strix nigrolineata bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Strix uralensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Strix uralensis live 6 17 24 11 29 10 1 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 52


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Strix varia bodies 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Strix varia live 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Strix virgata bodies 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Strix virgata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 

Strix virgata trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Strix woodfordii bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Strix woodfordii live 1 0 0 23 9 20 56 

Strix woodfordii skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Strix woodfordii trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Surnia ulula bodies 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 

Surnia ulula live 0 10 0 2 35 0 0 

Abeillia abeillei bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Abeillia abeillei live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acestrura bombus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Acestrura mulsant bodies 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

Adelomyia melanogenys bodies 0 0 8 1 6 7 1 

Adelomyia melanogenys live 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Aglaeactis cupripennis bodies 0 0 10 0 1 0 6 

Aglaeactis cupripennis live 65 89 6 107 173 0 4 

Aglaiocercus kingi bodies 0 0 2 2 7 0 0 

Aglaiocercus kingi live 8 0 0 37 27 0 4 

Agyrtria brevirostris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 

Agyrtria candida bodies 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Agyrtria candida live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Agyrtria candida skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Agyrtria cyanocephala skins 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Agyrtria franciae live 26 48 0 49 29 0 0 

Agyrtria versicolor skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Amazilia amazilia live 316 522 18 650 876 0 0 

Amazilia chionogaster bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Amazilia rutila bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Amazilia rutila live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Amazilia rutila skins 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Amazilia tzacatl bodies 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 

Amazilia tzacatl eggs 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Amazilia tzacatl skins 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Amazilia yucatanensis live 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Amazilia yucatanensis skins 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Anthracothorax dominicus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Anthracothorax dominicus live 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 

Anthracothorax mango live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Anthracothorax nigricollis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Anthracothorax nigricollis skins 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Anthracothorax prevostii live 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 

Archilochus alexandri bodies 0 18 0 0 0 0 13 

Archilochus colubris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Archilochus colubris live 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Augastes geoffroyi bodies 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Boissonneaua matthewsii bodies 0 0 8 1 1 3 0 

Calliphlox evelynae bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Calypte anna bodies 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 

Campylopterus ensipennis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Campylopterus hemileucurus bodies 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 

Campylopterus hemileucurus eggs 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Campylopterus hemileucurus skins 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 

Campylopterus hyperythrus bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Campylopterus largipennis bodies 0 0 0 0 3 3 11 

Campylopterus rufus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Campylopterus rufus live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chalcostigma herrani bodies 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Chalcostigma olivaceum live 12 1350 0 33 900 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 53


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Chalcostigma ruficeps bodies 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 

Chalybura buffonii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chlorostilbon assimilis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chlorostilbon assimilis live 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 

Chlorostilbon aureoventris bodies 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Chlorostilbon aureoventris skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Chlorostilbon canivetii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Chlorostilbon mellisugus bodies 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 

Chlorostilbon notatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Chlorostilbon poortmani auratus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Chlorostilbon ricordii bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Chlorostilbon ricordii live 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chlorostilbon swainsonii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Chlorostilbon swainsonii live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Chrysolampis mosquitus bodies 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 

Chrysolampis mosquitus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Chrysuronia oenone bodies 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 

Chrysuronia oenone live 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 

Coeligena coeligena bodies 0 0 10 0 15 5 4 

Coeligena coeligena live 1 0 0 43 33 0 4 

Coeligena iris bodies 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Coeligena iris live 20 42 11 119 205 0 0 

Coeligena lutetiae bodies 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Coeligena torquata bodies 0 0 10 0 0 2 6 

Coeligena torquata live 8 0 6 16 16 0 0 

Coeligena violifer bodies 0 0 0 0 6 4 10 

Coeligena violifer live 0 1 0 25 13 0 0 

Coeligena violifer trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Colibri coruscans bodies 0 0 6 0 1 0 3 

Colibri coruscans live 172 289 24 690 809 0 0 

Colibri delphinae bodies 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Colibri delphinae live 0 0 0 20 2 0 0 

Colibri thalassinus bodies 0 0 5 1 1 1 0 

Colibri thalassinus live 0 0 0 25 16 3 0 

Damophila julie bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Damophila julie live 3 0 6 48 31 0 0 

Discosura langsdorffi live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Doryfera johannae bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 

Doryfera ludovicae bodies 0 0 10 0 9 0 5 

Ensifera ensifera bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Ensifera ensifera live 0 0 0 19 13 0 0 

Eriocnemis glaucopoides bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eriocnemis vestitus bodies 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Eugenes fulgens bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Eugenes fulgens live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Eupherusa cyanophrys live 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 

Eutoxeres aquila bodies 0 0 5 3 0 2 0 

Eutoxeres condamini bodies 0 0 0 0 9 12 10 

Eutoxeres condamini live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Florisuga mellivora bodies 0 0 0 4 5 4 7 

Florisuga mellivora live 0 0 0 34 13 0 0 

Florisuga mellivora skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Glaucis hirsuta bodies 0 6 0 0 4 2 14 

Glaucis hirsuta live 0 0 0 24 18 0 0 

Goldmania violiceps bodies 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Goldmania violiceps live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Haplophaedia aureliae bodies 0 0 2 3 6 0 0 

Heliangelus amethysticollis bodies 0 0 0 10 4 6 10 

Heliangelus exortis bodies 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Heliangelus regalis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 

Heliangelus viola bodies 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 54


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Heliangelus viola live 29 12 9 62 20 0 0 

Heliodoxa aurescens bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 

Heliodoxa aurescens live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Heliodoxa branickii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 

Heliodoxa leadbeateri bodies 0 0 6 2 1 2 0 

Heliodoxa leadbeateri live 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Heliodoxa rubinoides bodies 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 

Heliodoxa rubinoides live 0 0 0 28 15 0 0 

Heliodoxa xanthogonys bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Heliomaster furcifer bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Heliomaster furcifer skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Heliomaster longirostris live 1 6 0 48 16 0 0 

Heliothryx aurita live 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 

Heliothryx barroti bodies 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Hylocharis chrysura bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hylocharis chrysura skins 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 

Hylocharis cyanus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Hylocharis eliciae bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hylocharis leucotis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Hylocharis leucotis live 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Hylocharis leucotis skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Hylocharis sapphirina bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Hylocharis sapphirina skins 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Hylocharis xantusii live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Klais guimeti bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Lafresnaya lafresnayi bodies 0 0 10 0 0 0 3 

Lampornis amethystinus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Lampornis amethystinus live 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Lampornis castaneoventris bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Lampornis castaneoventris skins 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Lampornis viridipallens skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Lepidopyga goudoti live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Lesbia nuna bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Lesbia nuna live 158 260 40 697 242 0 0 

Lesbia victoriae live 28 70 0 73 43 0 0 

Leucippus baeri live 264 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Leucippus chlorocercus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Leucippus taczanowskii bodies 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 

Leucippus taczanowskii live 35 40 0 0 0 0 0 

Melanotrochilus fuscus live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mellisuga minima bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Metallura aeneocauda bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 

Metallura odomae bodies 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Metallura phoebe live 72 79 0 72 37 0 0 

Metallura tyrianthina bodies 0 0 10 0 9 4 9 

Metallura tyrianthina live 33 68 0 9 10 0 4 

Myrtis fanny live 275 454 10 654 187 0 0 

Ocreatus underwoodii bodies 0 0 5 2 0 0 1 

Ocreatus underwoodii live 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Oreonympha nobilis live 0 126 0 0 0 0 0 

Oreotrochilus estella bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Oreotrochilus estella live 20 17 15 114 35 0 4 

Oreotrochilus melanogaster live 13 25 10 98 62 0 0 

Patagona gigas live 28 82 3 98 22 0 4 

Phaeochroa cuvierii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phaethornis augusti skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Phaethornis bourcieri bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Phaethornis bourcieri live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phaethornis griseogularis live 0 0 0 39 12 0 0 

Phaethornis guy bodies 0.4 5 0 1 0 3 11 

Phaethornis hispidus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 55


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Phaethornis koepckeae bodies 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 

Phaethornis longuemareus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 4 4 

Phaethornis longuemareus live 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Phaethornis longuemareus skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Phaethornis malaris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 4 10 

Phaethornis pretrei skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Phaethornis ruber bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 

Phaethornis stuarti bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 

Phaethornis superciliosus bodies 1 0 0 5 2 0 8 

Phaethornis superciliosus live 11 6 4 36 6 0 0 

Phaethornis superciliosus skins 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

Phaethornis syrmatophorus bodies 0 0 3 7 0 0 0 

Polyerata fimbriata bodies 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 

Polyerata fimbriata live 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 

Polyerata fimbriata skins 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 

Polyerata lactea bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Polyonymus caroli live 91 370 46 506 159 0 0 

Polytmus guainumbi skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Polytmus milleri bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polytmus theresiae bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Polytmus theresiae skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Pterophanes cyanopterus bodies 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 

Rhodopis vesper live 93 295 22 429 157 0 0 

Saucerottia beryllina bodies 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 

Saucerottia beryllina live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Saucerottia cyanura skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Saucerottia edward bodies 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Saucerottia tobaci bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 

Saucerottia viridigaster skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Selasphorus platycercus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Stephanoxis lalandi skins 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Thalurania colombica bodies 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Thalurania furcata bodies 0 0 0 0 3 4 14 

Thalurania furcata live 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Thalurania furcata skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Thalurania lerchi live 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 

Thaumastura cora live 290 502 9 667 237 0 4 

Threnetes leucurus bodies 0 0 0 0 8 2 15 

Threnetes leucurus live 0.6 0 0 14 0 0 4 

Threnetes ruckeri bodies 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 

Topaza pyra bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Trochilus polytmus live 0 0 0 20 0 0 8 

Aceros cassidix live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aceros corrugatus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aceros plicatus live 0.4 10 63 23 0 0 240 

Aceros undulatus live 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 

Anthracoceros albirostris live 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Anthracoceros coronatus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Anthracoceros malayanus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Anthracoceros malayanus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Buceros bicornis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Penelopides panini skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pteroglossus aracari live 202 357 168 237 289 237 217 

Pteroglossus aracari skins 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 

Pteroglossus castanotis live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Pteroglossus viridis live 126 101 115 115 158 120 74 

Pteroglossus viridis skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Ramphastos sulfuratus bodies 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 

Ramphastos sulfuratus live 118 143 52 0 3 16 21 

Ramphastos toco bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ramphastos toco live 62 152 140 180 193 181 342 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 56


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ramphastos tucanus bodies 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 

Ramphastos tucanus live 143.6 243 235 273 212 221 154 

Ramphastos vitellinus bodies 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Ramphastos vitellinus live 197 340 257 288 320 304 179 

Ramphastos vitellinus skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Cephalopterus ornatus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cephalopterus penduliger live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rupicola peruviana live 0 8 8 8 0 22 16 

Rupicola peruviana skins 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Rupicola rupicola live 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 

Pitta guajana skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Pycnonotus zeylanicus live 0 348 78 155 15 0 0 

Leiothrix argentauris bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Leiothrix argentauris live 0 4140 12610 6770 3410 0 0 

Leiothrix argentauris skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Leiothrix lutea bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 

Leiothrix lutea live 0 34690 61252 82012 11818 0 0 

Liocichla omeiensis live 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 

Paroaria capitata bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paroaria capitata live 0 0 0 275 1428 1379 1391 

Paroaria capitata skins 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paroaria coronata bodies 1 0 1 3 3 1 0 

Paroaria coronata live 0 0 0 1485 1548 2881 1930 

Paroaria coronata skins 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 

Serinus mozambicus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Padda oryzivora live 0 0 251 0 0 0 0 

Poephila cincta live 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 

Gracula religiosa bodies 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 

Gracula religiosa live 0 1791 14181 16306 19955 8970 3790 

Cicinnurus regius live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Epimachus meyeri live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paradisaea apoda bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Paradisaea apoda live 10.4 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Paradisaea minor live 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Paradisaea raggiana bodies 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 

Paradisaea raggiana live 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 

Paradisaea rubra live 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 

Seleucidis melanoleuca live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 57


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

REPTILIA: REPTILES 

Dermatemys mawii carapace 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Dermatemys mawii live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Callagur borneoensis live 0 2 47 519 8094 6555 432 

Clemmys insculpta live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cuora spp. live 0 0 0 0 130 0 210 

Cuora amboinensis live 0 0 0 0 274657 51198 38746 

Cuora aurocapitata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 

Cuora flavomarginata live 0 0 0 0 47 6 0 

Cuora galbinifrons live 0 0 0 0 320 16 0 

Cuora mccordi live 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Cuora pani live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Cuora zhoui live 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Terrapene carolina bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Terrapene carolina carapace 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 

Terrapene carolina live 1495 3 2 0 4 3 1 

Terrapene nelsoni live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Terrapene ornata bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Terrapene ornata carapace 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Terrapene ornata live 2 2 1 0 2 0 0 

Chersina angulata bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chersina angulata carapace 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chersina angulata live 103 5 0 0 25 0 2 

Chersina angulata shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Geochelone carbonaria bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Geochelone carbonaria carapace 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Geochelone carbonaria live 690.2 1121 668 1276 1215 2046 1050 

Geochelone carbonaria meat kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 

Geochelone carbonaria shells 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Geochelone carbonaria skin pieces 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Geochelone chilensis carapace 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Geochelone chilensis live 49 8 32 7 8 9 19 

Geochelone chilensis shells 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Geochelone denticulata carapace 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Geochelone denticulata live 725 926 713 1045 893 792 848 

Geochelone denticulata skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Geochelone elegans live 256 0 451 0 0 0 0 

Geochelone gigantea bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Geochelone gigantea carapace 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Geochelone gigantea live 35 2 3 2 7 0 0 

Geochelone nigra live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Geochelone pardalis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Geochelone pardalis carapace 2 0 2 2 0 2 1 

Geochelone pardalis live 4187 13678 27097 19469 2382 4382 1765 

Geochelone pardalis shells 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Geochelone pardalis trophies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Geochelone platynota live 100 0 0 0 3 6 10 

Geochelone sulcata carapace 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Geochelone sulcata live 1127 739 1180 566 200 14 200 

Geochelone sulcata shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Gopherus agassizii carapace 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Gopherus agassizii live 1 10 1 0 4 4 4 

Gopherus berlandieri live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Homopus areolatus bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Homopus areolatus live 26 12 0 0 0 1 0 

Homopus bergeri live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Homopus boulengeri live 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Homopus femoralis live 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 

Homopus signatus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Homopus signatus live 5 0 0 4 0 4 0 

Homopus signatus shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 58


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indotestudo elongata bodies 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 

Indotestudo elongata live 1523 1850 1818 1216 530 554 600 

Indotestudo elongata live kg 200202 0 0 0 0 6000 0 

Indotestudo elongata shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Indotestudo forstenii bodies 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Indotestudo forstenii carapace 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Indotestudo forstenii live 431 965 415 443 416 444 139 

Kinixys belliana bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kinixys belliana carapace 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 

Kinixys belliana live 4079 4216 3955 2648 2110 1277 2613 

Kinixys erosa bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Kinixys erosa carapace 0.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Kinixys erosa live 328 88 144 75 93 220 46 

Kinixys erosa trophies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Kinixys homeana bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Kinixys homeana carapace 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 

Kinixys homeana live 3313 1653 1858 999 743 2379 3229 

Kinixys homeana live shipments 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Kinixys natalensis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kinixys natalensis carapace 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Kinixys natalensis live 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Malacochersus tornieri live 321 2793 925 115 250 193 0 

Manouria emys live 450 985 687 432 570 595 276 

Manouria impressa live 145 225 75 4 8 9 28 

Manouria impressa shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Psammobates oculiferus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammobates oculiferus carapace 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Psammobates oculiferus live 29 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Psammobates tentorius bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammobates tentorius carapace 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Psammobates tentorius live 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammobates tentorius trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Pyxis arachnoides bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pyxis arachnoides live 1 6 154 46 2632 233 0 

Pyxis arachnoides brygooi live 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 

Pyxis arachnoides oblonga live 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 

Pyxis planicauda bodies 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 

Pyxis planicauda live 3 3 64 34 1494 230 0 

Testudo graeca bodies 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 

Testudo graeca carapace 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Testudo graeca live 4666 15 4500 802 1 400 3636 

Testudo hermanni bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Testudo hermanni live 428 0 100 0 302 1 100 

Testudo horsfieldii live 5843.8 3411 25003 34102 61500 38700 15003 

Testudo marginata live 0 0 10 0 22 1 1 

Lissemys punctata live 980 100 0 0 83000 450 0 

Lissemys punctata live kg 0 0 0 0 0 88100 0 

Lissemys punctata punctata live 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Trionyx triunguis live 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Erymnochelys madagascariensis bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Erymnochelys madagascariensis carapace 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Erymnochelys madagascariensis live 0 0 12 25 59 26 25 

Peltocephalus dumeriliana live 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 

Pelusios gabonensis live 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 

Podocnemis erythrocephala live 0 25 29 11 36 26 9 

Podocnemis expansa carapace 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Podocnemis expansa live 0 43 4 0 0 0 0 

Podocnemis lewyana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Podocnemis unifilis live 40 6 8 7 0 6 8 

Podocnemis vogli carapace 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 

Alligator mississippiensis bodies 83 0 5 0 0 2 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 59


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Alligator mississippiensis live 585 1 12 417 13 0 0 

Alligator mississippiensis meat 1912 2 2715 28 0 0 0 

Alligator mississippiensis meat kg 70052.2 27065 12837 32984 14676 32993 18300 

Alligator mississippiensis skins 51914 45104 68340 47753 50294 45379 40301 

Alligator mississippiensis skins kg 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Alligator mississippiensis skins m2 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Alligator mississippiensis skin pieces 739 102517 300046 4501 273 2427 2407 

Alligator mississippiensis skin pieces kg 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 

Alligator mississippiensis trophies 0.6 1 0 0 5 3 4 

Caiman crocodilus bodies 6 9 67 4 40 84 20 

Caiman crocodilus live 3 5 56 0 10 0 2 

Caiman crocodilus skins 5107 1007 298 0 0 0 1 

Caiman crocodilus skin pieces 1555 1 3 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus trophies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus bodies 6 45 3 5 55 40 3 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus live 10398 7085 4718 12430 8785 4255 4718 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus meat 752 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus meat kg 16663 24734 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins 51197 44937 35580 16441 23654 15374 15220 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins kg 452 2528 100 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins m2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skin pieces 10282 36070 55706 476 90 3872 100 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skin pieces kg 2815 1095 2478 3101 168 85 0 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skin pieces sets 13178 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus trophies 0 0 0 0 20 0 1 

Caiman crocodilus fuscus bodies 2 391 316 222 0 2 188 

Caiman crocodilus fuscus live 207.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus fuscus skins 10985 17106 22036 3650 10776 3373 49 

Caiman crocodilus fuscus skins m2 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus fuscus skin pieces 10804 4000 1372 7589 0 0 0 

Caiman crocodilus fuscus trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman latirostris bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Caiman yacare bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman yacare skins 5844 16464 6102 17500 11366 28473 38615 

Caiman yacare skins kg 98.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caiman yacare skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 3525 

Caiman yacare skin pieces kg 0 0 200 0 0 0 13 

Palaeosuchus palpebrosus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Palaeosuchus palpebrosus live 45 193 65 638 441 350 352 

Palaeosuchus trigonatus bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Palaeosuchus trigonatus live 45 156 44 431 288 310 224 

Crocodylus spp. meat kg 21464 12000 12000 1 0 15000 1 

Crocodylus johnsoni bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus johnsoni meat kg 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus johnsoni skins 478 100 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus johnsoni skin pieces 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus niloticus bodies 4.2 4 2 23 13 14 0 

Crocodylus niloticus live 287 20 597 2 1500 14 4000 

Crocodylus niloticus meat 306 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus niloticus meat kg 12652 22300 16783 48410 4000 18470 27000 

Crocodylus niloticus skins 14645 3155 7610 26142 5119 3103 4466 

Crocodylus niloticus skin pieces 2240 1 50 4501 3 8 4467 

Crocodylus niloticus skin pieces m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus niloticus trophies 128 172 191 150 177 186 213 

Crocodylus niloticus trophies kg 40.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus novaeguineae skins 159 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus novaeguineae trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaelive 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 

Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaemeat kg 3200 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaeskins 10015 30041 13055 12085 13324 20227 18790 

Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaeskin pieces 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 60


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaeskin pieces kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus novaeguineae novaeguineaetrophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus porosus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Crocodylus porosus live 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus porosus meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus porosus meat kg 9880 50 0 16224 0 500 0 

Crocodylus porosus skins 3288 3263 3081 2071 4821 3190 2343 

Crocodylus porosus skin pieces 446 0 0 0 918 0 0 

Crocodylus porosus skin pieces kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodylus porosus trophies 5 0 0 0 2 4 0 

Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma spp. live 1507 382 530 0 0 823 495 

Phelsuma abbotti bodies 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 

Phelsuma abbotti live 1025 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Phelsuma antanosy bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma barbouri bodies 11 0 1 0 0 4 0 

Phelsuma barbouri live 1867 0 2 0 0 0 50 

Phelsuma borbonica bodies 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 

Phelsuma borbonica live 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma cepediana bodies 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 

Phelsuma cepediana live 438 0 130 0 300 0 0 

Phelsuma chekei live 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma comorensis live 0 0 0 0 3965 2410 994 

Phelsuma dubia bodies 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 

Phelsuma dubia live 989 1385 2844 2110 4248 6491 4891 

Phelsuma flavigularis bodies 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma flavigularis live 852 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Phelsuma guentheri bodies 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 

Phelsuma guentheri live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma guimbeaui bodies 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 

Phelsuma guimbeaui live 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma guttata bodies 9 4 1 2 3 5 0 

Phelsuma guttata live 1769 1 0 0 0 0 50 

Phelsuma klemmeri bodies 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Phelsuma klemmeri live 339 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma laticauda bodies 9 0 2 2 4 8 0 

Phelsuma laticauda live 13572 16663 29258 5387 5003 11087 8215 

Phelsuma leiogaster bodies 0 0 120 0 0 1 0 

Phelsuma leiogaster live 320 425 1455 100 0 0 95 

Phelsuma lineata bodies 30 3 7 1 0 1 0 

Phelsuma lineata live 14843 19397 31450 6002 2535 2310 1810 

Phelsuma madagascariensis bodies 13 5 3 3 6 7 0 

Phelsuma madagascariensis live 14578 17321 24190 5247 2410 2474 2136 

Phelsuma modesta bodies 13 9 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma modesta live 6 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Phelsuma mutabilis bodies 17 8 8 2 0 0 0 

Phelsuma mutabilis live 286 0 6 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma nigristriata live 0 0 0 0 400 604 50 

Phelsuma ocellata live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma ornata bodies 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 

Phelsuma ornata live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma pronki bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma pronki live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma pusilla bodies 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 

Phelsuma pusilla live 396 595 2075 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma quadriocellata bodies 12 7 11 2 1 4 9 

Phelsuma quadriocellata live 13645 16892 27641 5301 2233 2129 1890 

Phelsuma robertmertensi live 0 0 0 0 400 0 100 

Phelsuma seippi bodies 3 0 0 0 2 3 0 

Phelsuma seippi live 169 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phelsuma serraticauda bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 61


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Phelsuma serraticauda live 2054 0 0 0 0 0 100 

Phelsuma standingi bodies 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Phelsuma standingi live 1621 35 0 0 0 0 50 

Phelsuma v-nigra live 0 0 0 0 3155 5749 500 

Uromastyx spp. live 999 5347 4467 4477 3856 6407 200 

Uromastyx acanthinura bodies 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Uromastyx acanthinura live 2288 7844 1692 300 50 1433 500 

Uromastyx aegyptia bodies 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Uromastyx aegyptia live 2867.4 1300 1551 975 805 614 500 

Uromastyx asmussi live 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Uromastyx benti live 553 566 8 1500 500 1700 700 

Uromastyx dispar live 487 1077 18012 13578 15103 26755 19484 

Uromastyx geyri live 480 1566 0 0 200 2900 2927 

Uromastyx hardwickii live 40 0 0 0 250 100 0 

Uromastyx ocellata live 2553 491 1291 2047 2075 1168 1990 

Uromastyx thomasi live 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion spp. live 355.8 895 129 75 0 39 74 

Bradypodion adolfifriderici live 0 0 0 0 148 715 120 

Bradypodion carpenteri live 20 0 0 0 194 140 0 

Bradypodion damaranum live 4 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion dracomontanum bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion dracomontanum live 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion fischeri bodies 1 0 0 0 0 9 0 

Bradypodion fischeri live 4124 4515 4667 4246 3628 3160 4543 

Bradypodion fischeri trophies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion gutturale live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion karroicum live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion melanocephalum bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion oxyrhinum bodies 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Bradypodion oxyrhinum live 12 0 0 0 2 0 4 

Bradypodion pumilum bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion pumilum live 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion setaroi bodies 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Bradypodion spinosum bodies 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 

Bradypodion spinosum live 3 0 0 0 0 5 16 

Bradypodion taeniobronchum live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion tavetanum bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Bradypodion tavetanum live 794 2237 2634 2557 3558 2550 3535 

Bradypodion tenue live 26 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Bradypodion thamnobates bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion thamnobates live 7 10 0 0 0 5 0 

Bradypodion transvaalense bodies 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 

Bradypodion uthmoelleri bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Bradypodion uthmoelleri live 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 

Bradypodion ventrale bodies 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion ventrale live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bradypodion xenorhinus live 20 0 0 0 282 1161 225 

Calumma boettgeri bodies 8 2 5 3 4 13 0 

Calumma boettgeri live 17 3 2 0 0 0 0 

Calumma brevicornis bodies 18 14 11 0 2 2 14 

Calumma brevicornis live 1482 0 24 0 0 0 50 

Calumma capuroni live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calumma cucullata bodies 2 2 0 3 4 0 0 

Calumma cucullata live 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calumma fallax bodies 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Calumma fallax live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calumma furcifer bodies 2 0 5 0 0 1 0 

Calumma furcifer live 149 846 0 0 0 0 0 

Calumma gallus bodies 2 0 5 3 0 1 0 

Calumma gallus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calumma gastrotaenia bodies 16 23 15 3 0 6 3 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 62


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Calumma gastrotaenia live 102 3 12 0 0 0 0 

Calumma globifer bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Calumma globifer live 423 0 0 0 0 10 20 

Calumma guibei bodies 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 

Calumma guillaumeti bodies 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 

Calumma hilleniusi bodies 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Calumma linota bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Calumma linota live 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calumma malthe bodies 5 13 11 0 3 2 0 

Calumma malthe live 70 0 26 0 0 0 0 

Calumma marojezensis bodies 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 

Calumma nasuta bodies 18 16 9 3 5 9 20 

Calumma nasuta live 246 3 10 0 0 0 0 

Calumma oshaughnessyi bodies 4 11 1 0 0 0 6 

Calumma oshaughnessyi live 108 0 25 0 0 4 50 

Calumma parsonii bodies 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 

Calumma parsonii live 2499 475 127 2 6 10 50 

Calumma peyrierasi bodies 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Calumma peyrierasi live 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Calumma tigris live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo spp. live 1672 243 531 27 450 968 268 

Chamaeleo affinis live 0 0 0 0 111 0 0 

Chamaeleo africanus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 

Chamaeleo africanus live 23 4 25 56 180 650 148 

Chamaeleo anchietae live 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 

Chamaeleo bitaeniatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 

Chamaeleo bitaeniatus live 282 970 1783 1377 1291 2505 1513 

Chamaeleo calcaricarens live 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 

Chamaeleo calyptratus live 325 93 0 2749 1000 4040 1440 

Chamaeleo camerunensis live 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 

Chamaeleo chamaeleon bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 

Chamaeleo chamaeleon live 278 0 384 58 3 474 35 

Chamaeleo chapini live 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo cristatus bodies 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 

Chamaeleo cristatus live 198 480 945 888 564 758 681 

Chamaeleo deremensis bodies 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 

Chamaeleo deremensis live 43 27 15 634 696 388 846 

Chamaeleo dilepis bodies 8 0 0 1 4 6 10 

Chamaeleo dilepis live 5384 8241 5432 5688 11051 8237 10154 

Chamaeleo dilepis skins 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo dilepis trophies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo eisentrauti live 95 150 65 0 0 0 20 

Chamaeleo ellioti live 1385 50 0 0 200 1784 1530 

Chamaeleo feae live 0 40 0 0 250 416 0 

Chamaeleo fuelleborni bodies 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 

Chamaeleo fuelleborni live 570 2777 3475 1031 536 495 843 

Chamaeleo goetzei bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Chamaeleo goetzei live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Chamaeleo gracilis bodies 2 0 0 11 0 2 2 

Chamaeleo gracilis live 2828 2653 2013 2238 2386 3203 2317 

Chamaeleo hoehnelii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo hoehnelii live 50.8 0 0 0 229 1464 710 

Chamaeleo incornutus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Chamaeleo incornutus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Chamaeleo jacksonii bodies 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo jacksonii live 2570 1694 1432 999 654 901 883 

Chamaeleo jacksonii merumontana live 0 0 0 9 74 145 166 

Chamaeleo johnstoni live 2701 100 200 310 368 2298 935 

Chamaeleo laevigatus live 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo marshalli live 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo melleri bodies 16 0 0 0 1 1 3 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 63


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Chamaeleo melleri live 1942 2956 3985 3114 3775 2592 4488 

Chamaeleo melleri skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo monachus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo montium bodies 4 0 2 0 5 0 0 

Chamaeleo montium live 1186 1623 2778 2462 1074 1009 1484 

Chamaeleo namaquensis live 14 0 20 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo oweni live 38 68 191 276 155 80 30 

Chamaeleo pfefferi live 27 147 182 482 295 118 0 

Chamaeleo quadricornis bodies 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Chamaeleo quadricornis live 1350 2381 3335 3063 1450 968 703 

Chamaeleo quilensis live 0 0 0 0 50 485 322 

Chamaeleo rudis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Chamaeleo rudis live 374 1907 2374 1825 1291 1303 1454 

Chamaeleo senegalensis bodies 0 0 0 40 1 0 9 

Chamaeleo senegalensis live 12725 7754 5552 8157 5032 6787 11449 

Chamaeleo tempeli bodies 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 

Chamaeleo tempeli live 0 0 0 0 2 2 10 

Chamaeleo werneri bodies 0 0 0 0 4 2 6 

Chamaeleo werneri live 62 0 0 546 660 451 650 

Chamaeleo wiedersheimi bodies 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 

Chamaeleo wiedersheimi live 312 800 1085 1159 666 347 303 

Furcifer angeli bodies 2 19 0 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer angeli live 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer antimena bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer antimena live 301.4 0 0 0 0 6 20 

Furcifer balteatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer balteatus live 245 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Furcifer belalandaensis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer belalandaensis live 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer bifidus bodies 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Furcifer bifidus live 69 5 12 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer campani bodies 3 0 0 3 0 2 0 

Furcifer campani live 2290 208 30 8 0 0 20 

Furcifer cephalolepis live 0 0 0 0 2276 3514 2047 

Furcifer labordi bodies 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 

Furcifer labordi live 205 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Furcifer lateralis bodies 14 11 6 6 0 2 1 

Furcifer lateralis live 8800 14715 24623 4398 2323 2005 1887 

Furcifer minor bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Furcifer minor live 446 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Furcifer oustaleti bodies 15 6 0 2 4 6 7 

Furcifer oustaleti live 1895 2552 3890 721 1149 997 1716 

Furcifer pardalis bodies 7.4 0 2 3 10 8 0 

Furcifer pardalis live 7553 14573 34317 6869 2985 2919 1856 

Furcifer petteri bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer petteri live 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Furcifer polleni live 0 0 0 0 400 390 30 

Furcifer rhinoceratus bodies 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Furcifer rhinoceratus live 6 0 0 0 200 0 0 

Furcifer verrucosus bodies 12 8 3 13 0 0 0 

Furcifer verrucosus live 642.6 1825 2601 705 1071 835 1702 

Furcifer willsii bodies 0 0 5 1 1 0 0 

Furcifer willsii live 230 5 7 0 0 0 50 

Amblyrhynchus cristatus bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Amblyrhynchus cristatus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Conolophus subcristatus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Iguana delicatissima bodies 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Iguana delicatissima live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Iguana iguana bodies 29 85 133 95 256 92 31 

Iguana iguana bodies kg 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Iguana iguana live 170643 73973 89500 49929 47318 62610 39949 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 64


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Iguana iguana meat 1 0 0 0 33 7 2 

Iguana iguana meat kg 0 191 0 2 6 77.5 44 

Iguana iguana skins 671 2 3 0 2 0 0 

Iguana iguana skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Iguana iguana trophies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Phrynosoma coronatum live 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 

Podarcis lilfordi live 6 0 2 0 10 0 0 

Cordylus spp. live 988 44 18 318 176 819 708 

Cordylus cataphractus live 4 10 12 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus cordylus bodies 5.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus cordylus live 2131 14 8 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus giganteus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus giganteus live 7 1 0 0 5 0 1 

Cordylus lawrencei live 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus mclachlani live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus mossambicus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1470 

Cordylus niger live 2 0 8 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus oelofseni live 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus peersi live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus polyzonus bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus polyzonus live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus pustulatus live 0 0 0 0 1173 0 0 

Cordylus rhodesianus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus rhodesianus live 417 845 0 1077 1270 2000 1420 

Cordylus tasmani live 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus tropidosternum bodies 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus tropidosternum live 6537 9032 8523 7674 6660 4999 6589 

Cordylus ukingensis live 157 0 0 0 100 0 0 

Cordylus vittifer bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus vittifer live 121 0 0 0 0 1000 1599 

Cordylus warreni bodies 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Cordylus warreni live 515 1853 0 1385 1435 1284 165 

Cordylus warreni skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cordylus warreni trophies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Pseudocordylus melanotus bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pseudocordylus melanotus live 8 25 0 0 0 0 0 

Pseudocordylus microlepidotus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Crocodilurus lacertinus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Dracaena guianensis live 0 0 475 73 0 0 0 

Tupinambis spp. live 280 30 20 0 165 253 5 

Tupinambis spp. skins 42621 186079 187551 105332 174121 27514 0 

Tupinambis spp. skin pieces 12732 0 17038 800 500 0 0 

Tupinambis spp. skin pieces kg 0 0 300 300 0 0 0 

Tupinambis duseni skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis merianae live 0 0 0 0 305 226 561 

Tupinambis merianae skins 0 0 0 0 122292 233254 185580 

Tupinambis merianae skins kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1750 

Tupinambis merianae skin pieces 0 0 0 0 47252 186943 239684 

Tupinambis merianae skin pieces kg 0 0 0 0 0 1 2500 

Tupinambis merianae skin pieces skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 67734 

Tupinambis rufescens bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis rufescens live 46 152 680 2191 628 1252 1131 

Tupinambis rufescens skins 247561 55892 129043 68013 242924 112297 99504 

Tupinambis rufescens skins kg 1034 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis rufescens skins m 2278 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis rufescens skins m2 11520 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces 876814 173478 540447 278820 136512 264310 241046 

Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces kg 3078 1 100 0 150 0 0 

Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces m 1318 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces sets 230502 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces skins 0 112668 182198 134852 0 0 82843 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 65


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Tupinambis rufescens skin pieces m2 232.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin bodies 6 0 3 1 0 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin live 3059 3030 2248 3194 3087 3276 2707 

Tupinambis teguixin skins 438695 173416 332545 118159 139638 129673 0 

Tupinambis teguixin skins kg 555 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin skins m2 4978 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces 998922.6 541472 1815670 165424 45000 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces kg 1340 0 100 201 0 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces m 2696 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces sets 473667 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupinambis teguixin skin pieces skins 0 146011 106876 106106 0 0 0 

Corucia zebrata live 2873 2105 1663 1498 1395 2598 0 

Heloderma horridum bodies 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 

Heloderma horridum live 2 1 0 3 1 0 0 

Heloderma horridum skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Heloderma horridum alvarezi bodies 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 

Heloderma horridum alvarezi live 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 

Heloderma suspectum bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Heloderma suspectum live 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 

Varanus spp. live 387 105 842 10 54 29 166 

Varanus albigularis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus albigularis live 1453 1143 1423 1227 1208 4505 2049 

Varanus albigularis skins 0 0 2 0 1 0 5 

Varanus albigularis trophies 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 

Varanus bogerti live 278.8 106 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus doreanus bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Varanus doreanus live 0 0 58 540 462 505 236 

Varanus dumerilii bodies 0 10 4 0 0 0 0 

Varanus dumerilii live 1056 1251 897 759 889 848 428 

Varanus exanthematicus bodies 37 0 0 0 4 0 2 

Varanus exanthematicus live 33165 20840 21319 19124 17227 20982 31267 

Varanus exanthematicus skins 15 20000 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus exanthematicus trophies 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 

Varanus gouldii bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Varanus gouldii skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus indicus bodies 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 

Varanus indicus live 1239 873 590 573 721 709 323 

Varanus indicus meat kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 

Varanus indicus skins 2 0 2 0 1 5 1 

Varanus indicus skin pieces 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus indicus kalabeck live 724 856 484 2 0 0 0 

Varanus jobiensis bodies 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 

Varanus jobiensis live 308 675 423 359 393 434 175 

Varanus jobiensis skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus kingorum live 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus melinus live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Varanus niloticus bodies 173 0 0 1 5 0 3 

Varanus niloticus live 17063 6071 7550 6193 4130 7230 8368 

Varanus niloticus skins 349574 219154 157211 170959 250389 189043 152801 

Varanus niloticus skins m2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus niloticus skin pieces 299 2 0 0 83 0 0 

Varanus niloticus trophies 2 5 5 2 4 1 0 

Varanus ornatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Varanus panoptes bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Varanus panoptes live 513 1117 706 109 0 0 88 

Varanus prasinus live 48 50 80 4 21 0 0 

Varanus prasinus beccarii bodies 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Varanus prasinus beccarii live 288 846 451 369 270 270 124 

Varanus prasinus kordensis live 32.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus rosenbergi live 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Varanus rudicollis bodies 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 66


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Varanus rudicollis live 1000 1575 858 767 883 853 614 

Varanus salvadorii bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Varanus salvadorii live 201 397 332 262 212 244 100 

Varanus salvator bodies 9 17 37 10 0 1 0 

Varanus salvator live 5237 4461 5235 22120 9926 13074 16743 

Varanus salvator live kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 20800 

Varanus salvator meat 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus salvator meat kg 192 0 0 700 10100 13140 21140 

Varanus salvator skins 811738 727578 568572 637562 624244 669360 247660 

Varanus salvator skins kg 310 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus salvator skins m2 6084 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus salvator skin pieces 20721 0 48 0 17 0 0 

Varanus salvator skin pieces m2 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus salvator trophies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Varanus semiremex live 0 3 0 0 0 0 32 

Varanus similis live 436.2 219 270 40 0 0 0 

Varanus spenceri live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Varanus storri live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Varanus timorensis live 56 116 162 138 87 80 230 

Varanus varius bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Varanus varius live 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 

Varanus yemenensis live 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 

Loxocemus bicolor bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Loxocemus bicolor live 5.4 0 0 7 0 4 57 

Antaresia maculosa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Apodora papuana live 141 334 190 135 201 222 32 

Leiopython albertisii live 771 1222 640 436 447 434 326 

Liasis fuscus live 39 0 1 151 228 215 2 

Liasis mackloti live 486 1081 716 396 384 355 156 

Liasis olivaceus live 70 0 32 11 11 12 0 

Morelia amethistina live 556 586 570 418 439 442 229 

Morelia amethistina skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Morelia boeleni bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Morelia boeleni live 143 385 175 146 112 101 12 

Morelia bredli live 124 60 60 53 0 0 0 

Morelia bredli skins m2 22.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Morelia spilota bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Morelia spilota live 245 663 671 406 333 323 139 

Morelia viridis live 235 291 386 191 216 615 600 

Python spp. live 2698 0 3500 265 64 64 80 

Python anchietae live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python curtus bodies 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 

Python curtus live 2971 3382 4321 2975 3138 4555 4516 

Python curtus skins 66511.4 154704 115785 106865 208777 175665 199946 

Python curtus skins m 0 0 0 0 0 422 0 

Python curtus skins m2 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python curtus skin pieces 891 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python molurus bodies 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python molurus live 3 0 216 247 360 455 0 

Python molurus skins 1.8 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Python molurus skin pieces 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 

Python molurus bivittatus live 2496 2915 2371 4319 962 5670 5327 

Python molurus bivittatus skins 19571 29942 4131 0 200 20000 0 

Python molurus bivittatus skins kg 640 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python molurus bivittatus skins m 698 0 0 0 8800 0 0 

Python molurus bivittatus skin pieces 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python regius bodies 138 0 2 0 0 0 1 

Python regius live 102810 51524 58721 76052 41729 72686 72203 

Python regius skins 0 8 1 0 3 2000 20 

Python regius skin pieces kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python reticulatus bodies 0 1 15 10 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 67


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Python reticulatus live 3417 3222 7287 3787 3758 4061 2151 

Python reticulatus meat 497 900 0 1200 0 0 0 

Python reticulatus meat kg 9386 22710 26115 30185 24490 19330 10617 

Python reticulatus skins 291264 420882 270698 325494 433010 345002 235187 

Python reticulatus skins kg 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python reticulatus skins m 6267 0 0 0 2500 0 0 

Python reticulatus skins m2 7807.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python reticulatus skin pieces 20415 1748 3 0 170 34 0 

Python reticulatus skin pieces kg 0 0 0 0 1 50 0 

Python reticulatus skin pieces m 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 

Python reticulatus skin pieces m2 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Python sebae bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Python sebae live 2692 2143 1670 1913 748 720 362 

Python sebae skins 14053 25885 22603 10084 16988 7878 1691 

Python sebae skins kg 0 0 0 0 800 0 0 

Python sebae skin pieces 5 0 0 0 1044 7 0 

Python sebae trophies 2 7 7 8 5 2 2 

Python timoriensis live 16 0 4 11 0 0 0 

Boa constrictor bodies 3 1 1 8 0 1 0 

Boa constrictor live 6085 2523 3117 3369 1640 4043 4564 

Boa constrictor skins 9 1 2 0 1 0 40 

Boa constrictor trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Boa constrictor imperator bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Boa constrictor imperator live 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Calabaria reinhardtii bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Calabaria reinhardtii live 854 841 728 1473 1128 1385 908 

Candoia aspera live 522 1106 885 973 1000 1020 828 

Candoia aspera skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Candoia bibroni bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Candoia bibroni live 103 0 50 25 10 30 295 

Candoia carinata bodies 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Candoia carinata live 1126 1578 1274 839 864 1012 1065 

Candoia carinata skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Corallus annulatus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Corallus annulatus live 0.6 0 2 2 0 0 0 

Corallus caninus bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Corallus caninus live 971 714 468 1306 1284 1723 1324 

Corallus cookii live 26 0 0 0 0 25 0 

Corallus hortulanus bodies 1 7 23 1 0 0 0 

Corallus hortulanus live 1832 1587 682 2821 3220 3250 2920 

Epicrates angulifer bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Epicrates angulifer live 3 0 0 0 9 1 0 

Epicrates cenchria bodies 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 

Epicrates cenchria live 303 439 132 521 432 421 465 

Epicrates cenchria skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Epicrates chrysogaster live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Epicrates fordii live 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 

Epicrates gracilis live 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 

Epicrates maurus live 43 2 50 193 36 142 69 

Epicrates striatus bodies 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Epicrates striatus live 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 

Eryx elegans skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Eryx jaculus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Eryx jaculus live 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eryx jayakari live 0 0 0 43 70 190 0 

Eryx johnii live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 

Eryx miliaris live 58 0 200 204 130 125 150 

Eryx tataricus live 10 0 0 50 59 50 40 

Eunectes murinus bodies 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eunectes murinus live 536 493 201 802 650 697 952 

Eunectes murinus skins 0 0 0 0 0 4 40 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 68


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Eunectes notaeus live 7 0 0 0 38 8 121 

Eunectes notaeus skins 13812 21579 26639 8669 3576 2773 2966 

Eunectes notaeus skins m2 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gongylophis colubrinus live 742 0 72 0 2 0 0 

Gongylophis conicus live 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Gongylophis muelleri live 0 0 20 0 0 173 371 

Lichanura trivirgata live 4 10 4 101 8 0 0 

Exiliboa placata bodies 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 

Tropidophis caymanensis skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Tropidophis caymanensis skin pieces 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Tropidophis greenwayi live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Tropidophis haetianus live 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 

Ungaliophis panamensis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Clelia clelia bodies 1 7 4 0 0 0 0 

Clelia clelia live 2 0 0 0 0 0 100 

Cyclagras gigas live 1.6 0 0 2 15 0 37 

Ptyas mucosus bodies 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Ptyas mucosus live 24551.6 3008 7 0 633 15000 10000 

Ptyas mucosus live kg 2300 0 0 0 0 6000 0 

Ptyas mucosus meat kg 4020 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ptyas mucosus skins 225493 514213 335400 99058 5056 0 0 

Ptyas mucosus skins kg 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ptyas mucosus skins m2 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ptyas mucosus skin pieces 24755 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ptyas mucosus skin pieces m2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Naja naja bodies 98.4 402 202 400 201 151 251 

Naja naja bodies kg 329 0 0 50 70 0 0 

Naja naja live 19686 9343 12092 18994 14263 22544 8396 

Naja naja live kg 2380 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Naja naja meat kg 209 260 200 106 70 210 70 

Naja naja skins 55394 22311 5754 3212 3970 2395 2726 

Naja naja skins m2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Naja naja skin pieces 1501 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Naja naja atra live 0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 

Naja naja atra skins 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Naja naja kaouthia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 

Naja naja kaouthia live 5 250 53 5 20 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 69


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Naja naja kaouthia skins 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Naja naja oxiana live 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 

Naja naja sputatrix bodies 0 200 178 375 800 0 0 

Naja naja sputatrix live 7650 24173 7393 210 4748 922 11 

Naja naja sputatrix meat kg 0 0 1500 600 0 0 0 

Naja naja sputatrix skins 109825 142029 128133 124474 125053 127832 48000 

Naja naja sumatrana live 60 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Naja naja sumatrana skins 0 0 0 0 3000 0 0 

Ophiophagus hannah live 309.2 193 195 222 103 119 115 

Ophiophagus hannah skins 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ophiophagus hannah trophies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Vipera wagneri live 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 70


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

AMPHIBIA: AMPHIBIANS 

Ambystoma dumerilii live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ambystoma mexicanum live 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Allobates femoralis bodies 6 0 12 10 0 0 0 

Allobates femoralis live 22 0 0 0 0 0 5 

Dendrobates arboreus live 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates auratus bodies 3 0 0 14 0 0 0 

Dendrobates auratus live 1813 990 171 1046 283 149 900 

Dendrobates azureus live 0 20 0 11 0 0 5 

Dendrobates biolat bodies 0 3 10 10 0 0 0 

Dendrobates fantasticus live 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates galactonotus bodies 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates galactonotus live 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates granulifer bodies 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates granulifer live 4 10 4 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates histrionicus bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates histrionicus live 282.2 100 0 0 25 0 0 

Dendrobates imitator live 0 0 191 501 0 0 0 

Dendrobates lehmanni live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates leucomelas live 2 0 0 0 25 0 5 

Dendrobates pumilio bodies 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates pumilio live 1690 1016 248 850 225 289 0 

Dendrobates quinquevittatus bodies 3 7 17 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates quinquevittatus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates reticulatus live 0 0 423 761 176 0 0 

Dendrobates speciosus live 9 0 20 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates tinctorius bodies 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 

Dendrobates tinctorius live 998 12845 1497 1647 1563 1198 930 

Dendrobates vanzolinii bodies 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates vanzolinii live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dendrobates ventrimaculatus bodies 2.8 1 0 10 0 0 0 

Dendrobates ventrimaculatus live 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 

Epipedobates boulengeri bodies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Epipedobates boulengeri live 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Epipedobates macero bodies 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 

Epipedobates pictus bodies 3 1 2 12 0 0 0 

Epipedobates pictus live 0.2 0 33 1157 204 0 10 

Epipedobates simulans bodies 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Epipedobates tricolor live 137.2 100 0 0 25 10 0 

Epipedobates trivittatus bodies 8 0 0 45 0 0 0 

Epipedobates trivittatus live 58.4 173 542 2379 827 502 581 

Minyobates fulguritus live 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 

Minyobates minutus live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phyllobates bicolor live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phyllobates lugubris live 2 0 4 0 0 4 0 

Phyllobates vittatus bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Phyllobates vittatus live 0 10 36 27 0 0 0 

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus live kg 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus meat 0 0 0 0 0 14967 0 

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus meat kg 236491.896 90977 104223 26010 24005 65000 184986 

Mantella spp. live 0 0 0 60 6760 9683 1420 

Mantella aurantiaca bodies 1 0 8 0 17 5 0 

Mantella aurantiaca live 5684 17506 31463 8039 11505 10325 4780 

Mantella baroni bodies 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Mantella baroni live 0 0 0 0 0 12 10 

Mantella bernhardi live 0 0 0 30 440 1005 650 

Mantella betsileo bodies 0 0 0 0 17 8 14 

Mantella betsileo live 0 0 0 0 1332 3985 1215 

Mantella cowani live 0 0 0 0 425 975 1520 

Mantella crocea bodies 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 71


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Mantella crocea live 0 0 0 0 1157 1770 630 

Mantella expectata live 0 0 0 0 1280 1720 2385 

Mantella haraldmeieri live 0 0 0 0 240 310 380 

Mantella laevigata bodies 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 

Mantella laevigata live 0 0 0 0 2537 2795 1170 

Mantella madagascariensis bodies 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Mantella madagascariensis live 0 0 0 0 6265 8825 5570 

Mantella milotympanum live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1270 

Mantella nigricans bodies 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 

Mantella nigricans live 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 

Mantella pulchra bodies 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Mantella pulchra live 0 0 0 0 3297 4450 2890 

Mantella veronica live 0 0 0 0 155 490 80 

Mantella viridis live 0 0 0 0 1921 3845 2370 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 72


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

ACTINOPTERYGII / SARCOPTERYGII: FISH 

Neoceratodus forsteri bodies 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 

Neoceratodus forsteri live 1.8 0 2 4 4 200 0 

Acipenser spp. bodies kg 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 

Acipenser spp. eggs 0 0 1001 1700 0 0 92 

Acipenser spp. eggs items 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 

Acipenser spp. eggs kg 0 0 9293 5640 318 908 865 

Acipenser spp. live kg 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 

Acipenser spp. meat kg 0 0 45.78 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser baerii eggs kg 0 0 0 0 10 1 3 

Acipenser baerii egg (live) kg 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Acipenser baerii live 0 0 0 0 50000 0 0 

Acipenser baerii live kg 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 

Acipenser baerii meat kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 

Acipenser fulvescens bodies 0 0 1 299 0 162 2 

Acipenser fulvescens bodies shipments 0 0 642 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser fulvescens eggs kg 0 0 0 224 5 0 0 

Acipenser fulvescens egg (live) 0 0 0 0 0 220000 20000 

Acipenser fulvescens live 0 0 560 50000 0 20000 6700 

Acipenser fulvescens meat 0 0 5950 271 2904 54 0 

Acipenser fulvescens meat kg 0 0 13486.43 411620.45 19592 22373.7 42498 

Acipenser fulvescens meat shipments 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii bodies kg 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii eggs 0 0 500 0 0 74 1 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii eggs cans 0 0 0 0 0 916 0 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii eggs kg 0 0 75012 35363 31457 14107 11743 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii egg (live) kg 0 0 0 2 14 0 0 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 3200 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii meat kg 0 0 2053 2954 66592 0 1050 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii skins 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii skins m 0 0 9 46 0 0 0 

Acipenser nudiventris eggs 0 0 0 0 11199.15 0 0 

Acipenser nudiventris eggs kg 0 0 11 1486 1691 3434 299 

Acipenser nudiventris meat kg 0 0 0 0 14000 0 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus bodies 0 0 113 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus bodies kg 0 0 0 0 0 272 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus bodies shipments 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus eggs 0 0 0 4000 0 0 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus eggs kg 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus live 0 0 0 0 0 1325 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus meat 0 0 0 8800 0 0 0 

Acipenser oxyrinchus meat kg 432.182 18548.157 0 15692.65 0 0 500 

Acipenser persicus bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Acipenser persicus bodies kg 0 0 0 0 70 346 0 

Acipenser persicus eggs kg 0 0 8430 47069 33232 40001 27801 

Acipenser persicus egg (live) kg 0 0 0 0 0 306 0 

Acipenser persicus meat kg 0 0 10 28268 15547 22446 938 

Acipenser persicus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Acipenser persicus skins m2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser ruthenus eggs 0 0 0 0 55000 0 0 

Acipenser ruthenus eggs kg 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 

Acipenser ruthenus live 0 0 0 0 0 3500 0 

Acipenser ruthenus live kg 0 0 0 100 0 0 310 

Acipenser schrenckii bodies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Acipenser schrenckii eggs kg 0 0 2837 6273 4356 2620 1756 

Acipenser schrenckii meat kg 0 0 0 0 2085 0 0 

Acipenser stellatus bodies 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 

Acipenser stellatus bodies kg 0 0 4000 422.5 429.86 0 0 

Acipenser stellatus eggs 0 0 476 324 5000 0 4544 

Acipenser stellatus eggs cans 0 0 0 0 0 947 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 73


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Acipenser stellatus eggs kg 0 0 52233 58444 46134 51516 25575 

Acipenser stellatus egg (live) kg 0 0 0 2.5 0 179 0 

Acipenser stellatus meat kg 0 0 9409 15963 122850 42675 120 

Acipenser stellatus skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Acipenser stellatus skins m 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser stellatus skins m2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acipenser transmontanus eggs 0 0 0 80000 20000 50000 0 

Acipenser transmontanus eggs kg 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 

Acipenser transmontanus egg (live) 0 0 0 0 0 10000 0 

Acipenser transmontanus live 0 0 155 0 0 2940 44000 

Acipenser transmontanus meat kg 0 0 67 1762 68 0 0 

Huso dauricus eggs 0 0 0 0 0 705 0 

Huso dauricus eggs kg 0 0 6139 7179 5477 4450 2433 

Huso dauricus meat kg 0 0 0 0 8000 0 0 

Huso huso bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Huso huso bodies kg 0 0 12750 3203 0 500 0 

Huso huso eggs 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Huso huso eggs cans 0 0 0 0 0 3562 0 

Huso huso eggs kg 0 0 10362 9738 18352 14224 9911 

Huso huso egg (live) kg 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 

Huso huso meat 0 0 0 15 37 0 0 

Huso huso meat kg 0 0 17230 90663 45719 26081 21434 

Huso huso skins 0 0 22 0 0 0 20 

Huso huso skins m 0 0 9.941 0 0 0 0 

Huso huso skins m2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus eggs 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Polyodon spathula eggs 30000 0 150000 0 326 0 0 

Polyodon spathula eggs kg 0 0 4 0 3066 1947 2174 

Polyodon spathula live 2062 0 21000 0 0 0 0 

Polyodon spathula meat kg 85.4 0 0 0 0 60 21 

Arapaima gigas bodies 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Arapaima gigas live 412 0 0 0 81 68 173 

Arapaima gigas meat kg 6174 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caecobarbus geertsi live 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 74


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

ARTHROPODA / ANNELIDA / MOLLUSCA / CNIDARIA: INVERTEBRATES 

Bhutanitis lidderdalii bodies 0 0 0 0 141 0 220 

Bhutanitis mansfieldi bodies 0 0 0 0 141 0 380 

Bhutanitis thaidina bodies 0 0 0 0 141 0 370 

Bhutanitis yulongensis bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Ornithoptera spp. bodies 130 230 0 1 40 70 0 

Ornithoptera aesacus bodies 0.2 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Ornithoptera caelestis bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ornithoptera chimaera bodies 0.8 23 116 20 16 0 4 

Ornithoptera chimaera raw corals 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Ornithoptera croesus bodies 12 20 115 195 20 0 0 

Ornithoptera goliath bodies 98 64 267 40 26 2 19 

Ornithoptera goliath live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Ornithoptera goliath samson bodies 0 12 50 0 0 0 0 

Ornithoptera meridionalis bodies 0 2 53 0 11 0 4 

Ornithoptera paradisea bodies 41 32 37 0 2 0 4 

Ornithoptera paradisea live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Ornithoptera priamus bodies 270 343 152 291 496 76 610 

Ornithoptera priamus live 0.2 0 0 0 4 100 0 

Ornithoptera priamus demophanes bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ornithoptera priamus euphorion bodies 13.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ornithoptera priamus poseidon bodies 89 29 150 1000 997 307 40 

Ornithoptera priamus poseidon live 60 0 400 0 100 0 100 

Ornithoptera rothschildi bodies 168 92 10 120 580 0 0 

Ornithoptera tithonus bodies 64 30 16 20 26 0 0 

Ornithoptera urvillianus bodies 0 0 0 0 0 100 120 

Ornithoptera victoriae bodies 56.4 0 0 12 18 2 46 

Ornithoptera victoriae live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Parnassius apollo bodies 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 

Parnassius apollo live 4 5 10 5 0 0 0 

Teinopalpus spp. bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Teinopalpus imperialis bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 116 

Trogonoptera brookiana bodies 772 368 2444 2442 920 10 1425 

Trogonoptera brookiana eggs 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Trogonoptera brookiana live 23 99 872 0 210 14 0 

Trogonoptera brookiana albescens bodies 109 0 17 0 920 0 0 

Trogonoptera brookiana albescens live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Trogonoptera trojana bodies 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Troides aeacus bodies 116.6 0 40 0 50 1 109 

Troides amphrysus bodies 48 63 50 20 90 76 16 

Troides amphrysus ruficollis bodies 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 

Troides andromache bodies 16 0 0 1 0 44 0 

Troides cuneifer bodies 8 20 40 3 76 0 0 

Troides cuneifer peninsulae bodies 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 

Troides haliphron bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Troides helena bodies 168 0 271 140 160 1 0 

Troides helena live 76.6 147 467 107 81 374 165 

Troides helena cerberus bodies 6 0 0 0 40 0 0 

Troides hypolitus bodies 10 8 0 60 0 0 0 

Troides miranda bodies 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 

Troides oblongomaculatus bodies 94.8 105 99 800 590 4 0 

Troides oblongomaculatus live 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 

Troides oblongomaculatus papuensis bodies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Troides plato bodies 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 

Troides rhadamantus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 

Troides vandepolli bodies 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 

Brachypelma spp. bodies 0 0 62 71 0 2 1 

Brachypelma spp. live 161 500 650 0 119 391 156 

Brachypelma albopilosum live 476 2404 2665 6128 1562 664 2579 

Brachypelma auratum bodies 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 

Brachypelma boehmei bodies 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 75


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Brachypelma boehmei live 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 

Brachypelma smithi bodies 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 

Brachypelma smithi live 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 

Brachypelma vagans bodies 0 0 0 39 100 6 0 

Brachypelma vagans live 0 0 0 0 402 0 0 

Brachypelmides klaasi bodies 0 0 0 0 0 960 0 

Brachypelmides klaasi live 0 0 0 0 0 290 0 

Pandinus spp. live 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pandinus dictator bodies 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Pandinus dictator live 0 200 350 0 34 0 0 

Pandinus gambiensis live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Pandinus imperator bodies 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 

Pandinus imperator live 18213 55681 60647 71343 62130 97878 124400 

Hirudo medicinalis bodies 30 0 0 0 5600 0 0 

Hirudo medicinalis bodies kg 3121 4944 5400 500 5675 4150 1550 

Hirudo medicinalis live 70146 106030 4895 200 150 500 0 

Hirudo medicinalis live kg 1770 1639 1199 1374 1655 1515 2640 

Tridacnidae spp. live 397 0 1441 21987 39192 0 0 

Tridacnidae spp. meat 57 4679 0 4728 3174 8099 8341 

Tridacnidae spp. meat kg 732.1 0 7720 22 0 0 25 

Tridacnidae spp. shells 1506 2362 732 294 54 216 304 

Tridacnidae spp. shells kg 1410.46 4 0 0 2 0 0 

Hippopus spp. live 18 0 0 2 0 0 4 

Hippopus spp. shells 5465.4 0 40 2 8 1 23 

Hippopus hippopus bodies kg 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 

Hippopus hippopus live 461 366 209 207 151 361 354 

Hippopus hippopus live kg 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 

Hippopus hippopus shells 28094 99 5235 828 982 1084 1025 

Hippopus hippopus shells kg 4798 0 0 0 1000 0 0 

Hippopus porcellanus live 0.2 21 0 0 0 0 0 

Hippopus porcellanus shells 6685 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hippopus porcellanus shells kg 919 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna spp. live 1653 1520 7651 8935 133 3 47 

Tridacna spp. live kg 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 

Tridacna spp. meat kg 2400 44 20 25 6 5 0 

Tridacna spp. shells 3308 27 4333 84 32 88 147 

Tridacna spp. shells kg 59 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Tridacna crocea live 46959 11598 61310 47650 57186 66220 46704 

Tridacna crocea live kg 152 0 218 0 266 0 100 

Tridacna crocea meat 11102.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna crocea meat kg 48551 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna crocea shells 30067.3 150 323 69 763 345 257 

Tridacna crocea shells bags 1244 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna crocea shells kg 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Tridacna derasa live 6816 12048 13050 10950 11083 7268 2356 

Tridacna derasa live kg 0 217 3 0 75 89 0 

Tridacna derasa meat 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna derasa shells 75 146 105 93 237 310 193 

Tridacna derasa shells kg 0 12 0 0 0 11000 0 

Tridacna gigas bodies 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna gigas live 1355 920 330 474 486 9 165 

Tridacna gigas live kg 207.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna gigas meat kg 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna gigas shells 138.4 3 16 35 29 14 13 

Tridacna gigas shells kg 3720 0 0 0 29000 0 0 

Tridacna maxima bodies 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna maxima live 5336 17145 26627 23872 24306 22760 20833 

Tridacna maxima live kg 69 273 165 264 286 516 100 

Tridacna maxima shells 958 6299 29013 19961 2517 15691 4384 

Tridacna maxima shells kg 2000 64000 24000 18565 22000 22500 0 

Tridacna squamosa live 2455 3782 5009 9540 26065 15851 18431 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 76


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Tridacna squamosa live kg 0 4 0 0 181 10000 0 

Tridacna squamosa meat kg 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tridacna squamosa shells 20112 75 366 259 302 284 325 

Tridacna squamosa shells kg 6688 0 0 0 17004 4500 10000 

Papustyla pulcherrima shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Strombus spp. shells 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 

Strombus gigas bodies 62940 0 1 2 0 9580 0 

Strombus gigas live 30002 29194 24519 40987 12 1 2272 

Strombus gigas live kg 28113.8942 178 24018 51718 9792 2041 6841 

Strombus gigas meat 49461 4673 102452 0 127635 187950 244 

Strombus gigas meat cases 33.8 0 0 0 0 400 0 

Strombus gigas meat kg 1196924 2445315 2569943 2601532 1624160 2753354 2465374 

Strombus gigas meat pounds 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 

Strombus gigas meat shipments 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Strombus gigas shells 155044 158975 156650 237954 283081 338641 224886 

Strombus gigas shells kg 11468 22720 136 17454 7973 5274 11483 

Antipatharia spp. raw corals kg 15425 45 194 1662 13 684 9284 

Antipatharia spp. raw corals pieces 0 17000 0 0 0 0 0 

Antipatharia spp. live 10.8 139 128 184 10 1 0 

Antipathes spp. raw corals kg 10124 10357 5 1 2 1 1 

Antipathes spp. live 0 3 0 0 20 0 0 

Antipathes abies raw corals kg 4636 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Antipathes crispa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.61 

Antipathes densa raw corals kg 2578 87 4814 32366 0 6 2 

Antipathes densa raw corals sets 349 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Antipathes densa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 5236 

Antipathes dichotoma raw corals kg 0.232 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Antipathes japonica raw corals kg 22638 6 3656 818 0 0 0 

Antipathes japonica raw corals sets 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aphanipathes spp. live 320 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bathypathes spp. raw corals flasks 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Bathypathes spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Bathypathes scoparia live 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 

Cirrhipathes anguina raw corals kg 1943 97119 6886 182 0 29 0 

Cirrhipathes anguina raw corals pieces 0 9000 0 0 0 0 0 

Cirrhipathes anguina live 334 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cirrhipathes contorta raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 605 0 0 

Cladopathes spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Cladopathes spp. live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Parantipathes spp. raw corals flasks 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Parantipathes spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Schizopathes spp. raw corals flasks 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Schizopathes spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.16 

Sibopathes spp. live 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Stichopathes spp. live 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 

Stichopathes gracilis live 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Stichopathes longispina live 0 1 0 7 10 0.2061 0 

Scleractinia spp. bodies 0 0 0 0 137 0 0 

Scleractinia spp. raw corals kg 475520 648669 989154 1219132 1394773 1666139 2224591 

Scleractinia spp. raw corals m 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 

Scleractinia spp. raw corals shipments 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Scleractinia spp. live 365815 538100 402809 587512 426126 610897 106589 

Scleractinia spp. live shipments 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Actinastrea spp. raw corals kg 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Stephanocoenia intersepta live 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 

Stylocoeniella spp. raw corals kg 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Stylocoeniella spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 

Pocilloporidae spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 

Pocilloporidae spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Madracis spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

Madracis decactis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 77


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Madracis decactis shells 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 

Madracis mirabilis raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0.58 3.48 2.9 

Madracis mirabilis live 0 0 0 0 1 40 73 

Palauastrea spp. live 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Pocillopora spp. raw corals kg 163716 51061 35074 61371 14931 46284 7863 

Pocillopora spp. live 3783.2 7726.7477 15080 4860 6624.6867 2820.549 3779 

Pocillopora capitata raw corals kg 1525 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pocillopora capitata live 0 0 3 0 0 58 0 

Pocillopora clavaria live 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 

Pocillopora damicornis raw corals kg 61301 3679 18747 31957 29115 8002 1178 

Pocillopora damicornis live 232 2253 0 3214 5019 5214 2172 

Pocillopora damicornis shells 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Pocillopora eydouxi raw corals kg 16488 903 25310 27719 38761 27237 5991 

Pocillopora eydouxi live 239.2 599 1247 1869.995 101 318 132 

Pocillopora ligulata raw corals kg 2900 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pocillopora ligulata live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Pocillopora meandrina raw corals kg 203 1 3527 18631 12342 8800 4640 

Pocillopora meandrina live 214 0 0 1948 0 0 0 

Pocillopora solida live 0 900 0 0 0 0 0 

Pocillopora verrucosa raw corals kg 66039 20581 17940 37095 37241 53508 21281 

Pocillopora verrucosa live 629 1967 0 2021 3037 3341 1664 

Pocillopora verrucosa shells 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 

Seriatopora spp. raw corals kg 10858 1068 12484 531 200 2136 176 

Seriatopora spp. live 485.8 2248.8244 2210 3386 3135.3891 2785.8235 2143.9159 

Seriatopora caliendrum raw corals kg 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Seriatopora caliendrum live 0 0 0 0 414 0 0 

Seriatopora guttatus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Seriatopora hystrix raw corals kg 6422 3161 2442 663 900 1459 1193 

Seriatopora hystrix live 128 363 608 769 1683 1334 552 

Seriatopora lineata live 0 0 0 607 0 0 0 

Stylophora spp. raw corals kg 15308 4198 16421 5250 3029 1940 2068 

Stylophora spp. live 1344.8 2922.8854 3553 4521 3697.1599 2273.1137 1742.4122 

Stylophora compressa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Stylophora compressa live 0 0 0 0 713 0 0 

Stylophora pistillata raw corals kg 13312 1533 998 2349 1100 558 155 

Stylophora pistillata live 639.6 648 0 698 1307 1614 986 

Acroporidae spp. raw corals kg 19 0 0 0 5 30 3 

Acroporidae spp. live 4.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora spp. raw corals kg 95397 39669 25016 20070 18581 12171 28829 

Acropora spp. live 24683.64636 39076.242 54138.677 50784 50708.114 52513.539 76559.392 

Acropora spp. shells 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 

Acropora spp. shells kg 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 

Acropora aculeus live 1 0 0 0 0 80 80 

Acropora acuminata live 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora aspera live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora austera raw corals kg 17.748 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora austera live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora brueggemanni raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora brueggemanni live 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 

Acropora carduus live 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora caroliniana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Acropora cerealis raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora cerealis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 

Acropora cervicornis raw corals kg 15355 145 1740 3192 8584 3527 17 

Acropora cervicornis live 9 2 0 3 16 90 113 

Acropora cervicornis shells 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 

Acropora clathrata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 

Acropora clathrata live 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora cuneata raw corals kg 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora cuneata live 126.8 0 0 0 0 81 80 

Acropora cytherea raw corals kg 6060 194 1600 4060 150 5 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 78


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Acropora cytherea live 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

Acropora danai raw corals kg 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora dendrum raw corals kg 643 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora dendrum live 132 0 15 0 9 0 0 

Acropora digitifera raw corals kg 70.76 382.22 144.42 42.34 71.34 706.78 30.74 

Acropora digitifera live 42 303 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora digitifera shells 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 

Acropora divaricata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora divaricata live 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 30 

Acropora donei live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora echinata raw corals kg 8808 842 1593 1152 0 459 140 

Acropora echinata live 206 77 181 0 0 109 130 

Acropora elseyi live 0 6 0 0 0 0 50 

Acropora florida raw corals kg 14059 244 16647 5754 8780 7216 1400 

Acropora florida live 35.6 85 0 350.37 0 600 0 

Acropora formosa raw corals kg 355 0 1 6 520 36 0 

Acropora formosa live 0.6 6 0 8969 10686 11430 6433 

Acropora gemmifera raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Acropora gemmifera live 0.4 0 0 0 0 600 60 

Acropora grandis raw corals kg 41 30 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora grandis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora granulosa raw corals kg 255 828 332 0 448 1 9 

Acropora granulosa live 0 383 148 0 0 0 50 

Acropora horrida live 0 6 0 0 0 148 116 

Acropora humilis raw corals kg 8937.452 3343.7 5031.3 2478.34 1432.6 1669 538.24 

Acropora humilis live 68 800 0 7708 10657 10351 4174 

Acropora hyacinthus raw corals kg 571.3 734.86 7309.68 818.96 2005.64 238.74 95.12 

Acropora hyacinthus live 153 1691 416 12880 14332 15367 5703 

Acropora implicata live 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 

Acropora indonesia live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora kirstyae live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora latistella raw corals kg 115 302 8080 9016 16559 3357 1008 

Acropora latistella live 0 0 197 0 156 0 0 

Acropora listeri live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Acropora longicyathus raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora longicyathus live 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 

Acropora loripes live 0.6 0 0 0 200 0 198 

Acropora microclados raw corals kg 48 335 423 512 1406 1069 75 

Acropora microclados live 0.4 0 200 0 240 0 0 

Acropora microphthalma raw corals kg 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora microphthalma live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora millepora raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora millepora live 1 6 0 10 0 182 767 

Acropora monticulosa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Acropora nana live 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora nasuta raw corals kg 10266 930 6425 3240 2000 942 1556 

Acropora nasuta live 227.2 0 100 0 0 0 0 

Acropora nobilis raw corals kg 4756 579 9380 3480 1277 4000 1518 

Acropora nobilis live 182.8 684 349 100 206 87 81 

Acropora palifera raw corals kg 3290 1866 9202 512 530 487 777 

Acropora palifera live 120 1306 305 756 0 307 1 

Acropora palmata raw corals kg 128 145 0 1 1 30 3 

Acropora palmata live 13.2 1 0 3 468 45.1525 333 

Acropora palmerae live 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 

Acropora paniculata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora pharaonis live 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 

Acropora pocilloporina live 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Acropora polystoma live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora prolifera raw corals kg 0 145 0 0 0 0 88.74 

Acropora pulchra raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 10000 0 0 

Acropora pulchra live 0.8 6 0 0 0 0 605 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 79


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Acropora pumila live 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 

Acropora rambleri live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora retusa raw corals kg 407 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora retusa live 164 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora robusta raw corals kg 3600 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora robusta live 0 0 0 0 0 114 85 

Acropora samoensis raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Acropora samoensis live 2.4 0 0 0 0 0 192 

Acropora sarmentosa live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora secale live 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora selago raw corals kg 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora selago live 0.4 0 0 0 80 5 0 

Acropora spicifera raw corals kg 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora spicifera live 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora squarrosa raw corals kg 1322 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora subglabra raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 203 0 

Acropora subulata live 1 0 0 0 0 88 81 

Acropora tenella live 0 0 123 0 0 0 0 

Acropora tenuis raw corals kg 2145 93 0 1 0 0 0 

Acropora tenuis live 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acropora tortuosa live 0 0 0 0 10 101 83 

Acropora valencennesii raw corals kg 0 0 12.18 0 0 11.02 0 

Acropora valencennesii live 0 0 0 0 0 80 106 

Acropora valida raw corals kg 1000 23780 0 0 0 0 87 

Acropora valida live 0 40 0 200 0 107 370 

Acropora vaughani raw corals kg 1689 209 2132 41 465 1645 854 

Acropora vaughani live 140 16 0 0 0 97 0 

Acropora willisae raw corals kg 0.232 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Anacropora spp. raw corals kg 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Anacropora spp. live 17 2 0 0 0 10 0 

Anacropora forbesi live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Astreopora spp. raw corals kg 1.276 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Astreopora spp. live 0 2 0 0 0 15 4 

Montipora spp. raw corals kg 3982 215 2000 4015 49 47 87 

Montipora spp. live 908 6652 7510 7447 7134 8391 8304 

Montipora aequituberculata raw corals kg 1395 67 9332 3915 5422 300 0 

Montipora aequituberculata live 7 129 0 237 0 0 0 

Montipora caliculata live 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 

Montipora capricornis raw corals kg 403 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Montipora capricornis live 171 47 0 0 0 7 0 

Montipora digitata raw corals kg 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 

Montipora digitata live 1.2 10 0 0 100 117 487 

Montipora efflorescens live 0 0 0 0 128 747 146 

Montipora effusa live 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 

Montipora floweri live 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Montipora foliosa raw corals kg 0 0 1000 2140 81 12 0 

Montipora foliosa live 0 0 0 1083 2218 2408 831 

Montipora foveolata live 0 0 0 60 0 40 40 

Montipora informis live 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 

Montipora monasteriata live 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 

Montipora tuberculosa raw corals kg 435 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Montipora tuberculosa live 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 

Montipora venosa raw corals kg 0 2923 0 0 0 0 0 

Montipora verrucosa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 28 0 15 

Montipora verrucosa live 0 0 0 679 1731 1935 580 

Agariciidae spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 

Agaricia spp. raw corals kg 35 0 0 2 1 1 2 

Agaricia spp. live 41 30 0 10 4 5 0 

Agaricia agaricites raw corals kg 0 145 0 3 1 7 25 

Agaricia agaricites live 0.2 0 0 209 26 130 160 

Agaricia fragilis raw corals kg 0 145 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 80


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Agaricia fragilis live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Agaricia grahamae live 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 

Agaricia humilis raw corals kg 3.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Agaricia humilis live 6 0 30 0 2 3 1035 

Agaricia lamarcki raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.34 

Agaricia lamarcki live 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 

Agaricia tenuifolia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Agaricia undata raw corals kg 0 145 0 0 0 0 0 

Agaricia undata live 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 

Coeloseris spp. raw corals kg 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Coeloseris mayeri raw corals kg 30.68 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gardineroseris spp. raw corals kg 6 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Gardineroseris planulata raw corals kg 7.772 2.32 0 0 0 0 0 

Helioseris cucullata live 0 0 0 0 22 0 1 

Leptoseris spp. raw corals kg 4.64 0 58 0 0 5.22 0 

Leptoseris spp. live 0 20 17 102 163 386 639 

Leptoseris amitoriensis live 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Leptoseris foliosa live 0 0 0 0 0 95 100 

Leptoseris mycetoseroides live 0 0 0 0 8 0 2 

Leptoseris tenuis live 0 26 11 0 0 0 0 

Pachyseris spp. raw corals kg 95.236 136.3 102.08 190.82 96.28 143.84 29.58 

Pachyseris spp. live 93 796 1384 1870 1821 1115 1823 

Pachyseris rugosa raw corals kg 967.44 12.18 10.44 17.98 10.44 105.24 0 

Pachyseris rugosa live 58 0 0 60 120 99 55 

Pachyseris speciosa raw corals kg 0 0.58 0 0 0 0 0 

Pachyseris speciosa live 0 41 15 0 0 4 1 

Pavona spp. raw corals kg 4671 325 1189 199 461 730 206 

Pavona spp. live 1525 1858 2217 2716 2154 3209 3211 

Pavona cactus raw corals kg 1172 139 0 160 226 495 0 

Pavona cactus live 78 0 0 857 219 69 160 

Pavona clavus raw corals kg 28.652 0.58 87 0.58 2.9 182.7 0 

Pavona clavus live 3 280 193 70 0 0 0 

Pavona decussata raw corals kg 969.644 0 0.58 4.06 0 10.44 1.16 

Pavona decussata live 23 13 0 84 24 175 162 

Pavona explanulata raw corals kg 0.232 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pavona frondifera raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Pavona gigantea raw corals kg 15 0 0 0 9 0 0 

Pavona gigantea live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pavona maldivensis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Pavona minuta live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Pavona varians raw corals kg 11.832 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pavona varians live 3 0 0 0 4 124 2 

Pavona venosa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Coscinastrea spp. raw corals kg 1 28 8 3 0 0 0 

Coscinastrea spp. live 0.4 24 2 0 0 0 0 

Coscinastrea columna live 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 

Coscinastrea exesa raw corals kg 2 12 0 0 0 0 0 

Coscinastrea exesa live 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 

Plesioseris spp. live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammocora spp. raw corals kg 38 2 46 0 0 0 0 

Psammocora spp. live 0.8 6 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammocora contigua raw corals kg 602 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammocora profundacella live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Psammocora stellata raw corals kg 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammocora stellata live 6.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Psammocora superficialis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Siderastrea spp. raw corals kg 0 0 2 0 0 0 80 

Siderastrea spp. live 17 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Siderastrea radians raw corals kg 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 

Siderastrea radians live 0 0 0 0 2 80 55 

Siderastrea siderea raw corals kg 0 0 0 69.85 0 6.38 5.8 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 81


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Siderastrea siderea live 4 0 0 0 10 40 80 

Fungiidae spp. raw corals kg 1.624 0 0 0 1.74 1.16 1.16 

Fungiidae spp. live 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Cantharellus spp. raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cantharellus spp. live 0 0 0 1 30 0 0 

Ctenactis spp. raw corals kg 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ctenactis spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Ctenactis albitentaculata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Ctenactis echinata raw corals kg 3700 12 3456 0 0 0 0 

Ctenactis echinata live 11.2 0 0 0 0 40 40 

Fungia spp. raw corals kg 226786 5949 220 207 47851 162566 102 

Fungia spp. live 3239.4 6308.6793 8313 7901.2819 8462.5037 10080.214 8467 

Fungia spp. shells 0 0 0 0 69 0 0 

Fungia concinna raw corals kg 365.4 0 0.58 0 0 40.52 0 

Fungia concinna live 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 

Fungia distorta raw corals kg 705.86 0 0 0 21000 0 0 

Fungia distorta live 8 0 0 0 40 0 0 

Fungia fungites raw corals kg 87887.4 0 0 80.62 385.7 181.54 145.58 

Fungia fungites live 2 0 0 138 8346 9007 4218 

Fungia horrida raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fungia horrida live 0 0 0 50 0 60 40 

Fungia moluccensis raw corals kg 0 0 1 0 249 0 0 

Fungia moluccensis live 0 0 0 0 6120 6992 2753 

Fungia paumotensis raw corals kg 0 0 0 8.7 120.06 11.6 46.4 

Fungia paumotensis live 0 0 0 5893 6532 7065 2608 

Fungia repanda raw corals kg 5348.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fungia repanda live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Fungia scabra live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Fungia scruposa live 0 0 0 0 0 6 40 

Fungia scutaria raw corals kg 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Fungia scutaria live 0 0 0 0 550 60 66 

Halomitra spp. raw corals kg 1214 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Halomitra spp. live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Halomitra pileus live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Heliofungia spp. raw corals kg 21246 2860 150 1299 57 20 47 

Heliofungia spp. live 15497 22687 42229 25415 17468 19248.388 14697 

Heliofungia actiniformis raw corals kg 1136 0 0 128 2196 55 99 

Heliofungia actiniformis live 85 59 100 52673 53404 58629 20095 

Herpolitha spp. raw corals kg 3190 36 0 0 0 4 17 

Herpolitha spp. live 556 308 840 62 46 349 284 

Herpolitha limax raw corals kg 436 0 0 95 166 187 158 

Herpolitha limax live 0 0 15 1092 2197 2317 309 

Herpolitha weberi live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Lithophyllon spp. raw corals kg 66.236 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lithophyllon spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 

Lithophyllon undulatum raw corals kg 3.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Podabacia spp. raw corals kg 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Podabacia spp. live 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Polyphyllia spp. raw corals kg 6630 202 39 10 18 116 44 

Polyphyllia spp. live 2895 3265 5783 12056 3665 2668 2860 

Polyphyllia novaehiberniae live 0 0 0 0 30 0 1 

Polyphyllia talpina raw corals kg 1 0 0 6 43 26 9 

Polyphyllia talpina live 3 0 0 8160 8858 9821 2639 

Sandalolitha spp. raw corals kg 1116.732 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sandalolitha robusta raw corals kg 2114 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zoopilus spp. raw corals kg 1.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zoopilus spp. live 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 

Fungiacyathus spp. live 14.8 104 10 0 0 2.2061 0 

Poritidae spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 1 18 6 

Alveopora spp. raw corals kg 5 0 0 0 0 0 29 

Alveopora spp. live 66 40 30 79 37 224 58 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 82


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Alveopora catalai live 1 0 0 0 25 45 50 

Alveopora verrilliana live 2 0 0 0 0 0 30 

Goniopora spp. raw corals kg 42339.188 10433.04 303.34 472.12 222.72 14003.74 133.98 

Goniopora spp. live 40376 51877 108770 47533 39649 43793 36033 

Goniopora arbuscula live 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 

Goniopora columna live 0 0 2 85 0 73 75 

Goniopora djiboutiensis live 0 0 0 160 0 35 75 

Goniopora fruticosa live 0 0 0 0 0 70 300 

Goniopora lobata raw corals kg 18 0 0 74 1849 41 143 

Goniopora lobata live 186 0 100 40982 44876 45906 19120 

Goniopora minor raw corals kg 0 0 0 56 2144 17 32 

Goniopora minor live 0 0 0 41618 43140 47890 21111 

Goniopora norfolkensis live 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 

Goniopora palmensis live 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 

Goniopora reptans live 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Goniopora stokesi raw corals kg 38 0 0 99 3237 0 127 

Goniopora stokesi live 0 0 1 40628 43742 47892 17596 

Goniopora tenuidens live 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 

Porites spp. raw corals kg 23134 2743 160 11809 3704 59 55 

Porites spp. live 10492 12846 25221 10988 9885 9663 7779 

Porites astreoides raw corals kg 0 0 0 2 0 8 13 

Porites astreoides live 10 2 10 10 281 50 98 

Porites attenuata live 0 0 0 0 50 0 30 

Porites australiensis raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Porites branneri live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Porites californica live 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Porites cumulatus live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Porites cylindrica raw corals kg 0 0 0 12 632 25 44 

Porites cylindrica live 1.2 6 0 12751 14865 16008 5983 

Porites divaricata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 

Porites divaricata live 0 2 0 0 0 40 80 

Porites furcata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 

Porites furcata live 0 0 0 0 0 40 80 

Porites lichen raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 292 20 3 

Porites lichen live 0 6 0 6273 7320 7992 2667 

Porites lobata raw corals kg 2 0 1 4 151 0 0 

Porites lobata live 2.4 6 0 1491 2680 3000 1091 

Porites lutea raw corals kg 49 0 0 0 125 11 24 

Porites lutea live 1.4 1 0 752 1707 1988 526 

Porites negrosensis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 

Porites nigrescens raw corals kg 0 0 0 11.6 566.08 0 20.3 

Porites nigrescens live 0 0 0 7326 8547 9892 2960 

Porites nodifera live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Porites panamensis raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 

Porites porites raw corals kg 0 0 0 13 0 7 9 

Porites porites live 3 1 0 3 26 50 83 

Porites rus live 0 0 0 0 170 0 0 

Porites stephensoni live 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Porites vaughani live 0 0 0 0 0 0 160 

Faviidae spp. raw corals kg 3 31 2 0 45 111 124 

Faviidae spp. live 1.8 54.4104 53 18 12 0 0 

Australogyra spp. raw corals kg 0 7 0 0 0 0 29 

Australogyra spp. live 17 272 209 383 1918 565 139 

Australogyra zelli live 0 0 0 0 0 54 64 

Barabattoia spp. raw corals kg 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Barabattoia spp. live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Barabattoia amicorum live 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caulastraea spp. raw corals kg 3777 1659 139 49 176 32 41 

Caulastraea spp. live 1362.44732 8478 16809 11843 8147.8087 9324.9002 8457 

Caulastrea curvata live 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 

Caulastraea echinulata raw corals kg 0 0 0 10.44 288.26 37.7 32.48 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 83


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Caulastraea echinulata live 0 0 0 8167 8871 9634 4592 

Caulastraea furcata raw corals kg 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caulastraea furcata live 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caulastraea tumida raw corals kg 0 0 0 6 493 15 77 

Caulastraea tumida live 1 0 0 11353 12558 13997 5987 

Coelastrea tenuis live 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Colpophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Colpophyllia natans raw corals kg 0 0 0 12.18 0 0 0 

Colpophyllia natans live 0 0 0 3 12 0 3 

Cyphastrea spp. raw corals kg 386.86 0 0 0 6.96 0 0 

Cyphastrea spp. live 0 22 31 0 0 17 6 

Cyphastrea serailia live 0 0 0 336 288 486 153 

Diploastrea spp. raw corals kg 55 0 95 0 1 0 15 

Diploastrea spp. live 22 22 24 27 126 213 320 

Diploastrea heliopora live 0 0 0 247 251 485 245 

Diploria spp. raw corals kg 0.812 0 0 0.58 1.74 2.32 16.82 

Diploria spp. live 8 0 0 18 9 55 0 

Diploria clivosa live 0.2 0 0 0 0 40 60 

Diploria labyrinthiformis raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 

Diploria labyrinthiformis live 3.4 1 0 6 13 40 80 

Diploria strigosa raw corals kg 1 0 1 1 0 4 3 

Diploria strigosa live 5 0 0 4 3 40 70 

Echinopora spp. raw corals kg 521 115 73 21 100 12 10 

Echinopora spp. live 20 126 176 3 2 0 1 

Echinopora fruticulosa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Echinopora gemmacea raw corals kg 0 0 0 1500 0 0 0 

Echinopora lamellosa raw corals kg 17 90 0 119 768 473 104 

Echinopora lamellosa live 21.2 165 0 0 0 1 1 

Echinopora pacificus raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 

Favia spp. raw corals kg 6908.264 929.74 21931.01 23.78 37.04 1.16 32 

Favia spp. live 3492 4521 9190 5322 3151 4012 3516 

Favia elongata skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Favia favus live 0 38 12 0 20 85 68 

Favia fragum raw corals kg 0 0 29 0 0 6 12 

Favia fragum live 17 0 0 0 3 40 90 

Favia gravida live 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 

Favia matthaii live 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Favia maxima raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Favia maxima live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Favia pallida raw corals kg 0 0 0 1.16 171.68 29 16.24 

Favia pallida live 0 0 0 4216 5657 5910 2662 

Favia speciosa live 3.8 20 0 22 10000 17 0 

Favia stelligera live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Favia veroni live 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 

Favites spp. raw corals kg 5506 745 84 17 53 26 42 

Favites spp. live 3661 5726 8806 7944 5404 5292 5403 

Favites abdita raw corals kg 15 0 0 2 140 0 0 

Favites abdita live 0 0 0 5376 5179 5757 1845 

Favites flexuosa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Favites flexuosa live 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Favites halicora live 1 0 0 0 30 228 88 

Favites russelli live 0 0 0 0 0 10 120 

Favites stylifera live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Goniastrea spp. raw corals kg 479.08 1.74 0.68 20 15.08 0 1 

Goniastrea spp. live 76 306 641 1828 1153 2019 1094 

Goniastrea aspera raw corals kg 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Goniastrea aspera live 0 5 0 0 0 30 0 

Goniastrea palauensis live 0 0 0 50 0 0 20 

Goniastrea pectinata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 

Goniastrea pectinata live 0.2 0 0 300 393 482 93 

Goniastrea retiformis raw corals kg 91 0 1 0 6 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 84


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Goniastrea retiformis live 0 0 0 418 362 489 145 

Leptastrea spp. raw corals kg 654 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Leptastrea spp. live 14.2 0 0 0 2 0 21 

Leptastrea bottae live 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 

Leptastrea purpurea live 0 6 0 0 10000 0 0 

Leptastrea transversa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Leptoria spp. raw corals kg 56 16 211 23 24 60 0 

Leptoria spp. live 39 405 15 0 43 0 475 

Leptoria phrygia raw corals kg 2708.832 262.16 268.54 54.52 9252 300 23.2 

Leptoria phrygia live 0 493 132 0 0 0 0 

Manicina areolata raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 5.22 4.64 

Manicina areolata live 0 2 0 40 11 40 80 

Montastraea spp. raw corals kg 928 108.46 0 1.16 1.74 11.6 7.54 

Montastraea spp. live 932 2050 4179 2724 2156 1477 1446 

Montastraea annularis raw corals kg 32 0 0 13 1 6 13 

Montastraea annularis live 10 2 6 103 125 159 92 

Montastraea annuligera raw corals kg 0 0 0 18 34 26 21 

Montastraea annuligera live 0 0 0 2368 2610 2840 1006 

Montastraea cavernosa raw corals kg 24.2 0 0 11.6 0 6.96 5.8 

Montastraea cavernosa live 20 2 15 29 86 40 83 

Montastraea curta raw corals kg 0 0 0 0.58 0 0 0 

Montastraea curta live 0 0 0 0 30 0 1 

Montastraea faveolata raw corals kg 0 0 0 11.6 0 0 0 

Montastraea faveolata live 0 0 5 328 30 50 3 

Montastraea franksi raw corals kg 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 

Montastraea franksi live 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 

Montastraea magnistellata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Montastraea valenciennesii raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 19 9 10 

Montastraea valenciennesii live 0 0 0 2861 3047 3859 1484 

Moseleya spp. raw corals kg 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Oulastrea spp. raw corals kg 31.436 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Oulophyllia spp. raw corals kg 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Oulophyllia spp. live 18 0 0 2 0 0 1 

Oulophyllia bennettae live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Oulophyllia crispa raw corals kg 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Oulophyllia crispa live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Platygyra spp. raw corals kg 2864 10 57 19 102 61 35 

Platygyra spp. live 458 1505 1711 2904 2983 3032 4366 

Platygyra crosslandi raw corals kg 4300 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Platygyra crosslandi live 0 0 0 0 382 0 0 

Platygyra daedalea live 0.6 0 1 50 75 157 32 

Platygyra lamellina raw corals kg 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Platygyra lamellina live 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Platygyra pini live 0 0 0 0 35 189 100 

Platygyra sinensis raw corals kg 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Platygyra sinensis live 0 0 0 0 55 0 120 

Plesiastrea spp. raw corals kg 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Plesiastrea spp. live 0 10 0 20 0 0 0 

Plesiastrea versipora raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Solenastrea spp. raw corals kg 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Solenastrea hyades raw corals kg 129.34 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Trachyphyllia spp. raw corals kg 35030 6261 532 276 344 62 42 

Trachyphyllia spp. live 30982.2 51173 75118 44105 32355 37288.548 25682 

Trachyphyllia geoffroyi raw corals kg 258 0 0 183 4179 9 28 

Trachyphyllia geoffroyi live 138.2 469 83 81287 80391 81125 14796 

Astrangia spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Astrangia solitaria live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Phyllangia spp. live 0 4 0 25 0 0 0 

Dendrogyra spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Dendrogyra cylindrus raw corals kg 696 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Dendrogyra cylindrus live 1 2 0 3 6 0 1 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 85


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Dichocoenia spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 

Dichocoenia spp. live 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dichocoenia stokesii raw corals kg 0 0 0 2 0 3 6 

Dichocoenia stokesii live 11.6 1 0 3 3 40 80 

Meandrina spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Meandrina spp. live 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 

Meandrina maeandrites raw corals kg 0 0 0 1 0 5 6 

Meandrina maeandrites live 8 0 0 8 5 40 83 

Meandrina maeandrites shells 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Acrhelia spp. raw corals kg 1 0 17 0 0 0 0 

Acrhelia spp. live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Acrhelia horrescens live 0 37 0 50 0 0 27 

Amphelia spp. live 0 0 0 0 1500 0 0 

Amphelia atlantica live 0 225 0 0 0 0 0 

Archohelia spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 7 127 

Bathelia spp. live 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 

Galaxea spp. raw corals kg 6455 883 78 56 79 55 29 

Galaxea spp. live 4076 7136 14365 8967 8417 7199 6168 

Galaxea astreata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 259 13 0 

Galaxea astreata live 53 0 0 5660 5096 5688 2509 

Galaxea fascicularis raw corals kg 670 0 0 11 644 15 34 

Galaxea fascicularis live 37.4 0 0 15082 16646 18353 5870.0915 

Madrepora spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Madrepora spp. live 0 0 0 9 16 285 0 

Madrepora oculata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Oculina spp. live 0 264 0 0 0 0 0 

Oculina diffusa live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Oculina varicosa live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Sclerhelia spp. live 0 0 268 0 0 152 0 

Simplastrea spp. live 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hydnophora spp. raw corals kg 4066 1649 155 95 357 55 29 

Hydnophora spp. live 2963.2 7379 15406 7641 7262.5342 7038.6331 4475 

Hydnophora exesa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 806 9 23 

Hydnophora exesa live 0 0 16 9378 10591 11611 2313 

Hydnophora grandis live 0 0 0 0 0 98 40 

Hydnophora microconos raw corals kg 32.364 0 0 2.9 342.2 0 7.54 

Hydnophora microconos live 0 0 0 3195 4280 4979 580 

Hydnophora pilosa live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hydnophora rigida raw corals kg 0 0 0 64 550 6 26 

Hydnophora rigida live 1 0 0 3991 4342 4824 1972 

Merulina spp. raw corals kg 3265 1020 922 588 1297 889 216 

Merulina spp. live 992.6 1677.6488 3352 1913 1055.5037 1253 1138 

Merulina ampliata raw corals kg 3594 581 1379 289 1390 1561 30 

Merulina ampliata live 149.6 277 274 1946 3884 4492 1338 

Merulina scabricula live 0 0 0 0 0 10 26 

Scapophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 230.84 0 0 0 

Scapophyllia spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 

Scapophyllia cylindrica raw corals kg 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Acanthastrea spp. raw corals kg 132 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Acanthastrea amakusensis raw corals kg 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Acanthastrea echinata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Acanthophyllia spp. live 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 

Blastomussa spp. raw corals kg 1493 712 33 43 0 6 3 

Blastomussa spp. live 473.8 3649 7649 2758 1719 2997.6257 1828 

Blastomussa merleti raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 347 2 0 

Blastomussa merleti live 0 0 0 6775 214 5 0 

Blastomussa wellsi raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 270 12 8 

Blastomussa wellsi live 0 0 0 50 7169 5780 860 

Cynarina spp. raw corals kg 5035 1130 28 52 0 9 29 

Cynarina spp. live 1938 5013 7100 4263 2770 3411 2751 

Cynarina lacrymalis raw corals kg 0 0 0 52 1585 0 8 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 86


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cynarina lacrymalis live 0 60 29 8192 8761 9918 1653 

Isophyllastrea rigida raw corals kg 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Isophyllastrea rigida live 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 

Lobophyllia spp. raw corals kg 12495 2457 501 196 181 115 47 

Lobophyllia spp. live 8397.2 16603.137 23219 16992 13471.771 13684.762 15870.679 

Lobophyllia spp. shells 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Lobophyllia corymbosa raw corals kg 1518.324 0 1.16 22.62 187.34 23.2 37.12 

Lobophyllia corymbosa live 61 0 100 11190 12044 13560 5607 

Lobophyllia costata raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 2.9 0 0 

Lobophyllia costata live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Lobophyllia hataii live 0 0 2 0 0 0 20 

Lobophyllia hemprichii raw corals kg 87 0 45 49 638 26 116 

Lobophyllia hemprichii live 2 0 2 13620 15350 16473 5605 

Lobophyllia robusta live 0 4 0 15 10 0 6 

Mussa spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0.58 0.58 0 0 0 

Mussa spp. live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mussa angulosa raw corals kg 4640 0 0.58 0 0 0 0 

Mussa angulosa live 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Mycetophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 2.32 0 0 0 

Mycetophyllia spp. live 1 30 0 6 6 0 10 

Mycetophyllia daniana live 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Mycetophyllia ferox live 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Mycetophyllia lamarckiana raw corals kg 0 0 0 2 0 3 3 

Mycetophyllia lamarckiana live 0 1 0 3 1 40 70 

Scolymia spp. raw corals kg 1155.824 449.5 52.2 17.98 254.62 506.92 29 

Scolymia spp. live 1279 1428 3671 3819 6147 1612 1562 

Scolymia australis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 

Scolymia cubensis live 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 

Scolymia lacera live 0 0 0 65 20 0 0 

Scolymia vitiensis raw corals kg 0 0 0 9 92 9 0 

Scolymia vitiensis live 0 0 0 3349 3322 3801 1561 

Scolymia wellsii live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Symphyllia spp. raw corals kg 806 114 46 3 6 7 29 

Symphyllia spp. live 500 769 2176 1135 1176 1193 1012 

Symphyllia agaricia raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 74.82 5.8 11.02 

Symphyllia agaricia live 0 0 0 1235 1328 1477 772 

Symphyllia radians raw corals kg 266.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Symphyllia radians live 0 0 1 0 0 54 73 

Symphyllia recta live 0.4 0 0 0 0 26 60 

Symphyllia valenciennesii live 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 

Echinophyllia spp. raw corals kg 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mycedium spp. raw corals kg 1 4 46 0 17 0 29 

Mycedium spp. live 60 246 282 1193 559 883 685 

Mycedium elephantotus live 0 0 0 0 0 41 90 

Oxypora spp. raw corals kg 1.276 0 46.4 2.32 0 0 29 

Oxypora spp. live 45 48 207 247 242 180 176 

Oxypora glabra live 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 

Oxypora lacera live 0 0 0 0 9 80 100 

Pectinia spp. raw corals kg 5218.956 2225.34 58 17.98 15.08 0 43.5 

Pectinia spp. live 1128 1095 1208 2346 1412 1554 1533 

Pectinia alcicornis live 0 0 0 0 13 30 30 

Pectinia lactuca raw corals kg 2286 0 1 0 30 13 25 

Pectinia lactuca live 33 0 0 805 898 984 244 

Pectinia paeonia live 0 0 0 15 0 25 82 

Physophyllia spp. raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Australocyathus spp. live 0 0 0 4 9 0 0 

Caryophyllia antarctica live 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Caryophyllia corrugata live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Caryophyllia diomedeae live 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Caryophyllia ephyala live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 

Caryophyllia lamellifera raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 87


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Caryophyllia perculta live 0 0 1600 0 0 0 0 

Catalaphyllia spp. raw corals kg 32419 5942 242 21 96 19 86 

Catalaphyllia spp. live 34034 48761 87063 35572 24120 26525 17087 

Catalaphyllia jardinei raw corals kg 2654.892 0 0 6.96 2879.7 8.7 34.8 

Catalaphyllia jardinei live 224 64 4 60145 55981 54056 8276 

Catalaphyllia plicata raw corals kg 4787.204 0 0 0 17.4 0 0 

Catalaphyllia plicata live 244 0 0 0 15 77 40 

Cladocora arbuscula live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Cladocora caespitosa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Colangia spp. live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Colangia immersa live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Crispatotrochus spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Desmophyllum spp. live 0 15 0 0 50 0 0 

Euphyllia spp. raw corals kg 50002.38 11821.56 1728 333.5 7584.66 149.64 148.48 

Euphyllia spp. live 46090 64929 116772 70834 68740 72299 56494 

Euphyllia ancora raw corals kg 139.2 0 3656 6966.38 28605 17500 1395.48 

Euphyllia ancora live 625 220 100 180 35883 38248 12939 

Euphyllia cristata raw corals kg 4670.74 0 0 0 1351.4 58 92.22 

Euphyllia cristata live 1200 78 50 0 52792 52570 12139 

Euphyllia divisa raw corals kg 0 0 0 94.54 960.48 0 0 

Euphyllia divisa live 1 0 0 66759 2484 49 40 

Euphyllia glabrescens raw corals kg 4179.248 0 0 164.14 2625.66 8.7 3.48 

Euphyllia glabrescens live 239 14 0 49459 32607 38945 7288 

Euphyllia paraancora live 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Euphyllia paradivisa live 0 0 0 0 13 824 600 

Euphyllia picteti live 1 0 0 30 0 0 0 

Eusmilia fastigiata raw corals kg 0 0 0 1 0 6 6 

Eusmilia fastigiata live 0 0 376 3 5 40 80 

Goniocorella spp. live 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 

Heterocyathus spp. raw corals kg 0.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Heterocyathus spp. live 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 

Heterocyathus alternatus live 0 0 0 0 99 19 0 

Holcotrochus crenulatus live 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 

Kionotrochus spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Lophelia spp. live 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 

Lophelia pertusa raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Lophelia pertusa live 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 

Paracyathus spp. live 7.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paracyathus conceptus live 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 

Paracyathus vittatus live 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Physogyra spp. raw corals kg 6351 1341 17 39 30 30 41 

Physogyra spp. live 3307.8 7075 14954 6749 3850 5505.7708 3908 

Physogyra lichtensteini raw corals kg 0 0 0 20 375 26 19 

Physogyra lichtensteini live 5 0 100 9961 8796 9926 5032 

Platycyathus spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Platytrochus spp. live 0 20 0 0 0 0 20 

Plerogyra spp. raw corals kg 40331 5472 238 230 216 116 176 

Plerogyra spp. live 27511.28244 39195 60054 25512 17661.237 25861.205 24967.71 

Plerogyra eurysepta live 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 

Plerogyra simplex raw corals kg 0 0 0 147.9 607.84 0 0 

Plerogyra simplex live 0 0 0 31557 447 30 30 

Plerogyra sinuosa raw corals kg 4548.476 203 278.4 0 1215.1 8.7 19.14 

Plerogyra sinuosa live 314 20 350 110 30765 35404 8016 

Plerogyra turbida raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 67 0 23 

Plerogyra turbida live 15 0 18 0 16051 14865 3858 

Polycyathus spp. live 0 0 0 0 34 0 5 

Polycyathus palifera live 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Polycyathus verrilli live 0 0 0 50 20 156 177 

Pseudocyathoceras spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 

Stephanocyathus platypus live 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 

Tethocyathus minor live 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 88


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Trematotrochus corbicula live 25.4 24 3 334 0 109 0 

Trochocyathus cepulla live 0 0 0 0 0 26 20 

Blastotrochus spp. live 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 

Flabellum lamellulosum live 0 0 90 0 0 0 0 

Flabellum patens live 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 

Flabellum vaughani live 0 0 48 0 785 0 0 

Gardineria paradoxa live 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polymyces spp. live 0 0 0 5 0 9 0 

Truncatoflabellum crassum live 0 0 0 0 0 263 0 

Truncatoflabellum multispinosum live 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Truncatoflabellum paripavoninum live 0 0 0 3187 0 0 513 

Schizocyathus spp. live 0 0 0 0 0 110 0 

Dendrophylliidae spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 

Balanophyllia spp. live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Balanophyllia chnous live 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 

Balanophyllia elegans live 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 

Dendrophyllia spp. raw corals kg 3927.064 0 0 34.8 16.82 0.58 34.8 

Dendrophyllia spp. live 204 278 0 4456 5082 761 728 

Dendrophyllia florulenta live 0 0 0 0 0 40 28 

Duncanopsammia spp. live 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 

Eguchipsammia fistula raw corals kg 0 0 0 9.28 1147.82 34.8 95.7 

Eguchipsammia fistula live 0 0 0 17382 22317 20862 7606 

Heteropsammia spp. raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Heteropsammia spp. live 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 

Leptopsammia spp. live 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Trochopsammia spp. live 0 5 0 0 20 0 0 

Tubastraea spp. raw corals kg 13878.472 2532.28 419.92 142.1 103.82 103.24 605.52 

Tubastraea spp. live 9600 16740 30034 7416 2378 4576 6742 

Tubastraea coccinea raw corals kg 5615.212 136.3 0 0 0 0 0 

Tubastraea coccinea live 468 30 2 15 8 0 0 

Tubastraea coccinea live sets 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tubastraea diaphana raw corals kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tubastraea faulkneri raw corals kg 0.0002 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tubastraea faulkneri live 1 0 0 50 3 95 247 

Tubastraea floreana live 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 

Tubastraea micranthus raw corals kg 542 25 0 2 0 236 70 

Tubastraea micranthus live 0 30 5 0 0 60 60 

Turbinaria spp. raw corals kg 18122 1833 675 268 482 406 133 

Turbinaria spp. live 8882 13403 25824 15705 13746 15535 15884 

Turbinaria conspicua live 0 0 0 0 0 0 165 

Turbinaria frondens raw corals kg 177.48 66.12 81.2 27.84 208.8 409.48 0 

Turbinaria frondens live 0 265 141 0 0 165 40 

Turbinaria irregularis raw corals kg 0 2.32 0 0 0 0 0 

Turbinaria mesenterina raw corals kg 291 0 0 32 461 15 44 

Turbinaria mesenterina live 44.6 0 0 15954 16782 18940 6470 

Turbinaria patula live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 

Turbinaria peltata raw corals kg 41 0 0 39 623 12 34 

Turbinaria peltata live 1 0 0 14449 14963 16976 6928 

Turbinaria radicalis raw corals kg 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Turbinaria reniformis raw corals kg 0 3 2 6 0 19 7 

Turbinaria reniformis live 0 39 5 4 210.305 181 236 

Turbinaria sinensis live 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Turbinaria speciosa live 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 

Milleporidae spp. raw corals kg 14846 3000 0 0 2 0 0 

Millepora spp. raw corals kg 6210.756 1117.06 841.86 538.24 280.72 147.08 37.7 

Millepora spp. live 1850 1081 1060 1472 965 525 742 

Millepora alcicornis raw corals kg 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 

Millepora alcicornis live 3 0 0 3 85 0 1 

Millepora complanata raw corals kg 267 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Millepora complanata live 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Millepora cruzi raw corals kg 48.72 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 89


Average value 

1992-1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Millepora dichotoma raw corals kg 1834 191 10 0 0 0 0 

Millepora dichotoma live 0 0 0 0 10 134 0 

Millepora exaesa raw corals kg 2 194 113 273 201 305 0 

Millepora exaesa live 0 187 0 0 50 0 0 

Millepora intricata raw corals kg 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Millepora murrayi live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Millepora platyphylla raw corals kg 5175 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Millepora squarrosa raw corals kg 474 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Millepora tenera raw corals kg 18 121 1038 95 306 799 161 

Millepora tenera live 0 0 0 50 80 0 25 

Stylasteridae spp. raw corals kg 0 251 0 507 1 87 16 

Stylasteridae spp. live 0 0 7 0 0 50 0 

Congregopora nasiformis live 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Crypthelia stenopoma live 1 0 450 0 0 0 0 

Distichopora spp. raw corals kg 10 6 46 0 37 7 0 

Distichopora spp. live 25 508 186 1981 309 292 144 

Distichopora violacea raw corals kg 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Distichopora violacea live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Distichopora yucatanensis live 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Gyropora spp. live 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Lepidotheca inconsuta live 0 0 0 0 0 162 0 

Stylaster spp. raw corals kg 0 0 29 18.56 52.2 12.18 39.44 

Stylaster spp. live 45 36 691 1454 1057 686 424 

Stylaster alaskanus live 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 

Stylaster californicus live 0 0 0 75 12 12 0 

Stylaster crassior live 0 0 0 0 30 5 0 

Stylaster ramosus live 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Stylaster roseus live 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Coenothecalia spp. raw corals kg 7000 1800 2 1 0 0 0 

Coenothecalia spp. live 0 0 0 0 131 0 0 

Heliopora spp. raw corals kg 26653 2673 7041 9728 3773 10148 4983 

Heliopora spp. live 2504.6 852 833 1084 1026 995 719 

Heliopora coerulea raw corals kg 31247 4042 25102 38242 49353 42086 870 

Heliopora coerulea live 1484.4 1685 0 1147 1142 1412 826 

Heliopora coerulea shells 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 

Tubiporidae spp. raw corals kg 730 0 0 0 0 2 0 

Tubiporidae spp. live 0 0 820 5 0 0 0 

Tubipora spp. raw corals kg 23862 2803 3422 371 230 1724 488 

Tubipora spp. live 8644 12236 18368 9078 5651 6519 5964 

Tubipora spp. shells 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 

Tubipora musica raw corals kg 33986 3860 81 1567 211 2561 31 

Tubipora musica live 712.6 1453 3 9230 8488 8452 3932 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 90

Annex A 



WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED 

SPECIES 

ANNEX A: MAMMALS 



by the 



JANUARY 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 91


1. Pteropus vampyrus....................................................................................................................................93 

2. Delphinapterus leucas...............................................................................................................................94 

3. Monodon monoceros .................................................................................................................................97 

4. Pseudalopex culpaeus ...............................................................................................................................99 

5. Pseudalopex griseus................................................................................................................................101 

6. Vulpes zerda ............................................................................................................................................103 

7. Ursus arctos ............................................................................................................................................104 

8. Ursus maritimus ......................................................................................................................................110 

9. Conepatus humboldtii..............................................................................................................................113 

10. Caracal caracal.......................................................................................................................................114 

11. Panthera leo ............................................................................................................................................116 

12. Prionailurus bengalensis.........................................................................................................................119 

13. Arctocephalus pusillus ............................................................................................................................121 

14. Equus zebra hartmannae.........................................................................................................................123 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 92

1. Pteropus vampyrus 

FAMILY 

COMMON NAME(S) 

PTEROPODIDAE 

Large Flying-fox (English); Zorro volador de cuello rojo (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Chiroptera Specialist Group, 1996) 

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL CONSERVATION STATUS 

Brunei Darussalam: Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting season 

(Payne et al., 1985). 

Cambodia:: 

India: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992) 

Indonesia: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992) 

Java: ‘Tidemann et al. (1990) recorded it from islands in the Krakatau group off west Java. Bats were seen to 

move between the islands. A single specimen was seen roosting in a Casuarina (Casuarinaceae) tree and a colony 

of 250 roosted in Terminalia (Combretaceae) trees on Sertung in 1985 but none were seen in 1986. In the same 

region, Dammerman (1948) observed large numbers of Pteropus moving between Sebesi and Sebuku. At Bogor 

Gardens, west Java, it roosted in a variety of trees, including dead ones, in groups of hundreds of individuals 

(Kitchener et al., 1990)’ (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). 

Kalimantan: Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting 

season (Payne et al., 1985). 

Lesser Sundas: Savu, Timor: ‘Goodwin (1979) observed a spectacular colony of 2000 adults of both sexes near 

Metinar, Timor, in a dense mangrove forest which extended for about 8 km along the coast’ (Pteropus vampyrus 

malaccensis) (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). 

Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa: P. v. pluton: (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). 

Sumatra: Found quite commonly in the Padang Highlands up to 914m (Pteropus 

vampyrus malaccensis) (Mickleburgh et al, 1992). 

?Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Occurrence reported (Duckworth et al., 1999). 

Malaysia: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992) 

Peninsular Malaysia: Widespread but declining in forest areas (Pteropus vampyrus malaccensis) (Mickleburgh 

et al., 1992). A severe decline in the abundance and distribution of Pteropus vampyrus is occurring throughout 

peninsular Malaysia suggesting that unregulated hunting and habitat loss are the primary reasons for the 

decline in abundance of this species (Mohd-Azlan et al., 2001). 

Sabah: ‘Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting season’ 

(Payne et al., 1985). ‘C. M. Francis (pers. comm.) reports that flock sizes in Sabah appear to have become smaller 

over the past 10 years, possibly indicating a decline’ (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). 

Sarawak: ‘Found throughout lowland coastal areas, occasionally invading the interior during the fruiting season’ 

(Payne et al., 1985). 

Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). 

Philippines: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Widespread and locally common in primary lowland forest up 

to 1250m, also foraging in adjacent agricultural areas. Formerly occurred in many large colonies, but these are now 

greatly reduced in size and number. Heavily hunted and declining substantially (Heaney et al., 2002). 

Pteropus vampyrus lanensis, which is endemic to the Philippines, is heavily hunted, both at its conspicuous 

roosts and in orchards. Declines in mixed Pteropus/Acerodon roosts from 100,000 per camp in the 1920s to the 500-1000 

reported currently indicate drastic falls in population numbers. It is possible that Pteropus vampyrus lanensis could be 

extinct within the Philippines in the next 20 years, although it is more likely that small populations would persist in isolated 

areas. Although it may be able to persist in agricultural habitats, heavy hunting pressure is causing a serious decline on 

many islands throughout the country. Most captures are for local consumption, but, in recent years, the large demand for 

fruit bats on Guam has resulted in havey trade in large fruit bats, and a small number fo these have been Pteropus 

vampyrus lanensis (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). 

Singapore: Occurrence reported (Harrison, 1974). 

Thailand: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Pteropus vampyrus intermedius: No information on status 

(Mickleburgh et al., 1992). Pteropus vampyrus malaccensis: ‘Recorded from the coastal area of the peninsula and the 

south-east coast as far north as Korat, with records from the provinces of Chon Buri, Krabi and Nakhon Si Thammarat 

(Lekagul and McNeely, 1977; Yenbutra and Felten, 1986)’ (Mickleburgh et al., 1992). 

Tonga: 

Vanuatu: 

Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 93

REFERENCES 

Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. Pteropus vampyrus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded 

on 16 January 2004. 

Corbet, G. B. and Hill, J. E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford 

Dammerman, K. W. 1948. Mammalia (fauna of Krakatau). Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet. 44(2): 314-325. 

Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. and Khounboline, K (comps.) 1999. Wildlife in Lao PDR, 1999 status report . IUCN, WCS, CPAWM. Vientiane 

ISBN 2831704839 

Goodwin, R. E. 1979. The bats of Timor: systematics and ecology. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 163: 75-122. 

Harrison, J. 1974. An introduction to mammals of Singapore and Malaya. Singapore Branch, Malayan Nature Society. -Singapore ISBN 900848 67 7 

Heaney, L.R. et al. 2002. A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana. 

http://www.fmnh.org/philippine_mammals/Pteropus_vampyrus.htm 

Kitchener, D. J., Boeadi, B., Charlton, L. and Maharadatun kamsi 1990. Wild mammals of Lombok Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: systematics and 

natural history. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement No. 33. 

Lekagul, B. and McNeely, J. A. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of 

Wildlife, Bangkok. 

Mickleburgh, S. P., Hutson, A. M. and Racey, P. A. 1992. Old World fruit bats: an action plan for their conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 

Mohd-Azlan, J., Zubaid, A. and Kunz, T.H. 2001. Distribution, relative abundance, and conservation status of the large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus, in 

peninsular Malaysia: A preliminary Assessment. Acta Chiropterologica 3 (2): 149-162. 

Payne, J., Francis, C. M. and Phillipps, K. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The 

Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu. 

Tidemann, C. R., Kitchener, D. J., Zann, R. A. and Thornton, I. W. B. 1990. Recolonisation of 

the Krakatau Islands and adjacent areas of West Java, Indonesia, by bats (Chiroptera) 

(1883-1986). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 328: 123-130. 

Yenbutra, S. and Felten, H. 1986. Bat species and their distribution in Thailand according to the collections in TISTR and SMF. Cour. Forsch. Inst. 

Senckenberg,ForschInst. Senckenberg 87: 9-45. 

INTERNATIONAL TRADE 

Gross Exports of Pteropus vampyrus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Malaysia Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Brunei Darussalam live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Indonesia live 0 0 0 0 1400 1250 0 0 12 0 30 

Malaysia live 0 24 0 0 55 55 0 0 0 0 0 

Indonesia Meat (kg) 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Malaysia Skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Export Quotas for Pteropus vampyrus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia live 90 1000 1000 1000 

Indonesia 1350 475 

COMMENT 

Populations in Philippines are declining but there is no reported trade for this country. Widespread but declining in 

Malaysia but not due to trade. Most of the trade is coming out of Indonesia but levels of trade have been low since 1997 

and the Indonesian trade is within its quota. No information on status in Indonesia but given that trade has been low since 

1997 and within the quotas the species is not considered a priority for review. 

2. Delphinapterus leucas 

FAMILY 


MONODONTIDAE 

Beluga (English); White whale (English); Bélouga (French); Dauphin blanc (French); 

Ballena blanca (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A1abd (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996) 


Beluga whales are distributed throughout seasonally ice-covered arctic and subarctic waters of the Northern 

Hemisphere (Gurevich, 1980) and are closely associated with open leads and polynyas in ice-covered regions (Hazard, 

1988). Annual migrations may cover thousands of kilometers (Reeves, 1990). 

"This circumpolar species was formerly abundant throughout the Arctic and Subarctic. There may still be in 

the order of 150,000 White Whales in total (IWC, 2000; NAMMCO, 2000), but many of the 29 stocks provisionally 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 94

ecognized by the IWC Scientific Committee have been seriously reduced by hunting. Even these depleted 

[sub]populations continue to be hunted and are therefore at risk of being extirpated.” Reeves et al. (2003). 

Belgium: Occurrence reported (de Smet, 1974). 

Canada: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). The population at Ungava Bay has been estimated at under 50 individuals 

individuals and the eastern Hudson Bay population at around 1,000 individuals (Kingsley, 2000). The Cumberland 

Sound [sub]population in the eastern Canadian Arctic numbers only several hundred whales but continues to be hunted 

(Reeves et al., 2003). 

There is also concern about many other White Whale populations. The St. Lawrence River [sub]population of 

perhaps 1,200 animals may be increasing slowly but remains vulnerable owing to its low numbers, restricted range, and 

exposure to marine traffic and contaminants (Kingsley, 1998; Kingsley, 2001; Lesage and Kingsley 1998; Michaud and 

Béland 2001). 

Denmark: 

Estonia: Occurrence reported (Ernits, 1986). 

Finland: 

France: 

Germany: 

Greenland: The Belugas in West Greenland have been estimated at around 2,000 individuals (Kingsley, 2000). 

Japan: 

Lithuania: Occurrence reported (Skeiveris, 1992). 

Netherlands: 

Norway: 

Poland: 

Russian Federation: Occurrence reported (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). In the Russian Federation, where almost half 

of the 29 provisional stocks of belugas spend at least part of the year, there is less infrastructure for hunt management 

and population assessment. Studies of stock structure, abundance, and contaminants in Russian belugas should be a high 

priority (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). Another concern is that in 1999, 13 tons of Beluga meat were exported to 

Japan for commercial use, and further shipments were planned. This initiative ended when export permits covering the 

additional shipments were abruptly withdrawn (Marine Mammal Commission, 2000), but the event signals the potential 

for resumed commercial hunting of Belugas in Russia, whether solely as a meat-for-export enterprise, or combined with 

live-capture operations to supply foreign oceanaria (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). 

Svalbard and Jan Mayen: 

Sweden: 

United Kingdom: 

United States: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). Five stocks of beluga whales are recognized within US waters: 1) the 

Cook Inlet stock, 2) the Bristol Bay stock, 3) the Eastern Bering Sea stock, 4) the Eastern Chukchi Sea stock, and 5) the 

Beaufort Sea stock. During the winter, beluga whales occur in offshore waters associated with pack ice. In the spring, 

they migrate to warmer coastal estuaries, bays, and rivers for molting (Finley, 1982) and calving (Sergeant and Brodie, 

1969). Some, if not all, of the Cook Inlet stock may inhabit Cook Inlet year-round (Hansen and Hubbard, 1999), while 

the other stocks winter in the Bering Sea (NMML, 2003). The Belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska are estimated at around 

350 individuals (Kingsley, 2000). 

“The Cook Inlet stock of beluga whales is a small isolated stock that is geographically and genetically 

segregated from the other four stocks of belugas found in Alaskan waters (O'Corry-Crowe et al., 1997; Laidre et al., 

2000). This stock is especially vulnerable to deleterious impacts from large or persistent harvests or changes to their 

environment (Mahoney and Shelden, 2000; Moore et al., 2000). Each summer since 1993, the National Marine 

Fisheries Service (NMFS) has conducted systematic aerial surveys of the Cook Inlet stock of beluga whales (Rugh et 

al., 2000). Results of these surveys indicated that both the distribution and abundance of the Cook Inlet beluga stock 

were declining, while reported harvests by Native hunters had increased. Abundance estimates dropped from 653 in 

1994 to 347 in 1998, nearly a 50% decline during the survey period (Hobbs et al., 2000a; Hobbs et al., 2000b). In the 

summer of 1998, the Native hunt for belugas ceased, and since then abundance estimates (367 in 1999, 435 in 2000 and 

389 in 2001) have stopped declining (Hobbs et al. 2000a)" (NMML, 2003). 

Aquatic Distribution: Arctic Sea, northeast and northwest Atlantic and northeast and northwest Pacific. 

The major threats to Belugas are harvesting for food, trade, water pollution (affecting the habitat and/or the species) and 

human disturbance such as transport (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). In addition to the threat of over-hunting, the 

constant increase in vessel traffic is a concern, especially in some of the northern bays and estuaries where White 

Whales congregate in the summer and autumn. Local and regional management bodies exist in Canada, Greenland, and 

Alaska, with the expectation that they will ensure the conservation of Belugas for the sustainable benefit of maritime 

aboriginal hunting communities. Their record of accomplishing this mandate is variable (Cetacean Specialist Group, 

1996). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 95

REFERENCES 

Bannikov, A. G. and Sokolov, V. I. 1984. Krasnaya Kniga SSSR. Second edition. Lesnaya Promiishlyennost, Moscow 

Cetacean Specialist Group 1996. Delphinapterus leucas. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . 

Downloaded on 16 January 2004. 

de Smet, W. M. A. 1974. Inventaris van de walvisachtigen (Cetacea) van de Vlaamse kust en de Schelde. Bulletin Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. (Biol.), 50(1): 

1-156. 

Ernits, P. 1986. A white whale in Estonian waters. Estonian Eesti Loodus, 29(8): 529-533. 

Finley, K. J. 1982. The estuarine habitat of the beluga or white whale, Delphinapterus leucas. Cetus, 4:4-5. 

Gurevich, V. S. 1980. Worldwide distribution and migration patterns of the white whale (beluga), Delphinapterus leucas. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm., 

30:465-480. 

Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 vols. (2nd edition). Wiley, New York. 

Hansen, D. J., and Hubbard, J. D. 1999. Distribution of Cook Inlet beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in winter. Final Report, OCS Study MMS 

99-0024. U.S. Dept. Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK. v.p. 

Hazard, K. 1988. Beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas. Pp. 195-235, In: J. W. Lentfer (ed.), Selected marine mammals of Alaska: species accounts 

with research and management recommendations. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C. 

Hobbs, R. C., Rugh, D. J. and DeMaster, D. P. 2000a. Abundance of beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, group sizes in Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1994-2000. 

Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 37-45. 

Hobbs, R. C., Waite, J. M., and Rugh, D. J. 2000b. Estimates of from aerial video recordings and observer counts. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 46-59. 

IWC 2000. Report of the standing sub-committee on small cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2 (Supplement), 235–263. 

Kingsley, M.C.S. 1998. Population index estimates for the St. Lawrence Belugas, 1973–1995. Marine Mammal Science, 14: 508–530. 

Kingsley, M.C.S. 2001. Beluga surveys in the St Lawrence: a reply to Michaud and Béland. Marine Mammal Science 17: 213–218. 

Laidre, K. L., Shelden, K. E. W., Mahoney, B. A., and Rugh, D. J. 2000. Distribution of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, and survey effort in the Gulf 

of Alaska. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 27-36. 

Lesage, V. and Kingsley, M.C.S. 1998. Updated status of the St. Lawrence River population of the Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas. Canadian Field- 

Naturalist, 112: 98–114. 

Mahoney, B. A., and Shelden, K. E. W. 2000. Harvest history of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in Cook Inlet, Alaska. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 124- 

133. 

Marine Mammal Commission 2000. Annual report to congress 1999. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD, USA. 

Michaud, R. and Béland, P. 2001. Looking for trends in the endangered St. Lawrence Beluga population. A critique of Kingsley, M.C.S. 1998. 

Marine Mammal Science, 17: 206–212. 

Moore, S. E., Shelden, K. E. W. Litzky, L. K. Mahoney, B. A. and Rugh, D.J. 2000. Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, habitat associations in Cook 

Inlet, Alaska. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 60-80. 

NAMMCO. 2000. Report of the NAMMCO scientific committee working group on the population status of Beluga and Narwhal in the North Atlantic. 

Annual Report of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, Tromsø, Norway, 1999, 153–188. 

NMML. 2003. Beluga Whale Home Page. National Marine Mammal Laboratory http://nmml.afsc.noaa.gov/CetaceanAssessment/BelugaWhale.html. 


O'Corry-Crowe, G. M., Suydam, R. S. Rosenberg, A. Frost, K. J. and Dizon, A. E. 1997. Phylogeography, population structure and dispersal patterns 

of the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas in the western Nearctic revealed by mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Ecol., 6:955-970. 

Reeves, R. R. 1990. An overview of the distribution, exploitation and conservation status of belugas, worldwide. Pp. 47-58, In: J. Prescott and M. 

Gauquelin (eds.), For the future of the beluga: Proceedings of the International Forum for the Future of the Beluga. University of Quebec 

Press, Canada. 

Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, E.A. and di Sciara, G.N. (comps.) 2003. Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan 

for the World's Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 

Rugh, D. J., Shelden, K. E. W. and Mahoney, B. A. 2000. Distribution of belugas, belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in Cook Inlet, Alaska, during 

June/July, 1993-2000. Mar. Fish. Rev., 62(3): 6-21. 

Sergeant, D. E. and Brodie, P. F. 1969. Body size in white whales, Delphinapterus leucas. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 26:2561-2580. 

Skeiveris, R. 1992. Observations of Baltic seals and dolphins on Lithuanian seacoast. Tartu Ulikooli Toimetised 955: 148-150. 


Gross Exports of Delphinapterus leucas 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Canada Bone carvings 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada Carvings 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 

Canada live 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada Meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Canada Meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 0 

Canada Skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 

Canada Skull 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada Skull (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Canada Teeth 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 114 0 8 0 

Greenland Bones 0 34 234 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Bones (kg) 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Carvings 0 0 10 11 16 11 0 1 0 0 0 

Greenland Carvings (kg) 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Meat 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Meat (kg) 2651.6 200 40 1062.6 578.85 814 585 0 0 0 40.5 

Greenland Skin pieces 0 27 232 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Skin pieces (kg) 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 96

Greenland Skull 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Teeth 1 0 14 12 0 65 0 516 0 0 0 

Norway Skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 

Russian 

Federation 

live 

0 4 0 0 0 2 12 25 13 12 3 

Russian 

Federation 

Meat (kg) 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13200 0 0 0 

Saudi Arabia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

United States Extract 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Trade has been relatively low since 1999. However, populations appear to be declining and are thought to be negatively 

affected by trade as well as other threats. This species is therefore recommended for review. 

3. Monodon monoceros 

FAMILY 


MONODONTIDAE 

Narwhal (English); Narval (French); Narval (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS DD (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). 


The Narwhal is endemic to Arctic waters, where three stocks have traditionally been recognized: one centered in Baffin 

Bay; one in northern Hudson Bay; and one in the Greenland Sea and eastward. Future research is expected to reveal 

further stock structure (IWC, 2000; NAMMCO, 2000). 

Canada: Abundance estimates include about 35,000 in the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait region and 1,400 in 

northern Hudson Bay. The numbers refer to animals at the surface and visible from a low-flying aircraft, with no 

adjustment for diving animals that would have been overlooked (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). 

Germany: 

Greenland: "Hay and Mansfield (1989) suggest from unpublished data, that in 1971 the Thule-district narwhal 

population in north-west Greenland was estimated ranging between 1,500 - 2,500. A more recent land-based count in 

1984 (Born, 1994) showed the population in Inglefield Bay to number at least 4,000. In the Eurasian sector of the Arctic 

the only known estimate of narwhal numbers is from Scoreby Sound and Kung Oscar Fjord in eastern Greenland. A 

conservative figure of only 176 was obtained from an aerial line-transect survey carried out in September 1983 by F. 

Larsen (cited in Hay and Mansfield, 1989). Born (1994) confirms that more detailed data is lacking. He suggests that in 

this sector, narwhals prefer areas distant from the coast and may number at most a few thousand individuals" (Culik, 

2003). The Scoresby Sund (east Greenland) population is estimated at 300 individuals. The numbers refer to animals at 

the surface and visible from a low-flying aircraft, with no adjustment for diving animals that would have been 

overlooked (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). 

Iceland: 

Netherlands: 

Norway: 

Russian Federation: 

Svalbard and Jan Mayen: 

United Kingdom: 

United States: 

Aquatic Regions: Arctic Sea, northeast Atlantic and northwest Atlantic. 

“Narwhals are heavily exploited in the eastern Canadian Arctic and Greenland for their skin, meat, and tusks. The 

Narwhals in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, as a “shared” stock, are subject to monitoring by the Canada-Greenland Joint 

Commission on Conservation and Management of Narwhal and Beluga. The responsibility for conservation rests with 

national agencies. At present, there is no official limit on the number of Narwhals that can be taken in either Canada or 

Greenland, nor are data on catch and hunting loss reported regularly to the IWC. Although the IWC Scientific 

Committee attempted to review the status of Narwhal and Beluga stocks in 1999, Canada and Greenland refrained from 

participating in the meeting. However, both countries participated fully in a review of these species by the Scientific 

Committee of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission in the same year (NAMMCO, 2000)." (Cetacean 

Specialist Group, 1996). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 97

The major threats to Narwhals are harvesting for food and materials for subsistence use as well as local and national 

trade (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). 

"Neither of the countries hunting narwhals and exporting tusks (Greenland and Canada) sets hunting quotas, and the 

population estimate for the main population targeted (the Baffin Bay/Davis Strait stock) is based on survey data from 

1979. For years, the International Whaling Commission (IWC), the Canada/Greenland Joint Commission on 

Conservation and Management of Narwhal and Beluga (JCNB), and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission 

(NAMMCO) have warned of the risk of over-exploitation of narwhals and the need for new, comprehensive surveys" 

(Fisher, 2003). 

"The CITES Animals Committee conducted a Review of Significant Trade in narwhal products in 1995. The review 

expressed some concerns about the species and, as a result, CITES made several Primary and Secondary 

Recommendations, including the need for new surveys. Although some small scale surveys and other studies have been 

done since 1995 (which add to the growing body of evidence that there are at least two populations in the Baffin Bay/ 

Davis Strait region), a comprehensive survey has still not been done" (Fisher, 2003). 

"Incomplete and imprecise reporting of trade data make it difficult to assess the true extent of the trade, and its impact 

on the species. For example, Greenland has reported exports of over 100 ‘sets of carvings’ without specifying the 

number of carvings in a set, and their size or weigh, these could be anything from small items of jewelry to carved 

whole tusks the distinction between teeth and tusks reported in trade data is still unclear. The original Significant Trade 

Review notes a comment that “reported trade in ‘teeth’ originating from Greenland, refers to what is commonly called 

‘tusks’”. Noting that Greenland reported the export of 1950 teeth between 1992 and 2001, it would be significant if 

some or all of these were actually tusks" (Fisher, 2003). 

"According to Strong (1988), Hay and Mansfield (1989) and IWC (2000), the most recent population surveys were 

carried out in 1984 and yielded 18,000 narwhals in the four major summering areas south of Lancaster Sound. A further 

1,000 narwhals were estimated for the Repulse Bay - Frozen Strait area. Koski and Davis (cited in Born, 1994) recorded 

34,000 narwhals in parts of Baffin Bay after the end of winter" (Culik, 2003). 

REFERENCES 

Born, E.W. 1994. Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 - Narwhal. In: Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Meeressäuger. Teil IA: Wale und Delphine 

1 (Robineau D, Duguy R and Klima M, Eds.) Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. pp. 209 - 240. 

Cetacean Specialist Group 1996. Monodon monoceros. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded 


Culik, B. 2003. Monodon monoceros CMS Fact Sheet. 

http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/reports/small_cetaceans/data/M_monoceros/m_monoceros.htm#population. Downloaded on 28 January 

2004. 

Fisher, S. 2003. Comments on Monodon monoceros from Sue Fisher on behalf of the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Pers. Comm. 

Hay K.A. and Mansfield, A.W. 1989. Narwhal - Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758. In: Handbook of Marine Mammals (Ridgway SH, Harrison 

SR eds.) Vol. 4: River Dolphins and the Larger Toothed Whales. Academic Pres, London, pp. 145 - 176. 

IWC 2000. Report of the standing sub-committee on small cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2 (Supplement): 235–263. 

NAMMCO 2000. Report of the NAMMCO scientific committee working group on the population status of Beluga and Narwhal in the North Atlantic. 

Annual Report of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, Tromsø, Norway, 1999, 153–188. 

Strong, J.T. 1988. Status of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros , in Canada. Can Field Nat, 102(2): 391-398. 


Gross Exports of Monodon monoceros 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Canada Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 

Canada Bones 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada Carvings 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 

Canada Horn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Canada Ivory carvings 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada Ivory pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Canada Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 

Canada Meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Canada Meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 

Canada Oil (flasks) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Canada Plates 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada Skull 4 0 0 0 0 3 1 5 0 0 0 

Canada Teeth 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 

Canada Trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 98

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Canada Tusks 35 45 35 75 76 123 78 77 37 162 94 

Canada Tusks (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.92 0 0 0 

Denmark Live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Faroe Islands Bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Georgia Carvings 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Georgia Teeth 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Georgia Tusks 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Germany Ivory carvings 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Bone carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Greenland Bones 2 168 166 1 5 8 6 3 1 0 0 

Greenland Carvings 236 572 499 740 740 544 248 748 34 21 193 

Greenland Horn products (kg) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Ivory carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Ivory pieces 0 4 6 18 16 10 9 41 0 0 0 

Greenland Ivory scraps 46 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Meat 0 1052 2 0 0 1012 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Meat (kg) 0 0 353 387.5 1023.02 618.34 2558.38 0 0 0 636.6 

Greenland Skin 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Skin (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 

Greenland Skin pieces 0 158 208 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Skull 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 

Greenland Teeth 0 208 85 99 54 28 25 767 675 9 30 

Greenland Teeth (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 5 0 0 0 

Greenland Trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland Tusks 227 267 258 208 240 211 116 106 68 25 45 

Norway Tusks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

United 

Kingdom 

Bone carvings 

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

United 

Kingdom 

Tusks 

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 

United States Skin 0 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Levels of trade from Canada and Greenland appear to be stable. However, despite the Animals Committee’s 

recommendation in 1995, a comprehensive survey has still not been done and the impact of current levels of trade on 

populations is uncertain. It is therefore recommended that this species should be reviewed. 

4. Pseudalopex culpaeus 

FAMILY 


CANIDAE 

Andean Wolf (English); Colpeo Fox (English); Renard colfeo (French); Culpeo 

(Spanish); Zorro andino (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Canid Specialist Group, 1996) 


Argentina: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). Overall estimates of abundance are not available, though Crespo (1975) 

noted that in general the species appeared to have maintained dense populations despite intensive persecution for many 

years. Crespo (1986) considers this species most abundant in the south of the country. Crespo and DeCarlo (1963) 

estimated a density of 0.72 foxes per sq. km (over an area of 18 sq. km) at their study site in southern Neuquen in the early 

1960s. They noted that, on the basis of anecdotal information, the species appeared to have undergone a significant and 

sustained increase in density in the province around 1910-1915 when there was a change in land use from intensive horserearing 

and a small amount of cattle-rearing to sheep-grazing, this coinciding with a marked increase in abundance of the 

introduced European Hare which, along with sheep, has become the most abundant food item. To what extent this is 

paralleled elsewhere in the species’s range is unclear. In 1981 it was described as rare and possibly in danger of extirpation 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 99

in Salta Province, northern Argentina (Mares et al., 1981) and it is apparently scarce on Isla Grande of Tierra del Fuego, 

though has been so at least since the 1930s (Jaksic and Yanez, 1983; Osgood, 1943). 

“Estimated numbers 60,000 individuals in Santa Cruz province, 200,000 for Patagonia and 30,000 for Chubut 

province (F.A.C.I.F., 1987). It is more numerous in the southern parts of Argentina, with a strong population of over 

200,000 individual animals. In northern Argentina, however, the culpeo is almost nonexistent. They prefer to live in the 

pampas grasslands and deciduous forests of their range (Alderton, 1994). 

In Patagonia, six years of data collected on population trends using scent line stations suggest that although there are 

annual cycles, the population of Pseudalopex culpaeus has remained essentially constant (Bellati pers. comm.)"(Ginsberg 

and Macdonald, 1990). Classified as Endangered by the Argentine Wildlife Board (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Bolivia: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). Not individually protected, although a blanket ban on wildlife exports 

was in force until 1986 (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Chile: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). Generally scarce. In Torres del Paine National Park (Magallanes) 45 

individuals were sighted in a 424km strip census yielding a density of 1.3 individuals/km 2 (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 

1990). Protected since 1980, although hunting for scientific purposes may be authorised by the bureau of Livestock and 

Agriculture (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Appears to be threatened, both from habitat loss and from illegal hunting, 

with pelts trans-shipped to Argentina (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

It has been stated as becoming generally scarce in Chile, though there is little detailed information (Fuentes and 

Jaksic, 1979). Osgood (1943) noted that D. culpaeus appeared to be relatively scarce in the extreme south, where it had 

been persistently pursued for the fur market, and was very scarce on Tierra del Fuego; it did however seem to be quite 

common in central Chile, while Greer (1965) stated it to be the most widespread canid in Malleco and Olrog (1950) 

described it as common on Isla Hoste in the Cabo de Hornos Archipelago. Pine et al. (1979) reported that the northern 

subspecies D. c. andinus did not appear to be abundant on the altiplano. `Generally scarce. In Torres del Paine National 

Park, Magallanes, 45 zorros were sighted in a 424 km strip census yielding a density of 1.3 individuals/km 2 (Rau pers. 

comm.; Abello 1979).’ (Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990). 

?Colombia: Distribution extends into Colombia (Honacki et al., 1982; Alderton, 1994), and it is listed on Colombian 

legislation (Honacki et al., 1982). 

Ecuador: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). 

Peru: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1957). "Abundant in the highlands of south Peru (de Macedo, pers.comm.; 

Grimwood 1969). Known on the eastern side of the Andes, and is abundant in the deserts (Grimwood, 1969), but does not 

descend into the coastal forest" (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Not protected (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Abundant throughout its range, despite heavy persecution; and not considered to be in need of protection at this time 

Grimwood (1969). 

Extensively trapped and used for pelts (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). It is hunted for its skins in Argentina and 

Bolivia, but this does not seem to be having an impact on their population (Alderton, 1994). 

Consequences of changes in land use has been suggested to benefit Pseudalopex griseus to the detriment of P. culpaeus. 

Predation on lambs results in strong local pressure for predator control measures (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

The true situation concerning legal and illegal trade combined is far from clear. Considering only CITES recorded trade, 

IUCN concluded in 1988 that international trade is currently not a significant threat to the species, and that its present level 

does not have a deleterious effect on the Argentine population. Cattan (pers. comm.) however considers illegal hunting to 

be undoubtedly the most important threat to the species. Strict enforcement of wildlife legislation in most Latin American 

countries is unlikely to occur in the near future. Domestic enforcement of legislation is minimal (Ginsberg and Macdonald 

1990). 

REFERENCES 

Abello, O. 1979. Densidad de una pobulacion de Zorros colorados Dusicyon culpaeus, en el Parque Nacional “Torres del Paine” (Magallanes, Chile). 

Chilean Forestry Service, Technical Report No. 7, 26 pp. 

Alderton, D. 1994. Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World. Blandford Press, UK. 

Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del sur, vol. I, Metatheria, Unguiculata, Carnivora. Revista del Museo Argentino de 

Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Ciencias Zoologicas, 4(1): 1-307. 

Canid Specialist Group 1996. Pseudalopex culpaeus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded 


Crespo, J. A. 1975. Ecology of the Pampas Gray Fox and the Large Fox (Culpeo). In: Fox, M. W. (Ed.) The wild canids, their systematic behavioural 

ecology and evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 179-191. 

Crespo, J. A. and DeCarlo, J. M. 1963. Estudio ecologico de una poblacion de zorros colorados. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 

‘Bernadino Rivadavia’, Ecologia 1(1): 1-53. 

F.A.C.I.F. (Federacion Argentina de Commercializacion e Industrializacion de la Fauna – Argentine Federation of Wildlife Trade and Industry) 1987. 

Ecological studies of the Argentine red and grey foxes. A scientific research proposal for the national management of wild populations. Buenos 

Aires, Argentina. 

Fuentes, R. E. and Jaksic, F. M. 1979. Latitudinal size variation of Chilean foxes: tests of alternative hypotheses. Ecology, 60: 43-47. 

Ginsberg, J. R. and Macdonald, D. W. 1990. Foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs. An action plan for the conservation of canids. IUCN, Gland. 

Greer, J. K. 1965. The mammals of Malleco Province, Chile. Publications of the Museum of Michigan State University, Biology Series, 3(2): 49-152. 

Grimwood, I. R. 1969. Notes on the distribution and status of some Peruvian mammals. Special publication No. 21, American Committee for International 

Wildlife Protection and New York Zoological Society. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 100

Honacki, J. H., Kinman, K. E. and Koeppl, J. W. 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. The Association of 

Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. 

Jaksic, F. M. and Yanez, J. L. 1983. Rabbit and fox introductions in Tierra del Fuego: history and assessment of the attempts at biological control of the 

rabbit infestation. Biological Conservation, 26: 367-374. 

Mares, M. A., Ojeda, R. A. and Kosco, M. P. 1981. Observations on the distribution and ecology of the mammals of Salta Province, Argentina. Annals of 

the Carnegie Museum, 50: 151-206. 

Osgood, W. H. 1943. The mammals of Chile. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series, 30: 1-268. 

Pine, R. H., Miller, F. D. and Schamberger, A. M. L. 1979. Contributions to the mammalogy of Chile. Mammalia, 43: 339-375. 


Gross Exports of Pseudalopex culpaeus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Argentina Garments 80 6 6 0 350 0 0 0 36 16 73 

Argentina Garments (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 126 0 0 1962 

Argentina Plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Argentina Plates (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 232 0 

Argentina Skin pieces 73 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Argentina Skin pieces (kg) 43.7 0 0 0 0 0 2.25 0 0 0 184.2 

Argentina Skin pieces (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 0 166 1 0 0 0 

Argentina Skins 54 0 13 16 3982 613 6703 73 521 7218 19009 

Argentina Skins (kg) 0 0 0 0 500 0 2250 0 0 0 0 

Argentina Tails 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chile Skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

COMMENT 

Argentina is the main exporter and exports have been increasing with relatively high levels in 2002. No recent 

population estimates seem to be available, and this species is considered endangered in Argentina, therefore 


5. Pseudalopex griseus 

FAMILY 


CANIDAE 

Argentine Grey Fox (English); Renard de Chiloé (French); Renard gris d'Argentine 

(French); Chilla; Zorro chico (Spanish); Zorro de la Isla Chiloe (Spanish); Zorro gris 

argentino (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Canid Specialist Group, 1996) 


The Argentine gray fox is wide spread throughout Patagonia and western Argentina. Tierra del Fuego is now the area 

with the highest population density. These foxes are also found on several small islands off the western coast of West 

Falkland, in Chile, southern Peru, and are believed to exist in central Peru. They live on both sides of the Andes 

Mountains (23° S to 55° S) (Knop, 2003). 

Argentina: Occurrence reported (Bertonatti and Gonzalez, 1992). Introduced to Tierra del Fuego in 1951 to control the 

European rabbit. Widespread throughout Patagonia form the Straits of Magellan to Chubut province and northwards, 

apparently in a relatively narrow strip in the lowlands of western Argentina. On the Malvinas/Falkland Islands, it is 

found on several small islands off the west coast of west Falkland (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Classified as 

Endangered by the Argentine Wildlife Board (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Chile: Introduced to Tierra del Fuego. Widespread from the Straits of Magellan northewards as far as the southern half 

of the II Administrative region, mainly in lowlands and foothills of coastal mountain ranges. (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 

1990). In Rio Nego, Patagonia, population levels have been stable since 1983, in spite of heavy harvesting for furs. 

Deep snowfall can depress population levels, but recovery is usually speedy (Knop, 2003). 

Ginsberg and Macdonald (1990) consider doubful the population estimates of 37,250 to 65,837 provided by 

Duran et al. (1985). Ginsberg and Macdonald (1990) note that the study was funded by a Magallanes’ hunters 

association, and that it resulted in the ban on hunting of grey zorro being lifted and hunting licences being issued. 

Hunting later became uneconomical (due to scarcity) after a very small proportion of estimated populations were 

removed, suggesting an overestimate of standing densities. It is protected by law but enforcement is lax (Ginsberg and 

Macdonald, 1990). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 101

Falkland Islands: Found on several small islands off the west coast of west Falkland (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Peru: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

No hunting or skin trade has been permitted since 1929 in some areas, although fox skins are still exported through 

Chile via Argentina. Hunting is banned year-round in some areas. (The World Conservation Union, 1998). 

Both hunting, legal and illegal, and the presence of Pseudalopex culpaeus may limit the gray fox’s distribution, even 

though their territories do not overlap (Knop, 2003). Consequences of changes in land use has been suggested to benefit 

Pseudalopex griseus to the detriment of P. culpaeus. Predation on lambs results in strong local pressure for predator 

control measures (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Local people believe that these foxes prey upon sheep and domestic 

fowl, although scat analysis indicates that such predation is probably not common (Nowak, 1999). 

Ginsberg and Macdonal (1990) note that better estimates of population densities and absolute population numbers in both 

Chile and Argentina are urgently required and that although trade in this species has declined somewhat in recent years, 

levels of harvesting are still very high. They also note that confusion and disagreements concerning previous surveys 

suggest that surveys should be made by parties without an economic interest in the species. 

REFERENCES 

Bertonatti, C. and Gonzalez, F. 1992. Lista de vertebrados Argentinas en peligro de extinción. Fundacion Vida Silvestre Argentina. Boletin Tecnico 

Number 8. 

Canid Specialist Group 1996. Pseudalopex culpaeus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded 


Duran, J. C., Cattan, P. E. and Yanez, J. L. 1985. The Grey Fox Canis griseus (Gray) in Chilean Patagonia (southern Chile). Biological 

Conservation, 34(2): 141-148. 

Ginsberg, J. R. and Macdonald, D. W. 1990. Foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs, an action plan for the conservation of canids. IUCN, Gland. 

Knop. K. 2003. Pseudalopex griseus – Animal Diversity Web. The University of Michingan Museum of Zoology. 

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification Downloaded on 28 Januray 2004. 

Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition. Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press. 

The World Conservation Union, Species Survival Commission, Canid Specialist Group, 1998. "Gray Zorro" (On-line). Accessed November 28, 2001 

at http://www.canids.org/SPPACCTS/dgriseus.htm. 


Gross Exports of Pseudalopex griseus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Argentina Bones 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Argentina Feet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1510 0 0 

Argentina Garments 2684 3271 2844 1015 4775 173 342 0 387 148 387 

Argentina Garments (kg) 0 0 149 88 324.5 172.6 0 34 0 0 0 

Argentina Garments (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 22628 0 2661 0 0 6324 

Argentina Hair (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 

Argentina Plates 51 32504 95 0 0 56 21 78 897 60 62 

Argentina Plates (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2525.95 889.65 160.25 

Argentina Plates (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 

Argentina Skins 22975 8500 15020 4016 79603 22202 42334 20362 23150 39368 124803 

Argentina Skins (kg) 150 0 0 0 657 62 356.6 92.2 1170.45 22.5 303.25 

Argentina Skin pieces 2290 4542 1000 2928 6400 30 0 0 903 1 448 

Argentina Skin pieces (kg) 2130.9 0 70 178 200 839.5 624.85 335.7 32 80.3 1241.93 

Argentina Skin pieces (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 2568 128 2167 0 0 0 

Argentina Tails 191 2 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 

Argentina Tails (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0.4 0 0 1.5 

Argentina Trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 4 1 

Chile Skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3831 1230 

COMMENT 

There are no recent population estimates in any range state. Although it is said to be widespread in Argentina, the main 

exporter of this species, it is classified as endangered. Given the high levels of recent trade from Argentina and an 

apparent increase in trade in 2002 the species is recommended for review. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 102

6. Vulpes zerda 

FAMILY 


CANIDAE 

Fennec Fox (English); Fennec (French); Fennec (Spanish); Zorro del Sahara (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS DD (Canid Specialist Group, 1996) 


Occurs in the deserts of North Africa, throughout the Sahara. Scant information available due to nocturnal habit. One 

sighting was made in the Sinai in the late 1970s. No recent sightings have been made there (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 

1990). 

Algeria: Occurrence reported (Rosevear, 1974). 

? Burkina Faso: Occurrence reported (Roure, 1968). 

Chad: Occurrence reported (Newby, 1970). 

Egypt: Occurrence reported (Osborn and Helmy, 1980). 

Iraq: 

Israel: 

Kuwait: Occurrence reported (Harrison, 1968). 

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Occurrence reported (Rosevear, 1974). 

Mali: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Mauritania: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Morocco: Occurrence reported (Cabrera, 1932). 

Niger: Occurrence reported (Newby, 1982). 

Oman: 

Saudi Arabia: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Sudan: Occurrence reported (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). 

Tunisia: Occurrence reported (Rosevear, 1974). 

Western Sahara: Occurrence reported (Valverde, 1957). 

Trapped and sold as pets and extensively hunted for pelts by indigenous people in the Sahara. Does not breed well in 

captivity. No known threats other than potential over-exploitation. Given its habitat requirements, it is unlikely that the 

species will be in any danger of extinction in the near future (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990). Fennecs are rare (Anon., 

2004) and although they do no harm to human interests, they are intensively hunted by the native people of the Sahara. 

The Fennec has become rare in some parts of northwestern Africa (Grzimek, 1975). 

REFERENCES 

Anon. 2004. Fennec Fox, Chaffee Zoo. http://www.chaffeezoo.org/zoo/animals/fennec.htm Downloaded on 28 Januray 2004. 

Cabrera, A. 1932. Los mamiferos de Marruecos. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Serie Zoologica, Vol. 57 361 pp. 

Canid Specialist Group 1996. Vulpes zerda. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 20 

January 2004. 

Ginsberg, J. R. and Macdonald, D. W. 1990. Foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs. An action plan for the conservation of canids. IUCN, Gland. 116pp. 

Grzimek, B. (ed.) 1975. Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia. Mammals, I-lV. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, vols. 10-13. 

Harrison, D. L. 1968. The mammals of Arabia, Vol. II, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Hyracoidea. English Benn, London. 

Newby, J. 1970. The ecological resources of the Ouadi Rimé - Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve, Chad. UNDP/FAO Wildlife Conservation and 

Management Project CHD/69/004. Unpublished. 

Newby, J. E. 1982. Avant-projet de classement d'une aire protégée dans l'Air et le Ténéré (République du Niger). Report to IUCN/WWF, Gland. 

Unpublished. 

Osborn, D. J. and Helmy, I. 1980. The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Series/Edition 2 Fieldiana Zoology, Number 5. 

Rosevear, D. R. 1974. The carnivores of West Africa. British Museum (Natural History),London. 

Roure, G. 1968. Petit atlas de classification, de morphologie, de repartition et de determination des animaux sauvages de Haute Volta et des pays 

voisins. Direction des eaux et forets, Ministere de l'Agriculture, Ouagadougou, Haute-Volta. 

Valverde, J. A. 1957. Aves del Sahara Español. Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid. 


Gross Exports of Vulpes zerda 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Egypt Bodies 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

United Arab 

Emirates 

Live 

0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 

Egypt Live 10 0 502 554 60 0 10 19 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 103

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Mali Live 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sudan Live 0 0 138 4 5 10 12 95 0 40 43 

Chad Trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

COMMENT 

Sudan has been the only country exporting this species recently. Fennecs are rare and being intensively hunted. Given 

the lack of information on the status in any range state the species is recommended for review. 

7. Ursus arctos 

FAMILY 


URSIDAE 

Brown Bear (English); Grizzly Bear (English); Grizzly (French); Ours brun (French); 

Oso pardo (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Bear Specialist Group, 1996) 


Brown bears are distributed throughout Eurasia with a large 'mainland' population in tundra and taiga forests of Russia 

extending into neighbouring areas of the D.P.R. of Korea, Mongolia, and China (Servheen, 1990). 

CITES Appendix I range states: Bhutan, China, Mexico, Mongolia 

CITES Appendix II range states: 

Afghanistan: unknown (Servheen, 1999). 

Albania: Populations of uncertain size are also found in Albania (Servheen, 1990). Many of these populations are likely 

to go extinct in the near future unless they are carefully managed (Craighead, 2001). 

Armenia: 

Austria (ex): Population very small and threatened (Servheen et al., 1999). At present, there are just a few brown bears 

living in Austria, but the situation is promising and bear numbers 

are rising. Today in Austria the brown bear occurs in two small populations. Three to six individuals are assumed to live 

in southwestern Carinthia, representing an outpost of the southern Slovenian population expanding into the border area 

with Austria and Italy. The second population is located in the Limestone Alps of Styria and Lower Austria and 

comprises 8–10 individuals; it is the result of a reintroduction project started by WWF-Austria in 1989. In addition to 

these populations, the Alps of Styria and Carinthia and to a lesser extent also of Salzburg and Upper Austria, are visited 

by migrating individuals with increasing frequency. A third center of bear distribution is emerging in northwestern 

Styria and the bordering areas of Upper Austria (Rauer, 1999). 

Azerbaijan: 

Belarus: 

Belgium (ex): 

Bosnia and Herzegovina: decreasing (Servheen et al., 1999). 

Bulgaria: The Bulgarian micro-population inhabits the Rila-Rhodopes Mountain Massif (including the smaller 

mountains north of Rila), and numbers some 500 specimens. Rare in Bulgaria and potentially threatened, owing to the 

limited population number and distribution that results from human pressure. At the same time, numbers have slowly 

increased in the last fifty years (Spassov and Spiridonov, 1999). 

Canada: Stable? (Servheen et al., 1999). Population c. 25,000, in western Canada. Threatened or extirpated in some 

areas of relatively dense human rural and urban settlement, while over much of their range populations remain healthy. 

(ref?) The grizzly bear in Canada exists throughout the western part of the country from the coast to the prairie of Alberta 

and north to the Arctic Ocean. Total population estimates are of 53,280-66480. The grizzly is considered a game animal 

in Canada and is protected by the game laws of each province or territory. Concern about the population in Alberta exists 

(Horejsi, 1989) and the population of British Columbia, though large, has been eliminated from some areas in the 

southern part of their range by human activities (Servheen, 1989). 

The harvest of grizzly bears in British Columbia can be managed on a sustainable basis, with minimal risk of population 

declines. One important improvement in the current system would be to incorporate the effects of uncertainty in 

population parameters when calculating quota allocations. The Panel’s evaluation of grizzly bear harvest did not reveal 

any compelling evidence of over-harvest in the province as a whole or in any GBPUs [grizzly bear population units]. 

Nevertheless, the Panel cannot conclude that over-harvest is not occurring. Small sample sizes precluded any 

meaningful analysis at the MU [management unit] level. The current scale of allowable harvest (3% to 6% per year) has 

been derived from population models that did not include sampling error as a distinct source of uncertainty in parameter 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 104

values. We recommend that the upper end of the current scale be reduced by 1% (i.e. from 6% to 5%) to ensure that it 

captures the full extent of uncertainty (Anon., 2003). 

Croatia: About 400 bears in Croatia (Berkhoudt, 1999) and the population is considered to be stable (Berkhoudt, 1999; 

Swenson et al., 2000). Monitoring is said to take place. However, no information is provided on how it is carried out 

and organized (Berkhoudt, 1999). 

Czech Republic: Very small population and threatened (Servheen, 1999). 

Denmark: 

Estonia: Stable (Servheen, 1999). 

Finland: There are about 450 brown bears in Finland contiguous with Russia (Pullainen, 1989). 

France: Very small, endangered (Servheen, 1999). About 20 to 30 brown bears are found in smaller subpopulations in 

the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain (Camarra and Parde, 1992). 

Georgia: 

Germany (ex): 

Greece: Very small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). Brown bears total about 90 to 170 in two populations in Greece 

(Mertzanis, 1989). 

Hungary: 

India: Small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). 

Iran (Islamic Republic of): Small? (Servheen, 1999). 

Iraq: 

Israel (ex): 

Italy: Two populations are found in Italy, one of 50 and one of 10 to 16 animals (Zunino, 1992; Boscagli, 1987). About 

three brown bears are known in the Brenta Mountains of Italy bordering Switzerland. These bears are seldom observed 

and were censused by DNA analysis of hair and scat samples (Kohn et al., 1995a; Kohn et al., 1995b). 

Japan: Hokkaido may have received no immigrants since the last, Wisconsin, glaciation. Historically, Hokkaido may 

have supported as many brown bears as Sakhalin in a 77,000 km 2 area. Up to 3,000 bears have been reported in recent 

times (Domico, 1988), but Servheen considered the population size as unknown in 1989. The population is much 

reduced from historic levels and it appears to be fragmented into three subpopulations (Servheen, 1990) that are 

separated from each other by human development. 

Jordan (ex): 

Kazakhstan: The populations is estimated at 1800 (Servheen, 1994). 

Korea, DPR: 

Kyrgyzstan: 

Latvia: Very small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). 

Lebanon (ex): 

Liechtenstein (ex): 

Lithuania (ex): 

Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of): The former Yugoslavia was estimated to support 1600 to 2000 brown 

bears in 1989 (Isakovic, 1970; Huber, 1992), but the recent war has reduced bear numbers and further fragmented the 

habitat (Huber, 1994). 

Netherlands (ex): 

Norway: Approximately 700 brown bears were estimated in Sweden and Norway in 1994 (Swenson, 1994). 

Pakistan: Very small, endangered (Servheen, 1999). 

Poland : There are many small, isolated populations and 70 to 75 individuals in Poland (Jakubiec and Buchalczyck, 

1987). 

Portugal (ex): 

Romania: Large numbers but decreasing (Servheen, 1999). Romania has the largest brown bear population in Europe 

outside the Soviet Union with an estimated 6,000 bears in the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps in an area 

of 34,000 km 2 or 52% of the wooded area of Romania. This population has increased from less than 1,000 animals in 1950 

to its present size; and more than 4,000 km 2 has been reoccupied by bears in the past 20 years. The density of this 

population is approximately 1 bear/6 km 2 on average with certain areas having a density of 1 bear/1.25 km 2 (Servheen, 

1989). A population of 6,000 is estimated in southwestern Russia\Romania (Rosler, 1989). 

Russian Federation: Increasing in the European part? (Servheen, 1999). Stable to decreasing in the Central/Eastern part 

(Servheen, 1999). `The population of Ursus arctos of the area comprising the Soviet Union may be as high as 100 000, 

representing more than 50% of the extant global population of the species (Servheen, 1990). This population had been 

estimated to number around 100,000 individuals in the 1960s; by the 1970s, however, this number had decreased to around 

70,000. By the 1970’s, the Kamchatka population had been greatly reduced due to over-hunting. In the Kronotsky State 

Reserve, in the 1940’s numbers were estimated to be several thousands, but by 1970 the numbers did not exceed several 

hundreds. Populations are thought to be stable throughout the country except for U. a. leuconyx (= U. a. isabellinus) and U. 

a syriacus (Ovsyanikov, 1988). 

In the eastern portion of the geographical area comprising the Soviet Union, population estimates based on wildlife 

counting efforts of the Soviet Hunting Department (Glavokhota) were: 8 850 in West Siberia; 40 000 in East Siberia; 

32 000 in the far eastern section of the country; 1 400 in Sakhalin; and 700 in the Kuril Islands (Vereschchagin, 1978). For 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 105

the far eastern USSR, Dunishenko (1987) estimated 12-14 000 individuals in Kamchatka; 1 900-2 000 in Sakhalin; 5 000- 

5 500 in Khabarovsk; 2 000 in Primorye; 1 700 in Amurskaya; and 2 000 in Magadanskaya. Pazshetnov (1989 in 

Brautigam, 1989) believes populations of the species in the far east could be threatened with extinction due to hunting. 

In Russia, since the decline of communism, there has been a tremendous increase in hunting by overseas clients and 

poaching by local residents. The game management and enforcement infrastructure collapsed, and has been slow to 

rebuild (Craighead, 2001). 

A population of 6,000 is estimated in southwestern Russia\Romania (Rosler, 1989). Europe has one large contiguous 

brown bear population in northwestern Russia and Finland. Servheen (1990) reports estimates of 30,000 to 33,000 west 

of the Ural Mountains. This total includes 4000 in central regions, 4000 in the Ural Mountains, 5000 in the Volga- 

Vyatka region, 1000 in the Carpathian Mountains, 3000 in the Caucasus Mountains, and 16,000 in northwestern 

regions. Since the fall of Communism this northwestern population has begun to reconnect with smaller populations of 

700 in Sweden and Norway (Swenson, 1994). There are about 450 brown bears in Finland contiguous with Russia 

(Pullainen, 1989). 

Sakhalin Island has an estimated population of 1,400 brown bears (Servheen, 1990). It is less than 10 km from the 

mainland of the Russian Far East at the closest point and migrant individuals are probably exchanged occasionally. 

The Russian Kamchatka Peninsula is estimated to support 12,000 to 14,000 brown bears (Dunishenko, 1987) but these 

populations are rapidly being decimated except in protected areas. Between Hokkaido and Kamchatka, the Kurile 

Islands form a stepping stone array of smaller intermediate islands. The larger of the Kurile Islands adjacent to either of 

these 'mainlands' have resident bear populations. These larger islands are separated from each other and from the 

'mainlands' by about 25 km. A total of 700 brown bears are estimated on the larger Kurile Islands (Dunishenko, 1987). 

The smaller islands in the center of the chain do not support resident bear populations. 

Serbia and Montenegro: 

Slovakia: Increasing (Servheen, 1999). 

Slovenia: Stable (Servheen, 1999). 

Spain: Very small, threatened (Servheen, 1999). Two populations are found in Spain, of 93 to 103 individuals and of 

17 individuals (Clevenger et. al., 1987), and about 20 to 30 brown bears are found in smaller subpopulations in the 

Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain (Camarra and Parde, 1992). 

Sweden: Increasing (Servheen, 1999). Sweden has actively managed to protect and increase their brown bear 

population after a period during which they were almost extirpated. Approximately 700 brown bears were estimated in 

Sweden and Norway in 1994 (Swenson, 1994). Sweden contains the densest brown bear population in Europe and it is 

located in areas with the highest road densities known for brown bear habitat. Presently there may be close to 1000 

brown bears, most of these bears reside in Sweden (Craighead, 2001), but they are begining to expand into Norway 

where they are more likely to come into conflict with sheep herding practices (sheep roam freely in Norway) (Swenson 

et al. 1995). 

Switzerland (ex): 

Syrian Arab Republic (ex): 

Tajikistan: Unknown (Servheen, 1999). 

Turkey: The forests in Turkey have been diminishing in size, as in the rest of Europe, and the human population is 

increasing. This has led to the rapid decrease of the bear (Ursus arctos) population over the last 30 to 40 years in Turkey. 

In comparison to the past, although there is a decline in the bear populations in Turkey, the situation seems quite good in 

the following areas: Artvin and its vicinity, Hakkari and its vicinity, the Cilo and Sat mountains, and the region between 

Tunceli and Erzincan where the Munzur mountains are located. These regions, which are far away from human beings, 

have quite a good population of bears. Although the population in the rich forests of the Black Sea region is less dense, 

relict groups have not yet been formed. The inhabitants of the localities south west of Artvin i.e. Yusufeli province and its 

vicinity, have repeatedly complained of the harm done to their livestock and their orchards by bears. As a result, since 

1982, the General Directory of Forestry has had to permit bear hunting from August to April, but only by foreign hunters. 

Experienced guides from the villages in the vicinity are assigned to these tourists and the high fees paid to them have 

encouraged the protection of the species. The decision of whether to allow the hunting of bears rests on an evaluation of 

the number of bears hunted and the stock of live bears (Mursasoglu, 1989). 

Turkmenistan: 

Ukraine: Decreasing (Servheen, 1999). 

United Kingdom (ex): 

United States: The Alaskan population is stable, still occurring throughout its historic range. The brown bear has been 

extirpated from the remainder of its range in the western USA due to intolerant attitudes. Legal protection, wildlife 

management, and the existence of large reserves of public lands in Alaska appear adequate to assure the survival of the 

species in Alaska through the 21 st century. Most hunting is for trophies but a small and under-documented proportion of 

the kill is for susbistence use by residents in rural villages. Although sale of bear parts is illegal in Alaska, the 

increasing value of these parts in overseas markets has doubtless resulted in an increased number of illegal kills 

(Servheen, 1999). A few hundred animals occur in the lower 48 United States, protected under Federal Law, with 

killing not permitted except in self-defense (Servheen et al., 1999). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 106

In the United States the estimated total population is less than 700-900 animals in the six subpopulations. The grizzly bear 

is listed as a threatened species and is subject to protection and management under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. 

Unauthorized killing is illegal and federal agencies are required to assure that management actions on federal lands will not 

adversely affect the species. Illegal killing of grizzly bears in the United States outside of Alaska is punishable by federal 

fines of up to $20,000 and five years in prison and/or state imposed fines (Servheen, 1990). 

Uzbekistan: 

The total Alps-Dinaric-Pindos population is estimated to consist of about 2800 bears (Berkhoudt, 1999). 

Throughout the world, three major factors drive the loss or decline of bear populations: human-induced mortality, habitat 

loss, and habitat fragmentation (Servheen et al., 1999). Main sources of mortality are poaching, hunting and traffic kills. 

Poaching is regarded to be a 

threat, hunting to be a possible threat (Berkhoudt, 1999; Swenson et al., 2000). Because of grizzly bears’ low 

reproductive rate and low density, extraordinary caution must be exercised in harvesting them (Anon., 2003). 

REFERENCES 

Anon. 2003. Highlights of the Grizzly Bear Scientific Panel Report. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection of British Columbia, Canada. 

http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/nrm_news_releases/2003WLAP0014-000244-Attachment1.htm Downloaded on 28 January 2004. 

Bear Specialist Group 1996. Ursus arctos. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 January 

2004. 

Berkhoudt, K. 1999. The status of bears in Europe and Russia. 160 pp. Report of TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. 

Boldenkov,S.V. and Krainev, E.D. 1979. Carnivorous mammals of the fauna of the Ukraine. pp.15-16 in Ekologicheskiye Osnony Okhrany i 

Ratsional'nogo Ispol'zovaniya Khishchnykh Mlekopitayushchikh Symposium. Moscow. 

Boscagli, G. 1987. Brown bear mortality in central Italy from 1970 to 1984. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the 

world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series Vol. 2, Page 13. 

Craighead, L. 2001. Distribution and Status of Brown Bears of the World. Craighead Environmental Research Institute: 

http://www.grizzlybear.org/gbstatus/griznum.htm. Downloaded on 28 January 2004. 

Camarra, J.J., and Parde, J.M. 1992. The brown bear in France - status and management in 1985. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation 

of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 12. 

Clevenger, A.P., Purroy, F.J. and De Buruage, M.S. 1987. Status of the brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage., 

7:1-8. 

Domico, T. 1988. Bears of the World. Facts on File. New York. 189 pages. 

Dunishenko, Y.M. 1987. Distribution and numbers of the brown bear in Siberia and far east. Pp. 45-51 in B.S. Yudin, ed. The Ecology of Bears. 

Novosibirski Nauka. (In Russian). 

Horejsi, B.L. 1989. Uncontrolled land use threatens an international grizzly bear population. Cons. Biol., 3:220-223. 

Huber, D. 1992. The brown bear in Yugoslavia. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings 

International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 13. 

Huber, D. 1994. Bears and bear research in Croatia. International Bear News, 3:2. 

Isakovic, I. 1970. Game management in Yugoslavia. J. Wildl. Manage., 34:800-812. 

Jakubiec, Z. and Buchalczyk, Y. 1987. The brown bear in Poland: its history and present numbers. Acta Theriologica. 32:289-306. 

Kohn, M., Knauer, F., Stoffela, A., Schroder, W. and Paabo, S. 1995a. Conservation genetics of the European brown bear - a study using excremental PCR 

of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Ecology, 4:95-103. 

Kohn, M., Knauer, F., Stoffela, A., Schroder, W. and Paabo, S. 1995b. Conservation genetics of the European brown bear. Proceedings Tenth 

International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Fairbanks, Alaska. in press. 

Mertzanis, G. 1989. Considerations on the situation of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Mediterranean areas. pp. 27-30 in Proc. of a workshop on the 

situation and protection of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. May 18-20, 1988. Council of Europe, Envir. 

Encounter Ser., No. 6. 

Mursaloglu, B. 1989 Regional report on the status and protection of bears in Turkey. Pp 31-33 In Workshop on the situation and protection of the Brown 

Bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Council of Europe (Environmental Encounters series, No. 6), Strasbourg. 

Ovsyanikov, N. 1988. Polar Bears. WorldLife Library, Voyageur Press. 

Pullainen, E. 1989. The status of the brown bear in northern Europe. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. 

Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. page 15. 

Rauer, G. The status and management of the brown bear in Austria. In C. Servheen, S. Herrero and B. Peynton (comps.). 1999. Bears: Stautus Survey and 

Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 

Rosler, R. 1989. The status of the brown bear in central and eastern Europe. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the 

world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series no. 2. pages 14 and 15. 

Servheen, C. 1989.The management of the grizzly bear on private lands: some problems and possible solutions. pp. 195-200 in Bear/people conflicts - 

Proc. of a symposium on management strategies. NWT Dept. of Renew. Res. Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Apr. 6-10, 1987. 

Servheen, C. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: 

monograph series no. 2. page 15. 

Servheen, C., 1999. Summary of the status of bear species by distribution. In: Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. 1999. Bears. Status survey and 

conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 

Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. 1999. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. 

IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 

Spassov, N.S. and Spiridonov, G. 1999. Status and management of the brown bear in Bulgaria. In 

C. Servheen, S. Herrero and B. Peynton (comps.). 1999. Bears: Stautus Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist 

Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 

Spiridonov, G. and Spassov, N.S. 1992. Status of the brown bear in Bulgaria. cited in C. 

Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: 

monograph series no. 2. page 14. 

Swenson, H. 1994. Sweden and Norway: historic and present status of the brown bear in Scandinavia. International Bear News, (3)3:5. 

Swenson, J.E., Wabakken, P., Sandegren, F., Bjarvall, A., Franzen, R. and Soderberg A.. 1995. The near extinction and recovery of brown bears in 

Scandinavia in relation to the bear management policies of Norway and Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 1:11-25. 

Swenson, J.E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B. and Zedrosser, A. (eds.) 2000. Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown Bear in Europe (Ursus arctos). Nature 

and environment,No. 114. Council of Europe/ Strasbourg. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 107

Vereshcagin, N.K. 1978. The brown bear. Pages 50-69 in A.A. Kaletski, (ed.). Large predatory and hoofed mammals. Moscow: Lesnaya Promishlennost. 

Zunino, F. 1992. The brown bear in central Italy - status report 1985. cited in C. Servheen. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. 

Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management. 8: monograph series, 2: 13. 


Gross Exports of Ursus arctos 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Angola live 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Argentina live 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Armenia skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Australia trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Azerbaijan trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Belgium live 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Brazil live 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bulgaria skins 3 4 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 

Bulgaria skulls 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 

Bulgaria trophies 2 0 11 5 1 5 10 7 4 5 2 

Cambodia derivatives 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

(kg) 

Canada bodies 14 17 19 33 30 40 26 45 4 27 23 

Canada bones 18 5 1 4 15 8 1 1 0 5 2 

Canada gall bladders 1 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada hair 0 0 0 0 41 0 203 209 0 740 0 

Canada live 1 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada meat (kg) 31.82 13.63 0 18.18 3.2 46.45 1 93.1 0 0 56 

Canada plates 5 9 12 5 11 17 20 26 32 43 21 

Canada skins 280 258 233 221 304 299 276 262 69 194 236 

Canada skulls 168 164 175 175 186 225 157 155 53 136 166 

Canada trophies 143 145 131 147 172 148 116 190 131 110 112 

China derivatives 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Croatia skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Croatia skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Croatia trophies 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 7 4 12 

Czech Republic live 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 

Czech Republic skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 

Czech Republic trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Estonia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 3 1 0 1 

Estonia live 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Estonia meat 0 0 0 25 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 

Estonia meat (kg) 0 0 0 1052 1067 0 250 0 0 0 0 

Estonia skins 0 1 19 0 4 2 5 6 3 2 1 

Estonia skulls 0 0 1 0 1 9 3 5 11 1 0 

Estonia trophies 0 0 8 14 23 11 16 23 18 3 12 

Finland bodies 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Finland skins 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 

Finland trophies 7 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 

Georgia skins 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Georgia trophies 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Germany skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Greece bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Greenland skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guatemala live 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hungary live 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hungary skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kazakhstan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 108

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Kazakhstan trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Latvia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Lithuania skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Mexico live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Mongolia trophies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Norway bodies 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Norway live 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Poland live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Romania bodies 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Romania meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 4076 3538 0 0 0 0 0 

Romania skins 0 1 1 24 11 28 75 21 29 5 16 

Romania skulls 0 0 0 21 7 26 75 20 30 5 16 

Romania trophies 0 1 47 20 12 25 128 90 152 109 110 

Russian bodies 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 5 12 4 0 

Federation 

Russian bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 

Federation 

Russian gall (kg) 0 0 15 15 63.24 30.77 3.855 5.307 12 11.73 0 

Federation 

5 7 

7 

Russian gall bladders 0 0 0 0 11 18.09 0 2.995 0 9.83 0 

Federation (kg) 

4 

Russian live 133 148 25 7 39 43 49 23 20 25 0 

Federation 

Russian meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Federation 

Russian meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 2000 150 1300 900 0 0 

Federation 

Russian plates 0 6 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 

Federation 

Russian skins 13 101 157 40 166 46 55 64 66 49 41 

Federation 

Russian skulls 0 15 17 18 29 33 40 33 37 39 32 

Federation 

Russian trophies 271 582 390 284 303 314 335 446 513 590 268 

Federation 

former 

live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Yugoslavia 

Slovak Republic bodies 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 

Slovak Republic live 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Slovak Republic meat (kg) 0 700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Slovak Republic skins 4 6 7 1 0 15 0 2 3 4 0 

Slovak Republic skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Slovak Republic trophies 0 0 4 0 11 1 10 3 4 1 9 

Slovenia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 2 

Slovenia live 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 2 3 

Slovenia skins 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Slovenia skulls 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

Slovenia trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

former Soviet live 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Union 

former Soviet plates 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Union 

former Soviet skins 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Union 

former Soviet skulls 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Union 

former Soviet 

Union 

trophies 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 109

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Spain bones 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sweden bodies 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 

Sweden live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sweden meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81.7 

Sweden skins 0 5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 

Sweden trophies 1 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 2 0 

Turkey live 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Turkey skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Turkey trophies 0 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 

Ukraine skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

United Kingdom skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

United States bodies 1 0 1 0 108 4 3 2 4 10 2 

United States bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 

United States live 1 0 6 0 1 1 2 0 0 6 0 

United States meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 

United States plates 19 9 3 6 11 10 8 8 6 10 4 

United States skins 168 37 19 29 26 21 34 29 32 33 6 

United States skulls 9 12 7 5 15 16 25 17 7 23 6 

United States trophies 72 92 68 87 98 89 109 86 93 86 85 

Uzbekistan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 3 0 

former 

live 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Czechoslovakia 

Former 

Czechoslovakia 

trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Export Quotas for Ursus arctos for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Romania carcases / 

20000 20000 

meat (kg) 

Romania hunting 150 150 150 150 150 200 

trophies 

Romania live 5 2 

Turkey 

hunting 

10 10 

trophies 

Uzbekistan live 3 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Romanian exports have remained below the quota, as have exports from Turkey and 

Uzbekistan. Levels of trade from Canada, Romania and the Russian Federation do not appear too high given the 

population size in these countries. 

8. Ursus maritimus 

FAMILY 


URSIDAE 

Polar Bear (English); Ours blanc (French); Ours polaire (French); Oso polar (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/cd (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996) 


The world population estimate in 2001 was 21,500-25,000 individuals, in 20 relatively discrete populations (Lunn et al., 

2002). The polar bear is the only bear, and probably one of the only large carnivores, that still occurs throughout most of its 

original range (Lunn et al., 2002). The population trend is considered stable (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 110

Canada: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). 15,000 or more individuals occur in Canada. 14 of the 19 currently 

recognised populations are in or shared by Canada (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 2001). It is estimated that there are 230 

individualsin the Viscount Melville Sound and that the population is stable. It is estimated that there are 100 individuals 

in the Norway Bay, and that the population is stationary, being managed with a flexible quota system in which any overharvest 

in a one year results in a fully compensatory reduction to the following year’s quota (Polar Bear Specialist 

Group, 2001). 

Greenland: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). An estimate of 2,000 individuals but this estimate is not thought to be 

very reliable (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 2001). 

Iceland: Occurrence reported (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). 

Japan: Occurrence reported (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). 

Norway: Occurrence reported (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). It is estimated that there are 100 individuals in the 

Norway Bay, and that the population is stationary, being managed with a flexible quota system in which any overharvest 

in a one year results in a fully compensatory reduction to the following year’s quota. 

Russian Federation: Occurrence reported (Mittchell-Jones et al., 1999). It is estimated that there are 800-1200 

individuals in the Laptev Sea (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). 

Svalbard and Jan Mayen: Occurrence reported (Mittchell-Jones et al., 1999). 

United States: Occurrence reported (Hall, 1981). 

It is estimated that there are 2,000-5,000 individuals in the Barents Sea, over 2,000 in the Chukchi Sea (thought to be a 

stable population, although this is not certain), 1,800 in the southern Beaufort Sea (increasing populations) , 1,200 in the 

northern Beaufort Sea (increasing populations), 200 in Queen Elizabeth (thought to be a stable population, although 

this is not certain) (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 1996). 

In the early 1960s, concern was expressed about the increasing harvest of polar bears. In 1965, when little management 

was in effect except for the USSR, where polar bear hunting was banned in 1956, an international meeting was convened 

which agreed upon protection actions throughout the animal's range. The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bear 

and Their Habitat, which came into effect in 1976 arose from this meeting. The primary goal of the agreement is to limit 

hunting to sustainable levels. To date, although not enforceable by law in any of the countries that have signed it, this 

agreement has been the most important single influence on the development of internationally coordinated management 

and research programs, which have ensured the survival of polar bars (Lunn et al., 2002). 

Serveen et al. (1999) provide comprehensive information on the status and conservation needs and measures facing the 

polar bear, including comments on compliance with the polar bear agreement. They note that both historically and 

currently the main threat to polar bears is over-harvesting. 

The polar bear is particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change, paticularly changes in sea-ice which is known to 

alter polar bear numbers and productivity(Lunn et al., 2002). The extent to which human activities, such as shipping, 

seismic exploration, drilling, hard mineral mining offshore or onshore, transport of oil, and ecotourism might affect polar 

bear habitat is not known. Also, contamination of ice, water, food species and bears themselves by oil and other toxins may 

increas as human activites in the Arctic increase (Serveen et al., 1999). The effect of persistent organic pollutants on polar 

bears are only partially understood, but levels of such pollutants are already sufficiently high that they are considered to 

pose a potential risk to reproduction (Lunn et al., 2002). 

Specific conservation recommendations in Serveen et al. (1999) include urging all signatory governments to the 

convention to comply fully with the agreement as well as prioritising research and management action for populations 

where current management practices appear to be causing numbers to decline. 

Harvesting of polar bears remains of great importance to the culture and economy of aboriginal groups through much of 

the Arctic (Polar Bear Specialist Group, 2001). 

Polar bears are legally hunted throughout most of their range today. They are not considered rare or endangered at 

present by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Hunting quotas are enforced by law 

in Alaska, and by agreement in parts of Canada. There are no legal limits for eskimos in Quebec, Greenland, and 

Alaska. Hunting is prohibited in Russia and the Svalbard Archipelago, but enforcement is difficult. In Russia especially, 

the current economic conditions have encouraged poaching and the extent of it is unknown. An international Agreement 

on the Conservation of Polar Bears was signed in 1973 by Canada, Denmark, Norway, the United States, and the former 

USSR which regulates hunting and guides the management of polar bear populations. The use of set guns and hunting 

from ships and aircraft are prohibited (Craighead, 2001). 

Overharvesting and illegal killing are considered to be the greatest threat to polar bear populations today. However, 

human activities are becoming more of a threat as oil and gas development in particular begins to encroach on the 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 111

Arctic. Human developments displace polar bears from important habitat, create conflicts that result in bear deaths, 

create disturbance and stress that affects their behavior and survival, and can introduce toxic substances that impact 

polar bears and their prey in direct and indirect ways (Craighead, 2001). 

REFERENCES 

Craighead, L. 2001. The Polar Bear, Craighead Environmental Research Institute. http://www.grizzlybear.org/bearbook/polar_bear.htm Downloaded on 

28 January 2004. 

Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 vols. (2nd edition). Wiley, New York. 

Lunn, N.J., Schliebe, S. and Born. E.W. (comps. and eds.) 2002. Polar Bears. Proceedings of the 13 th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear 

Specialist Group, 23-28 June 2001, Nuuk, Greenland. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vii + 153pp. 

Mitchell-Jones, A. J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., Krystufek, B., Reijnders, P. J. H., Spitzenberger, F., Stubbe, M., Thissen, J. B. M. et al. 1999. 

The atlas of European mammals. T. & A. D. Poyser, London. 

Polar Bear Specialist Group 1996. Ursus maritimus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 


Polar Bear Specialist Group 2001. Press Release for the 13th meeting of PBSG in Nuuk, Greenland 2001. http://pbsg.npolar.no Downloaded on 28 

January 2004. 

Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. 1999. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. 

IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 


Gross Exports of Ursus maritimus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Canada bodies 6 11 5 19 11 26 23 50 7 40 34 

Canada bones 2 4 1 1 3 8 7 21 1 27 35 

Canada gall 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada gall bladders 0 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada live 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Canada plates 1 142 93 110 43 3 53 0 1 1 1 

Canada skin pieces 20 740 2 6 0 18 2 20 6 0 2 

Canada skin pieces (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.7 59 0 0 0 

Canada skins 176 230 161 199 294 430 293 295 37 131 175 

Canada skulls 18 29 14 28 17 96 62 126 14 106 96 

Canada teeth 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 3 9 

Canada trophies 22 22 21 19 20 104 82 136 87 82 85 

Canada tusks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Greenland bones 0 16 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 

Greenland meat 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 

Greenland skin pieces 13 0 11 12 16 42 19 17 0 1 2 

Greenland skins 81 109 62 70 45 64 69 157 56 46 57 

Greenland skulls 21 36 24 18 25 45 34 13 9 7 3 

Greenland teeth 9 8 1 22 8 0 1 5 2 0 5 

Greenland trophies 13 0 5 5 5 1 0 1 0 0 1 

Greenland tusks 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Norway bodies 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Norway skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 

Norway teeth 0 26 0 42 0 158 0 48 96 100 320 

Norway trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Romania trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Russian Fed. bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Russian Fed. live 1 0 2 0 0 7 0 1 0 12 0 

Russian Fed. teeth 0 0 27 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

United States bodies 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

United States bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 


United States plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

United States skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 313 0 0 0 2 1 

United States skin pieces (kg) 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

United States skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 112

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

United States teeth 56 3 39 0 0 0 0 104 0 126 74 

United States trophies 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 

COMMENTS 

Not recommended for review.This species is considered globally to be low risk. Canada is exporting similar quantities 

every year, but population sizes in Canada appear large and stable. 

9. Conepatus humboldtii 

FAMILY 


MUSTELIDAE 

Humboldt's Hog-nosed Skunk (English); Patagonian Hog-nosed Skunk (English); 

Moufette à nez de cochon (French); Moufette de Patagonie (French); Anas (Spanish); 

Chingue de la Patagonia (Spanish); Mofeta de Patagonia (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Mustelid Specialist Group, 1996) 


A largely Patagonian species, found at low altitudes in southern Chile and Argentina. Taxonomy of the genus Conepatus is 

the subject of controversy and the limits of the range depend on the classification adopted. Little recent information on 

status is available and the species has recently been variously described as `scarce’ or `locally common (Broad et al., 

1988). Globally, it is considered ‘apparently secure’ (uncommon but not rare; some cause for long-term concern due to 

declines or other factors) (NatureServe, 2003). 

Argentina: `Olrog and Lucero (1980) state that it is locally common. Noted as possibly scarce, but there was no concrete 

recent information’ (Broad et al., 1988). Some indication that the numbers of C. humboldtii have decreased (Broad et al., 

1988), but T. Waller (in litt. to TSG, 1991) considers the species to be abundant. The numbers killed each year in 

Patagonia are not known but unpublished data show that population levels have been stable from 1989 to 1993 (A. Novaro 

and M. Funes in litt. to TSG, 1993).’ (Anon., 1993) 

Chile: In 1978 it was reported to have become scarce, as a result of intensive hunting for its pelt (Anon., 1978); Osgood 

(1943) found it to be fairly numerous.’ (Broad et al., 1988). The species is `now, as C. chinga humboldti [sic] categorized 

as Out of Danger in the Red List of Chilean vertebrates (Glade, 1988).’ (Anon. 1993). 

?Paraguay: Occurrence reported (Honacki et al., 1982). 

Considerable numbers of skins appear to have been exported from Argentina up to 1983, although most available 

figures relate to Conepatus species in general, with around 155,000 per year in the 1970s; the proportion of these being 

C. humboldtii is unknown. According to CITES data, the declared number of skins of C. humboldtii exported from 

Argentina in 1983 and 1984 was far lower (2,000-3,000) than that for 1982 (c. 44,000), coinciding with the instigation 

of legal protection for the species; there should theoretically have been no export of skins after 1983 (Broad et al., 

1988). 

REFERENCES 

Broad, S., Luxmoore, R. and Jenkins, M. (1988) Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 1: mammals. 

IUCN and CITES Secretariat. 

Glade, A.A. 1988. Libro rojo de los vertebrados terrestres chilenos. Corporación Nacional Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile. 65 pp. 

Honacki, J. H., Kinman, K. E. and Koeppl, J. W. 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. The Association of 

Systematics Collections. Lawrence, Kansas 

Mustelid Specialist Group 1996. Conepatus humboldtii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded 


NatureServe 2003. Conepatus humboldtii. Info Natura. 

http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/servlet/InfoNatura?searchName=Conepatus+humboldtii#summary Downloaded on 28 Januray 

2004. 

Olrog, C. C., and M. M. Lucero. 1980. Guiá de los Mamiferos Argentinos. Fundación Miguel Lill, Tucuman, Argentina. 

Osgood, W.H. 1943. The mammals of Chile. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 30: 1-268. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 113


Gross Exports of Conepatus humboldtii from Argentina 

Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Garments 23 18 56 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Garments (skins) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2550 0 0 0 

Plates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 

Skins 0 0 150 0 3320 24 900 1550 10348 1980 1 

Skins (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37.5 0 

Skin pieces (kg) 1.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Conflicting information regarding status in Argentina but globally this species is not considered to be threatened. Traded in 

high numbers as skins but not possible to determine whether these levels are sustainable. Recommended for review 

because of uncertainty over population status in Argentina. 

10. Caracal caracal 

FAMILY 


FELIDAE 

African Caracal (English); Asian Caracal (English); Caracal English); Caracal (French); 

Lynx du désert (French); Caracal (Spanish); Lince africano (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LC (Cat Specialist Group, 2001) 


Widely distributed across North Africa, Central Asia, and south-west Asia. While it is relatively common, there is 

concern over the status of populations on the edge of its range in the Central Asian republics and in Pakistan. Found in 

the drier habitats, including savannah and woodland, as well as desert, and absent only from the tropical rainforest. 

Caracals take a variety of prey, including relatively large prey such as gazelles, and they are known for their exceptional 

ability to catch birds (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 

Appendix I Range States: 

Afghanistan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, 

Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen 

Appendix II Range States: 

Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, ? Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, ? Côte d'Ivoire, 

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, ? Guinea, Guinea- 

Bissau, Kenya, ? Lesotho, ? Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malawi, ? Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, 

Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, ? Swaziland, Tanzania, United Republic of, ? Togo, ? 

Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe 

The status of the caracal is satisfactory in sub-Saharan Africa. It appears to be most abundant in South Africa and Namibia, 

where its range is expanding (Stuart and Wilson, 1988; Rowe-Rowe, 1992) possibly linked to local extirpation of blackbacked 

jackals by farmers (Pringle and Pringle, 1979; Stuart, 1982, H. Berry in litt. 1991). In the savannah regions of west 

and central Africa, it is less common and patchily distributed in pockets of drier habitat (Kingdon, 1977). 

It is not protected over most of its sub-Saharan range and has no legal protection in Egypt. Hunting of the species is 

prohibited in Algeria, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, 

and Uzbekistan. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the caracal is protected from hunting in about half of its range states; in 

Namibia and South Africa, it is classified as a Problem Animal. It is capable of taking small domestic livestock, and 

records from South Africa show large numbers of caracals trapped by farmers each year. Hunting for skins and "luxury 

bushmeat" is reported to be a threat in west and central Africa, where it is more sparsely distributed (Nowell and 

Jackson,1996). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 114

REFERENCES 

Cat Specialist Group 2001. Caracal caracal. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 

January 2004. 

Kingdon, J. 1977. East African mammals: an atlas of evolution in Africa. Vol. 3(A), Carnivores. Academic Press, New York. 

Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (comps. and eds.) 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, 

Gland, Switzerland. 

Pringle, J. A. and Pringle, V. L. 1979. Observations on the lynx Felis caracal in the Bedford district. S. Afr. J. Zool. 14: 1-4. 

Rowe-Rowe, D. T. 1992. The carnivores of Natal. Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 

Stuart, C. T. 1982. Aspects of the biology of the caracal (Felis caracal) in the Cape Province, South Africa. M.S. thesis, Univ. Natal, Pietermaritzburg. 

Stuart, C. T. and Wilson, V. J. 1988. The cats of southern Africa. Chipangali Wildlife Trust, Bulawayo. 


Gross Exports of Caracal caracal 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Angola live 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Argentina trophies 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Australia trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Central African 

Republic 

trophies 

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ethiopia skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Ethiopia skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Ethiopia trophies 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 

Namibia bodies 4 0 0 0 7 2 1 0 0 1 1 

Namibia bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 

Namibia live 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Namibia skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 

Namibia skins 211 497 55 48 75 14 98 30 57 18 8 

Namibia skulls 1 1 1 6 2 2 16 7 7 5 5 

Namibia teeth 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Namibia trophies 22 29 15 50 11 15 60 30 25 50 52 

South Africa bodies 2 1 5 3 0 2 2 5 2 3 1 

South Africa bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

South Africa claws 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

South Africa feet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 

South Africa live 10 10 41 32 13 10 5 6 4 10 13 

South Africa plates 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

South Africa skeletons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 

South Africa skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 

South Africa skins 53 2 3 5 8 12 94 78 48 89 117 

South Africa skulls 27 19 11 25 13 2 86 103 43 78 59 

South Africa teeth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

South Africa trophies 36 41 61 42 44 114 117 123 232 227 419 

South Africa 

trophies 

(kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Tanzania skulls 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tanzania trophies 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 

Zambia skins 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Zambia skulls 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Zambia trophies 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

Zimbabwe feet 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe plates 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Zimbabwe skins 2 1 2 6 2 4 6 5 9 2 0 

Zimbabwe skulls 1 0 2 11 1 3 5 3 11 3 0 

Zimbabwe trophies 7 7 4 10 7 9 12 12 15 15 9 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 115

Export Quotas for Caracal caracal for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ethiopia Skins 10 

Ethiopia Trophies 10 10 

Mozambique live 10 10 10 10 10 10 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. South Africa and Namibia are the main exporters but these are the countries in which the 

Caracal is most abundant, with an expanding range. Moreover, Caracals are classified as problem animals in these 

countries. Ethiopia and Mozambique are not exceeding their quotas. 

11. Panthera leo 

FAMILY 


FELIDAE 

Africa Lion (English); Lion d'Afrique (French); León (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU C2a(i) (Cat Specialist Group, 2001) 


The lion formerly ranged from northern Africa through south-west Asia (where it disappeared from most countries 

within the last 150 years), west into Europe, where it apparently became extinct almost 2,000 years ago, and east into 

India (where a relict population survives today in the Gir Forest (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 

Optimal habitat appears to be open woodlands, and thick bush, scrub and grass complexes, where sufficient cover is 

provided for hunting and denning. The lion has a broad habitat tolerance, absent only from tropical rainforest and the 

interior of the Sahara desert (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Medium- to large-sized ungulates (including antelopes, zebra, 

and wildebeest) are the bulk of their prey, but lions will take almost any animal, from a rodent to a rhino. They also 

scavenge, pushing other predators (such as the spotted hyaena) off their kills (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 

CITES Appendix I population (Panther leo persica): 

Greece (ex), India, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (ex), Iraq (ex), Israel (ex), Pakistan (ex), Syrian Arab Republic (ex) 

CITES Appendix II populations (Panther leo): 

Algeria (ex), Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, 

Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti (ex), Egypt (ex), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, 

Guinea, ? Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, ? Mauritania (ex), Morocco (ex), Mozambique, Namibia, 

Niger, Nigeria, ? Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, United Republic 

of, Togo, Tunisia (ex), Uganda, Western Sahara (ex), Zambia, Zimbabwe 

Based on estimates of density and geographic range, the lion’s total effective population size is estimated at below 

10,000 mature breeding individuals, with a declining population due to habitat and prey base loss and persecution, and 

with no subpopulation containing more than 1,000 mature breeding individuals. East and Southern Africa are home to 

the majority of the continent’s lions; in West Africa, numbers have greatly declined. Throughout most of Africa, lions 

are becoming increasingly rare outside protected areas (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 

Lions are generally considered serious problem animals whose existence is at odds with human settlement and cattle 

culture. Many people are killed each year in Africa by lions. Their scavenging behaviour makes them particularly 

vulnerable to poisoned carcasses put out to eliminate predators (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). The main threat is currently 

persecution for pest control (Cat Specialist Group, 2001). 

Hunting is banned in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, and Rwanda. 

Hunting is restricted to "problem" animals in Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Ivory 

Coast, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaïre, Zambia and Zimbabwe 

(Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 116

REFERENCES 

Bauer, H., De Iongh, H.H., Princee, F.P.G. and Ngantou. D. 2001. Status and needs for conservation of lions in west and central Africa. Workshop 

report, CBSG and ALWG. 

Cat Specialist Group 2001. Caracal caracal. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 

January 2004. 




Gross Exports of Panthera leo 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Angola live 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Benin skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Benin trophies 0 0 3 4 4 10 3 3 4 1 0 

Botswana bodies 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Botswana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 

Botswana plates 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Botswana skins 8 19 33 94 234 102 64 94 72 0 0 

Botswana skulls 6 56 12 1 2 0 3 2 2 0 0 

Botswana trophies 145 151 49 34 9 18 9 22 30 9 2 

Burkina Faso skins 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Burkina Faso skulls 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Burkina Faso trophies 8 3 3 6 5 7 12 12 20 10 2 


Republic 

skins 

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Republic 

skulls 

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Republic 

trophies 

23 8 9 9 6 6 3 10 12 5 0 

Cameroon skins 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Cameroon skulls 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Cameroon trophies 26 7 5 10 14 12 9 16 20 6 9 

Chad trophies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 8 3 

Congo, 

Democratic 

Republic of 

trophies 

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 

Cote d'Ivoire skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Cote d'Ivoire trophies 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Egypt live 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ethiopia live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ethiopia skins 2 12 0 4 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 

Ethiopia trophies 1 6 13 1 0 0 1 3 0 2 2 

Gabon skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gabon trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Kenya derivatives 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kenya live 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Kenya skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Kenya skins 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 

Kenya skulls 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kenya trophies 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 

Malawi live 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Malawi skins 0 3 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Malawi trophies 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Malaysia live 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mozambique skins 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 21 7 13 0 

Mozambique skulls 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 9 13 0 

Mozambique trophies 0 0 11 5 17 14 21 1 29 15 11 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 117

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 


Namibia live 0 33 0 13 21 3 2 0 0 0 0 

Namibia skins 7 6 6 8 21 18 11 9 7 1 2 



Niger live 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 

Senegal skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Senegal trophies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


South Africa bones 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 







Sudan skins 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tanzania bodies 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tanzania live 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 

Tanzania skin pieces 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 

Tanzania skins 3 25 26 34 47 35 50 32 25 13 6 

Tanzania skulls 1 9 15 33 42 35 49 35 20 10 6 

Tanzania trophies 202 195 282 230 298 276 264 272 316 230 226 

Togo trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Zambia bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zambia live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zambia skins 9 6 17 19 24 8 15 11 9 4 0 

Zambia skulls 3 0 11 14 25 6 13 9 9 2 0 

Zambia trophies 118 36 51 65 50 45 82 74 47 24 3 

Zimbabwe bodies 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 0 15 0 1 

Zimbabwe bones 0 36 0 6 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 

Zimbabwe live 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 11 3 0 25 

Zimbabwe plates 0 2 1 1 2 2 0 9 0 0 2 

Zimbabwe skin pieces 0 2 42 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 


Zimbabwe skulls 13 33 46 104 27 19 43 24 73 16 5 


Export Quotas for Panthera leo for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ethiopia Live and 

10 15 

trophies 

Ethiopia Trophies 30 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are the main exporters for this species and show 

relatively high but stable levels of trade over time. These are the countries in which the lion is most abundant. Ethiopia 

is not exceeding its quotas. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 118

12. Prionailurus bengalensis 

FAMILY 


FELIDAE 

Bengal Leopard Cat (English); Leopard Cat (English); Chat de Chine (French); Chatléopard 

du Bengale (French); Gato bengalí (Spanish); Gato de Bengala (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LC (Cat Specialist Group, 2001) 


Has a wide distribution Asia, ranging up to 3,000m in parts of its range, which extends into the Himalayas along river 

valleys. It occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats, from tropical rainforest to temperate broadleaf and, marginally, 

coniferous forest, as well as shrub forest and successional grasslands. The northern boundaries of its range are limited 

by snow cover; the leopard cat avoids areas where snow is more than 10cm deep. It is not found in the cold steppe 

grasslands, and generally does not occur in arid zones, although there are a few records from relatively dry and treeless 

areas in Pakistan (Nowell and Jackson 1996). 

Leopard cats occur commonly in dense secondary growth, including logged areas, and have been found in agricultural 

and forest (rubber tree, oil palm) plantations. The species can live close to rural settlements, occasionally raiding 

poultry, and have recently been reported from the outskirts of Beijing, where they were thought to have disappeared 

years ago. They are excellent swimmers, and have successfully colonized offshore islands throughout their range 

(Nowell and Jackson 1996). 

Appendix I populations: 

Bangladesh: Occurrence reported (Sarker and Sarker, 1984). 

India: Occurrence reported (Biswa et al., 1986). 

Thailand: Occurrence reported (Chasen, 1935). 

Appendix II populations: 

Afghanistan: Occurrence reported (Anon., 1981). 

Bhutan: Occurrence reported (Chakraborty, 1976). 

Brunei: 

Cambodia: 

China: Occurrence reported (Lu, 1990). In China, the center of its range, commercial exploitation has been heavy, 

especially in the south-west. Hundreds of thousands of Leopard Cat skins per year were exported until Europe stopped 

imports in the late 1980's over concern for the species status (Nowell and Jackson 1996). 

Hong Kong: Occurrence reported (Marshall, 1967). 

Indonesia: Occurs in Bali, Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra (Robinson and Kloss, 1917). 

Japan: On Tsushima islands Prionailurus bengalensis (including Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis) was estimated 

to number less than 100 individuals, down from perhaps 200-300 individuals in the 1960s-1970s (Izawa, 1990; Cat 

Survival Trust, 2003). There is debate among cat specialists about whether the Iriomote cat, found only on the small 

Japanese island of Iriomote off the eastern coast of Taiwan, is a unique species (as suggested by morphology) or an 

isolated subspecies of Leopard Cat (as suggested by genetic analysis). As a species, the Iriomote cat would qualify as 

Critically Endangered and the world’s most threatened cat, with a single population of less than 100 animals (Nowell 

and Jackson 1996). Populations of Tsushima cats are protected (Cat Survival Trust, 2003). Island populations are 

seriously threatened (Nowell and Jackson 1996). 

D.P.R. Korea: Occurrence reported (Won, 1976). 

Korea Republic: Occurrence reported (Won, 1976). 

Lao P.D.R.: Occurrence reported (Gressitt, 1970). 

Macao: 

Malaysia: Occurs in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Medway, 1969). 

Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Corbet and Hill, 1992). 

Nepal: Occurrence reported (Mitchell, 1975). 

Pakistan: Occurrence reported (Nawaz, 1983). 

Philippines: Perhaps extirpated from Cebu (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). Island populations are seriously threatened 

(Nowell and Jackson 1996). 

Russian Federation: Occurrence reported (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Concern about their status in the Russian Far 

East (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 

Singapore: Occurrence reported (Harrison, 1966). 

Taiwan: Uncommon (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 119

Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Dào van Tiên, 1978). 

Leopard cats are common (relative to other felids) across much of their range. Island populations are the most 

vulnerable. Leopard cats can hybridize with domestic cats and hybridization in the wild has been reported (Nowell and 

Jackson 1996). Skins of spotted cats are always in demand for clothing (Cat Survival Trust, 2003). 

The leopard cat is protected at the national level over part of its range, with hunting prohibited in Bangladesh, 

Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia (except Sabah), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, 

Russia, Thailand and Taiwan, and hunting and trade regulations in place in South Korea, Laos and Singapore (Nowell 

and Jackson 1996). 

Insufficient information exists about the numbers of leopard cats in the wild to really assess their status. Although 

subspecies may be threatened, the species is sufficiently widespread to withstand a lot of human encroachment (Cat 

Survival Trust, 2003). 

REFERENCES 

Anon. 1981. Afghanistan. A contribution to a conservation strategy. Volume II: Appendices. UNDP/FAO/National Parks and Wildlife Management 

Afghanistan. FO:DP/AFG/78/007 Technical Report, Rome. 

Bannikov, A. G. and Sokolov, V. I. 1984. Krasnaya Kniga SSSR. Second edition. Lesnaya Promiishlyennost, Moscow. 

Biswas, B., Ghose, R. K. and Ghosal, D. K. 1986. The lesser cats in eastern India. WWF Monthly 

Report June 1986, Pages 143-147. 

Cat Specialist Group 2001. Prionailurus bengalensis.. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 16 

January 2004. 

Cat Survival Trust 2003. The Leopard Cat. Felis (Prionailurus) bengalensis. Kerr. http://catsurvivaltrust.org/lepcat.htm 

Chakraborty, S. 1976. On a collection of mammals from Bhutan. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 68: 1-20. 

Chasen, F. N. 1935. On mammals from Siam. Journal Siam Society, Natural History Supplement, 10: 31-57. 

Corbet, G. B. and Hill, J. E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford 

Dào van Tiên. 1978. Sur une collection de mammiferès du plateau de Moc Chan. Mitteilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 54: 377-391. 

Gressitt, J. L. 1970. Biogeography of Laos. Pacific Insects Monograph, 24: 573-626. 

Harrison, J. 1966. An introduction to the mammals of Singapore and Malaya. English Singapore Branch, Malayan Nature Society, Singapore. ISBN 

900848 67 7 

Izawa, M. 1990. Iriomote Cat Felis iriomotensis. In: Anon, Cat Specialist Group meeting reports. Cat News 12: 2-14. Pages 10-11. 

Lu, H.. 1990. Cat problems in China. In: Anon, Cat Specialist Group meeting reports. Cat News 12, 2-14 Page 10. 

Marshall, P. 1967. Wild mammals of Hong Kong. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Medway, Lord. 1969. The wild mammals of Malaya and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Mitchell, R. M. 1975. A checklist of Nepalese mammals. English Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 2: 152-157. 

Nawaz, M. 1983. The endangered mammals of Pakistan. Tigerpaper, 10(3): 15-20. 



Robinson, H. C. and Kloss, C. B. 1917. List of the mammals of Sumatra. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 8(2): 73-80. 

Sarker, S. U. and Sarker, N. J. 1984. Mammals of Bangladesh - their status, distribution and habitat. Tigerpaper, 11(1): 8-13. 

Won P-O. 1976. Checklist of the mammals of Korea. Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 


Gross Exports of Prionailurus bengalensis including the subspecies chinensis 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

China bodies 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

China garments 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 14 39 123 

China plates 12506 0 0 10 4956 23095 9180 7671 16560 21855 24283 

China plates (m2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 

China skin pieces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 2798 0 

China skins 8211 0 0 0 4700 20499 16000 28793 66415 24459 24696 

Japan garments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Laos bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Malaysia bodies 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Malaysia live 4 3 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Myanmar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Russian 

Federation 

live 

0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Taiwan bodies 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Thailand skins 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Viet Nam bodies 1 9 9 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Viet Nam trophies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 120

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. China is the main exporter with very high levels of trade. Although China is the centre of the 

leopard cat’s range, no information on national status is available so given the high levels of trade the species is 

recommended for review 

13. Arctocephalus pusillus 

FAMILY 


OTARIIDAE 

Afro-Australian Fur Seal (English); Cape Fur Seal (English); Arctocéphale d'Afrique 

du Sud (French) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Seal Specialist Group, 1996) 


Two subspecies: South African or Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) and Australian fur seal (A. pusillus 

doriferus). The Australian fur seal population is believed to be derived from the South African fur seal population (Seal 

Conservation Society, 2001). 

South African fur seal: The South African fur seal is found along the coast of Namibia and the west and south coasts 

of South Africa. Breeding colonies stretch from Cape Frio in Namibia, close to the Angolan border, to Black Rocks, 

near Port Elizabeth in South Africa. The population size is estimated to be 1.5-2 million, about two thirds of which are 

in Namibia (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

Australian fur seal: Breeding colonies for the Australian fur seal are restricted to nine islands in Victoria and 

Tasmania, all in the Bass Strait, and there is a total population estimate of 30,000-50,000. The largest colony is at Seal 

Rocks in Victoria. The non-breeding range of the Australian fur seal extends from Kangaroo Island in South Australia 

to Tasmania and Port Macquarie in New South Wales (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

Aquatic distribution: Southeast Atlantic, eastern Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific. 

Angola: Occurrence reported (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). 

Australia: Occurrence reported (Pearse, 1979). It is estimated that 200,000 Australian fur seals were killed for their fur in 

the 18th - 19th centuries. Restricted sealing continued in Tasmanian waters until as recently as 1970, but the fur seals are 

now protected by state law in both Victoria and Tasmania and, since 1975, by national legislation. Conflicts with fisheries 

still pose a great threat however, and there are concerns that these will increase as the population recovers. Australian fur 

seals are attracted to fish in static and, less commonly, trawl fishing nets and many are drowned in nets and traps or shot by 

fishermen and fish farmers. Fishermen in Victoria also claim that fur seals are drastically reducing commercial fish stocks 

but this is not substantiated by scientific evidence. Increased disturbance and increased pollution of Australian fur seal 

habitat with pesticides and heavy metals are additional threats to the population (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

In October 2000, it was revealed that, despite their protected status, the Tasmanian government is to allow the 

killing of Australian fur seals that are deemed to be a hazard to fish farms and commercial fishermen (Seal Conservation 

Society, 2001). 

Gabon: Occurrence reported (Thibault, 1999). 

Mozambique: Occurrence reported (Smithers et al., 1976). 

Namibia: Occurrence reported (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). An annual commercial hunt of South African fur seals 

takes place in Namibia. The hunt quota for the 2000 season was set at 60,000 pups and 7,000 adult males, almost double 

that of the 1999 quota of 30,000 pups and 5,000 adult males. The number of hunt concession holders for the 2000 

season was also doubled from two to four. The Namibian government has claimed that the increased hunt is needed to 

protect fisheries, a claim countered by environmental groups who point out that no scientific evidence has been shown 

to indicate that an increased seal hunt would actually benefit Namibian fisheries. (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

According to the Seal Conservation Society (2001) there are plans to build a factory complex at Henties Bay 

which will act as an abattoir, bone meal plant, fat processing plant, tannery, shoe factory, leatherware factory, canning 

factory, research laboratory, museum and retail sales outlet. It is believed that the sale of seal genitalia for the 

aphrodisiac trade in the Far East is the most lucrative part of the industry (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

An estimated 150,000 new born pups, virtually all of the pups born, unexpectedly died each year on the 

Namibian coast in 1994 and 1995. Tens of thousands of adult fur seals also died during these two years. This mortality 

was almost certainly due to malnutrition and starvation because of a scarcity of fish caused by environmental conditions 

(Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

South Africa: Occurrence reported (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). Commercial killing of South African fur seals has 

continued in some form since the early 1600s and more than 2.7 million South African fur seals have been killed since 

1900, mostly in Namibia. In the 1980s the demand for the bulls' genitals by the Far Eastern aphrodisiac trade meant that 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 121

only the genitals of many of the killed seals were taken. An unknown, but relatively small, number of fur seals are 

victims of marine pollution (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

Fur seals in South Africa have been protected since 1893, the most recent legislation being the Sea Birds and 

Seals Protection Act of 1973 which affords complete protection but allows the government to grant permits to kill fur seals 

at specific colonies. Between 1973 and 1982 there were an average of 18,750 pups and 530 adult males killed per year, and 

from 1983 until the suspension the average was 3,500 pups and 4,300 adult males, although these figures were highly 

variable between years. The hunt in South Africa has been suspended since 1990 by Government decree. A small number 

of subadult male fur seals were culled around the island of Malgas in March 1999 and again in February 2000 in order to 

protect Cape gannet fledglings on the island from seal predation (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

There are numerous interactions between South African fur seals and line, trawl and purse-seine fisheries. Seals 

are accused of taking fish from the nets and lines or chasing the fish away. Many seals drown in the fishery nets and 

discarded fishing gear, or get caught in fishing boat propellers. Fishermen also claim that culling South African fur seals 

will increase fish stocks. Mathematical modelling studies have shown however that this is not necessarily the case due to 

the complexity of the marine food web, and that a seal cull might actually cause a reduction, for example, in the 

commercial catch of hake (Seal Conservation Society, 2001). 

REFERENCES 

Pearse, R. J. 1979. Distribution and conservation of the Australian Fur Seal in Tasmania. Victorian Naturalist 96(2): 48-53. 

Seal Conservation society, 2001, Arctocephalus pusillus. http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/saausfur.htm. Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

Seal Specialist Group 1996. Arctocephalus pusillus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 

16 January 2004 

Skinner, J. D. and Smithers, R. H. N. 1990. The mammals of the Southern African subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria 

Smithers, R. H. N. and Tello, J. L. P. 1976. Checklist and atlas of the mammals of Moçambique. Museum Memoir, The Trustees of the National 

Museum of Rhodesia Volume 8 Pages 1-184. 

Thibault, M. 1999. Sighting of a South African fur seal on a beach in south-western Gabon. African Journal of Ecology 37(1): 119-120. 


Gross Exports of Arctocephalus pusillus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 


Namibia 

gall bladders 

(kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 197 0 0 

Namibia live 30 14 10 0 0 11 45 0 0 1 0 

Namibia meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 

Namibia oil (flasks) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 

Namibia oil (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30000 0 0 

Namibia oil (l) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3420 


Namibia skins 13141 43478 43547 37019 42611 29950 5860 2124 48686 20654 117409 







COMMENT 

Recommended for review. Namibia is the main exporter, with relatively stable levels of trade over time but a relatively 

large and sudden increase in 2002. Although Namibia’s population is large, a review is recommended to determine 

sustainability of the trade. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 122

14. Equus zebra hartmannae 

FAMILY 


EQUIDAE 

Hartmann's Mountain Zebra (English); Zèbre de Hartmann (French); Zèbre de 

montagne de Hartmann (French); Cebra de Hartmann (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS EN A1b (status for E.zebra) (Equid Specialist Group, 1996) 


Historically, mountain zebras ranged from the southern parts of South Africa through Namibia into the extreme south west 

of Angola (Moehlman, 2002). 

Angola: Occurrence reported (Hill and Carter, 1941; Moehlman, 2002). 

Namibia: Occurrence reported (Joubert, 1973; Moehlman, 2002). It still occurs throughout its range at low densities. The 

Namibian population is relatively large and occurs in a large area and across a variety of land tenure systems. Only about a 

quarter of the estiamted population occurs within formally proclaimed conservation areas (Moehlman, 2002). Detailed 

population figures, based primarily on aerial surveys are available in Moehlman (2002) with an estimate of c. 13,000 

individuals in 1997. 

South Africa: Occurrence reported (Skinner et al., 1983). Virtually all the South African population of c. 366 animals 

were originally reintroduced from a Namibian stock (Moehlman, 2002). 

The most important threat is livestock production and farming activities such as fencing, compounded by drought. Many 

landholders regard the animals as a nuisance and a competitor for scarce grazing and water. However, encouragement by 

the Ministry of Environment and Tourism in Namibia for commercial use of the animals has created considerable take-off 

pressure and may have caused localised population declines. In South Africa the sub-species is at risk of hybridization with 

E.z.zebra (Moehlman, 2002). 

Although E. zebra is considered endangered (Equid Specialist Group, 1996) based on a suspected population decline of at 

least 50% in ten years or three generations, Moehlman (2002) doubts that the population figures support this idea and 

considers that the issue will remain unresolved until the overall population trend is established more reliably. 

REFERENCES 

Equid Specialist Group 1996. Equus zebra ssp. hartmannae. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . 


Hill, J. E. and Carter, T. D. 1941. The mammals of Angola, Africa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 78(1): 1-211. 

Joubert, E. 1973. Habitat preference, distribution and status of the Hartmann Zebra Equus zebra hartmannae in South West Africa. Madoqua, 1(7): 5- 

15. 

Moehlman, P.D. (ed.) 2002. Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. 

IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK ix + 190 pp. 

Skinner, J. D., Fairall, N. and Bothma, J. du P. 1977. South African red data book - large mammals. Cooperative Scientific Programmes Council for 

Scientific and Industrial Research. South African National Scientific Programme Report No. Number 18 


Gross Exports of Equus zebra hartmannae 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 


Namibia bones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 1 0 

Namibia horn products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 

Namibia live 2 4 0 0 78 140 0 0 0 0 0 

Namibia plates 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 


Namibia skins 721 858 771 999 1540 2498 1466 1582 1763 1073 935 







AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 123

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 


Zimbabwe live 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe skin pieces 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 



COMMENT 

Recommended for review. Constant and relatively high level of trade from Namibia and lower levels from South 

Africa. Namibia has a widespread population but South Africa has a very small population. Suggested for review to 

determine whether current levels of trade are sustainable from these two countries. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 124

Annex B 





ANNEX B: BIRDS 



by the 



JANUARY 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 125


1. Amazona dufresniana................................................................................................... 127 

2. Brotogeris sanctithomae ............................................................................................... 128 

3. Brotogeris versicolurus ................................................................................................ 129 

4. Forpus passerinus ........................................................................................................ 130 

5. Poicephalus crassus...................................................................................................... 131 

6. Poicephalus cryptoxanthus .......................................................................................... 132 

7. Poicephalus flavifrons .................................................................................................. 133 

8. Poicephalus gulielmi .................................................................................................... 134 

9. Poicephalus meyeri....................................................................................................... 135 

10. Poicephalus robustus.................................................................................................... 137 

11. Poicephalus rueppellii .................................................................................................. 139 

12. Poicephalus rufiventris ................................................................................................ 139 

13. Poicephalus senegalus .................................................................................................. 140 

14. Psittinus erithacus ....................................................................................................... 143 

15. Psittinus cyanurus....................................................................................................... 148 

16. Otus leucotis ................................................................................................................ 149 

17. Otus scops .................................................................................................................... 151 

18. Ramphastos toco........................................................................................................... 153 

19. Leiothrix argentauris.................................................................................................... 154 

20. Leiothrix lutea .............................................................................................................. 155 

21. Paroaria capitata.......................................................................................................... 156 

22. Paroaria coronata......................................................................................................... 157 

23. Gracula religiosa .......................................................................................................... 158 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 126

1. Amazona dufresniana 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Blue-cheeked Amazon (English); Amazone à joues bleues (French);Amazona cariazul 

(Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/nt (BirdLife International, 2000) 


Brazil ? : Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993) 

French Guiana (br): Occurrence reported (Tostin et al, 1992) 

Guyana (br): Occurrence reported (Snyder, 1966) 

Suriname (br): In Suriname it appears to be considerably rarer now than it was a few decades ago: Haverschmidt 

(1968) termed it “Fairly common”, but more recent observers have usually failed to record this species at all. Davis 

(1980) calls it “rare” and has never personally seen A. dufresniana during more than a dozen field trips to that country.’ 

(Ridgely 1981) Recorded from Brownsberg Nature Park (Collar 1997). 

Venezuela (br): Ridgley (1981) suspected that it occurred primarily in the tepui region of southern Venezuela, adjacent 

to western Guyana between 1000m and 1700m in rainforest and cloud forests (Meyer and Schauensee and Phelps 

1978). It occurs in many protected areas including Roraima National Park. (Collar1997, Juniper and Parr 1998). 

Recorded from Roraima National Park (Venezuela). Threatened nationally in Venezuela by deforestation. (Collar 

1997). 

Amazona dufresniana occurs in south-east Venezuela (Bolwith an isolated record in Amazonas), north Guyana (north 

of north-east Suriname and north-east French Guiana 4 . There are reports from Par and Amap Brazil, where its 

occurrence seems probable, but no conclusive records 1,4 . The scarcity of records from frequently surveyed areas 

suggests that this is a low density and rather uncommon species, at least in some parts of its range 4 . It inhabits humid 

and cloud forest in the lower subtropical zone but is known from savanna woodlands in Venezuela 4 . Most birds in the 

Guianas have been reported from gallery forest 4 but this may be an artefact of river transport use by observers 3 . There 

are some seasonal movements, apparently in response to food availability, from interior to coastal Suriname in July- 

August 3,4 . It occurs up to 1,700 m in Venezuela and 560 m in Guyana 4 . It has probably declined since the 19th century 

as a result of trapping for trade and habitat loss, particularly in the Gran Sabana region of Boland parts of coastal 

Guianas 4 . It was internationally traded in small numbers during the 1980s, especially from Guyana, and some internal 

trade continues, perhaps most frequently for food and pets in the far east of its range 2,4 . (BirdLife International, 2003).( 1 . 

Collar (1995). 2 . Desenne and Strahl (1991). 3 . Juniper and Parr (1998). 4 . Wege and Collar (1991).) 

REFERENCES 

BirdLife International 2000. Amazona dufresniana. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 


BirdLife International 2003. BirdLife's online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. Version 2.0. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. 

Available: http://www.birdlife.org (accessed 15/1/2004). 

Collar, N. J. 1997. Family Psittacidae (parrots). Pp. 280-477 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, 4. 

Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 

Davis, T. 1980. An annotated checklist of the birds of Suriname. Los Angeles Audubon Society, Los Angeles. 

Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1989. Parrots of the World, 3rd (revised) edn. Weldon Publishing, Willoughby, NSW. 

Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Oliver and Boyd, London. 

IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. 

Juniper, T. and Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. 

Meyer de Schauensee, R. and Phelps, W.H. (1978) A guide to the birds of Venezuela. Princeton: Princeton Univ.Press. 

Ridgely, R. S. (1981) The current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrots. In: Pasquier, R. F. (ed.),Conservation of New World Parrots. 

ICBP Technical Publication No.1. Smithsonian Press. 

Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, USA 

Snyder, D. E. 1966. The birds of Guyana. Peabody Museum. -Salem 

Tostain, O., Dujardin, J. L., Erard, C. and Thiollay, J.-M. 1992. Les oiseaux de Guyane. 


Gross Exports of live Amazona dufresniana 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Guyana 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 485 321 

Suriname 2 13 24 78 70 84 69 69 62 51 32 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 127

Export Quotas for Amazona dufresniana for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Guyana live 0 0 520 520 520 

Suriname live 85 70 70 70 70 786 

COMMENT 

Considered to be declining. Trade is fairly low but has increased in the last 2 years for Guyana. Little information about 

population status there, thus although within quota should be looked at further. 

2. Brotogeris sanctithomae 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Tui Parakeet (English); Toui à front d'or (French); Catita frentigualda (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS - 


Occurs mainly along rivers in west Amazon basin (Clements and Shany, 2001). Confined to the Amazon Basin from 

south-east Colombia (Leticia area), north-east and south-east Peru and western Brazil possibly to right bank of Rio 

Negro and in catchments of Rios Purus, Solimoes (east to about Cojadás) and Juruá south to northern Bolibia in Pando 

and Beni, occuring in the eastern Amazon possibly disjunctly from around mouths of Rios Negro and Madeira east to 

Amapá and eastern Pará possibly as far as Belém area. Apparently sedentary. Local (e.g. Loreto, Peru) but common or 

abundant in many places (e.g. near Leticia) (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Bolivia (br): Occurrence reported (Remsen and Traylor, 1989) 

Brazil (br): Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993) 

Colombia (br): Occurrence reported (Hilty and Brown, 1986) 

Ecuador (br): Occurrence reported (Ridgely et al, 1999) 

Peru (br): Occurrence reported (Parker et al, 1982). Common in humid lowland forests east of the Andes to 300m 

(Clements and Shany, 2001). In the southern part of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (Loreto-Peru), at least 33 

species of birds are frequently harvested and sold in local markets, with parakeets (Brotogeris versicolorus, B. 

cyanoptera, B. sanctithomae), amazons (Amazona amazonica, A. festiva, A. ochrocephala), and macaws (Ara ararauna, 

A. macao) the most commonly traded birds. Brotogeris versicolorus was the most frequently sold pet in the area, but 

Amazona amazonica, A. festiva and Ara ararauna were the most important species in terms of gross profit for local 

people (Gonzalez, 2003). 

Found in pairs or in small groups, occasionally in swarms of up to 500 feeding sites or river banks. The food consists 

mainly of fruits, buds, berries, seeds and insects as well as their larvae. In addition they visit mineral deposits. Tuis are 

active, but shy birds. Not particularly successful at breeding in captivity. (Sittich-info, 2004). 

Kept as pet locally but uncommon in captivity outside range. Perhaps locally reduced owing to trade (e.g. Peru) but 

effect of habitat loss within range still minor. Present in many protected areas (e.g. Manu National Park, Peru) (Juniper 

and Parr, 1998). 

REFERENCES 

Clements and Shany. 2001. A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru, Lynx Edicions 

Gonzalez, J. A. 2003. Harvesting, local trade, and conservation of parrots in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation 114 (2003) 

437–446 

Hilty, S. and Brown, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, New Jersey 

Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. 

Parker, T. A., Parker, S. A. and Plenge, M. A. 1982. An annotated checklist of Peruvian birds. Buteo Books. -Vermillion, South Dakota 

Remsen, J. V. Jr and Traylor, M. A. 1989. An annotated list of the birds of Bolivia. Buteo Books. -Vermillion, South Dakota 

Ridgely, R., Greenfield, P. and Guerrero, M. 1999. An annotated list of the birds of mainland Ecuador. 


Sittich-info 2004. http://www.sittich-info.de/?/sittiche/tuisittich.html Downloaded on 21 January 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 128


Gross Exports of live Brotogeris sanctithomae 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Peru 0 0 0 0 4 0 370 521 236 0 317 

Export Quotas for Brotogeris sanctithomae for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Peru live 1000 

COMMENT 

Fluctuating trade from Peru. No population information seems to be available, but internal trade may also be a significant 

factor. Given the low numbers traded and that it occurs in a number of countries which are not trading it, it does not appear 

to be necessary to review this species at this time. 

3. Brotogeris versicolurus 

FAMILY 

PSITTACIDAE 


Canary-winged Parakeet (English);: Toui à ailes variées (French); Catita aliamarilla 

(Spanish) 



Native range: open woodland, scrubland, and open areas with scattered trees, less frequently in dense forest, in both arid 

and humid situations (Raffaele 1989). 

Occurs in South America east of the Andes, from the lowlands of southeast Colombia to eastern Peru and Amazonian 

Brazil (Clements and Shany, 2001). Occurs through central Amazon basin from extreme south-east Colombia (mainly 

around Leticia), eastern Equador and north-east Peru (south to Rio Ucayali in Loreto) east to French Guiana (no 

rececent records), Amapá and Mexiana island in the Amazon delta, Brazil. Reported south of Amazon from e.g. lower 

reaches of Rio Tapajos (race chirri) and from Belém (race versicolurus). Apparently occurs disjunctly further south in 

South America from northern and eastern Bolivia (from Beni to Tarija) east across interior Brazil. Occurs in Paraguay 

in eastern moist chaco south into extreme northern Argentina in Formosa, Chaco, Misiones, Salta and Corrientes. 

Introduced to or feral in several areas outside range, including Lima (Peru), California, Costa Rica and Buenos Aires 

(Argentina). Generally resident; migratory in (e.g.) Rio de Janeiro and southern Pará. Abundance varies over large 

range: fairly common in eastern Bolivia, common to abundant in Mato Grosso, rather local over much of Amazonia 

although most abundant parrot in parts (e.g. Amazon delta), rare to uncommon in Argentina (perhaps extinct in 

Corrientes and Chaco). Common in captivity following large-scale exports from several countries in 1970s and 1980s 

(Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Brazil (br) : Recorded along the entire Amazon River, from the Belém area and the islands in the river mouth to the 

western border (Ridgely, 1982) 

Colombia (br): Recorded from the vicinity of Leticia in extreme southeast Amazonas (Dugand and Borrero, 1946, see 

Forshaw and Cooper, 1978) and occurs in a few other locations along the Amazon river (Hilty and Brown, 1986) 

Ecuador (br?)?: The only record is that of Goodfellow (1900 see Ridgely, 1981) who observed “thousands” along the 

lower Rio Napo. Ridgely (1981) thought it likely that this was within the territory subsequently ceded to Peru. 

French Guiana (br): no recent records (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Peru (br): Common in humid lowland forests east of the Andes to 1200m. Feral populations in Lima (Clements and 

Shany, 2001). In the southern part of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (Loreto-Peru), at least 33 species of birds are 

frequently harvested and sold in local markets, with parakeets (Brotogeris versicolorus, B. cyanoptera, B. 

sanctithomae), amazons (Amazona amazonica, A. festiva, A. ochrocephala), and macaws (Ara ararauna, A. macao) the 

most commonly traded birds. Brotogeris versicolorus was the most frequently sold pet in the area, but Amazona 

amazonica, Amazona festiva and Ara ararauna were the most important species in terms of gross profit for local people 

(Gonzalez, 2003). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 129

Puerto Rico (int, br) : Introduced (status uncertain). Woodland areas along the coast, low hills, and foothills of higher 

mountains (Raffaele 1989). 

Suriname (br?) ?: No records from Suriname, although general works include it in the species’ distribution (e.g. Low, 

1972; Peters 1937). Haverschmidt (1968) did not include it and Ridgely (1981) stated that it possibly occurred there on 

evidence of an export shipment from that country. 

United States (int, br): Introduced and breeding in southerin California and Florida. 

Heavily trapped for the pet trade in the past around Iquitos, Peru (O’Neil, 1981). The species is a popular cage-bird in 

Brazil, young birds being removed from the nest for this purpose (Inskipp et al, 1988; Ridgely 1979). Does not breed 

readily in captivity (Low, 1986). 

REFERENCES 

Clements and Shany. 2001. A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru, Lynx Edicions 

Forshaw, J. and Cooper, W. 1978. Parrots of the world second (revised) edition, Landsdowne Editions, Melbourne, Australia. 

Gonzalez, J. A. 2003. Harvesting, local trade, and conservation of parrots in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation 114 (2003) 

437–446 

Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Oliver and Boyd, London. 

Hilty, S. and Brown, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. -Princeton, New Jersey 

Inskipp, T., Broad, S. and Luxmoore, R. (eds) 1988. Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 3: birds. 


Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. 

Low, R. 1972. The parrots of South America. John Gifford Ltd, London 

Low, R. 1986. Parrots, their care and breeding second edition, Blandford, Poole, 400pp 

O’Neil, J. P. 1981. Comments on the status of the parrots occuring in Peru. In: Pasquier, Roger F. (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. ICBP 

Technical Publication No. 1. Smithsonian Press: 419 - 424 

Peters, J. L. 1937. Check-list of birds of the world, Volume III, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 

Raffaele, H. A. 1989. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Revised edition. Princeton Univ. Press. 220 pp. 

Ridgely, R. S. 1979. The status of Brazilian parrots – a preliminary report, unpublished. 

Ridgely, R. S. 1981. The current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrtos. In: Pasquier, Roger F. (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. 

ICBP Technical Publication No. 1. Smithsonian Press 233 - 384 

Ridgely, R. S. 1982. The distribution, status and conservation of Neotropical mainlaind parrots. 2 vols. Dissertation to Yale University. 


Gross Exports of live Brotogeris versicolurus 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Peru 2 1 2 0 4 0 399 1135 497 0 164 

Export Quotas for Brotogeris versicolurus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Peru live 1000 

COMMENT 

Little trade from Peru but has fluctuated over the last 5 years. Decline in recent years possibly due to increased demand 

internally or decreasing population. May require further attention. Recommended for possible review. 

4. Forpus passerinus 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Green-rumped Parrotlet (English); Perruche aux ailes bleues (French); Cotorrita 

culiverde (Spanish) 



Northern South America from Guianas to Colombia. Occurs throughout Guyana and Surinam to Amapá, Brazil, then 

westwards north of the Amazon in Pará to eastern Amazonas with an isolated population in Roraima, and south of Amazon 

from the Rio Tapajos to the Rio Anapu. In Venezuela birds occur north of the Orinoco from Zulia and Táchira to Sucre 

and Moagas and south of it in northern Bolivár and Delta Amacuro. Range extends into northeast Columbia at the base of 

the Santa Marta massif, eastern Norte de Santander and perhaps Arauca and Vichada. Introduced to Jamaica, Tobago 

(numbers increasing), Barbados and Martinique but extinct on Martinique. Occurs Trinidad and Curacao, where possibly 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 130

also introduced. Perhaps locally nomadic in response to food availability. Generally widespread and common and perhaps 

increasing with clearance of dense forest. Fairly common in captivity (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Inhabit Savannah and open country, with low bushes and low trees, open woodland, thorn-bush, secondary vegetation 

and the edges of the rain forest and mangroves, seasonal migration within these localities (Ribot, 2003). 

Barbados (int, br): Rare and decreasing (Bond, 1971a in Forshaw and Cooper 1989) 

Brazil (br): 

Colombia (br): 

French Guiana (br): 

Guyana (br): Widely distributed in both coastal and inland regions of Guyana and may be found near human population 

centres (Snyder, 1966 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) 

Jamaica (int, br): widespread (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) 

Netherlands Antilles (br): 

Suriname (br): Quite common (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) 

Trinidad and Tobago (br): Widespread and common (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) 

Venezuela (br): Common in all habitats except open savannah and shows a preference for forest edges (Forshaw and 

Cooper, 1989). 

Possibly less affected than other species of South-American parrots by the degradation of the forest. Found in urban 

areas. (Ribot, 2003). 

REFERENCES 

Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex. 


Ribot. J. H. 2003.Green-rumped parrotlet Downloaded on 21 January 2004 


Gross Exports of Forpus passerinus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Guyana Live 22 0 0 0 0 23 0 38 9 18 0 

Suriname Live 177 349 0 527 101 319 303 1436 1095 1032 682 

Trinidad and Live 

Tobago 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 

Venezuela Live 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 

Guyana skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 

Export Quotas for Forpus passerinus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Guyana live 600 600 600 600 600 600 

Suriname live 4707 4632 4632 4632 4632 4798 

COMMENTS 

Relatively high levels of trade from Suriname but well within quota and decreasing. As species is thought to be fairly 

common there, it is not recommended for review. 

5. Poicephalus crassus 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Niam-niam Parrot (English); Perroquet des niam-niam (French); - Lorito niam-niam 

(Spanish) 



A little known parrot of the forests and savannah woodlands. According to Blancou (1939 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) 

it is not rare in the upper Ouham River area, Central African Republic, near the Cameroon border. Cave and Macdonald 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 131

(1955 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) say that it is rare in southwestern Sudan, being recorded only a few times from about 

Yambio. There are very few reports from other parts of the range. They have been found to be wary and hard to approach 

(Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Thought to occur in eastern Cameroon (where status unclear) through central and 

southern Central African Republic, extreme southwestern Chad and extreme north Democratic Republic of Congo to 

southwestern Sudan (Bahr-el-ghazal). Status poorly known but thought to be generally common, although scarcer in 

southwest Sudan (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Central African Republic (br?): Occurrence reported (Caroll, 1988; Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Chad (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Democratic Republic of the Congo (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Sudan (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

REFERENCES 

Carroll, R. W. 1988. Birds of the Central African Republic. Malimbus 10(2): 177-200. 

Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report 

Number 5 




Gross Exports of live Poicephalus crassus 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Despite little knowledge of its population status it is not recommended for review. The only trade record is a permit for 400 

issued by Cameroon in 1997 for export to United Kingdom. No import was recorded and Cameroon is proably not a range 

state for this species. 

6. Poicephalus cryptoxanthus 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Brown-headed Parrot (English); Perroquet à tête brune (French); Lorito cabecipardo 

(Spanish) 



Locally common in lowlands, especially near the coast. Maclean (1984 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) states that in 

northeastern South Africa it is a common resident of woodlands and riverine forests. Similarly in south-eastern 

Zimbabwe it may be encountered in any woodland or riparian forest, while in southern Malawi it is a resident of 

woodlands below 1000m and is much more plentiful than the Cape Parrot (P. robustus) (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In 

coastal Kenya it is rather local and uncommon, but elsewhere in East Africa it is fairly common in coastal bushland, 

woodland, coconut plantations and mangroves, including woodlands up to 1200m (Britton, 1980 in Forshaw and 

Cooper, 1989). Pakenham (1979 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) says it is a common breeding resident throughout 

Pemba Island, frequenting most types of wooded country, including mangrove swamps, but on Zanzibar is only occurs 

in the extreme South, and may possibly be locally extinct (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989; Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Increasingly vulnerable to habiatat loss and fragmentation and probably undergoing general decline. Largely confined 

to protected areas in Zululand and eastern Transvaal (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Kenya (br): Occurrence reported (Zimmerman et al, 1996) 

Malawi (br): Occurrence reported (Newman et al, 1992) 

Mozambique (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

South Africa (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Swaziland: (br) Occurrence reported (Parker, 1992) 

Tanzania, United Republic of (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Zimbabwe (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 132

REFERENCES 


Number 5 



Newman, K., Johnston-Stewart, N. and Medland, B. 1992. The birds of Malawi. A supplement to Newman's birds of Southern Africa. Southern Book 

Publishers (Pty). -Cape Town 

Parker, V. 1992. Swaziland bird checklist. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland. -Swaziland 

Zimmerman, D. A., Turner, D. A. and Pearson, D. J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm. -London 


Gross Exports of live Poicephalus cryptoxanthus 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Mozambique 0 414 0 0 0 102 100 126 60 62 63 

Tanzania 612 1440 1248 297 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Export Quotas for Poicephalus cryptoxanthus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Mozambique Live 200 200 

Mozambique ranched 200 200 200 200 

Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1999/20 0 0 

Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 0 0 

COMMENT 

Main export from Mozambique though this is well within quotas. Although no information was found on population 

status in Mozambique, offtakes seem low and therefore this species is not recommended for review. 

7. Poicephalus flavifrons 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Yellow-fronted Parrot (English); Perroquet à face jaune (French); Lorito carigualdo 

(Spanish) 



Endemic to the highlands of western Ethiopia, but exact range unclear. Frequent to common in forested areas; considered 

commonest in the higher, more northern parts of the range (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Within its restricted range P. flavifrons 

is fairly common in upland forests, mainly between 1000m and 3000m. According to Urban (1966 in Forshaw, and 

Cooper, 1989) it is a bird of highland Hagenia forests. Brown (in litt., 1967 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) reports that it 

occurs commonly in the cedar-podocarp forests of Bale and Arussi provinces. It is an occasional visitor to Addis Ababa 

from nearby forests, such as the Menagesha State Forest, where it is resident. 

Ethiopia: Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

REFERENCES 


Number 5 




No trade data 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 133

COMMENT 

No legal trade occurring in this species, therefore despite its limited distribution it is not recommended for review. 

8. Poicephalus gulielmi 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Jardine's Parrot (English); Red-crowned Parrot (English); Red-fronted Parrot 

(English); Perroquet à calotte rouge(French); Perroquet vert à calotte rouge 

(French); Perroquet vert du Congo (French); Lorito frentirrojo (Spanish); 

Papagayo de Gulielm (Spanish). 



Angola (br?): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000) 

Cameroon (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Central African Republic (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Congo (br): Population is rare, with only four sightings at three localities, and no more than four birds seen together 

(IUCN-SSC, 1996, Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1991). 

Côte d'Ivoire (br): Rare and local (Thiollay, 1985) 

Democratic Republic of the Congo (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Equatorial Guinea (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Gabon (br) Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Ghana (br): Occurrence reported (Grimes, 1987) 


Liberia (br): Occurrence reported (Gatter, 1997) 

Nigeria: Occurrence reported (Künzel and Künzel, 1999) 


Uganda (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Status and conservation 

Locally common in E Africa – scarce in the west. Rare to uncommon resident, from Liberia to Ghana (fatiensis), from 

SE Nigeria to Congo and in S Central African Republic (nominate) (Borrow and Demey, 2001). Elsewhere in W Africa 

it is uncommon (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). This species is rare in the west of the range (Juniper and Parr 1998). Fry 

et al. (1988) categorized its abundance as `frequent' overall. Rare to fairly common, W Africa, with few records in Ivory 

Coast, although 35 seen adjacent to Maraoué National Park (del Hoyo, 1997). Present in Kakum and Bia National 

Parks, Ghana, with flocks of up to 30 sometimes in latter. Uncommon in Korup National Park, Cameroon, fairly rare, 

Gabon, but common in small range, Cabinda, Angola. Uncommon in Dzinga reserves and present in Manovo-Gounda- 

St Floris National Park, Central African Republic. Locally common and widespread in highlands, E Africa, often 

forming large roosting flocks, but local declines in Kenya attributable to deforestation possibly coupled with aversion to 

secondary woodland. Trapping continues throughout the year on Mt Kilimanjaro and may lead to local extinction there. 

International trade figures recorded for the period 1987-1993 still unclear, but apparently as many as 16,000 birds 

involved, with some uncertainty over countries of origin.' (Collar 1997). Locally common to abundant in eastern part of 

range, apparently declining in others, possibly as result of deforestation. Scarce in west of range (Juniper and Parr, 

1998). 

REFERENCES 

Borrow, N. and Demey, R. 2001. Birds of Western Africa, Princeton University Press 

Collar, N. J. 1997. Family Psittacidae (parrots). Pp. 280-477 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal (eds) Handbook of the birds of the world, 4. 


Dean, W. R. J. 2000. The birds of Angola: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 18. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring 

Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1991, The Avifauna of the Kouilou basin in Congo. Tauraco Res. Rep. 4 (cited in IUCN, 1996). 


Number 5 

Fry, C. H., Keith, S. and Urban, E. K. 1988. The birds of Africa, 3. London: Academic Press. 


Gatter, W. 1997. Birds of Liberia. Pica Press. -Sussex 

Grimes, L. 1987. The birds of Ghana. B.O.U. Check-list No. 9. British Ornithologists' Union. -London 

del Hoyo J, Elliott A and Sargatal J. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world 4, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 

IUCN-SSC, TRAFFIC, WCMC, 1996, p. 77-82, Significant Trade in Animals, Phase III, Report to the Animals Committee 

Juniper, T. and Parr, M., 1998, Parrots. Guide to the Parrots of the World, Pica Press, Sussex 

Künzel, T. and Künzel, S. 1999. First Nigerian record of Red-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmi, and other notable records from SE Nigeria. 

Malimbus 21(2): 111-113. 

Thiollay, J. M. 1985. Birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7(1): 1-59. 


AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 134


Gross Exports of live Poicephalus gulielmi 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Congo, 

Democratic 

Republic of 300 278 810 1946 2365 1501 1572 1778 1450 766 0 

Cote d'Ivoire 584 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 335 

Cameroon 2 226 500 0 300 562 200 35 468 161 100 

Guinea 250 2625 150 0 0 0 0 0 300 481 440 

Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 220 280 

Senegal 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Togo 762 124 52 27 3 0 62 50 20 50 3 

Tanzania 589 1168 826 600 20 0 40 0 34 0 40 

Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 

Export Quotas for Poicephalus gulielmi for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Congo, Democratic Republic Live 

of 

1000 



Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 1998/25 250 


Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 0 

COMMENT 

Trade seems to be quite high and from countries with no quotas. Given the varying reports of population status from rare to 

common it is recommended this be examined further. 

9. Poicephalus meyeri 

FAMILY 


PSITTACIDAE 

Brown Parrot; Meyer's Parrot (English); Perroquet de Meyer (French); Lorito de 

Meyer (Spanish) 



Widely distributed and inhabits most tyes of timbered country, including savannah woodland, riparian forest, secondary 

growth around cultivation and dry Acacia scrubland (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In Sudan it is more abundant in the 

south than the north, and is common also in southern Chad (Cave and Macdonald, 1955; Salvan, 1968 in Forshaw and 

Cooper, 1989). It avoids the dense lowland forests of the Congo River basin, but elsewhere is generally common, 

especially in the southern Democratic Republic of Congo, where it is the ubiquitous parrot of Savannah woodland 

(Lippens and Wille, 1976 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In East Africa it is a locally common resident up to 2200m in 

woodland and wooded grassland, bushland, scrub and cleared habitats where there are remnant large trees (Forshaw and 

Cooper, 1989). Traylor (1963 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) reports that it is common in the woodlands of northern 

Angola, but does not reach the coastal plain. Though resident throughout much of its range, there are areas where it is 

absent from apparent suitable localities, and local movements have been reported from Kenya and Uganda (Williams, 

1963; Jackson, 1938 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Decline reported from some parts e.g. Transvaal, thought to be result 

of habitat destruction. Also persecuted in some localities owing to damage to crops (e.g. in middle Zambesi because of 

damage inflicted on ripening Ziiziphis berries) (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Angola (br): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000), most abundant parrot (Juniper and Parr, 1998) 

Botswana (br): Occurrence reported (Newman, 1989) 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 135

Burundi (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Central African Republic (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Chad (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Democratic Republic of the Congo (br?): Occurrence reported 

Eritrea (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Ethiopia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Kenya (br): Occurrence reported (Zimmerman, 1996) 



Namibia (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Rwanda (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

South Africa (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Feral population in eastern Cape 

Province thought to have died out (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Sudan (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 



Zambia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Zimbabwe (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Most abundant parrot (Juniper and Parr, 

1998). 

REFERENCES 



Number 5 



Newman, K. (1989) Birds of Botswana. Southern Book Publishers (Pty). 





Gross Exports of live Poicephalus meyeri 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Congo, 

Democratic 

Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 420 0 0 

Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 

Tanzania 1911 6080 6303 1514 0 0 250 0 52 0 0 

Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 0 

South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 46 36 

Export Quotas for Poicephalus meyeri for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Congo, Democratic Republic Live 

of 

1000 





Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 0 

COMMENT 

There is very little trade in this species and it seems ables to reside in a variety of habitats including cultivated and 

cleared land, and is therefore under no immediate threat from deforestation or trade. Not recommended for review. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 136

10. Poicephalus robustus 

FAMILY 

PSITTACIDAE 

NAME AND AUTHOR(S) Poicephalus robustus (Gmelin, 1788) 


Brown-necked Parrot; Cape Parrot (English); Perroquet du Cap; Perroquet 

robuste; Lorito robusto; Papagayo robusto (Spanish) 



This species may be locally common but is generally scarce (Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Probably occupies 3 distinct 

ranges in West, southcentral and southern Senegal east to Ghana and Togo. In southcentral Africa, from southwestern 

Congo, southern and eastern DRC, southwestern Uganda, Rwanda and from central Tanzania to northern Namibia, 

northern Botswanam Zambia and Zimbabwe (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Occurs in South Africa from northeastern Transvaal 

to eastern Cape Province (Juniper and Parr, 1998). In some parts of the Transkei, eastern South Africa, there is widespread 

removal of young birds from nests and trapping of adults or sale as pets, and it has been suggested that this may be 

contributing to the noticeable decline in numbers (Skead, 1971 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Cawkell and Moreau (1963 

in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) suspect that numbers have declined in Gambia, where previously it had been reported to be 

more numerous than elsewhere in West Africa. Confrimation of this would seem to be provided by Gore (1981 in Forshaw 

and Cooper, 1989), who states that it is a scarce local resident, mainly in the belt of mangroves along the south bank of the 

middle to lower Gambia River. Harvey and Harrison (1970 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) state that the species is rare in 

northern Ghana. It is a casual visitor to Nigeria and breeding has not been reported there (Elgood, 1982 in Forshaw and 

Cooper, 1989). In East Africa it is an uncommon resident of woodlands, being patchily distributed in some regions, while 

in the highlands of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo it frequents montane forest up to 3750m, and it occurs regularly 

in the lowlands in the south but not in great numbers (Britton, 1980; Chapin, 1939 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In 

Malawi and Zambia it is generally uncommon in woodlands up to about 2000m, though usually more plentiful in the 

lowlands and decidedly more nomadic than other Poicephalus species (Benson and Benson, 1977; Benson et al., 1971 in 

Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In Angola it is locally distributed in woodlands below 1250m (Traylor, 1963 in Forshaw and 

Cooper, 1989). 

Local and mostly uncommon throughout range, although more numerous and frequent in Ghana. Southern subspecies 

considered vulnerable in South Africa where, although erratic movements give impression of fluctuating population, it has 

suffered a decline due to trapping for the live bird market, habitat destruction and persecution by pecan nut farmers. Only 

fragmented patches of native vegetation now remain (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Angola (br?): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000) 

Botswana (br?): Occurrence reported (Newman, 1989) 

Burundi (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Cameroon ? : Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Côte d'Ivoire (br): Occurrence reported (Thiollay, 1985) 

Democratic Republic of the Congo (br): 

Gambia (br): Occurrence reported (Gore, 1990) 

Ghana (br): Occurrence reported (Grimes, 1987) 

Guinea (v?): 

Guinea-Bissau (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Liberia (v): Occurrence reported (Gatter, 1997) 


Mali (v): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 


Namibia (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Nigeria (br): 

Rwanda (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Senegal (v): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Sierra Leone (v): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

South Africa (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Swaziland (br): Occurrence reported (Parker, 1992) 


Togo (br?): Occurrence reported (Cheke and Walsh, 1996) 


Zambia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 137

Zimbabwe (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

REFERENCES 


Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F.1996. The birds of Togo: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 14. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring 


Number 5 



Gore, M. E. J. 1990. The birds of the Gambia. 2nd ed. 

British Ornithologists' Union Check List No. 3. BOU. -London 

Grimes, L. 1987. The birds of Ghana. B.O.U. Check-list No. 9. British Ornithologists' Union. -London 


Newman, K. 1989. Birds of Botswana. Southern Book Publishers (Pty). 



Parker, V. 1992. Swaziland bird checklist. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland. -Swaziland 

Thiollay, J. M. 1985. Birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7 (1): 1-59. 


Gross Exports of live Poicephalus robustus 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 

Congo, 

Democratic 

Republic of 0 0 50 350 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 

Cote d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 215 

Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 40 0 0 

Guinea 20 81 918 310 489 152 198 255 20 413 115 

Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 55 

Mali 10 0 0 1 495 2 38 0 0 0 0 

Mozambique 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Senegal 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Togo 19 1 205 25 0 0 11 50 0 0 1 

Tanzania 92 438 2898 998 117 0 12 10 10 0 0 

Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 0 

South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Zimbabwe 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 22 11 0 26 

Export Quotas for Poicephalus robustus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Congo, Democratic Republic 

of 

Live – Secretariat 

recommended a trade 

suspension in 2001 

Notif. 2001/039 1000 

Tanzania, United Republic of see Notif. 898 12 12 12 

COMMENT 

There is little detailed information on population abundance of this species. Most of the trade is from Guinea where it is 

only recorded as a possible vagrant. Although numbers traded seem low, with so little information on exact population 

levels and the suggestion that it is becoming rarer in much of its range this species is recommended for review. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 138

11. Poicephalus rueppellii 

FAMILY 

PSITTACIDAE 

NAME AND AUTHOR(S) Poicephalus rueppellii (Gray, 1849) 


Rueppell's Parrot English; Perroquet de Rüppell French; Lorito de Rüppell; 

Rüppell's Parrot Spanish 



Southwestern Africa from southwestern Angola (Luanda) to Damaraland, western Ovamboland and northern 

Namaqualand (region of Rehoboth), northern Namibia, Some local nomadic movements in relation to food supply, 

otherwise resident. Generally reported as locally common although fluctuations may occur with nomadic shifts and 

numbers depleted by trapping with Namibia (most of species’ range) now estimated to hold only 9000 birds. Although not 

reported as at risk, small population, restricted range and illegal trapping pressure are perhaps leading to decline with 

recent shrinkage in observed flock sizes (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

Angola (br): Occurrence reported (Dean, 2000) 

Namibia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

REFERENCES 

Dean, W. R. J. 2000. The birds of Angola: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 18. British Ornithologists' Union. 

-Tring 

Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire. 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy 

birds. Tauraco Research Report Number 5 



Gross Exports of live Poicephalus rueppellii 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 

South Africa 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

COMMENT 

Almost no trade therefore although possibly at risk in native range it is not a significant trade issue. 

12. Poicephalus rufiventris 

FAMILY: 

NAME AND AUTHOR(S) 


PSITTACIDAE 

Poicephalus rufiventris 

African Orange-bellied Parrot; Red-bellied Parrot (English); Perroquet à ventre 

rouge (French); Lorito ventrirrojo (Spanish) 



In Tsava National Park, Kenya the favoured habitat was woodland, where a density of 12 birsd per 10ha was recorded, 

while a density of 6 birds per 10ha was found in wooded bushland, 4 birds per 10ha in the narrow riverine forest and 1 

per 10ha or less in open bushland an dgrassland habitats (Lack, 1985 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). The species is a 

fairly common, widespread resident of bushland and open woodland in Somalia, except in the coastal lowlands (Ash 

and Miskell, 1983 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). In Ethiopia it is encountered in savannah with Acacia-Chrysopogon 

associations, and in Acacia-Commiphora bushland or grassland savannah with acacias (Urban and Brown, 1971, in 

Forshaw and Cooper, 1989). Benson (1945 in Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) found it to be fairly common on the arid 

plains up to 1400m. Widespread within range and generally frequent to common (Juniper and Parr, 1998). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 139

Ethiopia (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 


Somalia (br): Occurrence reported (Ash and Miskell, 1998) 

Tanzania, United Republic of ? (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

REFERENCES 

Ash, J. S. and Miskell, J. E. 1998. Birds of Somalia. Pica Press. -Sussex 


Number 5 





Gross Exports of live Poicephalus rufiventris 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Congo Dem. 

Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 

Kenya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tanzania 235 3527 1910 245 0 0 40 0 28 100 0 

South Africa 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 7 

Export Quotas for Poicephalus rufiventris for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Tanzania, United Republic of see Notifi. 898 0 



COMMENT 

Very little trade since 1996 in this species, which seems to be quite common in a variety of habitats therefore not 


13. Poicephalus senegalus 

FAMILY: 


PSITTACIDAE 

Senegal Parrot (English); Perroquet à tête grise; Perroquet youyou; Youyou (French); 

Lorito Senegalés; Papagayo senegalés (Spanish) 



The species is endemic to Africa and widespread throughout Sub-Saharan and West Africa. There are three accepted 

subspecies (Fry et al. 1988) although their limits are not well established. The subspecies present in Guinea is the typical 

one, being also that of larger range. 

Population status of the species was unknown for Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Mauritania (Inskipp et al., 1988). It 

was deemed to be rare in Burkina Faso (Bannerman, 1931; Holyoak and Seddon, 1989), Chad (Malbrant, 1952; Salvan, 

1968; Forshaw and Cooper, 1989) and Togo (Millet-Horsin, 1923; Cheke and Walsh, 1980). In all other countries for 

which status assessments existed it was regarded as common (Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1970) or fairly common (Serle 

and Morel, 1977). 

Common in Koundara and Gaoual departments in the north-west of Guinea, bordering Senegal and Guinea-Bissau (Morel 

and Morel, 1988). Since the species is widespread and common in southern Mali, which borders Senegal and northern 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 140

Guinea, and is suspected to be migratory in this region (Fry et al., 1988) it would appear that the three countries support a 

single large population or a metapopulation with fairly frequent mixing. Off-take from each country may therefore have an 

impact on populations in all three. The shift in off-take from Mali to Guinea following the import restriction may therefore 

effectively mean that the restriction has had little effect on the population status of P. senegalus in Mali. 

The range of this species is restricted to a “corridor” in the western part of Africa, from Senegal to northern Cameroon, 

where the tree scattered savannah is present below 1,000 meters above sea level (Fry et al. 1988). This type of habitat is 

also present on the northern third part of Guinea, where most records have been made. Its preference for open areas with 

scattered trees allows the species to adapt to cultivated areas including cities surroundings (Fry et al. 1988), which could be 

also responsible for records around Conakry, far away from the savannah habitat. This preference could also explain why 

the species seems not to be in regression (Forshaw and Cooper 1989) despite the progressive habitat degradation and forest 

loss. 

The Senegal parrot, Poicephalus senegalus, is one of the most heavily traded of the parrot Family (WCMC et al., 1993). 

It has long been involved in international trade and, during the first part of the twentieth century it had already built a 

reputation as a ‘pet par excellence’ (Low, 1986). 

In the early 1990s, the large off-takes experienced by individual populations were considered alarming, with possible 

severe effects on local populations (Mundy, 1991). 

Benin (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Population status unknown (Inskipp et al., 

1988). 

Burkina Faso (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Rare, only discrete sightings reported 

(Bannerman, 1931; Holyoak and Seddon, 1989) 

Cameroon (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). ‘Not known with accuracy, but regarded 

as not threatened (Cameroon CITES MA, 1987).’ (Inskipp et al., 1988) 

Chad (br?): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Rare (Malbrant, 1952; Salvan, 1968; Forshaw 

and Cooper, 1989) 

Côte d'Ivoire (br): Occurrence reported, common (Thiollay, 1985) 

Gambia (br): Occurrence reported (Gore, 1990). Common, probably only on the lower and middle stretches of the 

Gambia River but uncommon elsewhere (Gore, 1981, 1990) 

Ghana (br): Occurrence reported (Grimes, 1987). Common (Ussher, 1874; Alexander, 1902; Bannerman, 1931; Greig- 

Smith, 1976, Grimes, 1987; Fry et al., 1988) 

Guinea (br?): Occurrence reported (Walsh, 1987). Common (Morel and Morel, 1988). Common in Koundara and 

Gaoual departments. Occasional sightings at Kipe. (Morel and Morel, 1988 Richards, 1982). The species has been 

recorded as common at the northwest part of the country, at Koundara and Gaoual (Morel and Morel 1988). Besides 

that, only a pair of birds have been recorded 16 km north of Doko (Walsh 1987), near the Mali border, and occasional 

observations have been made at the Conakry surroundings and at Los island (Richards 1982, Morel and Morel 1988). 

Dowset and Forbes-Watson (1993) conclude that the species is a Guinean resident of not proved breeding. This is based 

both on the knowledge that the species can make dispersal movements (Fry et al. 1988) and on the fact that existing 

records inform just about presence. However, breeding of Poicephalus senegalus in Guinea is fairly probable where 

habitat is available given that it breeds in neighbouring countries –Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali and Ivory Coast- 

(Dowset and Forbes-Watson 1993). 

Guinea-Bissau (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Population status unknown (Inskipp 

et al., 1988). 

Liberia (int, br?): Occurrence reported (Gatter, 1997). Population status unknown (Inskipp et al., 1988). 

Mali (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Common in the south (Bates, 1934; Lamarche, 

1980; Fry et al., 1988) 

Mauritania (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Population status unknown (Inskipp et 

al., 1988). 

Niger (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). ‘Regarded as common in riverine woods such 

as in Parc National du “W” (Niger CITES MA, 1986)’ (Inskipp et al., 1988) 

Nigeria (br): Frequent to common (Elgood, 1982; Sharland and Wilkinson, 1981) 

Senegal (br): Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993). Common to very common (Bannerman, 

1931; Morel and Morel, 1990; Descarpentries and Villiers, 1969; Dupuy, 1976; Smet and van Gompel, 1980) 

Sierra Leone: Occurrence reported (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) 

Togo (br): Occurrence reported (Cheke and Walsh, 1996). Rare (Millet-Horsin, 1923; Cheke and Walsh, 1980) 

REFERENCES 

Alexander, B. 1902. Birds of the Gold Coast Colony and his hinterland. Ibis (8)2: 278-333, 355-377. 

Bannerman, D. A. 1931. The birds of tropical West Africa, 2. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. 

Bates, G. L. 1934. Birds of the southern Sahara and adjoining countries in French West Africa. Ibis (13)3: 752-780; (13)4: 61-79, 213-239, 440-466, 

685-717. 

Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F. .1980. Bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 2: 112-120. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 141

Cheke, R. A. and Walsh, J. F.1996. The birds of Togo: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 14. British Ornithologists' Union. -Tring 

Descarpentries, A. and Villiers, A. .1969. Sur une collection d’oiseaux du sahel Sénégalais. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris (2)41: 385-394. 

Dowsett, R.J and Forbes-Watson, A.D. 1993. A checklist of Afrotropical and Malgasy regions. Tauraco Press, Liege. 


Number 5 

Dupuy, A.-R. /1976/ Données nouvelles concernant la reproduction de quelques espèces aviennes au Sénégal. Oiseau et R.F.O. 46: 47-62. 

Elgood, J. H. 1982. The birds of Nigeria. An annotated checklist. London: British Ornithologists' Union. 

Forshaw, J. M. and Cooper, W. T. 1989. Parrots of the world. 3 rd Edition. Weldon. Australia. 

Fry, C. H., Keith, S. and Urban, E. K. 1988. The birds of Africa, 3. London: Academic Press. 


Gore, M. E. J. 1981. The birds of the Gambia. An annotated checklist. London: British Ornithologists' Union. 

Gore, M. E. J. 1990. The birds of the Gambia. An annotated checklist. Second revised edition. London: British Ornithologists' Union. 

Greig-Smith, P. W. 1976. The composition and habitat preferences of the avifauna of Mole National Park, Ghana. Bull. Nigerian Orn. Soc. 12(42): 

49-66. 

Grimes, L. G. 1987. The birds of Ghana. An annotated checklist. London: British Ornithologists' Union. 

Holyoak, D. T. and Seddon, M. B. 1990. Notes on some birds of the Ivory Coast. Malimbus 11: 146-148. 



Lamarche, B. 1980. Liste commentée des oiseaux du Mali. 1ère partie: non-passereaux. Malimbus 2(2): 121-158. 

Low, R. 1986. Parrots, their care and breeding. 2nd edition. Blandford. Poole. 

Macworth-Praed, C.W. and Grant, C.H.B. 1977. Birds of West Central and Western Africa. African Handbook of Birds. Series III. Vol. I. Longmans. 

London. 

Malbrant, R. 1952. Faune du centre africain français (mammifères et oiseaux). Second edition. Léchevalier, Paris. 

Millet-Horsin, 1923. Contribution à l’étude de la faune ornithologique du Bas-Togo. Bull. Comité d’ Etudes Hist. Sci. Afr. occid. fr. Jan.-Mar. 1923: 

67-73. 

Morel, G. J. and Morel, M. V. 1988. Liste des oiseaux de Guinée. Malimbus 10(2): 143-176. 

Morel, G.J. and Morel, M V. 1990. Les oiseaux de Sénégambie. Notices et cartes de distribution. Editions de l’Orstom. Institut Francais de Recherce 

Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération. France. 

Mundy, P. J. 1991. Poicephalus senegalus (Senegal Parrot). Section II: Species summaries. In: WCMC and IUCN/SSC. Review of Significant Trade 

in Animal Species included in Appendix II – Based on data for the years 1983 – 1998. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee 

August 1991. Unpublished. 

Richards, D. K. 1982. The birds of Conakry and Kakulima, Democratic Republic of Guinea. Malimbus 4: 93-103. 

Salvan, J. 1968. Contribution à l’étude des oiseaux du Tchad. Oiseau et R.F.O. 38: 127-150. 

Sharland, R. E. and Wilkinson, R. 1981. The birds of Kano State, Nigeria. Malimbus 3: 7-30. 

Serle, W and Morel, G.J. 1977. A field guide to the birds of West Africa. Collins. London. 

Smet, K. and van Gompel, J. 1980. Observations sur la côte senegalaise en decembre et janvier. Malimbus 2: 56-70. 

Thiollay, J. M. 1985. The birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7: 1-59. 

Ussher, H. T. 1874. Notes on the ornithology of the Gold Coast. Ibis (3)4: 43-75. 

Walsh, J.F. 1987. Records of birds seen in north.eastern Guinea in 1984-1985. Malimbus, 9: 105-122. 

WCMC, IUCN/SSC and TRAFFIC. 1993. Significant Trade in Wildlife: A review of selected animal species in CITES Appendix II. Unpublished. 


Gross Exports of live Poicephalus senegalus 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Burkina Faso 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 1 2 0 1 

Congo 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cote d'Ivoire 502 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 4 31 402 

Cameroon 100 0 0 0 0 800 887 0 0 0 0 

Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Gambia 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Guinea 10736 6477 8325 11628 10700 16171 40146 37325 12944 11762 8144 

Guinea-Bissau 0 2 12 71 32 5 0 0 2 0 0 

Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450 800 1210 900 

Mali 1500 0 0 1038 3536 2475 1269 1484 6732 11352 12390 

Niger 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Nigeria 0 0 0 0 1 0 300 0 0 0 0 

Senegal 19308 15559 22926 25952 18262 11239 17156 15434 17652 12892 14801 

Togo 10 15 0 100 60 167 635 728 373 690 402 

Tanzania 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 241 

South Africa 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 142

Export Quotas for Poicephalus rufiventris for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Benin wild-taken 100 100 181 50 

Guinea live 15000 9000 

Mali live 19000 19000 

Senegal live 16000 16000 16000 16000 16000 16000 

Togo live / wild-taken 300 300 300 300 300 300 

COMMENT 

Although trade seems high from some countries it is within the quotas, with the exception of Togo for which is has been 

consistently over quota since 1998. The species is considered common in those countries that are exporting it, though 

concern has been raised over the level of trade. It seems able to adapt to cleared habitats and therefore may not suffer 

adversely from deforestation in its range. It might be worth taking a closer look at this species for those countries 

exporting the largest numbers e.g. Mali, Senegal and Guinea especially as there is a suggestion that the populations from 

these countries may actually be one large, shifting population. 

14. Psittacus erithacus 

FAMILY: 


PSITTACIDAE 

Grey Parrot (English); FJacko; Jacquot (French); Perroquet gris (French); Perroquet jaco 

(French); Loro yaco; Yaco (Spanish) 



Psittacus erithacus occurs in: 

Angola (br), Benin (br), Burundi (br?), Cameroon (br?), Central African Republic (br?), Congo (br), Côte d'Ivoire (br), 

Democratic Republic of the Congo (br), Equatorial Guinea (br): Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Gabon (br), Ghana (br), 

Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br), Kenya (br?), Liberia (br?), Mali (br), Nigeria (br), Rwanda (br), São Tomé and 

Principe (br), Sierra Leone (br?), Tanzania, United Republic of (br?), Togo (br?), Uganda (br?) 

Psittacus erithacus erithacus (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in: 

Angola (br), Benin (br), Burundi (br?), Cameroon (br?), Central African Republic (br?), Congo (br), Côte d'Ivoire (br), 

Democratic Republic of the Congo (br), Equatorial Guinea (br): Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Gabon (br), Ghana (br), 

Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br), Kenya (br?), Liberia (br?), Mali (br), Nigeria (br), Rwanda (br), São Tomé and 

Principe (br), Sierra Leone (br?), Tanzania, United Republic of (br?), Togo (br?), Uganda (br?) 

Psittacus erithacus timneh (Fraser, 1844) occurs in: 

Côte d'Ivoire (br), Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br?), Liberia (br?), Sierra Leone (br?) 

‘Locally abundant with a very large range, hence with a high world population. However, clearly must suffer to some 

degree from forest destruction, especially loss of large nesting trees. More importantly, second most heavily traded 

parrot in world in period 1982-1989 after Agapornis fischeri, with an average annual export from Africa of 47,357 

birds. This trade is judged to be the cause of its decline from common in the recent past to relative current rarity in 

Liberia, where other than in Sapo National Park only feral birds were observed, 1988-1990. Similarly in Ghana chronic 

exploitation since at least the 1870s, and in spite of a 1986 ban, has reduced local populations that numbered many 

hundreds in 1940s to twos and threes today, e.g. in Bia National Park, although the total population in the country is still 

estimated to be 30,000-80,000 birds. Generally uncommon in Sierra Leone, with large decline since 1930s and 1940s, 

now confined to mangrove belts and forests of E. Common throughout forest zone S of 8°N in Ivory Coast, where 

population of nominate race (E part of country) is probably 10,000-25,000; likewise in many areas in rest of range, 

including Nigeria, Congo and Cabinda; thus, over 500 outside Korup National Park, Cameroon, and abundant in the 

park with little sign of trade. Several roosts in Gabon accommodate 5000-6000 birds nightly, and one in the N takes 

10,000. Declining but still common on Principe, despite capture of some 1500 chicks per year. An abundant resident 

(10-100 seen or heard daily) of the two Dzanga reserves, Central African Republic. Around Kinshasa, Zaire, large 

flocks (200) are now gone, possibly owing to trade, and the species is also diminishing around Congo cities. In Uganda 

occurs in Budongo, Bugoma and Bwamba forest reserves plus Rwenzori National Park. In Kenya now absent from 

several forests where previously reported, and virtually now only known from Kakamega Forest where although still 

locally common in 1980s only 10 reportedly survived in mid-1990s.’ (Collar 1997). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 143

Angola: ‘Said to be relatively frequent near Lândana, Cabinda, and not rare at Cassanga in the north of Lunda (Pinto, 

1983).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). 

Benin: ‘Brunel (1958) thought that if it occurred at all, it was certainly very rare; he did not see any during 20 months 

of observation. Reported as very rare in the forested region north of Sakété (Bouet, 1961).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988) 

Burundi: ‘Snow (1978) mapped records in the country.’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). It was collected at Bujumbura by R. 

Grauer in 1912 (Schouteden 1966). 

Cameroon: 

Central African Republic: ‘On the Ile de Kombe two or three parrots were regularly seen flying over in the evening. A 

flock of 45 was considered exceptional (Jehl, 1976).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). 

Côte d’Ivoire: ‘Described as common throughout the forest zone south of 8°N (Thiollay, 1985).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). 

Equatorial Guinea: ‘Present (Bannerman, 1931a). Resident on Bioko (Naurois, 1983b). Recorded from Banterberi, 

Bioko (Neumann, 1908).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). Bioko: ‘first records by Newton in 1894/1895 who found it abundant 

(Barboza du Bocage 1895). Constantly observed in large flocks (Alexander 1903). Wolff-Metternich and Stresemann 

(1956) reported that in 1939/40 birds were found at altitudes up to 1900 m and the species was quite frequent in some 

areas. In 1987, the Equatorial Guinea Commission of experts on Flora and Fauna put the total population of Psittacus 

erithacus in the country at “no less than 2,500,000 (Obama 1987) but this would equate to 90 birds per km² across the 

whole country and therefore seems barely credible. In 1987/8, Antor-Castellarnau and Camacho-Fumanal (1989) found 

the species in rain forest at altitudes between 400-800 m on Pico Basile in the North of the island. More recently Pérez 

del Val (1993a) reported that during 1988-1992 the species had a wide distribution from lowlands up to 1200-1500 m 

and was locally abundant in the undisturbed southern third of the island, an area of some 500 km².’ (Anon. 1994). 

Guinea: In Guinea, already small populations of P.erithacus are seriously threatened by the combination of harvesting 

and habitat lost (Clemmons, 2003).’ (Michels, 2003) 

Guinea-Bissau: ‘In Guinea-Bissau, already small populations of P.erithacus are seriously threatened by the 

combination of harvesting and habitat lost (Clemmons, 2003).’ (Michels, 2003) 

Liberia: 'Said to be the characteristic parrot of the country, commonly seen in flocks of forty or more birds (Allen, 

1930). Bannerman (1931a) said that the species occurred commonly over most parts of the country. Said to be common 

in the country and sometimes a plague to farmers (Büttikofer, 1885). At Firestone Plantation, Rand (1951) reported that 

it was uncommon and seldom seen, and at Ganta, small flocks were seen, apparently coming from distant places. 

Colston and Curry-Lindahl (1986) recorded the species in forests and adjacent cleared land on Mt Nimba, but they were 

surprised at its rarity. No recent population studies have been carried out (Liberia CITES MA, 1992).' (WCMC and 

IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group 1992). ‘Not uncommon to locally common resident (P. a. timneh). Today rare in 

north 

(C and CL) and northwest (WG) and lacking in some coastal areas (G. Hodgson), but widely distributed in main forest 

blocks. In 1981-84, according to estimates of forest guards and myself, about 1,400 birds annually were smuggled from 

Ivory Coast via Cavalla River near Zwedra at only 3 canoe crossings (93% of all parrots imported there). Less than 1% 

of them are P. e. erithacus (WG).’ (Gatter 1997). 

Mali: ‘Said to be uncommon (Lamarche, 1980).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988) 

São Tomé and Principe: ‘Present in an extraordinary density on the small island of Principe, although the population 

appears to have suffered a perceptible reduction over the past 100 years (Naurois, 1983b), and in particular since 1968 

(Naurois, 1983a).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). ‘Principe: Historically this species has been common on Principe. In 1865 

specimens of this species were numbered in thousands and it was still reported “fairly numerous” in 1909 but “no doubt 

decreased” due to forest clearance (Bannerman 1914). It was described as very abundant everywhere and never out of 

sight or hearing in 1949 by Snow (1950). De Naurois (1983b) remarked on the abundance of the species; however, in 

another paper the same author (de Naurois 1983b) also noted that the abundant population had declined after 1968 due 

to habitat loss and perhaps pesticide usage. The species was described as still one of the commonest birds on the island 

in 1987 (Anon. 1987), being common to very abundant wherever there were tall fruiting trees (Jones and Tye 1988). In 

early 1989 the species was reported “reasonably common” but in their view likely to decline as a result of hunting 

pressure (Harrison and Steele undated). Sao Tome: The occurrence of the species on this island has long been in doubt. 

Lopez de Lima, quoted in Hartlaub (1850) mentioned the species as occurring on Sao Tome but this was doubted by 

subsequent authors (Salvadori 1903, Bannerman 1915). However, de Naurois (1983b) quotes a letter by A. Newton in 

1890 that suggested that storm blown birds did occur on Sao Tome but these were quickly predated. More recently, de 

Naurois (1983b) reported that in 1972 two or three small colonies existed in the North of the island. Günther and Feiler 

(1985) suggested that breeding conditions for this species are less favourable on Sao Tome than Principe but do not 

expand on this point.'’ (Anon. 1994). 

Sierra Leone: ‘Bannerman (1931b) thought that this species was not as plentiful in the forests of Sierra Leone as it was 

in Liberia. He reported that it was plentiful at Bonthe in Sherboro Island (Bannerman, 1931a). Said to be tolerably 

common at the southern end of Tasso Island (Lowe, 1921). Apparently a relatively healthy population at present (Sierra 

Leone, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in litt., 20 March 1987).’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). 

Tanzania: ‘Said to be a locally common resident (Britton, 1980). Mackworth-Praed and Grant (1952) considered that it 

might be extending its range in East Africa.’ (Inskipp et al. 1988). 

Togo: 'Millet-Horsen (1923) described the status in "Bas-Togo" as very rare "au nord de la lagune", becoming less rare 

further north. There is only one subsequent record from the country (Cheke and Walsh, 1980).' (Inskipp et al. 1988, 

WCMC and IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group 1992) 'Very rare resident (P. e. erithacus), possibly now extinct in 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 144

Togo. Previously rare north of the lagoon near Lomé, but becoming less so further north (Millet-Horsin 1923). The only 

subsequent record is of a bird flying over Mo, 11 May 1979 (Cheke and Walsh 1980). Many are seen for sale but these 

probably originate in neighbouring countries or from as far afield as Zaïre. In 1993 Togo agreed not to issue any more 

export permits and the CITES (The Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 

Fauna and Flora) Secretariat requested all parties to cease imports from Côte d'Ivoire, 

which is not a party to the CITES agreement (IUCN 1994).' (Cheke and Walsh 1996) 

Uganda: 

In addition to capture for international trade, there is an active internal trade of live birds for pets and exhibition 

(Clemmons 2003; McGowen 2001 in Michels, 2003). The species is also hunted within its range as bushmeat (Fa and 

Gracia Yuste 2001 in Michels, 2003) and to supply heads, legs and tail feathers for use as medicine or fetishes in black 

magic (Clemmons 2003; Fotso 1998b; McGowen 2001; in Michels, 2003). 

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Appendix I in lieu of Psittacus erithacus princeps; or transfer of Psittacus erithacus princeps from Appendix I to Appendix II. Proposed by the 

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Unpublished. 

Antor-Castellarnau, R. and Camacho-Fumanal, R. 1989. Composicion de las Comunidades de aves a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en Africa 

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661-697. 

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AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 145

Thiollay, J. M. 1985. The birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7: 1-59. 

Wolf-Metternich, G. F., and Stresemann, E. 1956. Biologische Notizen über Vögel von Fernando Po. J. Orn. 97: 274-290. 

World Conservation Monitoring Centre and IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group 1992. Review of Significant Trade in animal species included in 

CITES Appendix II. Detailed reviews of 24 priority species. Final report to the CITES Animals Committee, March 1992. Unpublished. 


Gross Exports of live Psittacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

PSITTACUS ERITHACUS 

Angola live 13 2 17 15 23 3 0 1 0 1 9 

Benin live 6 1 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Burkina Faso live 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 

Burundi bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Burundi live 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

C. African Rep. live 1 5 24 29 27 18 30 24 14 6 4 

Cameroon bodies 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 

Cameroon eggs 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cameroon live 18572 22135 17093 20796 22408 4564 12717 19221 17429 15065 16402 

Chad live 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 

Congo bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 

Congo live 25 23 35 5 4 1 2506 1073 2101 8272 8205 

Congo Dem. Rep. live 17739 8982 13478 10333 10677 10820 12834 14763 14292 10183 0 

Cote d'Ivoire bodies 0 594 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cote d'Ivoire live 7524 1892 7 12 17 75 38 53 78 1111 958 

Egypt live 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eq. Guinea live 0 0 0 10 1 1 1 3 5 0 0 

Gabon live 6 2 23 29 20 29 37 40 44 82 33 

Ghana live 0 0 5 7 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 

Guinea live 2945 1 400 203 64 267 63 12 19 308 103 

Guinea-Bissau live 1 1 2 7 5 0 0 0 1 1 4 

Kenya live 1 1 8 5 1 329 126 6 1 20 6 

Liberia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 650 400 475 420 

Madagascar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 

Malawi live 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mali live 0 1 0 3 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Morocco live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mozambique live 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 1 0 1 

Namibia live 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Niger live 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Nigeria live 34 4 4 7 13 19 314 7 2 4 9 

Oman live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

São Tomé and 

Principe 

live 

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Senegal live 0 400 0 5 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 

Sierra Leone live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 


Sudan live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 

Tanzania live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Togo live 3345 648 15 42 13 3 8 6 3 13 6 

Uganda live 0 0 2 0 2 5 0 3 7 15 5 

Zambia live 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe live 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 9 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 146

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

PSITTACUS ERITHACUS TIMNEH 

Angola live 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Burkina Faso live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 

Cote d'Ivoire live 3661 0 0 0 0 3 2 2103 2676 1940 2778 

Guinea bodies 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guinea live 10900 4348 443 504 532 748 514 225 856 756 500 

Guinea-Bissau live 0 1 3 26 7 0 0 2 0 0 0 

Liberia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2300 2200 1700 1601 1 

Senegal live 0 1 0 3211 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sierra Leone live 0 0 890 0 2000 500 2500 1000 1100 720 0 


United Arab Em. live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 

Zimbabwe live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Export Quotas for Psittacus erithacus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cameroon live 12000 12000 12000 12000 

Cameroon see Notif. 1998/05 12000 

Cameroon see Notification No. 993 0 

Congo live 6000 6000 6000 

Democratic Republic of the live 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 

Congo 

Equatorial Guinea No longer listed in CITES 

500 

Notif. No. 1998/36 

Gabon live 500 500 200 200 

Export Quotas for Psittacus erithacus erithacus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Côte d'Ivoire 

Notif. No. 746 is no longer 

0 

valid 

Côte d'Ivoire live 500 

Export Quotas for Psittacus erithacus timneh for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Côte d'Ivoire live 2000 2000 2000 

Guinea live 450 450 450 450 750 

Liberia live 2500 2500 3000 

Sierra Leone live 1000 1000 1000 2000 2000 

COMMENT 

Relatively high level of trade, which appears to be above the quotas for Cameroon, Congo and Côte d'Ivoire. The species 

appears to be in decline over much of its range. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 147

15. Psittinus cyanurus 

FAMILY 

PSITTACIDAE 

NAMES AND AUTHOR(S) Psittinus cyanurus (Forster, 1795) 


Blue-rumped Parrot (English); Perruche à croupion bleu (French); Lorito dorsiazul 

(Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/nt (BirdLife International, 2000) 


Confined to the Sundaic lowlands, where it is known from south Tenasserim, Myanmar, peninsular Thailand, Sabah, 

Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Kalimantan, Sumatra (including the Riau, Lingga, Bangka, Simeulue, 

Mentawai islands), Indonesia and Brunei (uncommon), to 1300m. It inhabits primary, dry-land evergreen and semievergreen 

lowland forest, both mature and selectively logged, and also visits edge vegetation, cultivated areas and gapphase 

growth of forest clearings and occasionally mangroves (Birdlife International, 2003). 

Brunei Darussalam: (br) Occurrence reported (Juniper and Parr, 1998) 

Indonesia (br): Occurrence reported Kalimantan, Sumatra:(Andrew, 1992; Juniper and Parr, 1998) 

Malaysia (br): Occurrence reported Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak: (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Smythies, 1981) 

Myanmar (br): Occurrence reported (Smythies, 1986) 

Singapore (v): Occurrence reported (Hails and Jarvis, 1987) 

Thailand (br): Occurrence reported (Boonsong Lekagul and Round, 1991) 

Viet Nam (br): Occurrence reported (Round, 1987) 

The world population of the Simeule race may be less than 5000 (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Estimates based on the results 

of several transects made between 27th July to 7th August, 1995 suggest a population of 35,000 to 47,000 birds for 

Psittinus cyanurus abbotti (Arndt and Raharjaningtrah, 1998). 

It is only locally common and less abundant than the sympatric Psittacula species throughout most of its range. The world 

population is thought to be greater than 100,000, but probably declining everywhere and already sparsely distributed in the 

north of its range through massive habitat loss compounded by trapping (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Forest destruction in the 

Sundaic lowlands of Indonesia has been so extensive that all primary formations are expected to disappear by 2010, and 

the situation is little different in Malaysia. However, the species's ability to persist in secondary growth and at higher 

elevations, where forest destruction has been less severe, means that it is not immeadiately threatened. (Birdlife 

International, 2003). 

Anecdotal evidenece of low survival rate in captivity. For one shipment in Italy in 2000 of approximately 200 birds about 

90% of the birds died shortly following their arirval, Most deaths were due to severe enteritis caused by Escherichia coli 

and Pseudomonas infections very resistant to antibiotics. It appears that the species is more prone than other species to the 

stress of capture and shipment, causing a decreased immune response (Conzo in litt., to World Parrot Trust, 27 January 

2004) 

REFERENCES 

Andrew, P. 1992. The birds of Indonesia: a checklist (Peters' sequence). Indonesian Ornithological Society. -Jakarta 

Arndt and Raharjaningtrah. 1998. Parrots and their status on Simeulue Island, west Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia Status der Papageien auf der indonesischen 

Insel Simeulue (Sumatra), Parrot Biology vol 1/98 < http://www.arndt-verlag.de/parr198.htm> 

BirdLife International 2000. Psittinus cyanurus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 

January 2004 

BirdLife International 2003. BirdLife's online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. Version 2.0. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. 

Available: http://www.birdlife.org (accessed 21/1/2004) 

Boonsong Lekagul and Round, P. D. 1991. A guide to the birds of Thailand. Saha Karn Bhaet Co. Ltd. -Bangkok 

Conzo, G. 2004. in litt. to The World Parrot Trust, 27 January 2004 

Hails, C. J. and Jarvis, F. 1987. Birds of Singapore. Times Editions. -Singapore 

Juniper, T. and Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. 

Round, P. D. 1988. Resident forest birds in Thailand: their status and conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation (Monograph No. 2). - 

Cambridge, U.K. 

Smythies, B. E. 1981. The birds of Borneo. 3rd edition. The Sabah Society and the Malayan Nature Society. -Malaysia 

Smythies, B. E. 1986. The birds of Burma. 3rd edition. Nimrod Press and Silvio Mattacchione and Co. -Liss, Hampshire, U.K and Pickering, Ontario 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 148


Gross Exports of Psittinus cyanurus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Malaysia Bodies 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Malaysia Live 155 30 30 0 278 245 514 956 520 242 530 

Singapore live 10 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Export Quotas for Psittinus cyanurus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Malaysia Live 1000 1000 1000 

Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia Live 1000 

only) 

Malaysia 2000 

COMMENT 

Trade is within quotas. However it is restricted to a range which is under considerable pressure from human population 

expansion, and may well be in decline. The species does not appear to cope well with the stress associated with capture for 

trade 

16. Otus leucotis 

FAMILY: 

COMMON NAME(S): 

STRIGIDAE 

White-faced Scops-Owl (English); Petit-duc à face blanche (French); Autillo cariblanco 

(Spanish); Gran autillo veliblanco (Spanish) 



Wide range of bush and woodland habitats, from tall miombo woodland to low thorn scrub. Absent from continuous 

forest, but inhabits forest edge, and treeless grass and scrublands. Most common in areas of widespread low thorn trees 

with sparse or patchy ground cover, especially on Kalahari sands (Mendelsohn 1997). Extends into grassland or semidesert 

scrub where trees grow along watercourses or clumps of exotics have been planted. Enters suburban gardens in 

several towns (Kemp, 2000). 

Angola (br), Benin (br?), Botswana (br), Burkina Faso (br), Burundi (br?), Cameroon (br?), Central African Republic 

(br?), Chad (br?), Congo (br?), Côte d'Ivoire (br), Democratic Republic of the Congo (br), Djibouti (br?), Eritrea (br), 

Ethiopia (br), Gabon (br?), Gambia (br), Ghana (br), Guinea (br?), Guinea-Bissau (br), Kenya (br), Liberia (br), Malawi 

(br), Mali (br), Mauritania (br), Mozambique (br?), Namibia (br), Niger (br?), Nigeria (br), Rwanda (br), Senegal (br), 

Sierra Leone (br), Somalia (br) , South Africa (br) , Sudan (br) , Swaziland (br) , Tanzania, United Republic of (br?) , 

Togo (br?) , Uganda (br) , Zambia (br) , Zimbabwe (br) 

Uncommon to locally common in Africa; abundance varies regionally (Fry et al., 1988). 

Botswana: Uncommon to fairly common (Newman, 1989). 

Chad: Less common but more widespread than the Barn Owl (Newby, 1979 - 80). 

Cote d’Ivoire: Widely distributed through all Guinea and Sudan savannas from Toumodi northwards (Thiollay, 1985). 

Eritrea: Nowhere common (Smith, 1957). 

Ghana: Not common resident (Grimes, 1987). 

Guinea: Authors differ about status of this species. Uncommon to locally common (Fry, 1988). Occurs in northern part 

of Guinea. Locally common to uncommon in throughout its Range (Hoyo, 1999). Uncommon to locally rather common 

and widespread insuitable habitats; abundance may vary locally (König, 1999). Occurs as not uncommon resident 

(Borrow and Demey, 2001). 

Kenya: Local and uncommon (Zimmerman et al., 1996). 

Malawi: Uncommon resident (Newman et al., 1992). 

Nigeria: Not uncommon resident (Elgood et al., 1994). 

Senegal: Common (Morel and Morel, 1990). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 149

Somalia: Rare (Uncommon resident with 10 records ( Ash and Miskell, 1983). 

Sudan: Fairly common in the North, uncommon in the South (Nikolaus, 1987). 

Swaziland: Uncommon breeding resident (Parker, 1992). 

Tanzania: Rare in the North (Zimmerman et al., 1996). 

Togo: Not uncommon resident (Cheke and Walsh, 1996). 

Uganda: Rather uncommon resident (Britton, 1980). 

Zimbabwe: Widespread and common on the central plateau, but sparse in the major river valley systems and in the 

southeast lowveld (Irwin, 1981). 

May occur at density of 4 prs/10km2 during rodent plague in thornveld habitat (Malherbe 1963) or 20 pairs/69km2 in 

mixed with agricultural lands, in northern South Africa (Mendelsohn 1989). Along riverine trees in the Kgalagadi 

Transfrontier National Park, pairs spaced about 4.5km apart (Herholdt 1992). One territory in Zimbabwe occupied for 

12yrs (Priest 1939). Age of first breeding, survivorship and longevity unknown (Kemp 2000). 

Resident in many areas of its range, but in more marginal and variable habitats may arrive, breed and later disappear, 

suggesting nomadism related to food availability, especially rodent plagues (Malherbe 1963; Tarboton and Erasmus 

1998). Some of scattered records in south of range expected to be of nomadic vagrants (Kemp, 2000; Mendelsohn 

1997). 

Wide choice of extensive habitats, and ability to be sedentary or nomadic, make it resilient to minor habitat alteration. 

May be limited by availability of nesting platforms in some areas, but also very flexible in this choice. Little affected by 

grazing pressure as favours more open substrates. Reasonably common, rarer in northern part of range. Well established 

in National Parks (Kemp, 2000). 

REFERENCES 

Ash, J.S. and Miskell, J.E. 1983. Birds of Somalia, their habitat, status and distribution. Scopus special suppl. 1: 1-97. 

Britton, P.L. 1980. Birds of East Africa. East Africa Natural History Sociey, Nairobi. 

Borrow,N. and Demey, R., 2001, Birds of Western Africa. Princeton University Press 

Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. 1996. The birds of Togo. BOU Check-list. 

Elgood, J.H., Heigham, J.B., Moore, A.M., Nason, A.M., Sharland, R.E. and Skinner, N.J. 1994. The Birds of Nigeria. Second edition. British 

Ornithologists’ Union, London (B.O.U. Check-list No. 4). 

Fry, C.H., Keith, S. and urban, E. 1988. The Birds of Africa. Volume 3. Academic Press London. 

Grimes, L. 1987. The Birds of Ghana. British Ornithologists’ Union, London (B.O.U. Check-list No. 9). 

Herholdt, J.J. 1992. Breeding of the Whitefaced Owl in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Ostrich 63:183-184 

Hoyo, J. del et al, 1999, Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 5. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 

Irwin, M.P.S. 1981. The birds of Zimbabwe. Quest, Zimbabwe 

Kemp, A.C. 2000. Otus leucotis In: Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Roberts VII Project, 

http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/fitzpatrick/docs/r397.html Downloaded on 19 January 2004 

König et al, 1999, Owls, A guide to the owls of the world. Yale University Press 

Malherbe, A.P. 1963. Notes on the birds of prey and some others at Boshoek, north of Rustenburg, during a rodent plague. Ostrich 34:95 

Mendelsohn, J.M. 1997. Whitefaced Owl In: Harrison JA, Allan DG, Underhill LG, Herremans M, Tree AJ, Parker, V and Brown CJ (eds) The atlas of 

southern African birds. Vol. 2, 584-585. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg 

Mendelsohn, J.M. 1989. Habitat preferences, population size, food and breeding of six owl species in the Springbok Flats, South Africa. Ostrich 63:183- 

190 

Morel, G.J. and Morel, M. Y. 1990. Les oiseaux de Senegambie. ORSTOM, Paris. 

Newby, J. 1979-80. The birds of the Ouadi Rime – Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve. A contribution to the study of the Chadian avifauna. Malimbus 1: 90- 

109; 2: 29-50. 

Newman, K. 1989. Birds of Botswana. Southern Book Publishers, Cape town. 

Newman, K., Johnston-Stewart, N. and Medland, B. 1992. Birds of Malawi. Soutehrn Book Publishers, Cape Town. 

Nikolaus, G. 1987. Distributional atlas of Sudan’s birds, with notes on habitat and status. Bonn. Zoologische Monographien 25. 

Parker, V. 1992. Swaziland Bird Checklist. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland, Swaziland. 

Priest CD 1939. The Southern White-faced Scops Owl. Ostrich 10:51-53 

Smith, K.D. 1957. An annotated checklist of the birds of Eritrea. Ibis 99: 1-26, 307-337. 

Steyn, P 1982 Birds of prey of Southern Africa. David Philip, Cape Town 

Tarboton W and Erasmus R 1998 Sasol owls and owling in southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town 

Thiollay, J. M. 1985. Birds of Ivory Coast: status and distribution. Malimbus 7(1): 1-59. 

Zimmerman, D.A., Turner, D.A. and Pearson, D.J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm, London. 


Gross Exports of Otus leucotis 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Austria Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

China Bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Denmark Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 

Egypt live 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 39 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 150

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Russian 

Federation live 0 0 0 0 20 25 0 48 73 25 0 

Togo live 0 0 0 0 85 65 90 155 0 45 685 




COMMENT 

A very widespread species, ranging from uncommon to common. Relatively high trade observed only in Togo, where it is 

said to be a “not uncommon resident”. This level of trade does seem fairly high but given the widespread distribution of 

this bird and lack of trade from elsewhere, it is not considered a priority candidate for review. 

17. Otus scops 

FAMILY: 


STRIGIDAE 

African Scops-Owl (English); Common Scops-Owl (English); Hibou petit-duc (French); 

Petit-duc africain (French); Autillo (Spanish); Autillo Africano (Spanish) 



Afghanistan (br?), Albania (br), Algeria (br), Andorra (v), Angola (br), Armenia (br), Austria (br), Azerbaijan (br), 

Bahrain, Bangladesh (br), Belarus (br), Belgium (v), Benin (br?), Bhutan (br), Botswana (br), Bulgaria (br), Burkina 

Faso (br?), Burundi (br), Cambodia (br), Cameroon (br), Central African Republic (br?), Chad (br?), China (br), Côte 

d'Ivoire (br), Cyprus (br), Czech Republic (br), Democratic Republic of the Congo (br); Denmark (v), Djibouti (br?), 

Egypt (br?), Equatorial Guinea (br) : Bioko, Eritrea (br?) , Ethiopia (br) , Faroe Islands (v) , France (br) , Gambia (br) , 

Georgia (br) , Germany (v) , Ghana (br) , Gibraltar (br?) , Greece (br) , Guinea (br?) , Guinea-Bissau (br) , Hong Kong , 

Hungary (br) , Iceland (v) , India (br) , Indonesia (br) : Sumatra, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (br) , Iraq (br) , Ireland (v) , 

Israel (br) , Italy (br) , Japan (br) , Jordan (br) , Kazakhstan (br) , Kenya (br) , Korea, DPR (br) , Korea, Republic of 

(br), Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan (br) , Lao People's Democratic Republic (br) , Latvia (v) , Lebanon (br) , Lesotho (v) , Liberia 

(br?) , Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (br) , Liechtenstein (v) , Luxembourg (v) , Malawi (br) , Malaysia , Malta , Mauritania 

(br?) , Moldova, Republic of (br) , Mongolia (br) , Morocco (br) , Mozambique (br?) , Myanmar (br) , Namibia (br) , 

Nepal (br) , Netherlands (v) , Niger (br?) , Nigeria (br) , Norway (v) , Oman (br) , Pakistan (br) , Poland (br) , Portugal 

(br) : Portugal (br), Madeira (v), Qatar (v) , Romania (br) , Russian Federation (br) , Rwanda (br) , Saudi Arabia (br) , 

Senegal (br) , Serbia and Montenegro (br) , Seychelles (v) , Sierra Leone (br?) , Singapore (v) , Slovakia (br) , Somalia 

(br) , South Africa (br) , Spain (br) , Sri Lanka (br) , Sudan (br) , Swaziland (br) , Sweden (v) , Switzerland (br) , Syrian 

Arab Republic (br?) , Tajikistan (br) , Tanzania, United Republic of (br?) , Thailand (br) , Togo (br?) , Tunisia (br) , 

Turkey (br) , Turkmenistan (br) , Uganda (br) , Ukraine (br) , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom (v) , Uzbekistan 

(br) , Viet Nam (br) , Western Sahara , Yemen (br) , Zambia (br) , Zimbabwe (br) 

Mostly migratory; southern populations either partially so or resident. Wholly resident in Cyprus; mallorcae present all 

year in Balearics and south and east Spain, although winter numbers considerably reduced, emigrants presumably 

making short-distance migrations to Africa, where several trapped in N during passage periods; cycladum largely 

migratory, some birds winter in southern Italy and southern Greece; Pakistan breeders winter largely in southern 

Pakistan, some probably in west India. Remaining populations apparently all long-distance migrants, leaving breeding 

grounds from August onwards; most reach Afrotropical savanna regions in winter; return migration from late Mar. 

Overshooting migrants in spring occasionally reach N and NW Europe. Family may stay together during migration. 

(Global Register of Migratory Species, undated). 

Breeds over much of Iberia and southern France, parts of Central France but now absent from most of the north, 

throughout Italy, the Balkans and much of Turkey. Also breeds in Austria, Slovakia and north Hungary, the Ukraine 

and in Russia north to about 58°N and east to the Urals and Caspian. In the Mediterranean found on all major islands 

and also scattered parts of the Middle East and in Morocco, coastal Algeria and Tunisia in North-West Africa 

(Eurobirding, undated) 

Vagrants recorded north to Iceland and Faroes, British Isles, Scandinavia and most north European countries, also 

recorded on Madeira and Canary Islands. There has been a sharp decline in the number of vagrants reaching Britain as 

the normal range has contracted in Europe. Of the more than 90 British records only around thirty have been in recent 

years and most of these in southern England in April-June. However this species is sometimes recorded north to Orkney 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 151

and Shetland and in the past has been recorded west to Ireland. In March 2002 one was present at the well-known rarity 

haunt of Porthgwarra in Cornwall. (Eurobirding, undated) 

Sub-Saharan Africa and adjacent islands (Socotra, Annobon/Pagulu) s, in South Africa, to the edges of the Namib 

Desert, Karoo scrublands, highveld grasslands and southern limits of coastal bushveld (Mendelsohn 1997). Widespread 

and common in some parts of range (northern Botswana, eastern South African and Zimbabwe lowlands), but absent or 

rare in others. Isolated population in E Cape (Mendelsohn 1997). Occurs at high density in some areas of mopane 

woodland, with 8-12 audible from one location in spring in Zimbabwe. Age of first breeding, survivorship and 

longevity unknown. Arid savanna woodlands extending along wooded watercourses into desert and grassland, and 

existing in patches of valley bushveld among coastal forest and grassland. Absent from areas of true desert, scrub and 

grassland without any trees. Especially common in mopane woodlands and acacia parklands (Mendelsohn 1997), which 

supply many nesting holes and hunting perches. Prefers areas of scattered large trees with sparse grass cover, but 

inexplicably absent from areas of bushveld within total range (Tarboton and Erasmus 1998). 

Found in dry, sunny areas of open woodland, forest edge, olive groves and almond plantations, vineyards, parks and 

gardens. Does not usually use conifers except in parts of Russian range. Its preference is for areas that will give a July 

temperature of not less than 22 degrees Celcius (72 degrees Fahrenheit). (The Hawk Conservancy and Country Park, 

2004) 

Widespread and common over its extensive range, including throughout Kruger National Park. Some areas of absence 

may require explanation (Mendelsohn 1997), and may possibly be vulnerable in southeast extension of range, where 

valley bushveld habitat is limited and patchy. Generally only vulnerable where bush clearing is extensive or there is 

heavy overgrazing. Occupies several areas among human habitation, where usually overlooked, and enters patches of 

eucalyptus trees (Kemp, 2000). Uncommon resident throughout savannah areas in Togo (Cheke and Walsh, 1996). 

Threats include rarefaction of large insects, which it feeds on, and habitat destruction of its hunting and nesting grounds. 

Possibly sensitive to road noise. Annual slaughter in Malta and Italy as game bird. (The Hawk Conservancy and Country 

Park, 2004) 

Current status thought to be Rare (Europe) to Common (Med) (The Hawk Conservancy and Country Park, 2004) 

REFERENCES 

Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. 1996. The birds of Togo. BOU Check-list 

Global Register of Migratory Species, undated. Species Factsheet, Otus scops, http://131.220.109.5/groms/Species_HTMLs/Oscops.html Downloaded on 


Kemp, A.C. 2000. Otus scops In: Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Roberts VII Project, 

http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/fitzpatrick/docs/r396.html Downloaded on 19 January 2004 

Mendelsohn J. M. 1997 African Scops Owl In: Harrison JA, Allan DG, Underhill LG, Herremans M, Tree AJ, Parker, V and Brown CJ (eds) The atlas of 

southern African birds. Vol. 2, 582-583. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg 

Eurobirding, undated. Otus scops In: Eurobirding http://www.eurobirding.co.uk/eurasian_scops_owl.HTM Downloaded on 19 January 2004 

Tarboton W. and Erasmus R. 1998. Sasol owls and owling in southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town 

The Hawk Conservancy and Country Park, 2004 < http://www.hawk-conservancy.org/priors/scops.shtml> Downloaded on 19 January 2004 


Gross Exports of Otus scops 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Austria Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

China Bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Denmark Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 

Egypt live 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 39 

Russian Fed. live 0 0 0 0 20 25 0 48 73 25 0 

Togo live 0 0 0 0 85 65 90 155 0 45 685 




AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 152

Export Quotas for Otus scops for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Slovakia 0 0 

Uzbekistan live 50 50 200 

COMMENT 

Widespread species. Relatively high trade observed only in Togo, and the species is reported as being “uncommon” in this 

country. Recommended for review in Togo only. 

18. Ramphastos toco 

FAMILY 


RAMPHASTIDAE 

Toco Toucan (English); Toucan toco (French); Tucán de pico verde (Spanish); Tucán 

grande (Spanish) 



Found throughout eastern South America. This species frequents the canopy of the tropical rainforests from the Guianas 

through Brazil to northern Argentina (Perrins, 1996). Reports of them living up to 1200 - 3500m elevation. Widely 

distributed in savanna regions of interior, from Amazonia to Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina. Moves from one 

savannah area to another taking advantage of deforested areas (Sick, 1993). No geographic variation has been reported 

(Whitfield, 1998). 

The only toucan extending in to open country. Occurs from Guyana and Upper Rio Branco in northeastern Brazil 

through coastal Guianas (and interior savannas) to Amapa, up the Amazon to Manaus; along coastal Maranhao, inland 

in Piaui to Goias and W Bahia then south and west through Mato Grosso and central Bolivia to southeastern corner of 

Peru (Rio Heath), through Bolivia west to Andean foothills, throughParaguay and western Minas Gerai, Sao Paulo and 

Parana, and south as far as Tucuman, Argentina, along the base of the Andes in the west, in areas adjacent to Rio 

Paraguay-Rio de la Plata, to northern Santa Fe and Corriented, Argentian, and south west (along Rio Uruguay) and 

southeastern (Pelotas Region) Rio Grande do Sul (Short and Horne, 2001). Inhabits savannas with palms, groves or 

riverine forest, chaco, cerrado and forest islands and edges, inland gallery forest, secondary forest, caatinga edges, open 

woodland, clearigs, scrub, scrub woods, plantations and trees planted in urban areas (Short and Horne, 2001). 

Still hunted in much of its range. Do not regularly breed until 2 years old or more, but data sparse, especially from the 

field (Short and Horne, 2001). 

Argentina (br): 

Bolivia (br): 

Brazil (br): 

Guyana (br): 

Paraguay (br): 

Peru (br): 

Suriname (br): Rare? 

This species range is the victim of heavy deforestation. There are areas of South and Central America where some 

toucan species are rare due to hunting for food, ornamental feathers, and trophies. Many species of toucan are popular 

in the pet trade due to their brightly colored bill and keen intelligence (SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information 

Database, 2004). Sought after due to its “calmer” disposition compared to other toucans; many of the birds die in transit. 

Probably explanding range in less populated, newly cleared areas of Amazonia, but hunted and young taken for pets 

(Short and Horne, 2001). This species may also be important as a disperser of some species of tropical forest trees. 

Besides its economic importance, R. toco has symbolic significance in the tribal societies of Central and South America. 

(Marek, 1998) 

REFERENCES 

Marek, 1998, Ramphastos toco In: Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan 

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/ramphastos/r._toco.html Downloaded on 19 January 2004 

Perrins, C. M. 1996. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds. The Definitive Reference to Birds of the World. Greenwich Editions, London 

SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database, 2004, http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/tocotoucan.htm Downloaded on 20 January 2004 

Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil: A natural history, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 153

Short, L. and Horne, J. 2001. Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides, Bird Familiesof the World, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Whitfield, P. 1988. The Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. 


Gross Exports of Ramphastos toco 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Paraguay bodies 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Brazil live 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guyana live 141 42 0 10 104 148 145 199 193 193 135 

Nicaragua live 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Peru live 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 7 

Paraguay live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 204 

Suriname live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Export Quotas for Ramphastos toco for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Guyana live 200 200 200 200 200 200 

COMMENT 

A widespread and adaptable species with little trade (within quotas for Guyana) over the past years. Paraguay began 

exporting the species in 2002 and originally set a quota of 1046 for 2003. This country has imposed a moratorium on 

export of wildlife. 

19. Leiothrix argentauris 

FAMILY 


MUSCICAPIDAE 

Silver-eared Mesia (English); Léiothrix à joues argent (French); Mesía (Spanish) 



Distributed from the Eastern Himalayas to Western China, ranging south, down through Indo-China to Malaysia and 

Sumatra. Resident, subject to small altitudinal movements. Himalayas from N Uttar Pradesh east to Arunachal Pradesh; 

NE India and Bangladesh (Grimmett et al., 1998). They also reside in North, Northeast Indian subcontinent, Southwest 

China and Southeast Tibet. They live in bushes on the edge of broadleaved forest, secondary growth, jungle and scrub 

at elevations of 500-2,000m. Descends to lower terrain in winter. (Honolulu Zoo, 2004) 

Bangladesh (ex, br): former resident, no recent records, could still occur in hill tracts (Grimmett et al., 1998) 

Bhutan (br): common, 250 – 1600m (Grimmett et al., 1998) 

Cambodia (br): 

China (br): The five subspecies present in China are collectively judged to be fairly common (Cheng, 1987 in 

IUCN/SSC and TRAFFIC Network 1997). 

India (br): From plains edge up to 2135m in Himalayas, fairly common from Sikkim eastwards, less common farther west; 

common in NE hills, 300 – 1500m (Grimmett et al., 1998). 

Indonesia (br): Sumatra. Quite common in the mountains of western and northern Sumatra (Holmes and Nash, 1990) 

between 600 – 2200m (Mackinnon and Phillips, 1993) 

Lao People's Democratic Republic (br): 

Malaysia (br): common resident above 900m in the Larut Hills (Perak) and the Titiwangsa Range south to Ulu Langat 

(Selangor). Also on Gunung Tahan (Pahang). Rare on Bukit Larut (Perak) but common on Cameron Highlands, Fraser’s 

Hill and Genting Highlands (Pahang). Birds seen in Singapore are cage escapees. (Jeyarajasingham and Pearson, 1999) 

Myanmar (br): 

Nepal: Local, frequent in the far east, rare farther west; mainly 365 – 1220m (205 – 1830m) (Grimmett et al., 1998) 

Thailand (br): Fairly common resident, hill evergreen forest, secondary growth and scrub, 1300 – 2000m. (Lekagul and 

Round, 1991) 

Viet Nam (br): 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 154

REFERENCES 

Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1998) Birds of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher Helm, London. 

Holmes, D. and Nash, S. 1990. The Birds of Sumatra and Kalimantan, Images of Asia, Oxford University Press, Singapore 

Honolulu Zoo 2004. < http://www.honoluluzoo.org/silver-eared_mesia.htm> Downloaded on 21 January 2004 

IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Network 1997. IUCN Analyses of Proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by the IUCN 

Species Survival Commission and the TRAFFIC Network for the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN, Gland 

Jeyarajasingham, A. and Pearson, A. 1999. A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore, Oxford University Press, Oxford 

Lekagul, B. and Round, P. D. 1991. A Guide to the Birds of Thailand, Darnsutha Press 

Mackinnon, J. and Phillips, K. 1993. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, Oxford University Press, Oxford 


Gross Exports of Leiothrix argentauris 

Exporter 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

China 6150 12760 7315 1420 0 0 

Hong Kong, Province of 

China 1240 0 0 0 0 0 

Viet Nam 0 0 0 3410 0 0 

COMMENT 

Common in many areas of its range. Zero trade since 2001 therefore not recommended for review. 

20. Leiothrix lutea 

FAMILY 


MUSCICAPIDAE 

Red-billed Leiothrix (English); Pekin robin (English); Léiothrix jaune (French); 

Ruiseñor del bambú (Spanish) 



Bhutan (br): 

China (br): ‘…fairly common in China (Cheng, 1987). The supporting statement reports that habitat destruction in 

China is very serious, but given that the species extends throughout the entire southern half of the country (map in 

Cheng, 1987) this remark is vague. It is certain that forest clearance has been almost total in many parts of the country, 

but nonetheless the species is common in small patches of forest that remain within its Chinese range (King, 1989a, b).’ 

(IUCN SSC and TRAFFIC Network 1997). 

India (br): 

Myanmar (br): 

Nepal (br): 

Pakistan (v): 

Réunion (int, br): 

United States (br): Introduced to the Hawaiian islands as cage-birds around 1911, escapees became established there 

before 1918. In 1928 and 1929 more were released there with the result that, at least up to 1985, flocks of up to 100 

birds have been reported. (Hinze, undated). 

Native habitat is being destroyed and the demand for Leiothrix for the cage bird market. Even so, their populations still 

prosper in Hawaii. Populations remain stable in Hawaii except for Kauai where they have recently disappeared 

(Honolulu Zoo, 2004). 

Viet Nam (br): 

In the wild, outside the breeding season, groups of Pekin robins can be found across all but north of the Himalayas, 

heading eastward across northern Myanmar (formerly Burma) to just south of the Yangtse River in China. Although 

occasionally found as far east as Hong Kong, the bird's range takes on a more southerly direction and falls across 

northern Indo-China to southwest Myanmar (Hinze, undated). 

REFERENCES 

Hinze, undated. Breeding the Peking Robin, < http://www.birds2grow.com/art-pekinrobin.html> Downloaded on 21 January 2004 

Honolulu Zoo, 2004, < http://www.honoluluzoo.org/red-billed_leiothrix.htm> Downloaded on 21 January 2004 

IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Network (1997) IUCN Analyses of Proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by the IUCN 

Species Survival Commission and the TRAFFIC Network for the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN, Gland. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 155


Gross Exports of Leiothrix lutea 

Exporter Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

China Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 8 

China Live 25860 64172 85788 12618 0 0 

Hong Kong, Province of Live 

China 

15080 1000 0 0 0 0 

Malaysia Live 1800 130 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Minimal trade since 2001 and a fairly common species in China where trade was high in the past. Therefore not 


21. Paroaria capitata 

FAMILY 


EMBERIZIDAE 

Yellow-billed Cardinal (English); Paroare à bec jaune (French); Paroare cardinal à bec 

jaune (French); Cardenal cabecirrojo (Spanish) 



Low altitudes in humid scrub, brush, thickets, and shrubbery, generally by water, including marshes, flooded 

grasslands, along shores of lakes and rivers, and edges of forests, open fields and woodlands (Ross Park Zoo online, 

2004; Sibley and Munroe, 1990). Common in the matogrossense pantanal (Ridgely and Tudor, 1989 in Centro De 

Estudos Ornitológicos, Estudo E Preservação Das Aves, São Paulo, 2002). Considered abundant in the Mato Grosso 

Pantanal (Sick, 1993). 


Bolivia (br): From Weeds Grosso in the West to the south Mato Grosso 

Brazil (br): Probably extinct around São Paulo (Aves ameaçadas de extinção em São Paulo, 1998) 


United States (br): They have been introduced into Hawaii. 

Uruguay ? : 

The main threat to the species is excessive capture for pets. 

REFERENCES 

Aves ameaçadas de extinção em São Paulo: Lista das aves ameaçadas de extinção e as provavelmente ameaçadas de extinção do Estado de São Paulo 

(Decreto 42.838, de 04 de fevereiro de 1998), 2004, http://www.aultimaarcadenoe.com/ameacasp.htm Downloaded on 20 January 2004 

Centro De Estudos Ornitológicos, Estudo E Preservação Das Aves, São Paulo, 2002 http://www.ib.usp.br/ceo/ameac/amparcap.htm Downloaded on 20 

January 2004 

Sibley, C. G. and Munroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, Yale University Press, New Haven and London 


Ross Park Zoo online. 2004. 

http://www.rossparkzoo.com/virtualtour/rainforest_aviary/cardinal/ Downloaded on 20 January 2004 


Gross Exports of Paroaria capitata 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Argentina bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Paraguay live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 275 1648 1379 1391 

Paraguay skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 156

Export Quotas for Paroaria capitata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Paraguay live 1500 1644 2000 

COMMENT 

No population information for Paraguay but there have been high trade levels and a lack of quota in the past. However, 

Paraguay has imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife, therefore not recommended for review. 

22. Paroaria coronata 

FAMILY 


EMBERIZIDAE 

Red-crested Cardinal (English); Cardinal gris (French); Paroare huppé (French); 

Cardenal copetón (Spanish) 



Inhabits lowlands to 500 meters of southeastern South America (Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 2004). Lives in 

open areas, with tall vegetation. In general it accepts temperature changes very well as well as the rigors of winter (Ind. 

e Com. de Alimentos Desidratados Alcon Ltda, 2004). Also prefers a riparian (stream-side) habitat. Common in marshes, 

shrubby lake and stream banks and along the edge of forest streams (Sibley and Munroe, 1990). They especially like 

areas where there are partially submerged sticks and dead bushes that protrude or where bare shoreline is exposed. 

These partially submerged sticks give emergent insect larvae and place to climb out of the water to do their adult molt. 

Since paorarias feed aquatic insect larvae to their chicks, this would be an important aspect of their habitat (The Chaffee 

Zoo, 2004). Red headed cardinals have been found to do well in a captive situation. They are quite adaptable to a variety 

of surroundings. They are closely akin to American cardinals and grosbeaks, which are also found in a variety of 

habitats (The Chaffee Zoo, 2004). 

Appears to compete with P. capitata in the southwestern Mato Grosso Pantanal as numbers of pairs here are reduced in 

contrast with abundant P. capitata (Sick, 1993). 


Bolivia (br): 

Brazil (br): Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993) 


United States (br): Introduced to Hawaii 

Uruguay (br): 

Venezuela (int): Occurrence reported (Sick, 1993) 

REFERENCES 

Ind. e Com. de Alimentos Desidratados Alcon Ltda, 2004, Downloaded on 


Sibley, C. G. and Munroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, Yale University Press, New Haven and London 


Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 2004, 

Downloaded on 20 January 2004 

The Chaffee Zoo, 2004, Downloaded on 20 January 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 157


Gross Exports of Paroaria coronata 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Argentina bodies 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 



Paraguay live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1485 1669 2881 1930 

Paraguay skins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Uruguay skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 

Export Quotas for Paroaria coronata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Paraguay live 1500 1640 4000 

COMMENT 

There appears to be little information on population levels. Trade is low with the exception of Paraguay but Paraguay has 

imposed a moratorium on export of wildlife therefore not recommended for review at this time. 

23. Gracula religiosa 

FAMILY 


STURNIDAE 

Common Hill Myna (English); Hill Myna or mynah (English) Mainate religieux 

(French); Merles des Indes (French) Miná de la India (Spanish); Miná religioso 

(Spanish) 



‘Very little information on population status and trends is provided in the supporting statement, however, G. religiosa has 

generally been reported as common within its range, e.g. in Lao PDR, Borneo and Palawan, widespread in Myanmar 

and locally common in Thailand and Sumatra (Dickinson et al.,1991; MacKinnon and Phillips, 1993; Round, 1998; 

Smythies, 1981, 1986; Thewlis et al., 1996; van Marle and Voous, 1988) but uncommon in China (Cheng, 1987), despite 

a statement in the supporting statement that it is common there. In terms of population trend, G. religiosa remains common 

in parts of India, e.g. Arunachal Pradesh (Singh, 1995) and the south-west (Gaston and Zacharias, 1993), in Lao PDR 

(Thewlis et al.. 1996), and in some protected areas in Borneo and Sumatra (various publications), but it is declining or 

rare on Flores and Sumbawa, declining in the Philippines and at risk in Thailand, all due to the effects of trade (Round, 

1988; Butchart et al., 1996). Indeed, Holmes (1997) considers it now rare throughout Indonesia. There are no formal 

population estimates or estimates of rates of decline. Threats include trade and habitat declines, the latter considered of 

considerable importance, but very poorly documented and little emphasised by the supporting statement.’ (IUCN SSC and 

TRAFFIC Network 1997) 

‘Uncommon to locally fairly common resident [in South-East Asia].’ (Robson 2000) 

Reported as common within its range (IUCN analysis 1997, CC97/339, p. 141-143). However, Bertram, 1970 (in Feare 

and Craig, 1998), reports that they are rarely abundant, except temporarily in roaming flocks. 

Bangladesh (br): ‘local’ (Grimmett et al. 1998) 

Bhutan (br): ‘fairly common’ (Grimmett et al. 1998) 

Brunei (br): 

Cambodia (br): 

China (br): Uncommon (Cheng 1987). Considered very rare now due to overhunting for cage birds (China Red Data 

Book, Aves, 1998). 

Christmas Island (int, br): 

India (br): ‘locally fairly common; from base of hills locally to 2000 m in Himalayas, mainly in lower foothills, from 

plains up to 1700 m in Western Ghats.’ (Grimmett et al. 1998). Export banned since 1972. In northeastern India, the HIll 

myna used to be caught for food. In fact, curried myna was a favorite among the people there (Feare, 1999). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 158

Indonesia (br): Bali, Jawa, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is, Sumatra. Now rare throughout (D. A. Holmes in litt. to IUCN 

SSC, 1997) Now very rare in Java and Bali; rare throughout Indonesia (Holmes, 1997, in IUCN analysis of COP10 

proposal). 

Laos (br): ‘Resident, north, centre, south. Wide habitat range: scarce in closed-canopy forest, treeless areas, heavily 

settled areas and above 600 m; recorded locally to 1000 m. Records prior to 1997 were reviewed by Thewlis et al. (1998), 

and the species was dropped from the list of key species. Although there is evedence of local declines, the species remains 

widespread and was recorded from almost all recent survey areas. The species’ conservation status should be reconsidered 

at regular intervals. Nestlings are captured for use as pets (Baird 1993, Salter 1993a, Thewlis et al. 1998), of which some 

are kept locally and some traded to Thailand and Vietnam. Trade to Thailand reportedly involves at least 50 birds per year 

and that to Vietnam may be of the same order of magnitude (Baird 1993).’ (Duckworth et al. 1999) 

Malaysia (br): (Peninsular Malaysia): Common (Strange and Jeyarajasingam 1993) 

Malaysia (br): (Sabah and Sarawak): ‘A common resident throughout the lowlands of Borneo, south-west to 

Kendawangan and south-east to P. Laut.’ Protected in both states. (Smythies and Davison 1999) 

Myanmar (br): 

Nepal (br): ‘Frequent in the centre and east, rare in the west, mainly below 455 m.’ (Grimmett et al. 1998) 

Philippines (br): (Palawan): ‘Common..’ (Dickinson et al. 1991) Population declining due to collection and trade and 

habitat destruction. (COP10 Proposal, 1997). 

Puerto Rico (br) (int): 

Singapore (br): 

Sri Lanka (br): ‘lower hills of wet and dry zones and S lowlands; frequent at middle altitudes; infrequent elsewhere’ 

(Grimmett et al. 1998) 

Thailand (br): ‘Uncommon to fairly common resident, much reduced by capture and habitat loss.’ (Boonsong and Round 

1991). Populations have declined markedly in Thailand and Lesser Sundas owing to excessive capture for the captive 

bird trade (Coates and Bishop, 1997). 

Vietnam (br): No available information on population size, however, since the area of natural forest within its range seems 

to be declining then the overall population may also be in decline. 

Hill mynahs’ prefered habitat is hill forest from about 1000 feet up to 5000 feet and more, but because of 

deforestation, they now reside at sea level in lowland forests (Butterfield, 2003, Feare, 1999). They prefer areas of 

high rainfall and humidity and spend most of their lives in trees, inhabiting dense jungle forests (Sims, 1998). 

Common in the forest edge, clearings or thinned areas, and cultivated areas such as tea and coffee plantations 

where there are lots of large flowering shade trees, and mangroves. (Butterfield, 2003, Feare, 1999). 

Its ability to mimic human speech, bird-calls, and a wide variety of other sounds has made this bird more demanded 

than the parrot (Orenstein, 1997). This demand has led to the creation of industries that harvest and prepare 

juveniles for the pet trade (Sims, 1998). 

Very heavily traded species. While some of these birds are traded legally many are not. Surevys carried out by 

TRAFFIC in North Sumatra found that the birds traded there are largely from Vietnam (via Malaysia) as illegal 

trapping and trade has apparently reduced local populations. The subspecies, G. r. robusta, endemic to the Nias islands 

off the west coast of Sumatra, has been illegally captured fro trade to the point where it is now considered to be 

extremely rare by locals and bird dealers in North Sumatra. Many of these are, according to dealers, sold to dealersi 

Malaysia and Singapore (Chris Sheppard, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, pers. Comm.) 

REFERENCES 

CC97/113, Netherlands proposal to COP10 to include species in Appendix II, 1997. 

CC97/339, Analyses of IUCN/SSC of proposals for COP11, 1997, page 141-143. 

CC99/151, China Red Data Book, Aves, 1998. 

Bertram, B. 1970. The vocal behavior of the Indian Hill Myna, Gracula religiosa.. Animal Behavior 3 :79-192. 

Boonsong Lekagul and Round, P. D. 1991. A guide to the birds of Thailand. 

Butterfield 2003. Mynahbird.com, Hill Mynahs, http://www.mynahbird.com/articles/mynahs/hills/hills.html Downloaded on 20 January 2004 

Cheng Tso-hsin 1987. Synopsis of the avifauna of China. Science Press, Beijing. Churmann, C. L. 2000. Note on the import of 1400 live Gracula religiosa, 

Hill Myna from Vietnam. 

Coates, B.J. and Bishop K.D.1997. A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea; Sulawesi, The Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Dove Publications, 

Alderley, Australia. 

Dickinson, E. C., Kennedy, R. S. and Parkes, K. C. 1991. The birds of the Philippines: an annotated check-list. Tring: BOU. 

Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. and Khounboline, K. (compilers) 1999. Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 status report. Vientiane: IUCN/WCS/CPAWM. 

Feare, Chris and Adrian Craig. 1999. Starlings and Mynas. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 

Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. 1998. Birds of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher Helm, London. 

IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Network 1997. IUCN Analyses of Proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by the IUCN 

Species Survival Commission and the TRAFFIC Network for the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN, Gland. 

Mackinnon, J. and Phillips, K. 1993. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, Oxford University Press, Oxford 

Orenstein, Ronald. 1997. Songbirds: Celebrating Nature's Voices. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco. 

Robson, C. 2000. A field guide to the birds of South-East Asia. 

Sims. 1998. Ramphastos toco In: Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan 


AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 159

Smythies, B. E. and Davison, G. W. H. 1999. The birds of Borneo. Fourth edition. 

Strange, M. and Jeyarajasingam, A. 1993. Birds: a photographic guide to the birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Sun Tree Publishing, Singapore. 


Gross Exports of Gracula religiosa 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Malaysia bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 

Bahrain live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 

China live 0 0 0 0 0 1547 560 5 0 0 0 

France live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 


Myanmar live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 

Malaysia live 0 0 0 0 0 1058 6060 3889 6203 9113 3794 

Pakistan live 0 0 0 0 0 100 375 150 50 0 4 


Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 150 8611 13295 19475 0 0 

Export Quotas for Gracula religiosa for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia live 180 190 175 135 135 

Malaysia 

(Peninsular 

Malaysia only) 

live 3000 

COMMENT 

Relatively high trade from Myanmar, Malaysia and Vietnam. There appears to be considerable internal trade as well as 

illegal international trade. For Malaysia trade is above the quota. Although cited as common in Malaysia and not 

immediately threatened by habitat destruction, information on the status of the population does not appear to be available. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 160

Annex C 





ANNEX C: 

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 



by the 



JANUARY 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 161


1. Callagur borneoensis...................................................................................................................................163 

2. Geochelone denticulata................................................................................................................................164 

3. Geochelone sulcata ......................................................................................................................................165 

4. Indotestudo elongata ...................................................................................................................................167 

5. Indotestudo forstenii ...................................................................................................................................168 

6. Manouria emys ...........................................................................................................................................169 

7. Testudo horsfieldii.......................................................................................................................................170 

8. Phelsuma comorensis ..................................................................................................................................172 

9. Phelsuma dubia ...........................................................................................................................................173 

10. Phelsuma v-nigra........................................................................................................................................173 

11. Uromastyx spp. ..........................................................................................................................................174 

12. Bradypodion xenorhinum ...........................................................................................................................178 

13. Chamaeleo bitaeniatus.................................................................................................................................179 

14. Chamaeleo calyptratus ................................................................................................................................180 

15. Chamaeleo cristatus ....................................................................................................................................181 

16. Chamaeleo hoehnelii ....................................................................................................................................182 

17. Furcifer cephalolepis....................................................................................................................................182 

18. Cordylus vittifer..........................................................................................................................................183 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 162

1. Callagur borneoensis 

REPTILIA: 


EMYDIDAE 

Painted Batagur (English); Painted Terrapin (English); Émyde peinte de Bornéo 

(French); Galápago pintado (French) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS CR - A1bcd (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000a) 


Brunei Darussalam ?: 

Indonesia : Kalimantan, Sumatra: Locally wide spread to rare in Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan). Rapidly 

declining. (Honeggar, 1998). 

Malaysia : Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak: The following population estimates have been made for this species: 178 

individuals in Terengganu, Malaysia in 1985, 585 in 1990 and 405 in 1995. 160 individuals at Paka-Kerteh, Terengganu, 

Malaysia in 1990 and 108 in 1995. (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000a). Individual nesting populations are in 

general extremely small. Seriously threatened with extinction (Honeggar, 1998). This species is widely distributed, but 

few large population remain. It is now rarely seen on many rivers where it was once common. On the east coast of 

Peninsular Malaysia the largest known breeding population is on the Setiu-Chalok and Paka river systems in 

Terengganu. On the west coast, the largest population exist in Sg. Linggi bordering Negeri Sembilan and Melaka. 

(WWF Malaysia 2001). 

Thailand: Listed as Critically Endangered in Thailand (OEPP 1997). Only one population left (Honeggar, 1998). 

By destroying nesting beaches, sand mining has become one of the most serious factors threatening the survival of 

tropical Asian turtles. Removal of sand from beaches along Asian rivers to supply construction projects, involving the 

use of large earth moving equipment, has accelerated over the past two decades. Many rivers are becoming devoid of 

nesting sites for such sand-nesting chelonians as Batagur baska, Callagur borneoensis, Kachuga spp., Chitra indica, 

and Pelochelys cantorii. Upriver dams exacerbate the problem by preventing replacement sand from coming downriver 

while increasing erosion by periodic and unseasonable elevation of water levels. The Kedah River in Malaysia is cited 

as a case history, exemplifying how the combined effects of sand mining and dams can destroy riverine chelonian 

populations. Establishment of refuges and zoning of sand mining activities are recommended actions. (Moll, 1997) 

A recurring pattern is for collection and export operations to become established at a particular location, collecting 

turtles through an extensive network of trappers, hunters and middlemen. Collection efforts and capture and export 

volumes increase rapidly, reach a peak and then decline as accessible populations become depleted and collectors need 

to venture into new, more distant areas. There is also a corresponding decline in the average size of animals that are 

traded. Such ‘boom-and-bust’ cycles at particular locations were noted for species such as Callagur borneoensis, 

Indotestudo forstenii, Manouria emys and Cuora amboinensis in Indonesia. (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 

2000b). 

REFERENCES 

Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000a. Callagur borneoensis. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . 


Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000b. Conclusions from the Workshop on Trade in Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in Asia, Dec 1-4, 1999, 

Phnom Penh, Cambodia. < http://www.traffic.org/turtles> 

Embl Reptile Database. 2003. http://www.emblheidelberg.de/~uetz/families/Bataguridae.html Downloaded on 21 January 2004 

Honeggar, R.E. 1998. CITES Identification Manual Vol. 3. Callagur borneoensis. Submitted by the Management Authority of Switzerland. CITES 

Secretariat, Geneva. 

Moll, E. O. 1997. Effects of habitat alteration on river turtles of tropical Asia with emphasis on sand mining and dams. In: J. Van Abbema (ed.), 

Proceedings: Conservation, Restoration, and Management of Tortoises and Turtles—An International Conference, pp. 37–41. July 1993, State 

University of New York, Purchase. New York Turtle and Tortoise Society, New York. (http://nytts.org/proceedings/e-moll.htm) 

OEPP (Office of Environment Policy and Planning). 1997. Proceedings of the Conference on the Status of Biological Resources in Thailand, 29-30 

May 1996. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Bangkok, [in Thai]. 

WWF Malaysia. 2001. Ma’Daerah Turtle Sanctuary Terrapin Factsheet http://www.wwfmalaysia.org/madaerah/turtles/paintedterrapin.htm#top 



Gross Exports of live Callagur borneoensis 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 245 150 150 18 

Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 274 7944 6465 428 

Thailand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 163

Export Quotas for Callagur borneoensis for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia live 450 180 180 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. This species is a critically endangered and reported exports total over 15000 live specimens 

since 1997. 

2. Geochelone denticulata 

REPTILIA: 


TESTUDINIDAE 

Brazilian Giant Tortoise (English); Forest Tortoise (English); Tortue de l'Amérique du 

Sud (French); Morrocoy; Motelo (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS: 

VU - A1cd+2cd (Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 

1996). 


Bolivia: 

Brazil: 

Colombia: 

Dominica (introduced): Occurs here (Corke, 1992) 

Ecuador: Occurs here (Miyata, 1982) 

French Guiana: 

Guyana: 

Peru: Occurs here (Rodriguez et al., 1984) 

Suriname: 

Trinidad and Tobago: 

Venezuela: Occurs here (Rodriguez et al., 1999) 

G. denticulata is found throughout Amazonia and in Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guianas, Peru and Venezuela. Both 

species present some individual and geographic variation, but there are no recognized subspecies. It is generally 

restricted to higher sections of the lowlands but may be found up to 800 m. It is restricted to the moist tropical forest, 

often in the vicinity of water. The ecological and geographical ranges of both species overlap in some regions. 21/km 2 

for G. denticulata in one area of the Roraima Territory in Brazil. Over one-third of the vertebrates rescued in the 

flooding of the Guri dam in Venezuela were tortoises. They are now far scarcer in most areas, no doubt due to frequent 

capture. Both campesinos and Indians capture these slow-moving easily caught tortoises wherever they find them. 

Sometimes they use dogs, but other, more destructive - and unfortunately ingrained - techniques involve burning dryseason 

vegetation to facilitate capture. They are in great demand in southern Venezuela for traditional Holy Week 

dishes, spurring capture for trade in January and February. The importance of this species in rural diets is spurring the 

exploitation of wild populations. As harvesting advances, it is now suspected that these slow-growing tortoises, 

requiring several years to reach sexual maturity and of low reproductive capacity, are gradually dwindling in numbers. 

(Ojasti 1996) 

REFERENCES 

Corke, D. 1992. The status and conservation needs of the terrestrial herpetofauna of the Windward Islands (West Indies). Biological Conservation, 

Volume 62, Pages 47-58. 

Miyata, K. 1982 A check list of the amphibians and reptiles of Ecuador (with a bibliography of Ecuadorian herpetology). Smithsonian Herpetological 

Information Service. Number 54. 

Ojasti, J. 1996. Wildlife Utilization in Latin America: Current Situation and Prospects for Sustainable Management. (FAO Conservation Guide - 25), 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO, Rome 


Rodriguez Bayona, L. O. and Rylander, M. K. 1984. Notes on the biology of the tortoise Geochelone denticulata L. in Peru. Amphibia-Reptilia, 

Volume 5, Pages 323-327 

Rodríguez, J. P. and Rojas-Suárez, F. 1999. Libro rojo de la fauna Venezolana. 2da edicíon. PROVITA. -Caracas (Venezuela) 

Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Geochelone denticulata. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 

. Downloaded on 19 January 2004. 

UNEP 1987. Minimum Conflict: Guidelines for Planning the Use of American Humid Tropic Environments Government Of Peru Organization Of 

American States, United Nations Environment Programme ,Executive Secretariat For Economic And Social Affairs Department Of Regional 

DevelopmentWashington, D.C. Downloaded on 22 January 2004. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 164


Gross Exports of Geochelone denticulata 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Brazil Live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Colombia Live 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guyana Live 751 199 0 266 470 451 177 674 530 467 407 

Indonesia Live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Netherlands 

Antilles 

Live 

0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Peru Carapaces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Peru Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 1 0 6 

Peru skins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Suriname Live 116 237 660 630 505 589 560 455 378 365 415 

Trinidad and 

Tobago 

Live 

0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 

Export Quotas for Geochelone denticulata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Guyana live 704 704 704 704 704 704 

Suriname live 760 692 692 692 692 703 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Trade appears relatively stable and within quota limits set by the two main exporting 

countries. 

3. Geochelone sulcata 

REPTILIA: 


TESTUDINIDAE 

African Spurred Tortoise (English); Grooved Tortoise (English); Tortue sillonnée 

(French); Tortuga con púas (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A1cd (Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996). 


Chad: The population has plunged because of the war in Chad. There are tortoises in the uninhabited regions near the 

border with Niger and to the east of Nguigmi (Brahimi, personal communication to Lambert). (CITES, 2000) 

Egypt: 

Eritrea: Presence in the north and west. One specimen was recently gathered near Asmara; also sighted at Barentu 

(Dewhurst, personal communication to Lambert). (CITES, 2000) 

Ethiopia: Little data, but scarce Sahel environment. Specimens were recently seen 10 kilometres south of the entrance 

to the Parc National Awash (8° 55' N, 40° 6' E) (Blashford-Snell and Goll, personal communication to Lambert). 

(CITES, 2000) 

Mali: There are several hundreds in the loop of the Niger and in Dogon country. Others have been observed near Mpoti 

and Gao. They are also found at Douentza, Madougou, Mondoro, Soum (mare) and Dounapen, along the border with 

Burkina Faso (Diakité, personal communication to Lambert). (CITES, 2000) 

Mauritania: According to a recent survey by Arvy (1997), distribution is now limited to the south-western part of the 

country in the provinces of Assâba, Brakna, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Trarza and also in western Hodh (Lambert 1996). 

There is a good density of tortoises in the Parc du Diawling. (CITES, 2000) 

Niger ?: The Sahel environment is reduced. There are reports of several tortoises. However, there is a good density in 

the Parc du W (Moore 1997), 6000 specimens according to recent reports by loggers in Niger (Diagne, personal 

communication). (CITES, 2000) 

Nigeria: No recent information. Often reported as absent from Nigeria by authors. There is an unconfirmed report from 

a station near the Niger by Iverson (1992). (CITES, 2000) 

Senegal: Occurs here Diagne, T. 1996. Etude et conservation de Geochelone sulcata au Sénégal. Pp. 110-111 in B. 

Devaux (ed.) Proceedings - International Congress of Chelonian Conservation. Gonfaron, France. Editions SOPTOM. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 165

Somalia ?: 

Sudan: There are probably well-established populations in western Sudan in the Kordofan (Gasperetti et al. 1993). This 

species was reported by Iverson (1992) near Wadi Halfa in the extreme northern part of Sudan near the border with 

Egypt, but there are no reports of sightings in the extreme southern part of the country. (CITES, 2000) 

Many populations of G. sulcata are rapidly disappearing, especially in Mali, Chad, Niger, and Ethiopia. In Senegal 

there are still limited populations in the north and north-east, but there is a lot of overgrazing and desertification here 

too that is wiping this tortoise out. (Harrold, 2000). 

From Mauritania and Senegal to Sudan, Eritrea and Ethiopia, this species is found in a band 500 kilometres wide 

between the isohyets of 200 and 800 mm; between 12° and 18° north latitude. The band descends to 4° north latitude in 

the Sudan and rises to 20° north latitude in Mali. The northern limit of its distribution is the Sahara Desert; the southern 

limit being less defined because this species is found in the Parc du W in Niger, where the climate is more humid. Its 

presence in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, where it was probably introduced, is not confirmed. (CITES, 2000) 

According to recent estimates, the total possible population of this species is probably between 18,000 and 20,000 

specimens, distributed as follows: Mauritania, 3000, of which 1000 in the Parc du Diawling; Senegal, 2000; Mali, 1000; 

Burkina Faso, 50; Niger, 6000, almost all of which are in the Parc du W; Chad, 700; Central African Republic, 2000; 

Sudan, 4000, perhaps more; Eritrea, 500 (Devaux et al.). The largest populations are in Mauritania, southwestern Niger in 

the Parc du W, Sudan and north of the Central African Republic. Geochelone sulcata is a good-luck charm. There are 

probably several thousand African spurred tortoises in captivity in the area of distribution of the species, especially in 

Senegal, both in private possession and in the possession of zoos. (CITES, 2000) 

REFERENCES 

Caspary, H.-U., Mertens, A. D. and Niagaté, B. 1998. Possibilités d'une exploitation durable des ressources fauniques dans la Réserve de Faune du 

Bafing, Mali. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. -Eschborn Pages 130. ISBN 3-933984-01-7.IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN 

Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. 

CITES Secretariat. 2000. Consideration Of Proposals For Amendment Of Appendices I And II, Proposal 11-38, proponent - France 

 

Diagne, T. 1996. Etude et conservation de Geochelone sulcata au Sénégal. Pp. 110-111 in B. Devaux (ed.) Proceedings - International Congress of 

Chelonian Conservation. Gonfaron, France. Editions SOPTOM. 

Harrold, A. 2000. Geochelone sulcata In: Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan 

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/geochelone/g._sulcata$narrative.html Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Geochelone denticulata. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 

. Downloaded on 19 January 2004. 


Gross Exports of Geochelone sulcata 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cameroon live 0 0 0 184 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Egypt live 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ghana live 0 0 110 880 671 10 117 10 0 10 100 

Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 


Mali live 0 0 0 1973 1569 720 1003 524 214 0 200 


Niger live 0 0 38 0 32 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Nigeria live 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Senegal carapace 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Senegal live 23 20 0 6 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 


Sudan live 597 74 418 602 561 0 5 92 12 0 0 

Tanzania shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Togo live 147 234 144 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 

United Arab 

Emirates 

live 

12 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Zambia live 0 0 0 200 0 320 0 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Trade in wild specimens has decreased in recent years and exports of captive-bred 

specimens from El Salvador have been increasing. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 166

4. Indotestudo elongata 

REPTILIA: 


TESTUDINIDAE 

Elongated Tortoise (English); Pineapple Tortoise (English); Tortue à tête jaune (French) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS EN A1cd+2cd (Asian Turtle Working Group, 2000) 


Bangladesh: rare and under continuing pressure from human exploitation (Das, 1989, as cited in Das, 1991) Also cited 

as common (Moll, 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

Cambodia: Much of the trade through Vietnam comes from Cambodia, where Indotestudo elongata is still harvested in 

great numbers from the wild. (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

China: Guangxi: Endangered (The China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals (Ermi, 1998). (Turtle Survival 

Alliance, 2003) 

India: considered rare in the northcentral and northeastern parts of its range (Moll, 1989 and Das,1988 as cited in Das, 

1991). Export prohibited (Thidaker and Sharma, 1985). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

Lao People's Democratic Republic: 

Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia: considered scarce, but no recent reports (Moll 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

Myanmar : considered scarce, but no recent reports (Moll 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

Nepal: apparently consumed locally in Chitwan area (Dinerstein et al, 1988, as cited in Das, 1991). Considered 

common in Sal forests (Moll, 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

Thailand: considered scarce, but no recent reports (Moll 1989). (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

Viet Nam: intensively harvested in Central Highlands and is rare (Platt, 1999). 3, One of the most common species in 

illegal trade. (Turtle Survival Alliance, 2003) 

The species has a huge range in Asia and is found from Nepal to Malaysia. There has been no attempt to break this 

species down into area “types” though it must be kept in mind that as they are found over such a large range that the 

requirements may vary from tortoise to tortoise as to habitat preferences. The Elongated tortoise is commonly found in 

the Asian food markets and as a result of this is under dire pressures in its entire range. It is the most common tortoise 

shipped to the Chinese food markets from Vietnam. Indotestudo elongata is primarily a damp forest species though it 

can be found in dry areas as well. It is a crepuscular tortoise, becoming active in the twilight hours before dawn or after 

sunset. Its large eyes are well adapted to low light levels. (Senneke,2003) 

“Indotestudo elongata is perhaps the most common trade species in Vietnam and it appears in most sizeable shipments 

to China. An abundance of this species at markets in Hong Kong was also described by Lau et al. (1995). Wenjun et al. 

(1996) observed Indotestudo elongata and Manouria impressa "in large quantities" at markets in Guangdong and 

Guangxi between 1990 and 1994. The species is nationally protected in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam and 

Thailand; China: capture permit needed” (CITES , 2000). 

REFERENCES 

Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Indotestudo elongata. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . 


CITES, 2000. Eleventh Meeting Of The Conference Of The Parties: Interpretation And Implementation Of The Convention: Trade In Freshwater 

Turtles And Tortoises To And In Southeast Asia. Submitted by prepared and submitted by Germany and the United States of America. 


Hendrie, D. 1999, Trade Action Report for Traffic, Ninh Binh Seizure http://nytts.org/vietnam/ninhbinh.pdf Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

Hendrie, D. 2000, Compiled Notes on the Wildlife Trade in Vietnam ,January - May 30, 2000, Report to Traffic S E Asia, < 

http://www2.gol.com/users/chapa/cphomepage/vietwltrade.html> Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

Senneke. D. 2003 Indotestudo elongata - The Elongated Tortoise In: World Chelonian Trust care sheets 

http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/elongatacare.htm Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

Turtle Survival Alliance 2003. Indotestudo elongata Taxon Management Plan 

http://www.turtlesurvival.org/I_elongata_Taxon_Management_Plan_up.pdf Downloaded on 22 January 2004 


Gross Exports of Indotestudo elongata 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Bangladesh live (kg) 280000 721010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cambodia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

China live 0 0 0 300 1900 1340 650 400 0 4 0 


AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 167

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Laos live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6000 0 

Malaysia live 928 3202 1244 469 552 760 981 852 530 550 600 

Viet Nam bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 

Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 150 2 0 0 0 0 

Export Quotas for Indotestudo elongata for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Malaysia live 1000 1000 500 500 

Malaysia live (Note: applies to Peninsular 

Malaysia only) 

500 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. Reports from Malaysia suggest that the species is scarce, quotas may have been exceeded by 

a small amount, and status is unknown in Laos. 

5. Indotestudo forstenii 

REPTILIA: 


TESTUDINIDAE 

Celebes Tortoise (English); Forsten's Tortoise (English); Tortue de Tranvancore 

(French); Tortue des Celèbes (French); Tortuga marrón de la India (Spanish) 


This assessment refers to the Sulawesi population only. The Indian population is threatened separately as I. travancorica. 

Indonesia has an annual export quota of 450 for the Sulawesi population (S. Platt, pers. comm.). Animals occur in 

substantial numbers in both the food and pet trade (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000). 


This is a terrestrial species. The major threats are harvesting for food and for cultural/scientific/leisure activities. In both 

cases, regional/international trade is ongoing (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000). 

India: Occurrence noted (Das, 1985) 

Indonesia: Sulawesi: Occurrence noted (Plat et al. 2001) 

“There is also a corresponding decline in the average size of animals that are traded. Such 'boom-and-bust' cycles at 

particular locations were noted for species such as Callagur borneoensis, Indotestudo forstenii, Manouria emys and 

Cuora amboinensis in Indonesia and Morenia petersi, Geoclemys hamiltonii, Hardella thurjii and Indotestudo elongata 

in Bangladesh.” (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 1999). There are potential difficulties Differentiating Indotestudo 

forstenii from Indotestudo elongata (Tabaka, 2003) 

A status report notes that the status and distribution of the Travencore tortoise, Indotestudo forstenii based on a field 

survey conducted in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu between 21 October and 30 December 

1991, identified stronghold of the several causes for its decline. Paper also describes tortoise habitat morphometry 

utilization and conservative problems. (Bhupathy and Choudhury, 1995) “Significant range extensions were recorded for 

several endangered species such as Aspideretes hurum, Chitra indica, Cyclemys dentata, Melanochelys tricarinata, 

Geoemyda silvatica, and Indotestudo forstenii.” (Choudhury, et al. 1997; Sharath, 1998). 

REFERENCES 

Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 1999. Conclusions from the Workshop on Trade in Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in Asia, Report from the 

Workshop held 1–4 December 1999, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, < http://nytts.org/asia/trade-ws.pdf> Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Indotestudo forstenii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. 

Bhupathy, S. and Choudhury, B. C. 1995 Status Distribution And Conservation Of The Travancore Tortoise, Indotestudo Forstenii In Western Ghats, 

J Bombay Natl Hist Soc, 94(1),16-21 

Choudhury, B. C., S. Bhupathy, and E. O. Moll. 1997. Conservation and management of freshwater turtles and land tortoises in India (executive 

summary). In: J. Van Abbema (ed.), Proceedings: Conservation, Restoration, and Management of Tortoises and Turtles—An International 

Conference, New York, p. 301. July 1993, State University of New York, Purchase. New York Turtle and Tortoise Society < 

http://nytts.org/proceedings/choud.htm> Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

Das, I. 1985. Indian turtles: a field guide. World Wildlife Fund-India (Eastern Region). Tabaka, C. 2003. Differentiating Indotestudo forstenii from 

Indotestudo elongata, World Chelonian Trust < http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/diffIforselong.htm> Downloaded on 22 January 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 168

Platt, S. G., Lee, R. W., and Klemens M.W. 2001. Notes on the distribution, life history, and exploitation of turtles in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with 

emphasis on Indotestudo forstenii and Leucocephalon yuwonoi. Chelonian Conservation and Biology - International Journal of Turtle and 

Tortoise Research vol 4(1) pp: 154 

Sharath, B. K. 1998. Range Extension Of The Travancore Tortoise (Indotestudo forstenii) And The Cane Turtle (Geoemyda Silvatica) Reptilia: 

Testudines: Testudinidae & Emydidae, Along The Western Ghats Of South India - A Report 

http://www.deancloseprep.gloucs.sch.uk/chelonia/testudo/articles/sharath.htm Downloaded on 22 January 2004 


Gross Exports of Indotestudo forstenii 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 

Indonesia Carapace 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 

Indonesia Live 23 727 232 8 1172 1172 457 443 416 444 136 

Export Quotas for Indotestudo forstenii for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia live 900 475 450 450 450 400 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Trade levels from Indonesia have stabalised since 1997 and have remained under quota 

6. Manouria emys 

REPTILIA: 


TESTUDINIDAE 

Asian Giant Tortoise (English); Asian Tortoise (English); Tortue brune (French) 



Bangladesh: 

Brunei Darussalam ?: 

China: 

India; Assam: Occurrence noted (Uetz, 2001) 

Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra: Occurrence noted (Samedi et al., 2000) 

Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak: Occurrence noted (Norsham et al., 2000; Lambert et al., 1994) 

Myanmar: 

Thailand: 

The species ranges from northeastern India, south and east to southern China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indo-China, Malaysia, 

and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. The species is restricted to tropical forests in the highlands (presumably because 

populations from the lowlands have already been eaten by humans or disappeared due to habitat loss), and although a true 

tortoise, spends a lot of time in water. Although largely herbivorous, insects and frogs are also reported as eaten. Unusual 

among turtles and tortoises is its nest-construction and nest-guarding behaviour. (Das and Ismail, 2002) 

Much of the range of this chelonian is in upland parts of Asia in temperate, moist forest habitats that come under the 

influence of monsoon rains. During the warmer parts of the day these tortoises prefer to soak in pools or to remain in 

the shade, out of the sun's rays. During the 20th century these tortoises have been recorded from Bangladesh, India, 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Their status varies from country to country. Because of their heavy 

exploitation by humans, they are now a species of special concern. One bright note, as far as conservation, is that in 

parts of Malaysia they may occasionally be found in turtle temples. (McKeown, 1990) 

REFERENCES 

Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Indotestudo forstenii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org. 

Das I. and Ismail G. 2002. Asian Brown Tortoise (Manouria emys)In: Corcodiles and Turtles of Borneo, Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental 

Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. < http://www.arbec.com.my/crocodilesturtles/testudinidae/testudinidae_1.php> Downloaded on 23 

January 2004 

Honolulu Zoo 2004. < http://www.honoluluzoo.org/burmese_tortoise.htm> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 

Jacobsen, G. 2003. Burmese Mountain Tortoise- Manouria emys,World Chelonian Trust 


AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 169

Lambert, F. R. and Howes, J. R. 1994. Ranging, breeding behaviour and food of the Asian Brown Tortoise Manouria emys in Borneo. Malayan 

Nature Journal, Volume 48, Pages 125-131. 

McKeown, S. 1990. Asian Brown Tortoise, Manouria emys, Tortuga Gazette 33(6): 3-5 http://www.tortoise.org/archives/manemys2.html 


Norsham. Y., Lopez, A., Prentice, R. C. and Lim, B. L. 2000. A survey of the herpetofauna in the Tasek Bera Ramsar site. Malayan Nature Journal, 

Volume 54, Number 1, Pages 43-56. 

Ruby, P. and Senneke, D. 2003. Breeding and Nesting of Manouria emys emys ,World Chelonian Trust 

http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/Memysemysnesting.htm Downloaded on 23 January 2004 

Samedi and Iskandar, D. T. 2000. Freshwater turtle and tortoise conservation and utilization in Indonesia. Chelonian Research Monographs, Number 

2, Pages 106-111. 

Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R (comps.) 2001. The EMBL Reptile Database. English. http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html 


Gross Exports of live Manouria emys 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia 65 741 221 4 563 861 480 391 430 407 245 

Malaysia 37 226 227 103 174 153 219 48 240 189 164 

Export Quotas for Manouria emys for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Indonesia live 900 475 450 450 450 450 

Malaysia live 300 50 200 200 

live (Note: applies to 

Peninsular Malaysia 

only) 500 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Trade levels appear to be fairly stable since the late 1990s and quota limits do not appear 

to be exceeded. 

7. Testudo horsfieldii 

REPTILIA: 


TESTUDINIDAE 

Afghan Tortoise (English); Central Asian Tortoise (English); Horsfield's Tortoise 

(English); Tortue des steppes (French); Tortue d'Horsfield (French); Tortuga terrestre 

afgana (Spanish) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS: 

VU A2d (Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 

1996) 


The range of the Russian tortoise extends from southeastern Russia southward through eastern Iran, northwest Pakistan 

and Afghanistan. It inhabits dry, barren localities such as rocky deserts and hillsides and sandy or loamy steppes, often 

at elevations of 5,000 feet (1,500 m) or higher. In these arid regions, the tortoise is frequently found near springs and 

brooks where grasses and other vegetation are relatively abundant. (Cohen, 1994) 

Afghanistan: Occurrence noted (Leviton et al., 1970). 

Armenia: 

Azerbaijan: 

China: Occurrence noted (Zhao et al., 1993). 

Iran (Islamic Republic of): Occurrence noted (Anderson, 1979) 

Kazakhstan: Occurrence noted (Brushko et al., 1982) 

Kyrgyzstan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977) 

Pakistan: Occurrence noted (Minton, 1966) 

Russian Federation: 

Tajikistan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977) 

Turkmenistan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977) 

Uzbekistan: Occurrence noted (Bannikov et al., 1977) 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 170

In the former USSR this species occurs principally on sandy steppes, although loamy habitats have also been recorded. 

In Pakistan, Minton (1966) found T. horsfieldi exhibited a preference for grassy areas close to springs in generally 

rocky and hilly terrain. This tortoise is reported not to occur in coastal areas, preferring instead the mountains inland. In 

the former USSR the species is active for only 3 months of the year, usually March, April and May. From late May 

onwards activity sharply decreases and the tortoises spend most of their time hidden in their burrows. In the northern 

parts of its range, T. horsfieldi hibernates in winter deep within its burrow; in the southern parts of its range aestivation 

occurs in summer (Ernst and Barbour, 1989). In Pakistan, captive tortoises were observed to bury themselves from 

October to March and aestivation occurred from June to August (Roberts, 1975). This tortoise is also found at unusually 

extreme altitudes: Minton (1966) found them at between 1,600 and 2,300 m. A more typical altitude in the former 

soviet sector of their range would appear to be between 800m. and 1,600 m. (Highfield, 1992). 

Despite the tortoise occurrence over the vast territory its population density in many places (sands, salines, stony plains 

and foothills) is low (0,2--5,1 specimens/ha). Its commercial resources are concentrated in the restricted territory 

making no more than 3% of the species range where its average abundance is 8,0 specimens/ha and higher. 

Since 1976 until 1983 there were captured 866,000, or average 108,250 specimens per year. Since 1984 until 1993 

297,200 specimens were captured in the natural conditions, or average ca 30 thousands per year. The total size of 

controlled capture (1976--1993) formed ca 1,096,300 specimens or average ca 61 thousand specimens per year. The 

main commercial regions are Kerbulak plateau (massif) (77 Е, 44 N) and Arys massif (68 30' E, 42 30' N). After the 

former USSR disintegration the centralized captures of the wild animals, in particular Central Asian tortoise were 

stopped. At present the conservation of its resources in Kazakhstan actually is not carried out. The explored commercial 

resources of Central Asian tortoise allow to estimate the present limit of its capture to be 20 thousand specimens 

annually. (Kubykin, 1999) 

In Kazakhstan, the most commonly traded species are Marsh Frogs Rana arvalis and Horsfield's Tortoise. From 1976 

to 1993, 3 356 500 Marsh Frogs, were reported captured and traded in Kazakhstan for terraria, food for other captive 

animals and laboratory use. From 1976 to 1993, 1 097 300 Horsfield's Tortoises were reported collected and traded in 

Kazakhstan. The period 1993-1995 was the most active trading period of tortoises between Central Asia, the USA and 

Japan. The tortoise population experienced a dramatic decline, most likely due to over harvesting which resulted in a 

decreased annual harvest from over 100 000 in the past, to the current 40 000 to 50 000. In 1993, the Russian CITES 

Management Authority issued permits to export 11 404 Horsfield's Tortoises from Kazakhstan to companies in Moscow 

and the Ukraine. Most tortoises were then exported to Spain (5400) and the Czech Republic (4000), followed by USA 

(1000), Japan (1000), and the Netherlands (4). In 1994, permits were issued for the export of 23 686 Horsfield's 

Tortoises originating in Kazakhstan to the companies in Moscow and the Ukraine. Most tortoises were re-exported. In 

1995, the Moscow-based company received permits to re-export 12 350 Horsfield's Tortoises. (Traffic Europe, 1998) 

In Uzbekistan, Horsfield’s Tortoises destined for export to the West are collected within quotas. Demand for tortoises as 

pets in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries is met by illegal collectors. Large numbers of tortoises are smuggled out of 

the country, especially by trains but also by private cars. In 1993, the Russian CITES Management Authority processed 

export permits for 600 tortoises. Reptiles and amphibians are widely traded in Turkmenistan. (Traffic Europe, 1998) 

In Tadjikistan one thousand Horsfield’s Tortoises were exported from Tadjikistan to Sweden in 1996. (Traffic Europe, 

1998) 

REFERENCES 

Anderson, S. C. 1979. Synopsis of the turtles, crocodiles, and amphisbaenians of Iran. Series/Edition 4 Proceedings of the California Academy of 

Sciences Volume 41 Number 22, Pages 501-528 

Bannikov, A. G., Darevskii, I. S., Iszczenko, W. G., Rustamov, A. K. and Shcherbak, N. N. 1977. Opredelitelj zemnovodnye i presmykajuscichsja fauny 

SSSR. -Moscow 

Brushko, Z. K., and Kubykin, R. A. 1982. Horsfield's tortoise (Agrionemys horsfieldi Gray, 1844) and the ways of its rational utilization in Kazakhstan. 

Vertebrata Hungarica, Volume 21 Pages 55-61. 

Cohen, M.C. 1994. Russian Tortoise, Testudo horsfieldii, Tortuga Gazette 30(11): 1-4, November 1994 < http://www.tortoise.org/archives/russ.html> 


Heinen, J.E. 2001. Testudo horsfieldii (Agrionemys horsfieldii) < http://russiantortoise.org/> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 

Highfield, A. C. 1992. The Horsfield's tortoise: Testudo horsfieldi (GRAY) 1844 - A brief review of it's biology, ecology & captive breeding, 

Tortoise Trust Article, Downloaded on 23 January 2004 

Highfield, A. C. and Martin, J. Date?, A revision of the Testudines of North Africa, Asia and Europe - Genus: Testudo, Tortoise Trust Article < 

http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/testudo.html> Downloaded on 23 January 2004 

Kubykin. 1999. The Horsfield's (Steppe, Central Asian) Tortoise(Agrionemys horsfieldi) In Kazakhstan < http://rkubykin.chat.ru/turtle-e.html> 


Leviton, A. E. and Anderson, S. C. 1970. The amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan, a checklist and key to the herpetofauna. Series/Edition 4 

Proceedings of the California Academy of Science Volume 38, Number 10, Pages 163-206. 

Minton, S. A. 1966. A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Volume 134 Number 2 

Pages 27-184 

Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Testudo horsfieldii. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 

. Downloaded on 29 January 2004 

Traffic Europe 1998, Overview Of Wildlife Trade In The Central Asian Countries: A Traffic Europe Report 


Zhao, E. and Adler, K. 1993.Herpetology of China. Oxford. -Ohio 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 171


Gross Exports of live Testudo horsfieldii 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35000 6000 0 

Russian Fed. 0 0 11300 4198 3700 3411 3 2002 500 2001 3 

former Soviet 

Union 3966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ukraine 0 1000 675 4000 0 0 0 5000 4000 4572 0 

Unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 

Uzbekistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 26000 36100 26500 32700 15000 

Export Quotas for Testudo horsfieldii for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Kazakhstan live 39000 40000 

Russian Federation as re-exports from Uzbekistan 20000 25000 

Russian Federation as re-exports from Kazakhstan 20000 

Russian Federation as re-exports from Tajikistan 15000 

Tajikistan wild-taken 20000 

Uzbekistan 25000 35000 

Uzbekistan live 35000 

Uzbekistan live (wild-taken and ranched) 30000 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be within quotas. 

8. Phelsuma comorensis 

REPTILIA: 


GEKKONIDAE 

Comoro Day Gecko (English); Gecko diurne des Comores (French); Phelsume des 

Comores (French); Geco diurno de las Comores (Spanish) 



The species is endemic to the Comoros (Kluge, 1991). 

This species is only known from the island Grande Comore. It is found in higher areas (600 meters and upwards). P. 

comorensis is often found on a variety of pantropic vegetation. (Nationmaster.com 2003) 

REFERENCES 

Kluge, A. G. 1991. Checklist of Gekkonid lizards. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 85, Number 85, Pages 35 pp. 

Nationmaster.com 2003. Phelsuma comorensis in Nationmaster.com 



Gross Exports of Phelsuma comorensis 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Comoros live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4855 2410 994 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. Recent trade from the Comoros, where its range is restricted, has been reported. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 172

9. Phelsuma dubia 

REPTILIA: 


GEKKONIDAE 

Bright-eyed Day Gecko (English); Dull-green Day Gecko (English); Gecko diurne de 

Zanzibar (French); Gecko diurne sombre (French); Geco diurno de Zanzibar (Spanish) 



A widely distributed species occurring in the Comores, Mayotte, Madagascar, Mozambique and the United Republic of 

Tanzania. Little is known of the status of this species. 

Comoros: 

Kenya: Occurrence noted (Spawls et al. 2002) 

Madagascar: Occurrence noted (Glaw et al., 1994) 

Mayotte: 

Mozambique: Occurrence noted (Spawls et al. 2002) 

Tanzania, United Republic of: (Spawls et al. 2002) 

REFERENCES 

Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R. and Ashe, J. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press. -London ISBN 0-12-656470-1 

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 1994. A field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar. 2nd edition. English. Series/Edition 2. Moos Druck and 

FARBO. -Leverkusen and Köln Pages 480. ISBN 3929449013. 


Gross Exports of Phelsuma dubia 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Comoros live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3030 5805 2375 

Madagascar bodies 0 7 0 4 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 


Tanzania, United live 

Republic of 

100 109 0 200 374 1385 2976 2132 1854 1994 3225 

Export Quotas for Phelsum dubia for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Tanzania, United live 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 

Republic of 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. Trade volumes have increased in recent years as a result of imports from Comoros and 

increased exports from the United Republic of Tanzania. 

10. Phelsuma v-nigra 

REPTILIA: 


GEKKONIDAE 

Boettger's Day Gecko (English); Gecko diurne de Boettger (French); Phelsume de 

Boettger (French); 



Found in coastal regions of the Comores Islands (Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli) and Mayotte. No data are 

available regarding status. The species may be affected by habitat destruction. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 173

REFERENCES 

Kluge, A. G. 1991. Checklist of Gekkonid lizards. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 85 Number 85 Pages 35 pp. 

Luxmoore, R., Groombridge, B. and Broad, S. 1988. The significance of trade in selected species listed in CITES Appendix II. Vol. 3. Reptiles and 

invertebrates. CITES Secretariat. -Lausanne 


Gross Exports of live Phelsuma v-nigra 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4295 5749 500 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. The species has a very restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 10000 exported so 

far. 

11. Uromastyx spp. 

Uromastyx acanthinura 

Uromastyx aegyptia 

Uromastyx alfredschmidti 

Uromastyx asmussi 

Uromastyx benti 

Uromastyx dispar 

Uromastyx geyri 

Uromastyx hardwickii 

Uromastyx leptieni 

Uromastyx loricata 

Uromastyx occidentalis 

Uromastyx ocellata 

Uromastyx princeps 

Uromastyx thomasi 

REPTILIA: 


AGAMIDAE 

Spiny-tailed lizards (English); Fouettes-queue (French); Lézards fouette-queue (French) 



There are approximately 13 species in the genus Uromastyx. These lizards are adapted to arid regions and are found 

from northwestern India throughout southwestern Asia and the Arabian Peninsula to the Sahara of Africa (Moody 

1987). Members of this genus are referred to as dab lizards or spiny tailed lizards. There are six species (U. aegypticus, 

U. ornatus, U. ocellatus, U. acanthinurus, U. hardwicki, and U. benti which are occasionally available in the United 

States. The other seven species are seldom if ever imported. Uromastyx aegypticus is the largest member of the genus 

with individuals reaching 30 inches or more in total length and weighing several pounds. The other species are usually 

under 14 inches in total length. Coloration is variable between and within species. Uromastyx aegypticus and 

Uromastyx hardwicki are usually dark to light brown. Uromastyx acanthinurus can be yellow, green, bright orange or a 

combination of these colors. Uromastyx ornatus are sexually dimorphic with adult males being green or blue green with 

blotches of yellows and oranges. Females have more subtle yellows, browns, and some orange. (Knapp, 2004) 

Behaviour differs between species and even individuals within the same species. Some, Uromastyx acanthinurus and 

Uromastyx aegypticus, can be very shy, often retreating to a hide spot when someone approaches the cage. Others, 

Uromastyx ornatus, will often be tame. Individuals differ in their behaviours and you can find exceptions to the above 

generalizations. Large numbers of Uromastyx aegypticus and U. ornatus have been imported into the country during the 

last few years. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimated that 7,000 members of the genus were brought in 1994. For 

unknown reasons the death rate for Uromastyx ornatus is rumoured to be as high as 80% during the first two months of 

captivity. Uromastyx aegypticus is hardier and with proper treatment adapts to captivity. Uromastyx acanthinurus have 

not been imported from Morocco for several years, however, a few animals occasionally come from Europe and a only 

two private breeders are known to occasionally produce captive born animals. There is probably less than 100 animals 

in the United States. This species adjusts well to captivity even if reproductive success is not common. (Knapp, 2004) 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 174

Currently, 16 species of Uromastyx are recognized, but the taxonomy of the genus has been somewhat confused in 

recent years, with subspecies being promoted and new species or subspecies being described. Several new species have 

recently been described such as Uromastyx alfredschmidti (Wilms and Böhme, 2001); U. flavifasciata and U. 

occidentalis (Mateo et al., 1998); U. leptieni (Wilms and Böhme, 2000). The distribution ranges of individual species of 

Uromastyx are shown in Table 1. These are based on information provided by the UNEP-WCMC (United Nations 

Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre) database and JNCC (Joint Nature Conservation 

Committee) checklist for CITES species 2001. Although currently no evidence exists that any of these species is 

threatened as a whole, and none of these species are listed on IUCN’s Red List, the scale of exploitation, including 

domestic utilisation is likely to lead to local depletions. Some of species are used domestically for food and medicine 

(Walls, 1996; Anon. 1999). (Knapp, 2004) 

Table 1. Distribution of Uromastyx species (adapted from Knapp, 2004) 

Scientific name Distribution 

U. acanthinura** Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara? 

U. aegyptia** Bahrain*, Egypt, Iran, Iraq*, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman*, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, 

Syria, United Arab Emirates 

U. alfredschidti Algeria, Libya 

U. asmussi Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan 

U. benti** Oman*, Saudi Arabia, Yemen 

U. dispar** Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Mali, Mauritania, Sudan, Western Sahara 

U. geyri** Algeria, Mali, Niger 

U. hardwickii** Afghanistan, India, Pakistan 

U. leptieni Oman*, United Arab Emirates 

U. loricata Iran, Iraq* 

U. occidentalis Western Sahara 

U. ocellata** Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, ? Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan 

U. princeps Somalia 

U. thomasi** Oman*, Saudi Arabia, Yemen 

* Range States that are not Parties to CITES; **Species for which CITES trade data are available from UNEP-WCMC. 

Source: UNEP-WCMC Species Database; TRAFFIC Europe, SRG meeting outcomes 

In October 1991, the Egyptian government declared an export ban on U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia, U. ocellata and U. 

ornata from its country (CITES Notification No. 662 of 16 January 1992). Until 1995, Egypt was the biggest exporter 

of Uromastyx (and this despite an export 

ban for all Uromastyx from Egypt that was established in 1991). In 1996, Egyptian exports plummeted and at the same 

time exports from Mali increased drastically. Since 1996 Mali has been the largest exporter (Knapp, 2004) 

Egypt: In October 1991, the Egyptian government declared an export ban on U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia, U.ocellata 

and U. ornata (CITES Notification No. 662 of 16 January 1992). According to the UNEP-WCMC database and JNCC 

Checklist, Egypt is listed as a range State for only two of these species: U. aegyptia and U. ocellata; while U. ornata is 

likely to be a synonym of U. ocellata and U. acanthinura is apparently not reported as occurring in Egypt. Egypt has 

not submitted annual reports for seven years in the study period (1986-1991). Based on Egyptian export records, the 

self-declared export ban adopted in late 1991 for U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia and U. ocellata would appear to have 

been quite successfully implemented; as from 1991 to 1998 Egypt reported virtually no exports of these species. 

However, looking at importing countries’ reports, a very different picture appears ,with hundreds or thousands of 

specimens of all three species being reportedly imported from Egypt, particularly from 1993 to 1996. Discrepancies 

between import and export records are common, but in this case the differences are enormous and strongly suggest that 

animals are being exported in large quantities from Egypt despite the country’s self-declared export ban (October 1991, 

notified to CITES Parties in January 1992). (Knapp, 2004) 

Mali: Mali is currently the largest exporter of Uromastyx worldwide, however the exports of Uromastyx from Mali only 

started to be reported in 1995. In total Mali, reported the exports of three Uromastyx species: U. acanthinura, U. dispar 

and U. geyri and is at the same time the largest exporter for these three species. Mali has been exporting between 

13,500 and 26,700 specimens of U. dispar per year for the past four years, but it has not yet established an export quota 

for this species. However, Mali has established an annual export quota of 32,000 specimens of U. geyri for 2003. Given 

that U. geyri is Mali’s least exported species, with the highest exports not exceeding 3,000 specimens a year, the basis 

for the quota for this species and the lack of a quota for U. dispar seems questionable. In addition, U. geyri is restricted 

to a small area of Mali, in which the estimated total population size is about 7,500 (Joger, pers. comm. to TRAFFIC 

Europe, 2003). Consequently, the annual export quota of 32,000 specimens exceeds the estimated total population size 

of this species by more than four fold. U. maliensis is not listed in the UNEP-WCMC database nor in the JNCC 

checklist and is considered by some to be a sub-species of U. dispar (Kohlmeyer, 2002). Consequently, no trade in U. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 175

maliensis has been reported in the CITES trade database, although some Parties are still including the taxon in their 

annual reports, such as the USA that declares imports of U. maliensis based on information appearing on export permits 

(TRAFFIC North America, in litt. to TRAFFIC Europe, 11 December 2003). (Knapp, 2004) 

Ethiopia: Ethiopia has established an annual export quota of 3600 specimens of U. ocellata since 2000. However, 

given the level of exports of this species from Ethiopia the quota does not seem justified, because Ethiopia has only ever 

exported 46 specimens of U. ocellata according to CITES trade data. As there are no data on population sizes in 

Ethiopia, it is difficult to assess whether exporting 3,600 specimens a year would be detrimental to the population or 

not. However, following an enquiry by TRAFFIC Europe into the basis for this quota, the Ethiopian Ministry of 

Agriculture Wildlife Conservation Organization (in litt. to TRAFFIC Europe, 2003) informed TRAFFIC Europe that a 

population survey for U. ocellata is planned and that export quotas will be adjusted based on the results of this survey. 

The SRG of the EU established in March 2001 a negative opinion on the import of U. ocellata from Ethiopia based on 

the grounds that Ethiopia is not a range State. The basis for this assumption is not known, however the information 

provided by Ethiopia to TRAFFIC Europe and the fact that Ethiopia does establish an export quota for this species since 

2000 do suggest that Ethiopia considers itself as a range State for U. ocellata. (Knapp, 2004) 

Sudan: Sudan has exported three species of Uromastyx: U. acanthinura, U. aegyptia and U. ocellata, however its total 

exports are strongly dominated by U. ocellata. In March 2003, the EU has suspended imports of wild specimens of U. 

acanthinura from Sudan according to Article 4.6(b) of Council Regulation 338/97. Exports of U. acanthinura were only 

reported in 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2001 and in total accounted to 469 specimens. (Knapp, 2004) 

Seizures 

Overall, based on data reported by CITES authorities in their annual reports, the number of specimens reported in 

seizures and confiscation –only 2205 specimens of Uromastyx from 1991 to 2001, appears relatively low in comparison 

with the volume of specimens reported in legal trade (more than 200,000 during the same period). The level of reported 

seizures and confiscation fluctuates, showing neither an increase nor a decrease over time. Such trends could reflect 

alternated increases and decreases of illegal activities, but they could also be caused by changes in enforcement efforts 

and control methods used by customs and police, which are not readily measurable. Of the total 2205 specimens of 

Uromastyx reported seized from 1991 to 2001, 60% were seized live and 39% as dead bodies. The ratio of live 

specimens to dead specimens was substantially higher for the reported seizures than for specimens reported in legal 

trade. This could be due to higher mortality rates in illegal shipments. A similar conclusion was drawn in a study of 

mortality rates in wildlife trade commissioned by the German CITES Scientific Authority, which found that mortality 

rates are higher for species that are not shipped in accordance with the IATA regulations (Altherr and Freyer, 2001). 

(Knapp, 2004) 

Over 11 years (1991 to 2001), U. aegyptia is the species that was seized in the largest quantities and Egypt the country 

from where most specimens were reported as seizures or confiscation by importing Parties. Of the 1180 specimens 

exported by Egypt and seized, 79% were U. aegyptia and of the 1194 reported seized specimens of U. aegyptia, 78% 

came from Egypt. However, these high records of illegal trade in spiny-tailed or Dabb lizards from Egypt are probably 

the positive consequence of the export ban adopted by Egypt for three species of Uromastyx, in late 1991. This measure 

concerns in particular U. aegyptia, and is probably the main reason for the high rate of seizures for all three species, 

which are at the top of the list of Uromastyx species reported to be seized by CITES Parties. Therefore, Uromastyx 

populations originating from range States other than Egypt, e.g. Mali and Sudan, that do not appear in reported seizures, 

could in fact be more affected by harvest and exports, due to higher level of permitted trade and the absence of adequate 

restrictions adopted by the government in charge. The presence on markets of certain products, such as a traditional 

medicinal oil used by the Muslim community in Malaysia (TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, in litt. to TRAFFIC Europe, 15 

December 2003), that are advertised as containing derivatives of Uromastyx (Dabb lizard) suggest that these species are 

imported, although neither official trade nor seizures are reported in the CITES database. The latter suggests that, 

although probably not as significant as the EU and US pet trade, spiny-tailed lizards used for medicinal purposes are 

illegally imported into Southeast Asia. (Knapp, 2004) 

REFERENCES 

Gray, R. 1995. Care Sheet for the Genus Uromastyx In: Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection, http://www.anapsid.org/uromastyx.html Downloaded 

on 23 January 2004 

Knapp, A. (2004). An assessment of the international trade in Spiny-tailed Lizards Uromastyx with a focus on the role of the European Union. 

TRAFFIC Europe. European Commission, Brussels. 29 pp. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 176


Gross Exports of Uromastyx spp. 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Uromastyx spp. 

Benin live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 0 0 

Egypt bodies 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Egypt live 0 127 1408 2810 198 0 294 0 0 0 0 

Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 24 0 0 0 


Mali live 0 0 0 0 50 4714 4323 4453 3250 6407 200 

Morocco live 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sudan live 0 0 0 302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Yemen live 0 0 0 0 0 601 0 0 0 0 0 

Uromastyx acanthinura 

Egypt live 140 150 622 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 

Mali live 0 0 0 1000 9475 7914 1692 300 0 1075 0 

Mauritania bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 

Mauritania live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 

Morocco bodies 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Morocco live 9 30 15 20 0 0 0 3 53 0 0 

Niger live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 308 0 

Sudan live 0 0 0 0 150 0 200 69 0 50 500 

Uromastyx aegyptius 

Egypt bodies 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Egypt live 466 411 3968 8855 590 0 379 250 0 0 0 

Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 

Iran live 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Lebanon live 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Saudi Arabia live 50 30 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 6 0 

Sudan live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 

Syria bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 


Uromastyx asmussi 

Iran live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Uromastyx benti 

Oman live 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 

Yemen live 786 295 0 0 1686 566 0 1500 500 1700 700 

Uromastyx dispar 

Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 173 

Mali live 0 0 0 0 2433 967 18012 13578 15303 26955 19366 

Zambia live 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 

Uromastyx geyri 

Benin live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 850 1235 

Ghana live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 590 

Mali live 0 0 0 0 2400 1566 0 0 200 3000 532 

Niger live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 

Zambia live 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 

Uromastyx hardwickii 

Ukraine live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 100 0 


AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 177

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Uromastyx ocellatus 

Egypt live 299 100 5781 5406 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ethiopia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 172 

Lebanon live 0 0 0 20 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sudan live 0 0 193 638 718 0 1291 1969 2075 1102 1818 

Yemen live 0 0 0 0 0 491 0 397 0 0 0 

Uromastyx thomasi 

Oman live 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 

Export Quotas for Uromastyx geyri for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Mali live 32000 32000 

COMMENT 

Genus selected for review as there has been a general increase in trade across the genus 

12. Bradypodion xenorhinum 

REPTILIA: 


CHAMAELEONIDAE 

Single Welded-horn Chameleon (English); Strange-horned Chameleon (English); 

Caméléon de Rüppell (French) 



Found in Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo (Klaver et al., 1997). B. xenorhinum is endemic to the montane 

rainforests of the Ruwenzori Mountains of western Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Pickering, 

2003) 

REFERENCES 

Klaver, C. J. J. and Böhme, W. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, Number 112 

Pickering, D. 2003. Bradypodion xenorhinum In: Chamowners Web, http://www.adcham.com/html/taxonomy/species/bxenorhinum.html 



Gross Exports of live Bradypodion xenorhinum 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Democratic Republic of 

Congo 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 294 1201 225 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. Uganda began exporting the species in recent years and the species appears to have a 

restricted range. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 178

13. Chamaeleo bitaeniatus 

REPTILIA: 



Montane Chameleon (English); Side-striped Chameleon (English); Caméléon à deux 

bandes (French); Camaleón de dos bandas (Spanish) 



Widely and abundantly distributed throughout east Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, southern Sudan, 

northern Tanzania, Uganda, and northeastern Congo (Zaire). C. bitaeniatus prefers humid regions up to 3,000 m 

elevation. (Pickering, 2003) 

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Ethiopia: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Kenya: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Somalia: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Sudan: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Tanzania, United Republic of: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Uganda: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Chamaeleo bitaeniatus is found throughout Kenya, northern Tanzania, eastern Uganda, Ethiopian central Highlands and 

Somalia (Rand 1963). Its range in Ethiopia and Somalia however seems sketchy and somewhat vague, Bohme and 

Klaver (1980) also place it in Sudan at the Imatong Mountains where they found it living sympatrically with C. ellioti 

and C. kinetensis. Rand (1963) states that it is a species from open plains and valleys to lowland mountain slopes up to 

7000'. He also goes on to state that it can be found on the plains north of Mount Kenya, the plains of Guaso Nyira 

(Kedong Valley, Kenya) and further north to the plains of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. In addition Rand (1971) places it in 

the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania and also the lower slopes of Kilimanjaro (Rand 1963) but again no altitude or specific 

data is given and can only be summised. I myself have received specimens collected from the latter locality along with 

specimens of C. rudis sternfeldi but again no specific collection data was available. All the specimens examined during 

this study support this and suggest that bitaeniatus is indeed a low montane species that does not exceed 7000' in 

altitude. However, its range and ceiling below this seems sketchy and is not stated in the literature, for example, its 

apparent range in lowland Ethiopia and Somalia is not listed. Above 7000' it is replaced by both C. hoehnelii and C. 

schubotzi on Mount Kenya. Rand (1963) states that bitaeniatus and the former species occur in the same general area 

and have been collected at the same locality (Loita Plains, Mau Escarpment, Lukenya, Lukenya Hills, Kijabe, Aberdare 

range). However, it seems that in the places where they are collected together bitaeniatus is at its maximum ceiling of 

7000' and that this also represents the lowest altitude at which hoehnelli maybe found. Hence this altitude represents a 

boundary zone between the two species. The altitudinal relationship between bitaeniatus and schubotzi remains 

unknown. (Pilley 2000) 

REFERENCES 


Pickering, D. 2003. Chamaeleo bitaeniatus In: Chamowners Web, http://www.adcham.com/html/taxonomy/species/chbitaeniatus.html Downloaded 

on 23 January 2004 

Pilley, R. 2000. A Revision of the Bitaeniatus Chameleon Group (Hillenius 1959) with Reference to Biogeographical Origins and Radiation. 

M.Sc. thesis, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London From: Chamowners Web 

http://www.adcham.com/html/taxonomy/articles/bitaeniatusrevision.html Downloaded on 23 January 2004 


Gross Exports of Chamaeleo bitaeniatus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ethiopia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 0 

Guinea live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 


Tanzania bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 

Tanzania live 20 308 559 154 379 970 1920 1478 1210 1003 1254 

Uganda live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 178 2089 640 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 179

Export Quotas for Chamaeleo bitaeniatus for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Ethiopia live 1000 1000 

Tanzania, United 

Republic of 

wild-taken 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. It appears that the United Republic of Tanzania have exceeded their quotas for several of the 

years between 1998 and 2002, and Uganda has begun exporting the species. 

14. Chamaeleo calyptratus 

REPTILIA: 



Veiled Chameleon (English); Caméléon casqué (French) 



Indigenous to the southwestern coastal regions of Saudi Arabia and western Yemen, the veiled chameleon occupies 

the wadis and agricultural lands of this otherwise arid region. The nominate form, C. calyptratus calyptratus is found in 

the more southern reaches of the distribution (Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia) while C. calyptratus calcarifer is 

found in the more northern part of the species' range (western Saudi Arabia). Recent reports also indicate one or more 

feral populations of C. c. calyptratus on Oahu (G. Homatas, pers. comm.) and Maui. Unlike the feral populations of C. 

jacksonii in Hawaii, C. calyptratus is large enough to consume fledgling birds, making them the greater ecological 

threat to the native fauna. Veiled chameleons are a hardy and prolific species that is relatively easy to breed. (Horgan 

and Pollock, 2003) 

Veiled chameleons are arboreal lizards, meaning they prefer to live high up in trees or lower near the ground in bushes 

and shrubs. They can live in dry areas and are found on plateaux of mountainous regions, forests and valleys of 

southern Saudi Arabia and Yemen. They are one of the few species of chameleons that can tolerate wide temperate. 

(Jones, 2000) 

REFERENCES 

Jones, E. 2000, Chamaeleo calyptratus In Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan 


Horgan L. and Pollock, E. 2003. Chamaeleo calyptratus In: Chamowners Web, 



Gross Exports of live Chamaeleo calyptratus 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Yemen 402 700 0 510 14 93 0 2749 700 3990 1240 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Although trade shows a marked increase in trade from the Yemen between 1999 and 

2001, the bulk of the trade is in animals bred in captivity in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, El Salvador and Ukraine. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 180

15. Chamaeleo cristatus 

REPTILIA: 



Crested Chameleon (English); Caméléon crêté (French); Camaleón crestado (Spanish) 



Cameroon: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Central African Republic: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Congo: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Equatorial Guinea: Equatorial Guinea, Bioko: 

Gabon: Occurrence noted (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Ghana ?: May occur (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Nigeria: Well known to occur in south–eastern Nigeria, this species was captured probably around Oban (Cross River 

State) by Talbot (1912), and much more recently both east (at Osomba, see Reid, 1986), and west (at Eket, see AKANI 

et al ., 1999) of Cross River. Original records of this study also indicate that it is also found in the western portion of the 

Nigerian forest zone (i.e. at Oredo, western axis of the Niger Delta). (Akani, Ogbalu and Luiselli, 2001) 

Togo ?: May occur (Klaver et al., 1997) 

Logging in an area of rainforest in Nigeria did not substantially reduce the abundance of chameleons, but had dramatic 

effects on the specific diversity. In fact, three of the four species became extinct after the changes on the initial habitat 

(i.e. C. owenii, C. cristatus, and R. spectrum), while one substantially increased its abundance (i.e. C. gracilis). Altitude 

is likely not an important factor in the distribution of C. cristatus, which was in fact observed both in lowland moist 

forests and in hilly–montane sites. However, micro–habitat characteristics seem to be important, as both our 

observations and those of Wild (1994) indicate a strong preference for specific micro–habitats (low, thick, flowering 

bushes in our case, and “the shrub layer in primary forest” in Wild’s case), and thus a restricted habitat selection. 

Accordingly, C. owenii, C. cristatus, and R. spectrum may be dramatically affected by habitat loss and forest 

fragmentation. (Akani, Ogbalu and Luiselli, 2001) 

REFERENCES 

Akani G. C., Ogbalu O. K. and Luiselli, L. 2001. Life–history and ecological distribution of chameleons (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) from the rain 

forests of Nigeria: conservation implications Animal Biodiversity and Conservation vol 24 (2) 



Gross Exports of Chamaeleo cristatus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cameroon Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 

Cameroon Live 20 30 405 229 442 633 619 1117 484 732 339 

Equitorial Guinea Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 420 0 30 325 383 

Madagascar Live 0 0 25 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 

Unknown Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 0 0 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Trade appears to be fairly stable. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 181

16. Chamaeleo hoehnelii 

REPTILIA: 



Helmeted Chameleon (English); High-casqued Chameleon (English); Caméléon à 

casque élevé (French); Camaleón de casco (Spanish) 



Endemic to Kenya and eastern Uganda where it appears to be abundant in the humid, high mountain regions. Night 

time temperatures frequently drop to around freezing. (James, 2003). C. h. hoehnelii is found in Kenya above 2000 

meters while C. h. altaeelgonis is found on Mount Elgon above 3000 meters in Uganda (Chameleon care and 

information centre, 2000). 

REFERENCES 

Chameleon care and information centre 2000. Chamaeleo hoehnelii Downloaded on 23 

January 2004 

James, S. 2003. Chamaeleo hoehnelii In: Chamowners Web, Downloaded on 23 

January 2004 


Gross Exports of Chamaeleo hoehnelii 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Kenya Bodies 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Kenya Live 0 0 0 3 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Uganda Live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 229 1749 710 

United Republic live 

of Tanzania 

0 120 25 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. The species has a restricted range in the main exporting country, Uganda, and there have 

been 2688 exported from Uganda since 2000. 

17. Furcifer cephalolepis 

REPTILIA: 



Comoro Islands Chameleon (English); Caméléon des Comores (French) 



Endemic to Comoros (Grand Comoro Island) (Klaver et al., 1997). This exquisite little chameleon is locally abundant 

but restricted to the Grand Comoro Island (not Mayotte) in the northern part of the Mozambique Channel that 

separates Mozambique from Madagascar. It inhabits the humid, tropical coastal regions. (James and Pollak, 2003) 

REFERENCES 


James, S. and Pollak, E. 2003 Furcifer cephalolepis In: Chamowners Web 

Downloaded on 23 January 2004-01-23 

Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R (comps.) 2001. The EMBL Reptile Database. English http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 182


Gross Exports of live Furcifer cephalolepis 

Exporter 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2471 3510 2047 

COMMENT 

Recommended for review. The species has a very restricted range and trade started in 2000 with over 8000 reported as 

exports in three years. 

18. Cordylus vittifer 

REPTILIA: 


CORDYLIDAE 

Reichenow's Spiny-tailed Lizard (English); Transvaal Girdled Lizard (English); Cordyle 

de Reichenow (French); Lézard à queue épineuse de Reichenow (French) 



Angloa: Occurrence noted in south of Angola (Uetz et al., 2001) 

Botswana: Occurrence noted (Auerbach, 1987) 

Mozambique: 

South Africa: Occurrence noted (Branch, 1988) 

Swaziland: Occurrence noted (Boycott, 1992) 

“One of these is the medium-sized (18 cm total length)Transvaal Girdled Lizard (Cordylus vittifer), so-named because 

a large part of its total distribution range falls within the borders of the former Transvaal province. It also occurs in the 

northern half of the Free State and is widespread in KwaZulu-Natal, with a few records in south-eastern Botswana, 

Swaziland and southern Mozambique (Visser 1984, Branch 1998). In the Free State this species may be confused only 

with the similar looking Cape Girdled Lizard (C. cordylus), but the latter occurs only in the south-eastern part of the 

province (De Waal 1978).” (Bates 2002) 

REFERENCES 

Auerbach, R. D. 1987. The amphibians and reptiles of Botswana. Mokwepa Consultants (Pty) Ltd. –Gaborone 

Bates, M. F. 2002. The Transvaal Girldled Lizard, Culna 57 : 31-33 Downloaded on 23 

January 2004 

Boycott, R. C. 1992. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Swaziland. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland. 

Branch, B. 1988. Field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa. New Holland (Publishers) Ltd. -London 

Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R (comps.) 2001. The EMBL Reptile Database. English http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html 


Gross Exports of Cordylus vittifer 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 




Export Quotas for Cordylus vittifer for years 1997-2002 as submitted to the CITES Secretariat 

Country Term 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Mozambique live 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 

COMMENT 

Not recommended for review. Exports from Mozambique are within quota. Initial look at the data suggested 

Mozambique was over quota for 2002 (1599 reported) however further investigation revealed this was due to a year-end 

reporting issue. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 183

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 184

Annex D 





ANNEX D: 

FISH AND INVERTEBRATES 



by the 



JANUARY 2004 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 185


1 Tridacna crocea.....................................................................................................................187 

2 Tridacna derasa.....................................................................................................................189 

3 Tridacna gigas .....................................................................................................................191 

4 Tridacna maxima..................................................................................................................193 

5 Tridacna rosewateri ..............................................................................................................197 

6 Tridacna squamosa ...............................................................................................................197 

7 Tridacna tevoroa ...................................................................................................................200 

8 Hippopus hippopus...............................................................................................................201 

9 Hippopus porcellanus ...........................................................................................................203 

10 Tridacnidae spp.................................................................................................................204 

GENERAL REFERENCES ........................................................................................................205 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 186

1 Tridacna crocea 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Boring Clam; Crocea Clam; Crocus Clam; Saffron-coloured Clam (English) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/lc (Mollusc Specialist Group, 1996) 


Occurs from southern Japan, south to Australia and east to Palau, and is still reasonably abundant, although it may be 

extinct in Guam and Northern Marianas (Munro 1989) (Wells 1997). 

Australia: Abundant (Braley, 1988a and 1993; Wells, 1997). 

Fiji: (int) Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Guam: Presumed extinct through overfishing (Munro, 1988; Wells, 1997). 

?India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Indonesia: Recorded in many areas (Brown and Muskanofola, 1985; Munro, 1989; Pasaribu, 1988; Tisdell, 1993; 

Usher, 1984; Wells, 1997). Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Japan: Overfished in Okinawan waters (Munro, 1986; Shang, 1990; Wells, 1997). 

Malaysia: Sabah: Confirmed population in west Malaysian waters, around island groups off the east coast (Malaysia 

CITES MA, in litt. to CITES Secretariat, 1995; Wells, 1997). 

New Caledonia: Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Northern Mariana Islands: Extinct? (Munro, 1989; Wells, 1997). 

Palau: Occurs (Bryan and McConnell, 1976). The only viable commercial giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific is 

the one that operates in Palau. It produces T. crocea, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement 

programmes (Shang et al., 1992). 

Papua New Guinea: A Stock Assessment and Biogeographical Survey conducted in 2001 recorded very low densities 

for T. maxima were at 14.85/ha., particularly when compared with the results recorded from 1996. These low stocks are 

considered to reflect previous unsustainable practices from commercial use, poaching and subsistence harvesting 

(Kinch 2002). Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). 

Milne Bay Province in Papua New Guinea is one of the few areas in the world where wild stocks of giant clams 

Tridacna spp. remain. Given the importance of giant clam meat in the subsistence diets of local coastal and island 

communities and the potential commercial value of both the meat and shells, better management of these stocks is 

necessary. The province has a long history of poaching and commercial use of giant clams, peaking in the 1970s with 

illegal incursions by Taiwanese fishing vessels. In 2000, the export of wild giant clam products from Papua New 

Guinea was banned and continues to be prohibited. Fishing for subsistence purposes by villagers is allowed (Kinch, 

2002). 

Philippines: Still fairly abundant in some areas, e.g. Polillo and Palawan; populations may be fairly stable (Alcala, 

1986; Calumpong and Cadiz, 1993; Gomez and Alcala, 1988; Juinio et al., 1986; Mingoa-Licuanan, 1993; Munro, 

1989; Wells, 1997). 

Singapore: Occurrence reported (Munro, 1989). 

Solomon Islands: Widespread; probably most abundant species (Govan et al., 1988; Munro, 1989; Oengpepa, 1993). 

Taiwan: Unconfirmed reports of occurrence; little suitable habitat (Munro, 1989). May occur (Wells, 1997). 

Thailand: Status unknown (Munro, 1989). Occurs (Wells, 1997). 

Tuvalu: Presence unconfirmed (Braley, 1988b). 

United States (Hawaii): Introduced. Now extinct. 

Vanuatu: Patchy or rare, probably naturally (Munro, 1989; Zann and Ayling, 1990). Priced subsistence foods for the 

local Ni-Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). 

Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Selin and Latyupov 1990). Probably occurs (Wells, 1997). 

REFERENCES 

Alcala, A. C. 1986. Distribution and abundance of giant clams (Family Tridacnidae) in south-central Philippines. Silliman J. 33: 1-9. 

Braley, R. 1988a. Recruitment in the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa at four sites on the Great Barrier Reef. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. 

S. (Eds), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 

Pp. 73-77. 

Braley, R. D. 1988b. The status of giant clam stocks and potential for clam mariculture in Tuvalu. Report to Fisheries Division, Tuvalu. Unpublished. 

Braley, R. D. 1993. Australia (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.), Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. 

Proc. 39. Pp. 35-36. 

Brown, J. H. and Muskanofola, M. R. (1985) An investigation of stocks of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in Java and their utilization and potential. 

Aquaculture and Fisheries Management Volume 1 Pages 25-39. 

Bryan, P. G. and McConnell, D. B. (1976) Status of giant clam stocks (Tridacnidae) on Helen Reef, Palau, Western Caroline Islands, April 1975. 

Marine Fisheries Review 38: 15-18. 

Calumpong, H. P. and Cadiz, P. 1993. Observations on the distribution of giant clams in protected areas. Silliman J. 36(2): 107-116. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 187

Calumpong, H. P. and Solis-Duran, E. 1994. Constraints in re-stocking Philippine reefs with giant clams. In: Fitt, W. K. (Ed.) 1994. Biology and 

Mariculture of Giant Clams. Workshop held in conjunction with 7th International Coral Reef Congress, Guam, June 1992. ACIAR 

Proceedings No. 47. 

Fry, I. and Robinson, M. (1986) The threatened invertebrates. In: Kennedy, M. and Burton R. (eds), A threatened species conservation strategy for 

Australia. Ecofund Australia. Pages 14-17. 

George, J. D. and George, J. (1987) The coral reefs of the Bodgaya Islands (Sabah: Malaysia) and Pulau Sipadan. 4. Macroinvertebrates. Malayan 

Nature Journal 40: 225-260. 

Gomez, E. D. and Alcala, A. C. 1988. Giant clams in the Philippines. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. 

ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 51-53. 

Govan, H., Nichols, P. V. and Tafea, H. 1988. Giant clam resource investigations in Solomon Islands. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant 

Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 54-57. 

Hardy, J. T. and Hardy, S. A. (1969) Ecology of Tridacna in Palau. Pacific Science 23: 467-472. 

Juinio, M. A. R., Menez, L. A. B., Villanoy, C. L. and Gomez, E. D. 1986. Status of giant clam resources in the Philippines. PACIAR Giant Clam 

Project Report. Unpublished. 

Kinch, J. (2002) Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19: 67-75. 

Knop, D. 1997, On the Half Shell: Tridacna crocea — Pearls of the Reef, Aquarium Frontiers on-line 

http://www.animalnetwork.com/fish2/aqfm/1997/sep/shell/default.asp Downloaded on 26 January 2004 

Mingoa-Licuanan, S. 1993. Philippines (local report 1). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. 

ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39: 40-43. 

Mollusc Specialist Group 1996. Tridacna crocea. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 

January 2004. 

Munro, J. L. 1986. Status of giant clam stocks and prospects for clam mariculture in the central Gilbert Islands group, Republic of Kiribati. Report to 

Fisheries Division, Ministry of Natural Resources Development, Republic of Kiribati. Unpublished. 

Munro, J. L. 1988. Growth, mortality, potential aquaculture production of Tridacna gigas and Tridacna derasa. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. 

(Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra. Pp. 218-220. 

Munro, J.L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J.F. (eds). Marine Invertebrate 

Fisheries: their assessments and management. Pp 541-558. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester. 

Oengpepa, C. 1993. Solomon Islands (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM 

Conf. Proc. 39: 36-38. 

Pasaribu, B. P. 1988. Status of giant clams in Indonesia. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, 

Canberra. Pp. 44-46. 

Pearson, R. G. (1977) Impact of foreign vessels poaching giant clams. Australian Fisheries 36(7): 8-11. 

Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the Exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam 

(draft), p. 75. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. 

Selin N.I. and Latyupov, Ya Ya (1990) [Off-shore waters of the Kondao Islands South China Sea.] Biologiya MORYA (Vladivostok) 0 (6): 31-36. (In 

Russian). 

Shang, Y. C. 1990. Marketing of giant clam products in Japan. FISH International 4/90: 16-19. 

Shang, Y.C., Leung, P.S., Brown, J. and Tisdell, C. 1992. Test Marketing of Giant Clams as Seafood and Aquarium Specimens in Selected Markets. 

CTSA Publication #110, 45 pp. + Appendices I to III. The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, Hawaï, USA. 

Shau-Hwai, T., Yasin, Z. B., Salleh, I. B. and Yusof, A. A. (1998) Status of giant clams in Pulau Tioman, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 52: 205- 

216. 

Tisdell, C. A. 1993. Final Report on ACIAR Project No. 8823 (ROU 259) "Economics of Giant Clam (Tridacnidae) mariculture". Research Reports 

and Papers in Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture No.40. Department of Economics, the University of Queensland, St Lucia. 

Usher, G. F. (1984) Coral reef invertebrates in Indonesia: their exploitation and conservation needs. IUCN/WWF Report No. -Bogor, Indonesia 

Number 2: 100 pp. 

Wells, S. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 

ix +77pp. 

Wu, Weng-lung. (1999) Mollusks in CITES. Academia Sinica and Council of Agriculture. – Taiwan. 

Zann, L. P. and Ayling, A. M. 1990. Giant Clams. In: Done, T. J. and Navin, K. F. (Eds) Vanuatu Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine 

Science, Townsville. 


Gross Exports of Tridacna crocea 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Australia live 0 80 8 158 34 140 0 0 0 0 0 

Australia shells 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

ex. Trust 

Territory 

live 

0 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fiji live 0 0 50 31 4 1351 5113 2507 866 99 303 

Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 

Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 


Malaysia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Malaysia shells 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 1 0 0 

New 

Caledonia 

shells 

0 0 0 0 0 0 120 66 300 345 257 

Papua New 

Guinea 

shells 

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 188

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Palau live 100 0 18 0 40 0 58 0 0 0 0 

Palau shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Philippines live 250 41341 75460 82539 38297 0 392 0 0 0 0 

Philippines live (kg) 0 760 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Philippines meat 0 55511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Philippines 

meat (kg 

shells 

29475 65111 60331 

59736. 

8 28100 0 0 0 0 0 0 

43202. 

5 22275 24300 408 0 0 41 0 0 0 

Philippines 

59319 

Philippines shells (bags) 0 0 6220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pitcairn live 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Solomon live 

Islands 

0 200 2184 3093 6685 9524 7847 4025 1273 5400 3864 

Solomon shells 

Islands 

0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Thailand live 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tonga live 0 1204 0 282 57 0 0 0 65 0 12 

Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 25 90 0 0 0 0 

Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 250 15310 11150 17386 8290 232 

Vanuatu live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 179 0 266 0 100 

Vanuatu shells 0 0 0 0 0 150 202 0 462 0 0 

Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 500 46390 36500 40000 62203 48342 

Viet Nam shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 

COMMENT 

Recommend inclusion for review because of the increased exports from Viet Nam in recent years, where the status of 

the species is unkown. 

2 Tridacna derasa 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Derasa Clam; Southern Giant Clam (English) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU A2cd (Wells, 1996) 


Commonly found in Australia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. A popular food item, these clams have been hunted 

extensively throughout their natural habitats. In protected areas (the Great Barrier Reef in Australia for example) they 

are sometimes found in densities of up to 30 clams a hectare (2.47 acres). The T. derasa's you purchase today are the 

result of aquaculture projects, not wild collecting. This is because T. derasa's, along with T. gigas, were one of the first 

clams to be commercially bred (Lukan 1999). 

American Samoa: (int) Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Australia: Queensland Abundant (Wells, 1997). 

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 

Cook Islands: (int) Introduced from MMDC in 1986 to Aitutaki (Wells, 1997). 

Fiji: `Overfished especially near population centres; most abundant in windward, eastern islands.' (Wells, 1997). 

Guam: (ex, reint) Extinct through overfishing (Wells, 1997). 

Indonesia: Irian Jaya Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). All coastal 

waters except northern Sumatra; marked decline; possibly eliminated from western regions (Eastern Sumatra and Java) 

(Wells, 1997). 

Marshall Islands: (int). Introduced 1985, 1989, 1990 from MMDC to various locations (Wells, 1997). 

Micronesia: (Federated States of) (ex, int), 

New Caledonia: Present (Wells, 1997). 

Northern Mariana Islands: (ex, reint) Extinct (Wells, 1997). 

Palau: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). Main species of Tridacna traded from Palau. The only viable commercial 

giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific is the one that operates in Palau (Raymakers et al., 2003). It produces T. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 189

derasa, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement programmes (e.g. Fiji, FSM, Guam, Marshall 

Islands and Solomon Islands), as ornamental invertebrates for the aquarium trade and as food for restaurants (Anon. 

1998a), particularly as sashimi in Japan (Shang et al., 1992). 

Papua New Guinea: See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) under T.crocea. 

Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). Not found near the mainland (Wells, 1997). 

Philippines: Stock assessments of wild tridacnid populations in the Philippines date back to the 1984-1986 surveys 

done by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) and the Silliman University Marine 

Laboratory (SUML). T. gigas, T. derasa and Hippopus porcellanus have been reported as overfished (Juinio et al., 

1989)……..remnant T. derasa populations may still exist in the east, in the peninsular province of Eastern Samar, and 

in the west, in the Island of Maricaban (province of Batangas) (Mingoa-Licuanan and Gomez, 2002). 

Samoa: (int) 

Solomon Islands: "Restricted; only observed in Marau Sound, Nggela, Russel Isl., and north Marovo Lagoon but may 

occur elsewhere" (Wells, 1997). 

Tonga: Overfished especially near population centres (Wells, 1997). Populations are affected by over-exploitation, 

especially near population centres (Anon., 1995). Harvested for domestic food use, shell used for decorative purposes 

and also exported live for the aquarium trade. There are limitations regarding the types of fishing gear used. Scuba and 

hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this species and there is also a minimum size shell length of 260mm for T. 

derasa (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

? Tuvalu: (int?) Presence unconfirmed. All [giant clam] species heavily exploited near villages for subsistence 

purposes, but some healthy stocks (Wells, 1997). 

? United States: (int?) : ?Hawaiian Is (int?) 

Vanuatu: (ex) Either very rare or absent; no recent reports (Wells, 1997). 

REFERENCES 

Anon. 1998a. L’avenir de Palau est-il dans le bénitier ? Pacific Sunday News, 16 August 1998 (Eng. origin.). 

Adams, T. J. H., A. D. Lewis and E. Ledua. 1988. Fiji’s giant clam stocks — a review of their distribution, abundance, exploitation and management. 

In: Giant Clams In Asia And The Pacific, Lucas, J. and J. Copeland, eds. ACIAR Monograph No. 9. P. 78-81. 

Kinch, J. 2002, Giant Clams: their Status and Trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Traffic bulletin, 19 (2) 

http://www.traffic.org/bulletin/Nov2002/giant_clam.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 

Knop, D. 1997, On the Half Shell: Tridacna derasa (Roeding 1819) — Beautifully Colored and Quite Hardy, Aquarium Frontiers on-line 

http://www.animalnetwork.com/fish2/aqfm/1997/nov/shell/default.asp Downloaded on 26 January 2004 

Lukan, E. M., 1999, Tridacna derasa, Fish 'N' Chips: A Monthly Marine Newsletter 

November Downloaded on 26 January 2004 

Mingoa-licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002. Giant Clam Conservation in Southeast Asia, 

http://www.pemsea.org/downloads_pdf/tc/dec02/art_giantclam_%20Licuananetal.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 

Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of the Cook Islands, date?, Giant clams (pa’ua) in the Cook Islands, Marine resources of the Cook 

Islands: Subjects of particular interest 

< http://www.spc.org.nc/coastfish/Countries/CookIslands/MMR2/Giant-clams.htm> Downloaded on 26 January 2004 







Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna derasa. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. 


ix +77pp. 


Gross Exports of Tridacna derasa 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

ex. Trust Territory live 0 0 376 234 0 213 0 0 0 0 0 

ex. Trust Territory shells 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fiji live 0 499 342 96 379 1988 1494 2121 1217 942 194 

Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 174 3 0 0 35 0 

Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 27 20 0 0 0 0 

Fiji shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 


Kiribati shells 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Marshall Islands live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 32 

Micronesia live 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

New Caledonia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 93 211 310 192 

Palau live 137 0 817 54 188 0 112 157 884 1902 1218 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 190

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Palau meat 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Palau shells 0 0 0 0 138 0 9 1 2 2 0 


Philippines shells 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pitcairn live 0 0 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Samoa live 0 0 0 0 116 1108 0 100 2004 159 0 

Solomon Islands live 0 1175 1778 8283 11217 7978 8320 6941 5543 1815 45 

Solomon Islands shells 0 0 0 20 0 118 0 0 0 0 0 

Tonga live 11 2363 0 1119 4232 721 2705 1431 1407 1523 867 

Tonga live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 75 54 0 

Tonga shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11000 0 


United States shells 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 10 344 0 0 0 0 

Unknown shells 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 

Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 905 0 0 


COMMENT 

Recommend inclusion for review to establish whether those animals coming from Palau and reported as wild-collected 

by the United States are in fact captive-bred from commercial clam hatchery. 

3 Tridacna gigas 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Giant Clam; Gigas Clam (English); 

Bénitier géant (French) 



American Samoa: (int) 

Australia: Queensland Abundant on parts of the Great Barrier Reef; natural breeding populations only north of 18°S; 

limited by cold temperatures (Wells, 1997). 

Cook Islands: (int) Introduced into Aitutaki from JCU (Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of the Cook 

Islands, date?,) 

Fiji: (ex, reint) There are doubts about T. gigas actually being found in Fiji. According to The Reef Aquarium Volume 

One, years of observations throughout Fiji have never turned up any living T. gigas or fossil shells. T. gigas has, 

however, been "re-introduced" there (Lukan, 2000). Extinct andprobably never common (or may not have occurred: last 

known specimens collected in 1970s and could have been confused with T.derasa) (Wells, 1997). 

Guam: (ex) Presumed extinct through overfishing (Wells, 1997). 

Indonesia: Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). Smuggling of T. gigas 

adductor muscles and live specimens for the aquarium trade in Singapore as first destination have been reported (Aspari 

Rachman, C.V. Dinar (aquarium exporter), Bali, Indonesia, in litt. (answer to questionnaire) to TRAFFIC Europe, 

December 2002). All coastal waters; marked decline; possibly eliminated from western regions (Eastern Sumatra and 

Java) (Wells, 1997). 

Japan: Extinct (Wells, 1997). 

Kiribati: Gilbert Is Uncommon; very limited at Tarawa but moderate to good elsewhere in Gilbert Islands; absent in 

Line and Phoenix Islands (Wells, 1997). 

Malaysia: Sabah Off coast of Sabah (Wells, 1997). 

Marshall Islands: Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). Severely depleted on some 

atolls but still present (Wells, 1997). 

Micronesia, Federated States of: (ex, reint) Has become locally extinct due to overexploitation (Raymakers et al., 

2003). Extinct in known areas, although it could be present on remote atolls; once flourished in Yap but now only an 

occasional living specimen is found, although shells are often dredgd up; relict populations on Lamotrek Atoll and West 

Fayu; recent fossils abundant in Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap; extinct in Kosrae due to overfishing (Wells, 1997) 

Myanmar: Confined to southern waters (Wells, 1997). 

New Caledonia: (ex) Extinct, only present as fossils (Wells, 1997). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 191

Northern Mariana Islands: (ex, reint) Extinct (Wells, 1997). 

Palau: Locally rare (Wells, 1997). The only viable commercial giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific operates in 

Palau. It produces T. gigas, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement programmes (e.g. Fiji, 

FSM, Guam, Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands), as ornamental invertebrates for the aquarium trade and as food for 

restaurants, particularly as sashimi in Japan (Shang et al., 1992). 

Papua New Guinea: Locally rare, especially on nearshore reefs or near main towns (Wells, 1997). Used for 

subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) listed for T.crocea. 

Philippines: Stock assessments of wild tridacnid populations in the Philippines date back to the 1984-1986 surveys 

done by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) and the Silliman University Marine 

Laboratory (SUML). T. gigas, T. derasa and Hippopus porcellanus have been reported as overfished (Juinio et al., 

1989). What remains of the T. gigas populations may still be found in the south, such as in the province of Palawan 

(Mingoa-licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002). Extinct in most areas, except extreme south; no longer found in 

Central Visayas; last stronghold in the Sulu Archipelago; considered endangered (Wells, 1997). 

Solomon Islands: Widespread but in low numbers and overfished in areas of high population density (Wells, 1997). 

Taiwan: (ex?) Extinct, probably through overexploitation(Wells, 1997). 

Thailand: Occurs (Wells, 1997). 

Tonga: (ex, int), May once have been present but no recent records (Wells, 1997). 

?Tuvalu:Very rare, possibly extinct (or may never have occurred) (Wells, 1997). 

United States: (int) Hawaiian Is. (int) 

Vanuatu: (ex) Either very rare or absent (Wells, 1997). 

Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Wells, 2003) 

Western Samoa: (ex, int) Introduced from JCU 1990 and 1991 but lost in cyclones (Wells, 1997). 

REFERENCES 



Kinch, J. 2002, Giant Clams: their Status and Trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Traffic bulletin, 19 (2) 

http://www.traffic.org/bulletin/Nov2002/giant_clam.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 

Lukan, E. M. 2000, Tridacna gigas, Fish ‘N’ Chips: A monthly Marine Newsletter July 





Islands: Subjects of particular interest 

< http://www.spc.org.nc/coastfish/Countries/CookIslands/MMR2/Giant-clams.htm> Downloaded on 26 January 2004 







Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna gigas. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004 


ix +77pp. 


Gross Exports of Tridacna gigas 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 





Fiji live 0 0 0 3 0 196 13 113 46 0 53 


Indonesia shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 

Kiribati live 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Morocco live 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


New Zealand shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 192

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Papua New meat (kg) 

Guinea 

0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Papua New shells 

Guinea 

25 8 5 9 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 

Palau live 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 


Philippines live (kg) 1036.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Philippines shells (kg) 3600.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Solomon Is. bodies 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Solomon Is. live 0 1492 795 2106 1660 717 258 354 11 4 12 

Solomon Is. shells 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

South Africa shells 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Sri Lanka live 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tonga shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 


Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 

Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 


Viet Nam live 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 


COMMENT 

Recommend exclusion from review as trade has decreased in recent years. The only recent trade that may be cause for 

concern is 2900kg of shells exported by Viet Nam in 2000. 

4 Tridacna maxima 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Maxima Clam; Small Giant Clam (English) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS LR/cd (Wells, 1996) 


T. maxima has one of the largest range for all giant clams extending from the Red Sea and East Africancoast across the 

Indo-Pacific to the Pitcairn Islands. It has a current range of 45 countries. It is reasonably abundant but its status in the 

Indian Ocean is poorly known (Wells 1997). 

American Samoa: Over-exploited and unlikely to recover naturally, except abundant protected stock at Rose Atoll 

(Killelea-Almonte, 1992; Munro, 1989). 

Australia: Abundant (Braley, 1988a and 1993). 

?British Indian Ocean Territory: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

China: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Comoros: Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). 

Cook Islands: Abundant in lagoons of larger atoll islands; less common on smaller atolls (e.g. Pukapuka and 

Rakahanga) and depleted on the more populated high islands in Southern Group, where environmental constraints 

(small reef area) and fishing pressure may limit its abundance; heavily exploited in 1970s for local use. Depletion on the 

most heavily populated outer islands is, in particular, due to demand from Rarotonga. This species has been spawned at 

the Aitutaki hatchery to develop an alternative source (Cook Islands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in litt. to CITES 

Secretariat, 1995). 

Egypt: Occurs (Red Sea) (Wells, 1997). 

Federated States of Micronesia: The most common tridacnid species, but has declined in areas of heavy fishing 

(Killelea-Almonte, 1992; Smith, 1992a). 

Fiji: Overfished, especially near population centres (Lewis et al., 1988). 

French Polynesia:Heavily exploited near population centres, but locally abundant, especially in atoll lagoons; scattered 

on outer slopes of fringing reefs of high volcanic islands (Munro, 1989; Richard, 1977). 

Guam: Harvested for meat, shell and in live form (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Hong Kong: Extinct (Morton and Morton, 1983). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 193

India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Lakshadweep (Ramadoss, 1983). 

Indonesia: Occurs in all coastal waters (Brown and Muskanofola, 1985; Munro, 1989; Pasaribu, 1988; Tisdell, 1993; 

Usher, 1984). Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Japan: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Kenya: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Kiribati: Most widely distributed tridacnid species - Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands (Munro, 1986; Taniera, 1988). 

Madagascar: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Malaysia: Confirmed population around the islands off the east coast of West Malaysia (Malaysia CITES MA, in litt. 

to CITES Secretariat, 1995). 

Maldives: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Marshall Islands: Most common tridacnid species (Munro, 1989). One of the main species of Tridacna traded. 

Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). Also, the meat T. maxima is used to fertilise 

breadfruit trees . 

Mauritius: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Micronesia, Federated States: Main species of Tridacnidae traded is T. maxima (Raymakers et al., 2003). Local wild 

populations of all species [of Tridacna] present have been affected by over-exploitation (FSM Authority responsible for 

CITES matters, in litt. to TRAFFIC Oceania, November 2002). 

Mozambique: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

New Caledonia: One of the main species of Tridacnidae traded by New Caledonia (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Niue: Moderate exploitation; stock density low (89/ha) (Bell, 1993; Dalzell et al., 1993). 

Northern Mariana Islands: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Palau: Occurs (Bureau of Natural Resources and Development, Republic of Palau, in litt. to CITES Secretariat, 1995). 

The only viable commercial giant clam hatchery of the South Pacific is the one that operates in Palau. It produces T. 

maxima, amongst other species, as seeds for other countries’ enhancement programmes (e.g. Fiji, FSM, Guam, Marshall 

Islands and Solomon Islands), as ornamental invertebrates for the aquarium trade and as food for restaurants, 

particularly as sashimi in Japan (Shang et al., 1992). 


for T. maxima were at 1.79/ha, particularly when compared with the results recorded from 1996. These low stocks are 


(Kinch, 2002). See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) listed for T.crocea. Used for subsistence purposes 

(Munro, 1989). 

Philippines: Still fairly abundant in some areas, e.g. Cagayan; populations may be fairly stable (Alcala, 1986; 

Calumpong, in press; Calumpong and Cadiz, 1993; Gomez and Alcala, 1988; Juinio et al., 1986; Mingoa-Licuanan, 

1993; Munro, 1989). 

Pitcairn: Abundant on Oeno; uncommon on Henderson Island; very scarce on Ducie (but sub-fossil shells indicate that 

it was common in the past (Paulay, 1989). 

Réunion: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Samoa: Heavily fished throughout (Munro, 1989). 

Saudi Arabia: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Seychelles: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Singapore: Very rare (Wells, 1997). 

Solomon Islands: Widespread (Govan et al., 1988; Munro, 1989; Oengpepa, 1993). 

Somalia? Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). 

South Africa: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Sri Lanka: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Taiwan: Occurs around most of the coast (Wells, 1997). 

Tanzania: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Thailand: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Tokelau: Heavily exploited (Munro, 1989). 

Tonga: Most abundant tridacnid species; overfished, especially near population centres (Langi and 'Aloua, 1988; 

McKoy, 1980; Munro, 1989). Late 1980s surveys by Langi and 'Aloua (1988) found many sites with lower abundance 

than in 1978-1979 surveys (McKoy, 1980). Populations are affected by over-exploitation, especially near population 

centres. Primarily harvested for meat and shell (Raymakers et al., 2003) . 

Tuvalu: Overfished; stock densities low (3-101/ha) (Braley, 1988b; Munro, 1989). 

United States: Hawaii: Introduced 

Vanuatu: Common; stocks secure (Munro, 1989; Zann and Ayling, 1990). Priced subsistence foods for the local Ni- 

Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). 

Vietnam: Probably occurs (Wells, 1997). 

Wallis and Futuna: No surveys have been conducted, but no evidence of decline (Tisdell, 1993). 

Western Samoa: Heavily overfished throughout (Wells, 1997). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 194

REFERENCES 

Alcala, A. C. (1986) Distribution and abundance of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in South-central Philippines. Silliman J. 33: 1-9. 

Bell, L. A. J. (1993). Niue Giant Clam re-seeding: cost comparison for local production (hatchery) and importation (juveniles or larvae). South 

Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), Honiara. Report 93/7. 

Braley, R. (1988a). Recruitment in the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T. derasa at four sites on the Great Barrier Reef. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, 

J. S. (Eds), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 


Braley, R. D. (1988b). The status of giant clam stocks and potential for clam mariculture in Tuvalu. Report to Fisheries Division, Tuvalu. 

Unpublished. 

Braley, R. D. (1993). Australia (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.), Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM Conf. 

Proc. 39. Pp. 35-36. 

Calumpong, H. P. and Cadiz, P. 1993. Observations on the distribution of giant clams in protected areas. Silliman J. 36(2): 107-116. 

Dalzell, P., Lindsay, S. R. and Patiale, H. 1993. Fisheries Resources Survey of the Island of Niue. Inshore Fisheries Research Project, Technical 

Document No. 3. South Pacific Commission (SPC), Noumea. 

Gomez, E. D. and Alcala, A. C. 1988. Giant clams in the Philippines. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. 

ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 51-53. 

Govan, H., Nichols, P. V. and Tafea, H. 1988. Giant clam resource investigations in Solomon Islands. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant 

Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 54-57. 



Killelea-Almonte, P. 1992. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Proceedings of a 

workshop for those involved in the trade of giant clams. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication 208. Honolulu. 

Kinch, J. (2002) Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19: 67-75. 

Langi, V. and 'Aloua, H. 1988. Status of giant clams in Tonga. In: Copland, J.W. and Lucas, J.S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR 

Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Pp. 58-59. 

Lewis, A. D., Adams, T. J. H. and Ledua, E. 1988. Fiji's giant clam stocks - a review of their distribution, abundance, exploitation and management. 

In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph 9. Australian Centre for International 

Agricultural Research, 

Canberra, Pp. 66-72. 

McKoy, J. L. (1980) Biology, exploitation and management of giant clams (Tridacnidae) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Fisheries Bulletin Tonga 1: 61. 

Mingoa-Licuanan, S. 1993. Philippines (local report 1). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. 

ICLARM Conf. Proc. 39: 40-43. 

Morton, B. and Morton, J. 1983. The Seashore Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. 

Munro, J. L. 1989. Fisheries for giant clams (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia) and prospects for stock enhancement. In: Caddy, J. F. (Ed.) Marine Invertebrate 

Fisheries: their assessment and management. John Wiley and Sons, USA. Pages 541-558. 



Oengpepa, C. 1993. Solomon Islands (country report). In: Munro, P. (Ed.) Genetic Aspects of Conservation and Cultivation of Giant Clams. ICLARM 

Conf. Proc. 39: 36-38. 

Pasaribu, B. P. 1988. Status of giant clams in Indonesia. In: Copland, J. W. and Lucas, J. S. (Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, 


Paulay, G. 1989. Marine invertebrates of the Pitcairn Islands; species composition and biogeography of corals, molluscs and echinoderms. Atoll 

Research Bulletin 326: 1-28. 

Ramadoss, K. (1983) Giant clam resources. In: K. Alagarswami (ed.) Mariculture potential of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands - an indicative 

survey. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Bulletin 34: 108. 



Richard, G. 1977. Quantitative balance and production of Tridacna maxima in the Takapoto lagoon (French Polynesia). Proc. 3rd Int. Coral Reef 

Symposium, Miami. Pp. 599-605. 



Smith, A. 1992a. Federated States of Micronesia: Marine Resources Profiles. South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), Report 92/17. 

Taniera, T. 1988. Status of giant clams in Kiribati. In: Copland, J.W. and Lucas, J.S. (Eds) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra. 

Pp. 47-48. 

Tisdell, C. A. 1993. Final Report on ACIAR Project No. 8823 (ROU 259) "Economics of Giant Clam (Tridacnidae) mariculture". Research Reports 

and Papers in Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture No.40. Department of Economics, the University of Queensland, St Lucia. 

Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna maxima. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004 


ix +77pp. 

Zann, L. P. and Ayling, A. M. 1990. Giant Clams. In: Done, T. J. and Navin, K. F. (Eds) Vanuatu Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine 

Science, Townsville. 

Zann, L.P. and Ayling, A.M. 1988. The status of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) in Vanuatu. Townsville: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 

Authority. 8 pp. 


Gross Exports of Tridacna maxima 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Australia bodies 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Cook Islands live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 

Cook Islands shells 0 0 0 0 8 0 16 0 6 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 195

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Egypt live 0 0 520 2362 1729 992 1925 905 0 0 0 

Egypt shells 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Fiji live 0 0 55 0 35 5576 5474 4986 5069 5168 1558 

Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 211 165 0 0 117 0 

Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 215 0 0 775 0 

Fiji shells (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 

French Polynesia shells 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 3 0 

Kenya live 0 0 0 177 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Madagascar shells 0 0 0 0 4375 0 0 2500 2500 3491 2967 

Malaysia live 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Marshall Is. live 3268 369 571 450 25 0 770 4915 2172 2810 3809 

Marshall Islands live (kg) 0 162 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Marshall Islands shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 


Morocco live 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mozambique shells 0 0 0 0 0 6260 27000 16600 0 11000 0 

Mozambique shells (kg) 0 0 0 10000 0 64000 25500 25040 21000 22000 0 



Guinea 

0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 4 0 0 

Palau shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 



Samoa live 0 0 0 0 100 1 0 100 2340 111 0 

Seychelles live 0 0 900 800 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 

Seychelles shells 0 0 0 200 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 


Singapore shells 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Sri Lanka bodies 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sri Lanka live 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tonga live 0 3450 0 0 0 2122 9021 5901 4955 4621 5572 

Tonga live (kg) 0 182 0 0 0 62 0 264 276 399 100 


Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 2012 529 1325 0 0 0 

Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 20 800 525 6641 2798 5079 

Vanuatu live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 


Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 310 5240 9000 9250 8250 7700 


COMMENT 

Recommend inclusion for review as the status of the species for the main exporting countries is unknown, or in the case 

of Fiji where the species is being over-fished. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 196

5 Tridacna rosewateri 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Bénitier de Rosewater (French) 



Mauritius: Occurrence noted (Raymakers et al, 2003; Wells, 1996 and 1997). So far only described (in 1991) from its 

type locality on the Saya de Malha Bank (Wells, 1997). 

REFERENCES 

Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N. and Sant, G. (2003) Review of the exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam. 

Draft report by TRAFFIC of study co-funded by the European Commission and TRAFFIC Europe 

Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna rosewateri. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 

2004. 

Wells, S. 1997. Giant clams: status, trade and mariculture, and the role of CITES in management. IUCN - The World Conservation Union. -Gland, 

Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. ISBN 2-8317-0430-8 

COMMENT 

Recommend exclusion from review as there is no reported trade. 

6 Tridacna squamosa 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Fluted Clam; Fluted Giant Clam; Scaly Clam (English) 



T. squamosa has one of the largest ranges for all giant clams extending from the Red Sea and East African coast across 

the Indo-Pacific to the Pitcairn Islands. It has a current range of 41 countries. It is reasonably abundant (Munro 1989), 

but its status in the Indian Ocean is poorly known (Wells, 1997). 

American Samoa: Production for enhancement of wild stocks is also under way in Western Samoa (Bell et al. 1997a, 

Bell 1999b both in Adams et al., 2001). 

Australia: Abundant (Wells, 1997). 

British Indian Ocean Territory: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Comoros: Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). 

Cook islands: Rarely seen and is generally found outside the reef (Anon, nd). Government hatchery on Aitutaki for 10 

years, but not currently commercially sustainable (Matutu, 1999 in Adams et al., 2001). Small-scale enterprises supply 

T. squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). Production 

for enhancement of wild stocks is also under way (Bell et al. 1997a, Bell 1999b both in Adams et al., 2001). Mainly 

found in depths greater than 10m, proably due to high fishing pressure in shallow waters; rarely found on outer reef 

slopes of Rarotonga and Aitutaki; heavily exploited in 1970s for local use (Wells, 1997). 

Federated States of Micronesia: Occurs in very low numbers (Raymakers et al., 2003). Low to very low numbers in 

Yap, Chuuk and Pohnpei; no longer found in Kosrae; heavily fished (Wells, 1997). 

Fiji: Overfished (Vuki, 2000). Production for enhancement of wild stocks is also under way (Bell et al. 1997a, Bell 

1999b both in Adams et al., 2001). Overfished, especially near population centres (Wells, 1997). 

Guam [int. – ex]: On Guam, species can only be taken home for consumption from April through July. Size limits: no 

smaller than 5.9 inches (15 cm) and no larger than 11.8 inches (30 cm). Only 20 pounds (9 kg) of shells can be taken 

per day during the season. There are some areas on Guam where harvesting is prohibited (Puno, nd). Possibly extinct 

(Wells, 1997). Harvested primarily as food for local consumption (Raymakers et al., 2003). Presumed extinct through 

overfishing (Wells, 1997). 

India: Andaman Is, Nicobar Is, Laccadives. Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Indonesia: Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et al., 2003). All coastal waters 

(Wells, 1997). 

Japan: Possibly extinct. Overfished in Okinawan waters (Wells, 1997). 

Kenya: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Kiribati: Gilbert Is, Phoenix Is.? Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Madagascar: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 197

Malaysia: Sabah Islands off east ocast of W.Malaysia (Wells, 1997). 

Maldives: Occurs, but heavily fished (Wells, 1997). 

Marshall Islands: Small-scale enterprises supply T. squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. One of the 

main species of Tridacna traded. Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). 1997, Hart et al. 

1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). Widespread but in low to very low numbers (Wells, 1997). 

Mauritius: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Mozambique: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Myanmar: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

New Caledonia: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Niue: Moderate exploitation; stock density very low (14/ha); population may no longer be self-sustaining (Wells, 

1997). 

Northern Marianas: Extinct? (Wells, 1997). 

Palau: Not noticeable according to surveys in 1977 (Nichols, 1991). According to Heslinga and Perron (1984 in 

Nichols, 1991) species is in a clear state of decline in the area; continued wild harvesting could threaten these species. A 

ban on clam fishing was recommended, at least for this popular fishing area (reef North and South of Aulong Channel 

in the main barrier reef), where sustained exploitation was high. No commercial exporting of clam meat is permitted 

violators face fines of between $500 - 2,000 and/or up to 12 months in jail. Despite legislation, quantities of clam meat 

continue to be exported from Palau, especially to Taiwan. In addition, clam meat is sent to relations overseas, especially 

Guam, for home consumption. Such exports violate national law. Better enforcement of existing law protecting wild 

clam stocks would help to deter such illegal activities (Nichols, 1991). Small-scale enterprises supply T. squamosa to 

the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). 


for T. squamosa were at 1.79/ha, particularly when compared with the results recorded from 1996. These low stocks are 


(Kinch 2002). See comments on Tridacna from Kinch (2002) listed for T.crocea. Used for subsistence purposes 

(Munro, 1989). 

Philippines: ‘Occurs; declined in Central Visayas since 1976.’ (IUCN, TRAFFIC and WCMC, 1995). Sort after by the 

shell trade and frequently imported from the Philippines (Lukan 2000). 

Pitcairn: Common on Ducie; occasional on Henderson (Wells, 1997). 

Saudi Arabia: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Seychelles: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Singapore: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Solomon Islands: ‘Widespread.’ (IUCN, TRAFFIC and WCMC, 1995). Small-scale enterprises supply T.squamosa to 

the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). 

?Somalia: Occurrence queried (Wells, 1997). 

South Africa: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Sri Lanka: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Tanzania, United Republic of: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Thailand: Nearly extinct (Thamrongnavasawat 2001) 

Tokelau: Heavily exploited, although queries over occurrence (Wells, 1997). 

Tonga: ‘Overfished especially near population centres.’ (IUCN, TRAFFIC and WCMC, 1995). Small-scale enterprises 

supply T. squamosa to the marine aquarium trade (Foyle et al. 1997, Hart et al. 1998, both in Adams et al., 2001). 

Populations are affected by over-exploitation, especially near population centres. Harvested for domestic food use, shell 

used for decorative purposes and also exported live for the aquarium trade. There are limitations regarding the types of 

fishing gear used. Scuba and hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this species and there is also a minimum size shell 

length of 180mm for T. squamosa (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Tuvalu: Overfished; stock densities low (Wells, 1997). 

USA [int.] (Hawaii) 

Vanuatu: Priced subsistence foods for the local Ni-Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). Patchy or rare, 

probably naturally (Wells, 1997). 

Viet Nam: Known from the Hon Mun and the Phu Quoc proposed marine protected areas (ADB 1999)BirdLife 

International et al 2001a and b. 

Wallis and Futuna Islands: Occurrence noted (Wells, 1997). 

Western Samoa: Very rare through overfishing (Wells, 1997). 

REFERENCES 

Adams, T., Bell, J. and Labrosse, P. 2001. Current status of aquaculture in the Pacific Islands. In R.P.Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, 

S.E. McGladdery and J.R. Arthur, eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in 

the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp. 295-305. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. 

Anon, (nd). Giant clams (pa’ua) in the Cook Islands. The Secretariat for the Pacific Community 

Bell, J.D. 1999b. Restocking of giant clams: progress, problems and potential. In Stock enhancement and sea ranching. First International Symposium 

on Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching, Bergen, Norway (Eds. B. R. Howell, E. Moskness and T. Svasand). Blackwell Science, Oxford. 

Bell, J. D., A. M. Hart, T. P. Foyle, M. H. Gervis and I. Lane. 1997a. Can aquaculture help restore and sustain production of giant clams? In 

Developing and sustaining world fisheries resources: the state of science and management. 2nd World Fisheries Congress Proceedings, 

Brisbane 1996. (Eds. D. A. Hancock, D. C. Smith, A. Grant and J. P. Beumer. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp 509-513. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 198

BirdLife International, EU and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute 2001a. Hon Mun Proposed Marine Protected Area. Sourcebook of existing 

and proposed protected areas in Vietnam. http://www.wing-wbsj.or.jp/~vietnam/source_book/sb_pdf/Hon_Mun.pdf 

BirdLife International, EU and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute 2001b. Phu Quoc Proposed Marine Protected Area. Sourcebook of existing 

and proposed protected areas in Vietnam. http://www.wing-wbsj.or.jp/~vietnam/source_book/sb_pdf/Phu_Quoc_marine.pdf 

Foyle, T. P., J. D. Bell, M. H. Gervis and I. Lane. 1997. Survival and growth of juvenile fluted giant clams, Tridacna squamosa, in large-scale village 

grow-out trials in the Solomon Islands. Aquaculture 148:85-104. 

Hart, A. M., J. D. Bell and T. P. Foyle. 1998. Growth and survival of the giant clams Tridacna derasa, T. maxima and T. crocea at village farms. 

Aquaculture 165:203-220. 

IUCN SSC, TRAFFIC Network and WCMC (1995) Review of Significant Trade in animal species included in CITES Appendix II. Detailed reviews 

of 24 species. Final report to the CITES Animals Committee, July 1995. Unpublished. 

Kinch, J. (2002) Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19(2 ): 67-75. 

Lukan, E. M. 2000. Tridacna squamosa, Fish 'N' Chips A Monthly Marine Newsletter 

August Downloaded on 26 January 2004 



Nichols, P. V. (1991).Republic of Palau Marine Resources Profiles. Fisheries Development section, Forum Fisheries Agency.FFA Report No.91/59 

Puno, H. (nd). Hima. Giant clams. Trdacna sp. 

http://www.guamcc.net/eduprogram/acsuprt/science/ebsp99/hima.htm 



Thamrongnavasawat, T. 2001. Survey of Distribution of Giant Clams in Mu Ko Surin Marine National Park Area. Research UNESCO. Talaythai 

http://www.talaythai.com/English/unesco/un02.php3 

Vuki, V., Naqasima M. and Vave R. (2000) 2000 Status of Fiji’s coral reefs. Unpublished status report by the SW Pacific node of the Global Coral 

Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). 

http://www.reefbase.org/pdf/GCRMN_2000_FJI.pdf 

Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna squamosa. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 

2004. 


ix +77pp. 




Gross Exports of Tridacna maxima 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 


Belgium live 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Egypt live 0 0 0 0 1316 775 1310 430 0 0 0 



Fiji live 0 0 280 49 137 1040 156 305 127 160 597 

Fiji shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 



Kenya shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 





Mozambique shells 0 0 0 0 40200 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Papua New 

Guinea 

meat (kg) 

0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Papua New 

Guinea 

shells 

0 8 1 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 

Palau live 50 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Philippines shells (kg) 3428 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Samoa live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 62 0 

Seychelles shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 

Singapore shells 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 199

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 


Tonga live 13 594 0 761 1925 254 0 226 1573 1663 2474 

Tonga live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 181 261 0 



Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 


Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 300 2415 1015 0 


Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 110 3750 8900 23700 15081 18654 

Viet Nam live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10000 0 


Yemen live 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Recommend inclusion for review as the status of the species for the main exporting countries is unknown, or in the case 

of Tonga, because of reports that the species is being over-fished. 

7 Tridacna tevoroa 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Tevoro Clam (English); Bénitier de Tevoro (French) 

GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS VU B1+2c (Wells, 1996) 


First described in 1990 (Wells, 1997) 

Fiji: Lau Islands. Rare, low abundance compared to other species (Wells, 1997). 

Tonga: Ha'apai, Vava'u and Tongatapu (Wells, 1997). Populations are affected by over-exploitation, especially near 

population centres (Anon. 1993). Harvested as meat for domestic consumption and their shells used as decorative items. 

There are limitations regarding the types of fishing gear used. Scuba and hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this 

species (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

"The species Tridacna tevoroa, endemic to the Lau and Tongan waters, has been overfished in the Ha’apai Group 

(Zann, 1994)” (Lovell and Palaki, 2002). 

REFERENCES 

Anon 2003. Giant Clam Biology And Culture In: Aquasearch 


Lovell, E. R. and Palaki, A. 2002. National coral reef status report Tonga; Coral reefs in the Pacific: Status and monitoring, Resources and 

management. Prepared jointly by the International Ocean Institute (IOI) South Pacific and the Kiribati Fisheries Division for the 

International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) and the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP). 

http://www.icriforum.org/secretariat/pdf/317-410.pdf Downloaded on 26 January 2004 



Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna tevoroa. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 2004. 


ix +77pp. 

Zann L. P., 1994. The Status of Coral Reefs in South Western Pacific Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 29 (1-3): 52-61. 

COMMENT 

Recommend species be excluded from review as there is no reported trade. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 200

8 Hippopus hippopus 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Bear Paw Clam; Horse's Hoof Clam; Strawberry Clam (English) 



Occurs from Myanmar, east to the Marshall Islands and south to New Caledonia and is still found in 19 countries. 

Populations are greatly reduced in abundance and it is now extinct in several places (Wells, 1997) 

American Samoa (ex, reint): Extinct (Wells, 1997) 

Australia: Queensland: Occurs, abundant (Wells, 1997) 

Cook Islands (int), Introduced into Aitutaki from Australia in 1990” (Ministry of Marine Resources, Government of 

the Cook Islands, date?) 

Fiji (ex, reint): Extinct, only fossil records (Wells, 1997). 

Guam (ex): Presumed extinct through overfishing (Wells, 1997). 

? India : ?Andaman Is, ?Nicobar Is: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Indonesia: All coastal waters (Wells, 1997) Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation (Raymakers et 

al., 2003). Smuggling of H. hippopus shells and live specimens for the aquarium trade in Singapore as first destination 

have been reported (Aspari Rachman, C.V. Dinar (aquarium exporter), Bali, Indonesia, in litt. (answer to questionnaire) 

to TRAFFIC Europe, December 2002). 

Japan (ex?): Wells (1997) states that Shang et al (1990) list H.hippopus. 

Kiribati: Occurs in Gilbert Islands (Wells, 1997). 

Malaysia: Sabah Occurrence not confirmed (Wells, 1997). 

Marshall Islands: Collected for subsistence purposes as food (Raymakers et al., 2003). Widespread but varies in 

abundance (Wells, 1997). 

?Mauritius: According to the Muaritius CITES Management Authority (in litt. To CITES Secretariat, 1995) also 

occurs in Mauritius, but this has not been confirmed by the scientific literature (Wells, 1997). 

Micronesia, Federated States of: (ex, reint) Has become locally extinct due to overexploitation (Raymakers et al., 

2003). Rare in Kosrae due to over fishing: declining in Pohnpei since commercial harves began in 1986; very low 

numbers elsewhere (Wells, 1997). 

Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

New Caledonia: One of the main species of Tridacnidae traded by New Caledonia (Raymakers et al., 2003). Present 

(Wells, 1997). 

Northern Mariana Islands (ex, reint) Extinct? (Wells, 1997). 

Palau: Occurs (Wells, 1997). 

Papua New Guinea: Used for subsistence purposes (Munro, 1989). Occurs (Wells, 1997). 

Philippines: Occurs; not abundant; last stronghold in S. Palawan and population west of Zambales (Wells, 1997). 

Samoa (ex, reint), Singapore, Solomon Islands, Taiwan (ex?), ? Thailand, 

Singapore: Rare (Wells, 1997). 

Solomon Islands: Restricted but not as rare as T.derasa (Wells, 1997). 

Taiwan: Occurs only on Penghu Island and Hengchun Peninsular (Wells, 1997). 

Thailand: May occur (Wells, 1997). 

Tonga: (ex, reint), "Extinct but recent fossils. Re-introduced from JCU 1991" (Wells, 1997). There are limitations 

regarding the types of fishing gear used. Scuba and hookah are prohibited for the harvest of this species (Raymakers et 

al., 2003). Officially not collected at all (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Tuvalu: Overfished (Wells, 1997). 

Vanuatu: Priced subsistence foods for the local Ni-Vanuatu population (Zann and Ayling, 1988). Patchy or rare; 

overfished on inhabited islands; most common on uninhabited Cook Reef and Reef Islands; absent from heavily 

populated areas such as Malekula (Wells, 1997). 

Viet Nam: Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Western Samoa: Extinct . Re-introduced from JCU in 1991 and from CAC 1990 and 1992 (all died)(Wells, 1997). H. 

hippopus is found in the Indo-Pacific region and is hunted for food and souvenirs (Lukan, 2000). 

Marine resources have been depleted due to subsistence, artisanal and commercial fishing pressures related to increase 

in fishing communities. Examples include bêche-de-mer, trochus, giant clams, coral, shells and live fish. Locally giant 

clams (Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus) and coconut crabs have become extinct in the country due to 

overharvesting. Previously permitted commercial harvesting of turtles has resulted in an alarming reduction in the 

population of the once plentiful green and hawksbill populations (WWF Pacific, 2002). 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 201

REFERENCES 

IUCN SSC, TRAFFIC Network and WCMC (1995) Review of Significant Trade in animal species included in CITES Appendix II. Detailed reviews 

of 24 species. Final report to the CITES Animals Committee, July 1995. Unpublished. 

Lukan, E. M. 2000. Hippopus hippopus, Fish 'N' Chips A Monthly Marine Newsletter August 



Islands: Subjects of particular interest Downloaded on 






Shang, Y.C., Tisdell, C. and Leung, P.S. 1990. Report on a market survey of giant clam products in Selected countries. Centre for Tropical and Subtropical 

Aquaculture, Unvierstiy of Hawaii. Publication No. 107. 

Wells, S. 1996. Hippopus hippopus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 

2004. 


ix +77pp. 

WWF Pacific, 2002, Conserving Marine Biodiversity in Fiji Downloaded on 26 January 

2004 




Gross Exports of Hippopus hippopus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 



Fiji live 0 0 0 0 0 28 27 73 22 0 14 



Mexico bodies (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 




Guinea 

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Palau live 0 0 6 0 0 0 77 0 60 16 0 

Palau shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 




Pitcairn live 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Taiwan shells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Tonga live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 


Unknown live 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 


Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 34 0 0 



COMMENT 

Recommend inclusion for review as populations are greatly reduced in abundance and it is now extinct in several 

places. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 202

9 Hippopus porcellanus 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

China Clam (English) 



The natural distribution of the species is eastern Indonesia, southern Philipines, Palau, and Papua New Guinea. It has 

been cultured in Palau, Philippines and Indonesia, but continues to be a rare species (Anon, 2003). 

Very restricted distribution in Indonesia, the Philippines and Palau (Wells, 1997). 

Indonesia: North coast only; marked decline (Wells, 1997). Wild populations have been affected by over-exploitation 

(Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Malaysia: Sabah Occurrence reported (Raymakers et al., 2003). 

Palau: Occurrence reported (Wells, 1997). 

Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Kinch, 2002). 

Philippines: Confined to south in Sulu and S. China Seas; considered endangered (Wells, 1997; Wells, 1997). Stock 

assessments of wild tridacnid populations in the Philippines date back to the 1984-1986 surveys done by the University 

of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI) and the Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML). T. gigas, 

T. derasa and Hippopus porcellanus have been reported as overfished (Juinio et al., 1989). H. porcellanus may be 

virtually extinct, and if ever a few populations remain, these might be located in the further south of the Philippines” 

(Mingoa-Licuanan, S. S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002). 

REFERENCES 

Anon 2003. Giant Clam Biology And Culture In: Aquasearch Downloaded on 26 January 2004 

Kinch, J. 2002. Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin 19 (2): 67-75. 





Wells, S. 1996. Hippopus porcellanus. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 23 January 

2004. 


ix +77pp. 


Gross Exports of Hippopus porcellanus 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Palau shells 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Solomon Is. live 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 

COMMENT 

Recommend species is not included for review as there has been very little trade since the early 1990s. 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 203

10 Tridacnidae spp. 

FAMILY 


TRIDACNIDAE 

Giant clams 


Gross Exports reported to family or genus level only - Tridacnidae spp., Tridacna spp., Hippopus spp. 

Exporter Term 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Cook Islands meat 0 0 0 0 2.5 40 0 26 27 214 1023 

Cook Islands meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 

Cook Islands shells 0 0 0 2 39.5 154 146 62 17 76 188 

Egypt live 0 0 0 0 740 0 450 250 0 0 0 

Fiji live 0 0 20 0 0 44 691 3032 75 3 45 

Fiji live (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 

Fiji meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 

Fiji meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 1700 0 20 25 0 0 0 

Fiji shells 6 14 0 12 65 2 9 8 5 11 22 



Kiribati meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 

Kiribati meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 




Marshall Islands meat (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 



New Caledonia 

shells (kg) 

0 0 0 0 

2366. 

3 4 0 0 0 0 0 

Papua New meat (kg) 

Guinea 

0 0 0 0 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 


Guinea 

0 1 13 6 255 3 6 0 14 16 11 

Palau live 0 0 0 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Philippines shells (kg) 1700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.908 

Samoa meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2 

Samoa shells 1 1 1 0 0 0 34 0 0 3 0 

Seychelles live 0 0 0 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 



Taiwan shells 0 0 2772 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tonga live 0 990 0 185 0 0 71 0 58 0 0 

Tonga live 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 28 216 0 0 

Tonga meat 223 0 0 0 60 4592 0 4702 3135 7828 7278 

Tonga meat (kg) 0 0 45 675 1220 0 7600 0 0 5 25 

Tonga shells 0 0 0 6 8 0 31 178 13 115 67 

Vanuatu live 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 799 9946 0 9 

Vanuatu shells 37.5 27 0 0 0 24 24 80 12 66 133 

Viet Nam live 0 0 0 0 0 340 7880 26444 27535 0 0 

AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 204

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Bell, J. (1999). Reducing the costs of restocking giant clams in the Solomon Islands. Coral Reefs 18:326. Bell, J., 

Fa’anunu, U., Koloa, T. (1994). Kingdom of Tonga: Fisheries Resources Profile. Report 94/5. Forum Fisheries 

Agency,Honiara, Solomon Islands. 

Bodoy, A. (1984) An assessment of human impact on giant clam populations (Tridacna maxima) in the vicinity of 

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Symposia on Coral Reef Environment Red Sea Jeddah 

Braley, R. D. (1985) Serotonin-induced spawning in giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Aquaculture 47: 321-325. 

Braley, R. (ed.) (1992). The Giant Clams: A Hatchery and Nursery Culture Manual. ACIAR Monograph 15. Australian 

Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. 

Braley, R. (1994). The importance of aquaculture and establishment of reserves for the restocking of giant clams on 

over-harvested reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. In: Proceedings of the World Fishery Congress (1994), held in 

Rome, Italy, 1992. 

Brown, J. H. and Muskanofola, M. R. (1985) An investigation of stocks of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in Java and 

their utilization and potential. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 1: 25-39. 

Bryan, P. G. and McConnell, D. B. (1976) Status of giant clam stocks (Tridacnidae) on Helen Reef, Palau, Western 

Caroline Islands, April 1975. Marine Fisheries Review 38: 15-18. 

Calumpong, H. (ed.) (1992). The Giant Clams: An Ocean Culture Manual. ACIAR Monograph 16. Australian Centre 

for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. 

Calumpong, H. P. and Solis-Duran, E. 1993. Constraints in re-stocking Philippine reefs with giant clams. In: Fitt, W. K. 

(Ed.) 1994. Biology and Mariculture of Giant Clams. Workshop held in conjunction with 7th International 

Coral Reef Congress, Guam, June 1992. ACIAR Proceedings No. 47. 

Chesher, R. (1980). Stock Assessment: Commercial Invertebrates of Milne Bay Coral Reefs. Report prepared for the 

Fisheries Division, Department of Primary Industries, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. 

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