Spreadsheet Tool User Manual forï£°ï£° Planning MSW Management

TOOLKIT FOR ISWM PLANNING 

Spreadsheet Tool 

User Manual 

for 

Planning MSW 

Management 

2007 

P REPARED FOR UNEP‐ DTIE‐ IETC

Spreadsheet Tool User Manual for Planning MSW Management 

About Spreadsheet Tool User Manual 

MSW generated from household sectors is complex both in terms of quality and quantity and is 

therefore dealt with separately. Most cities around the world are expanding with a growth in the 

population. As there is more economic growth, there is rapid change in the MSW quantity and 

quality. The changing waste quantity and quality exerts pressure on the existing waste management 

systems. 

The objective of this spreadsheet is to assist in interactive discussions for developing decision 

support systems for MSW Management. 

This Spreadsheet Tool also assists in the Strategic Planning Process by helping in data collection 

and analysis, assessment of gaps in MSW management, assisting in setting new goals, objectives and 

targets to improvise MSW Management. It also gives the user the option of understanding the 

impacts of the various schemes on MSW management. By this it enables the user to understand the 

current situation better and make more relevant and better decisions. 

The Spreadsheet Tool is based upon a simple model which consists of MSW management from 

generation to disposal. The aim is to provide a simple, interactive system to analyze the 

environmental, economic (and eventually social) impacts of various management options. The 

Spreadsheet MSW Tool can help by visualizing a “first cut” rapid assessment of options with 

available data and determine critical areas for future work. 

The Spreadsheet Tool for Planning MSW Management begins with a Main Menu which is followed 

by the following worksheets: 

I. Inputs Worksheets: For entering Inputs 

• Profile of MSW Generation, Segregation, Recycling and Decentralized Treatment 

• MSW Collection Infrastructure 

• Centralized MSW Treatment and Disposal 

II. Ward wise Calculation Worksheet: For entering and analyzing data 

• Data for current decade and for next 5 decades can be analyzed 

III. Outputs Worksheets: For viewing and using results of the waste data 

• Results Worksheet 

• Waste Flow Worksheet 

• Charts Worksheet 

IV. 

Schemes Worksheet: For understanding and using of Schemes Worksheet 

The inputs entered in the inputs worksheet are used in the calculations in the ward wise calculation 

worksheet. The results of the calculations in the ward wise calculation worksheet are displayed in 

the Results, Waste Flow and Charts Worksheets. The Effectiveness of the schemes from the Schemes 

Worksheet would impact the inputs in the Inputs Worksheet. 

2


INPUTS WARDWISE CALCULATION SCHEMES 

RESULTS 

WASTE FLOW 

CHARTS 

Spreadsheet Tool for Planning MSW Management is the outcome of efforts by: 

Mr. Rahul Datar 

Environmental Management Centre (EMC), Mumbai, India 

http://www.emcentre.com 

Team at EMC comprised 

Mr. Shantanu Roy 

Mr. Sunil Gangurde 

Ms. Nassera Ahmed 

Mr. Kedar Kulkarni 

3


Table of Contents 

Section No. Title Page No. 

1 Introduction to the Spreadsheet Tool User Manual 5 

1.1 Objectives of this Tool 5 

1.2 Structure of the Tool 16 

2 How to use the Spreadsheet Tool 18 

2.1 Getting Started 18 

2.2 Entering Inputs on Inputs Worksheet 20 

2.3 

Entering and Analyzing Data on Ward wise Calculation 

Worksheet 

22 

2.4 Using Results, Waste Flow, Charts Worksheets 23 

2.5 Understanding and Using Schemes Worksheet 24 

3 Assumptions and Calculations in the Spreadsheet Tool 27 

3.1 Assumptions 27 

3.2 Calculations 28 

4 User Flexibility in the Spreadsheet Tool 31 

5 

Example – Pune City Waste Data Analysis using 


32 

5.1 Inputs 32 

5.2 Results – Current Year 33 

4


1 Introduction to the Spreadsheet Tool User Manual 

1.1 Objectives of this Tool 

UNEP implemented three ISWM Plan projects in varied locations and under different circumstances 

which led to an increase in the knowledge pool of UNEP. In order to share the experience during 

these projects and thereby aid other city municipals and authorities for implementing ISWM Plans, a 

Guidance Manual was attempted. This Guidance Manual targeted at the urban management 

authorities, provides a set of distilled guidelines that can be practiced to enhance the ISWM 

implementation process. 

Along with the Guidance Manual, a Toolkit for ISWM Planning has been attempted which can be 

used by urban management authorities to understand the situation of waste management in the city 

as well as to aid in the consultative approach and thinking towards integrated management of solid 

waste. This Toolkit for ISWM Planning includes a Spreadsheet Tool for Planning Municipal Solid 

Waste (MSW) Management. 

MSW generated from household sectors is complex both in terms of quality and quantity and is 

therefore dealt with separately. Most cities around the world are expanding with a growth in the 

population. As there is more economic growth, there is rapid change in the MSW quantity and 

quality. The changing waste quantity and quality exerts pressure on the existing waste management 

systems. 

The objective of this spreadsheet is to assist in interactive discussions for developing decision 

support systems for MSW Management. 

5


The Integrated Solid Waste Management concept as per definition involves the entire life‐cycle process 

from generation to disposal of waste. This issue not just involves different sources of waste generation 

but also diversities in terms of waste characteristics, involved stakeholders and required technological 

know‐how. In order to deal with this complex issue, for arriving at an optimal solution a number of 

difficult choices will have to be made. Prediction of waste generation and characterization is crucial for 

developing a robust waste management plan. However, these parameters being a function of several 

factors, the prediction will have to be done following the scenario building approach. 

The scenario based approach; participatory frame‐work and analysis of alternatives to come up with a 

robust alternative are some of the key principles enshrined in the Strategic Planning Process. Hence this 

process has been adopted as the basis for developing the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan. The 

Strategic Planning process focuses more on adaptability to change, flexibility and importance of strategic 

thinking and organizational learning. 

The Strategic Planning (SP) process begins with a situation analysis, i.e. an assessment of the internal as 

well as external environment. The present situation is carefully evaluated to find out if the organization 

is on track towards meeting its goal and vision. If no goals/objectives have previously been set then the 

new goals / objectives are set and the SP process is geared towards achieving targets under each 

objective. This is followed by development of action plan on how to meet targets by the implementation 

of various schemes. The action plan is then monitored to check if targets have been attained or not. In 

case targets are not achieved, the process is repeated till the desired targets are met. 

The growth of a city is characterized by increase in economic and developmental activities. These 

activities are typically driven by the production and consumption patterns. Over the years, the 

economic activities have been mapped with the manufacturing and construction activities. The 

improved standard of living and extent of commercialization in the cities have significantly changed 

the consumption patterns and thereby the waste composition. The inability to fully grasp the 

problems of waste generation and characterization have resulted in transforming Solid Waste 

Management as one of the most compelling problem of urban environmental degradation. 

The solid waste quantities generated as well as its ever changing characteristics is at an alarming 

proposition. The household waste contains biodegradable waste such as vegetables, leftover foods; 

non biodegradable materials such as plastics, and hazardous material like used batteries; thereby 

rendering it to be a complicated situation to handle. 

Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes are also many a time considered as part of MSW and 

such mixed waste is disposed at the landfill reducing the life of the landfills. In addition to this the 

wastes generated from commercial establishments and from industries add a different dimension to 

the waste generation scenario. The industrial hazardous wastes if mixed into Municipal Solid Waste 

(MSW) create unsafe conditions. 

Furthermore, the problems of bio‐medical waste and the electronic waste (E‐waste) generation lead 

to complicated waste generation and management scenario. 

6


The heightened awareness and the governing regulatory regime have resulted in the involvement of 

various agencies like government, private and non‐government organizations; to undertake pilots 

and projects in partnership. However, an integrated and strategic approach is still missing. In most 

cases the projects and initiatives have remained either isolated or not up‐scaled or replicated. 

Individual or fragmented approach is bound to become unsustainable in view of increasing 

complexity of the waste streams. Unless the approach is strategic and cross‐sectional, ad‐hoc waste 

management will always remain a challenge. 

There is also a dire need to integrate the informal sector into mainstream waste management 

process. This informal sector which may comprise of rag pickers, illegal or unauthorized recyclers 

handle a substantial amount of waste generated without the requisite environmental safeguards. 

A plausible solution to waste management would be an integrated approach which would include 

collective management of all types of wastes and implementation of the 3R (Reduce, Reuse and 

Recycle) policies and strategies. 

Figure below highlights the need for ISWM. 

There is a growing realization of 

the negative impacts that 

wastes have had on the local 

environment (air, water, land, 

human health etc.) 

Cities are facing an increasing 

growth in population, and 

shares in GDP growth, 

resulting in – among other 

things – increasing quantities 

of waste being generated 

Due to changing lifestyles and 

consumption patterns, the 

quantity of waste generated 

has increased with quality and 

composition of waste 

becoming more varied and 

changing. 

Complexity, costs and 

coordination of waste 

management has necessitated 

multi‐stakeholder involvement in 

every stage of the waste stream. 

This calls for an integrated 

approach to waste management. 

NEED 

FOR 

ISWM 

Local Governments are now looking 

at waste as a business opportunity, 

(a) to extract valuable resources 

contained within it that can still be 

used and (b) to safely process and 

dispose wastes with a minimum 

impact on the environment 

Industrialization and economic 

growth has produced more 

amounts of waste, including 

hazardous and toxic wastes. 

Need for ISWM 1 

1 As referred to http://www.institutoventuri.com.br/img_forum/palestras/Palestras%2018%20de%20maio%20%20Tarde/Surya%20Chandak.pdf 

7


Several Solid Waste Management Plans have been developed around the world. Many of them have 

been used as illustrations in this chapter as well as the following chapters. However many of these 

plans are mostly highlighting the problem of Municipal Solid Waste and therefore they are not able 

to handle the whole waste management problem in an integrated manner. This may also be as there 

is no standard methodology for ISWM planning. 

In order to cope with the problem of Solid Waste Management, The United Nations Environmental 

Programme (UNEP) through International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC), Division of 

Technology, Industry, and Economics (DTIE) have been instrumental in developing and implementing 

Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans for three cities, namely: 

1. Pune city, India 

2. Wuxi, Peoples Republic of China 

3. Lesotho, South Africa 

The objective of the projects were to develop Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) plan 

covering MSW, Biomedical waste, Industrial hazardous waste, Construction & Demolition (C&D) 

waste and Electronic‐waste. The plans would cover all the aspects of ISWM chain including 

collection, segregation, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal. 

The implementation of these three projects, set‐up in varied locations and under different 

circumstances has led to an increase in the knowledge‐pool of UNEP. In order to share the 

experiences during these projects and thereby aid other city municipals and authorities for 

implementing ISWM plans, a Guidance Manual has been attempted. This Guidance Manual, targeted 

at the urban management authorities, provides a set of distilled guidelines that can be practiced to 

enhance the ISWM implementation process. 

The UNEP‐DTIE‐IETC is utilizing the services of Mr. Rahul Datar with support from Environmental 

Management Centre to assist them to carry out the project and carry out the tasks identified to 

achieve the project objective. 

8


ISWM proposes to take a comprehensive approach across all types of solid waste streams and 

involves the use of a range of different options. ISWM is a system developed from generation to 

disposal and builds around the other management steps encompassing all types of solid wastes. The 

selection of the most appropriate waste management systems and sustainable technologies are also 

the identified requirements needed to deliver an optimum and sustainable ISWM system. In 

combination with economic and social considerations, this approach would help waste managers to 

design more sustainable solid waste management systems. 

Thus for the management of solid waste the following is the preferred hierarchy of approaches 

• Reduction at source meaning incorporation of tenets of waste management at every stage 

of consumption from design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials to reduce the 

amount or toxicity of waste generated. 

• Environmentally suitable reuse and recycling to conserve natural resources and energy 

through systematic segregation, collection and reprocessing. 

The various interpretations of the Integrated Solid Waste Management can be seen in Figure below: 

Reuse, 

Disposal & 

Treatment 

Generation 

Transportation 

E-Waste 

MSW 

C&D 

Waste 

Segregation 

Decentralized 

Treatment 

Hazardous 

Waste 

Bio-Medical 

Waste 

Collection 

Recycle 

& 

Reuse 

Concept of Integrated Solid Waste Management 

9


The ISWM concept has to be adapted with the view that effective management schemes need the 

flexibility of design, adaptation, and systems in ways which best meet current social, economic, and 

environmental conditions. These are likely to change over time and vary by location. The need for 

consistency in quality and quantity of recycled and recovered materials (compost, energy), the need 

to support a range of disposal options, and the benefit of economies of scale, suggest that the ISWM 

systems should be organized on a large‐scale. 

Some of the major features of ISWM can be listed as follows: 

Holistic approach to all waste streams thus maximizing synergetic benefits in collection, 

recycling, treatment & disposal 

Maximize the opportunities for resource recovery at all stages ‐ from generation to final 

disposal 

Accommodate aspirations of all stakeholders – from waste generators to waste 

management and service providers 

Facilitate life cycle view of products and materials; thus, promoting greater resource use 

efficiency 

Integrate different response functions such as technical, managerial, financial, policy, 

etc. 

Greater local ownership & responsibilities / participation through a consultative 

approach 

The Integrated Solid Waste Management concept as per definition involves the entire life‐cycle 

process from generation to disposal of varied waste streams. This issue not just involves different 

sources of waste generation but also diversities in terms of waste characteristics, involved stakeholders 

and required technological know‐how. In order to deal with this complex issue, for arriving 

at an optimal solution a number of difficult choices will have to be made. Prediction of waste 

generation and characterization is crucial for developing a robust waste management plan. 

However, these parameters being a function of several factors, the prediction has to be done 

following the scenario building approach. A plan for managing diverse streams needs a flexible 

approach involving varied organizations and stake‐holders and generating alternatives based on 

participatory approach. 

The scenario based approach; participatory framework and analysis of alternatives to come up 

with a robust alternative are some of the key principles enshrined in the Strategic Planning (SP) 

Process. Hence this process can be adopted as the basis for developing the ISWM Plan. The SP 

process focuses more on adaptability to change, flexibility and importance of strategic thinking and 

organizational learning. Further, SP is a continuous process and not a one‐time or quantum activity. 

The process should begin with a situation analysis, i.e. an assessment of the internal as well as 

external environment. During this process, the existing situation has to be carefully evaluated to find 

out if the organization is on track towards meeting its goal and vision. If no goals/objectives have 

previously been set then the new goals / objectives should be set and the SP process has to be 

geared towards achieving targets under each objective. 

10


This should be followed by development of action plan on how to meet targets. The action plan has 

to be then monitored to check if targets have been attained or not. In case targets are not achieved, 

the process should be repeated till the desired targets are met. 

Strategic Planning (SP): Basic Concepts 

Strategic Planning (SP) is a management tool which helps an organization to achieve its goals. The 

term strategic is used for the process because it prepares the organization to respond 

circumstances related to organization’s dynamic environment. Strategic planning is about: 

• The choice that is made out of a number of alternatives that can be done or need to be 

done; 

• Prioritisation of these choices; 

• Timing of the action associated with these choices 

Strategy is essentially a bridge between the past and future. The past and present are viewed when 

an "as is" study is done while the future is visualized through the "to be” study of the overall 

management structure. Here, strategic planning helps in providing ways of maximizing 

opportunities, developing a far‐sighted approach for managing the solid wastes in the region. 

Strategy is thus a process of: 

• Targeting the key things that can be done to move in that direction (priority issues, key 

influences on these issues and the most effective ways of dealing with them); and 

• Engaging everyone concerned to carry them out 

The main components of a strategy are: 

• Assessment including diagnosis (at the start of a strategy); 

• Monitoring and evaluation (during a strategy); 

• Designing the actions (planning); 

• Taking the actions (implementation). 

These components must continue together and reinforce one another. The best strategies have 

been based on participation, building on good existing plans and processes, with clear attention to 

integrated approach. However, strategies are not panaceas. But indeed they break new ground in 

the ways societies and governments tackle complex issues related to solid waste management. 

11

Strategic planning should be a participatory process because: 


• Solid waste management is not possible by one or two institutions. It is a shared 

responsibility; 

• Participation means shared responsibility for the strategy and its joint undertaking; 

• Participation by stakeholder groups is critical for decision making. The result will be a 

realistic strategy with a broad base of knowledge, understanding and commitment from 

the groups involved; 

• Participants bring information to the strategy, ensuring that it is based on a common 

understanding of purpose, problems and solutions; 

• Participation is the most effective way of communicating information on which the 

strategy is based, its goals, and tasks to be undertaken; 

• Participation should be expanded as the strategy develops. 

In the present context, strategic planning could assist in: 

• Developing institutions and organisational arrangements that are better equipped to 

cope with uncertainty, rapid change and the need for more integrated decisions; 

• Developing institutional and technological skills in solid waste management; 

• Developing multi‐agency networks: Incorporating the public, private and the informal 

sector; 

• Setting in motion analysis of the main constraints to more integrated management. 

With a goal as broad as ISWM, it is tempting to try to do everything. Planning must ensure that a 

strategy concentrates on a few priority issues while retaining a broad purview. Such a strategy is 

more likely to be implemented successfully. 

Strategic planning seeks to answer questions such as: 

• "What is our vision?" 

• "How should we be organized?" 

• "How should we allocate resources to our programs and services?” 

12


SP process is about planning because it involves setting of targets or goals and developing a 

framework to achieve these goals. In other words, it can be explained as a vehicle for journey, from 

present situation to better future. Strategic Planning (SP) is about the choice that is made from a 

number of alternatives, the prioritization of those choices, and the timing of the action associated 

with them. Thus, it is a proactive and target‐oriented process‐cum‐methodology. 

The objective of SP is to allocate organizational resources and to establish priorities of actions. SP 

can thus be beneficial to the economic efficiency of the organization as well, by guiding a more 

efficient use of personnel and a more productive application of available financial resources 2 . 

Lastly, SP is essential towards achievement of long‐term objective of developmental activities as it 

encourages a simultaneous consideration of social, environmental and economic factors. Figure 

below explains the basic steps in SP. 

Preparation 

Follow‐up 

Monitoring 

What is 

Current 

Situation? 

Goals, 

Objectives 

and Action 

Plan 

Strategic Planning Process 

Values? 

How to get 

there? 

Where do 

we want to 

be? 

Strategic Planning Process 

By answering these questions (and many others), SP assists in creating a desired future. The process 

as explained in Figure 2.2 begins with a situation analysis, i.e. an assessment of the existing status of 

the organization, known as “strategic analysis”. Here, key areas of concern are identified based on 

“values” and strategic directions are set. The action plan is then monitored to check its effectiveness. 

The benefits of the strategic planning process have been summarized in Box. 

2 How to Prepare an Economic Development Action Plan for Your Community by The Center for Economic Development Research, College of Business 

Administration, University of South Florida. Available at: cedr.coba.usf.edu/projects/Module1EDActionPlan/Case%20Study%201.pdf 

13

Box: Benefits of Strategic Planning 


Benefits of Strategic Planning 3 

Provides a clear definition of organization’s purpose (vision/mission) and helps to 

establish and achieve realistic goals and objectives in a defined time‐frame within the 

organization’s capacity. 

Helps in communicating the vision/mission, goals and objectives to the constituents of 

the organization. 

Focuses the organization’s resources on key priorities hence ensuring an efficient use. 

Provides a monitoring base from which progress can be measured and establishes a 

mechanism for informed change when needed. 

Brings together everyone’s best and most reasoned efforts: this has important value in 

building a consensus about where the organization is going. 

Helps in developing a sense of ownership of the plan when implemented in a 

participatory manner 

The following figure elucidates in detail various steps involved in the SP process and how this 

Spreadsheet Toolkit will be able to help in Strategic Planning. 

3 Strategic Planning: Available at: http://www.mapnp.org/library/plan_dec/str_plan/str_plan.htm 

14


Strategic Planning 

Approach for ISWM Plan 

Development 

Visioning Exercise 

Mission Statement 

Goal Development 

Situation Analysis including Data 

capture and Gaps identification 

Objectives Development 

Guiding Principles 

Success Factor Analysis 

Barriers/Gap Analysis 

Strategy Development 

Prioritisation 

Action Planning 

Monitoring Status 

Updating the ISWM Plan 

Consultative Participatory Process 

Steps in Strategic Planning for ISWM 

This Spreadsheet Tool also assists in the Strategic Planning Process by helping in data collection 

and analysis, assessment of gaps in MSW management, assisting in setting new goals, objectives and 

targets to improvise MSW Management. It also gives the user the option of understanding the 

impacts of the various schemes on MSW management. By this it enables the user to understand the 

current situation better and make more relevant and better decisions. 

The Spreadsheet Tool is based upon a simple model which consists of MSW management from 

generation to disposal. The aim is to provide a simple, interactive system to analyze the 

environmental, economic (and eventually social) impacts of various management options. The 

Spreadsheet MSW Tool can help by visualizing a “first cut” rapid assessment of options with 

available data and determine critical areas for future work. 

15


1.2 Structure of the Tool 

The Spreadsheet Tool for Planning MSW Management begins with a Main Menu which is followed 

by the following worksheets: 

I. Inputs Worksheets: For entering Inputs 

• Profile of MSW Generation, Segregation, Recycling and Decentralized Treatment 

• MSW Collection Infrastructure 

• Centralized MSW Treatment and Disposal 

II. Ward wise Calculation Worksheet: For entering and analyzing data 

• Data for current decade and for next 5 decades can be analyzed 

III. Outputs Worksheets: For viewing and using results of the waste data 

• Results Worksheet 

• Waste Flow Worksheet 

• Charts Worksheet 

IV. 

Schemes Worksheet: For understanding and using of Schemes Worksheet 

The Structure of the Spreadsheet is shown below. The inputs entered in the inputs worksheet are 

used in the calculations in the ward wise calculation worksheet. The results of the calculations in the 

ward wise calculation worksheet are displayed in the Results, Waste Flow and Charts Worksheets. 

The Effectiveness of the schemes from the Schemes Worksheet would impact the inputs in the 

Inputs Worksheet. 

INPUTS 

Worksheet 

WARDWISE 

CALCULATIONS 

Worksheet 

RESULTS 

Worksheet 

WASTE FLOW 

Worksheet 

SCHEMES 

Worksheet 

Structure of the Spreadsheet Tool 

The following chapters explain in detail the different sections of the spreadsheet. Various 

calculations involved and the linkages between different parts of the model are explained in these 

16


chapters. There are several assumptions made in the Spreadsheet MSW Tool which are also 

highlighted in the chapters below. 

The Waste Flow model which has been assumed for this MSW Tool is as shown in the figure below. 

The Waste Flow model has been considered after reviewing several waste flow models around the 

world for various different cities. 

As per this Waste Flow Model the Total MSW Generated undergoes segregation and is then divided 

into segregated and non‐segregated waste. The non‐segregated waste is directly deposited in the 

bins. While the segregated waste is divided into dry and wet categories which undergo recycling and 

decentralised treatment respectively. The leftover dry and wet MSW from the recycling and 

decentralised treatment is transferred to the bins. Therefore the total MSW received in the bins 

consists of the non‐segregated MSW along with the leftover MSW from recycling and treatment 

processes. This MSW from the bins is collected by the vehicles to be transferred to the Transfer 

Stations. There are two types of waste collection vehicles assumed – waste collection vehicle 

(compactor) and dumper placers. MSW from the Transfer Station is then sent to the landfill. MSW at 

the landfill is segregated again into segregated and non‐segregated MSW. The segregated MSW at 

the landfill is divided into the dry and wet components. The wet component undergoes centralised 

treatment and the leftover wet MSW is again sent back to the landfill. Therefore the total MSW 

actually deposited in the landfill includes non‐segregated MSW at the landfill site, dry component of 

the segregated MSW at the landfill and the leftover wet component of the treated wet segregated 

MSW at the landfill. 

This waste flow has been designed as such keeping in mind several limitations as well which are 

explained in detailed in the following chapters. 

17

2 How to use the Spreadsheet Tool 


2.1 Getting Started 4 

Spreadsheet MSW Tool uses a Microsoft ® Excel spreadsheet with Visual Basic macros to assist in 

interactive discussions for developing decision support systems for MSW Management. The 

spreadsheet allows understanding of waste inventory using population projections and calculating 

waste inventory from generation to disposal. An optimization model i.e. the Schemes worksheet is 

also built‐into the spreadsheet to determine the best combination of options that can meet desired 

objectives subject to constraints. 

System requirements for Spreadsheet MSW Tool 

The following hardware and software is required to run Spreadsheet MSW Tool: 

• An Intel Pentium 133 or equivalent processor running Windows 95, 98, NT version 4.0 or later, 

2000 XP; 16 MB RAM (Windows 95 or 98; 24 MB recommended ) or 24 MB of RAM (Windows 

NT; 32 MB recommended) plus 20 MB of available disk space; a colour monitor 

• Microsoft ® Excel (versions above 2000) 

Installing Spreadsheet MSW Tool 

‣ Spreadsheet MSW Tool is a simple spreadsheet program which can be opened using Microsoft 

Excel. Copy Spreadsheet MSW Tool from the Toolkit for ISWM Planning CD‐ROM to your 

computer and launch it. 

4 Note: This spreadsheet is only a prototype to start developing such decision support system tools and should 

not be used to make decisions in the form presented. Depending on the user requirements, these should be 

adapted for the local decision making objectives, parameters, data and context. 

18


Step 1: Copy Spreadsheet MSW Tool from the Toolkit for ISWM Planning CD‐ROM 

‣ Ensure that you enable ‘macros’ while opening the file. Simply click on ‘Enable macros’ when the 

Excel program asks for it. 

Step 2: Select Options to enable Macros 

19


Step 3: Enable Macros 

2.2 Entering Inputs on Inputs Worksheet 

INPUTS 

On this Worksheet, the User would have to enter the inputs for the various parameters listed below. 

These parameters have been divided into three different sections based on the waste flow from 

generation to disposal. These inputs would feed into the specified column in the Ward wise 

Calculation Worksheet and feed into the various calculations. 

20


The three sections are: 

i. Profile of MSW Generation, Segregation, Recycling and Decentralized Treatment: The inputs 

have to be entered by the user. Certain default values have also been given for clearer 

understating. Data entry validation has also been done in order to avoid inconsistent further 

calculations. The parameters under this section are shown below: 

Profile of MSW 

Generation, 

Segregation, 

Recycling and 

Decentralized 

Treatment 

Inputs 

Parameters Assumptions Unit 

Per Capita MSW Generation 0.3 kg/day 

Percentage of MSW Segregation 50 % 

Percentage of Dry Segregated MSW 40 % 

Percentage of Recycling of Dry Segregated MSW 50 % 

Percentage of Decentralised Treatment of Wet 

Segregated MSW 

50 % 

Area Required for Decentralized Treatment of 1 

Ton of Wet Segregated MSW 

300 sq.m 

ii. MSW Collection Infrastructure: The inputs have to be entered by the user. Certain default 

values have also been given for clearer understating. Data entry validation has also been done in 

order to avoid inconsistent further calculations. The parameters under this section are shown 

below: 

MSW Collection 

Infrastructure 

Inputs 


Capacity of Bins 0.1 Ton 

Bin Collection Frequency 

Daily 

drop 

box 

Capacity of Waste Collection Vehicle 5 Ton 

% of MSW taken by Waste Collection Vehicle 60 % 

Total Working Time in a day 540 minutes 

Non‐Productive Time 120 minutes 

Handling Time for a bin 15 minutes 

Round Trip Time for a vehicle 75 minutes 

iii. Centralized MSW Treatment and Disposal: The inputs have to be entered by the user. Certain 

default values have also been given for clearer understating. Data entry validation has also been 

done in order to avoid inconsistent further calculations. The parameters under this section are 

shown below: 

Centralised MSW 

Treatment and 

Disposal 

Inputs 


Percentage of MSW Segregation at the Landfill 50 % 

Percentage of Centralised Treatment of Wet 

Segregated MSW at Landfill 

40 % 

Total Existing Landfill Capacity 1000000 Ton 

Used Existing Landfill Capacity 700000 Ton 

Unused Existing Landfill Capacity 25000 Ton 

21


2.3 Entering and Analyzing Data on Ward wise Calculation 

Worksheet 

WARDWISE CALCULATION 

This Worksheet is where the waste inventory for all the wards/zones in a city takes place. The total 

values are the waste inventory for the city. This waste inventory is calculated by the inputs given by 

the user and is calculated as per the waste flow diagram. This worksheet will show information for 

the current year and the next five decades. 

The user would first have to click on the Add Wards/Zones button and add the number of wards/ 

zones in the city. This would increase the number of rows below each decade. Two population 

growth models – Arithmetic and Geometric growth models have been given. The user has the choice 

to select the growth model. The User would then have to enter the inputs for the various 

parameters which are listed in columns that have been colored in green. The ward/zone names 

would have to be entered along with a brief description of the ward/zone in the comments column. 

The brief description can include information about the housing patterns, economic profile of the 

population etc. The area of the wards needs to be entered. In order to calculate the population 

growth, the previous two decades along with the current decade population needs to be entered by 

the user. After all the inputs have been entered, the calculations set for the waste inventory will be 

done automatically. 

The results from the calculations on this worksheet will be displayed in the output worksheets 

including the results, waste flow, and charts worksheets. 

22


2.4 Using Results, Waste Flow, Charts Worksheets 

RESULTS WASTE FLOW CHARTS 

The Outputs Worksheets includes the following: 

Results Worksheet: The user has to select the decade for viewing the city waste inventory results for 

that selected decade. The results show the area and population of the city, the MSW generation 

scenario, the MSW Collection Adequacy and the MSW disposal methods along with Landfill 

Adequacy. Following are the results of the city that are displayed on the Results Worksheet: 

Results for the City Amount Unit 

Area of the city 

sq.m 

Population 

Total MSW Generated 

Ton / day 

Dry Segregated MSW 

Ton 

Wet Segregated MSW 

Ton 

Non‐Segregated MSW 

Ton 

Recycled Dry MSW 

Ton 

Leftover Dry MSW after Recycling 

Ton 

Decentralized Treated Wet MSW 

Ton 

Leftover Wet MSW after Decentralized Treatment 

Ton 

Total MSW to Bins 

Ton 

Current No. of Bins 

Bin Overload Analysis 

No. of Additional Bins Required 

Total No. of Bins 

Current No. of Vehicles ‐ Waste Collection Vehicles 

Current No of Vehicles ‐ Dumper Placers 

Total MSW to Transfer Station 

Ton 

No. of Additional Vehicles Required 

Total No. of Vehicles (DP & WCV respectively) 

Dry Segregated MSW from Transfer Station 

Ton 

Wet Segregated MSW from Transfer Station 

Ton 

Non‐Segregated MSW from Transfer Station 

Ton 

Centralized Treated Wet MSW 

Ton 

Leftover Wet MSW after Centralized Treatment 

Ton 

MSW to Landfil 

Ton 

Landfill Life 

Years 

Landfill Adequacy 

Adequate / Not Adequate 

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Waste Flow Worksheet: The user has to select the decade for viewing the city waste inventory 

results for that selected decade. This worksheet displays all the results as per the Waste Flow model 

which has been assumed for this MSW Tool. 

Charts Worksheet: This worksheet shows the user several charts of the results. These charts can 

help the user to make comparisons etc. The user can also visualise the various changes in the waste 

inventory of the city as and when certain inputs are changed or edited. 

2.5 Understanding and Using Schemes Worksheet 

SCHEMES 

The building blocks to the Action Plan are Schemes that address project/programmatic issues to 

come up with a rounded intervention that considers institutional, financial as well as 

implementation aspects. Schemes present a blue‐print for the City/Civic Authorities of the city to put 

the ISWM Plan into action. 

The schemes should be devised emphasizing the 3R principle of Reduce, Reuse and Recovery across 

the Life Cycle of the waste streams and aim to go up the waste hierarchy. In order to categorize the 

Schemes at operational level, various themes should be identified based on the functional nature so 

as to address Integrated Solid Waste Management starting with the least favoured option in the 

waste hierarchy to the most favoured option. Themes should demonstrate a rounded and balanced 

approach to plan development. They should encompass the entire lifecycle from generation to 

24


disposal. Various themes maybe assessment of data, recycle and reuse options, infrastructure 

development, awareness and training, capacity building, partnerships etc. The Schemes should also 

address the Strategic and Operational Selection of technologies. 

A set of 12 Schemes have been provided in the Schemes worksheet. These Schemes were found to 

be suitable for improving MSW Management across any city. These Schemes address issues such as 

awareness raising, increase in segregation, recycling and treatment. The list of these 12 schemes is 

given below: 

Sr. 

Scheme 

No. 

Television short film/radio advertisement imparting awareness towards solid waste 

1 management targeting reduction in generation and higher segregation including 

messages given out by celebrities 

Establishing an Environmental Awareness Centre with increased involvement of 

2 

schools using posters, dramas and campaigns to spread awareness in local areas 

Introducing cleanlinesss/segregation as a theme during major events like festivals, 

3 

sports events, large gatherings etc. 

Establishing Community Sorting Centres and formalising sorting workers like 

4 

ragpickers or waste pickers 

Strengthening of ragpickers or waste pickers by imparting formal training and 

5 

providing incentives to increase segregation 

6 Introducing Awards schemes in wards/zones with higher segregation 

7 Tax benefits for citizens in wards/zones with higher segregation 

8 Imposing fines on wards/zones not establishing a proper segregation system 

9 Demonstration projects for establishng new recycling technology 

Demonstration projects for improvising the technology used for decentralised 

10 treatment and for standardising methods of operation to increase efficiency of 

treatment 

Making a Market in city farming areas for Compost from decentralised treatment 

11 

plants 

Creating a market for recycled material to be used as packaging material in the city 

12 

malls and markets 

These Schemes impact four main variables as shown below. These variables act as the MSW Impact 

Indicators. 

Percentage of Per Capita 

MSW Generation 

MSW Impact Indicators 

Percentage of 

Segregation 

Percentage of 

Recycling 

Percentage of 

Treatment 

% (Decreases) % (Increases) % (Increases) % (Increases) 

The Default Impact of the schemes on the four variables has been provided for the user. The User 

can select the scheme that is relevant for the city under consideration. The User also has the option 

of adding some more schemes if it is required. The user can also make changes in the amount of 

impact in percentage for various variables. However this is subject to the input initially made by the 

user in the Inputs Worksheet. The calculation and selection of amount of impact in percentage for 

various variables has been explained in the next section in more detail. 

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The total amount of impacts on the various variables would increase or decrease the percentage of 

inputs on the Inputs Worksheet. This would in turn have an effect of the total waste inventory along 

with a change in the total amount of MSW going to the landfill. The Inputs impacted would be as 

follows: 

VARIABLES 

Percentage of Per 

Capita MSW 

Generation 

Per Capita MSW 

Generation 

IMPACTS ON 

DECREASES 

Percentage of 

Segregation 

Percentage of 

Recycling 

Percentage of 

Treatment 

Percentage of MSW 

Segregation 

Percentage of Recycling of 

Dry Segregated MSW 

Percentage of 

Decentralised Treatment 

of Wet Segregated MSW 

INCREASES 

INCREASES 

INCREASES 

MSW TO 

LANDFILL 

DECREASES 

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3 Assumptions and Calculations in the Spreadsheet 

Tool 

3.1 Assumptions 

There are several assumptions made in the Spreadsheet Tool. These assumptions were required to 

be made in order to make the Model functional and more flexible. The main assumption is the 

Waste Flow Model which has been assumed for this MSW Tool. The Waste Flow model has been 

considered after reviewing several waste flow models around the world for various different cities. 

The inputs required in the Inputs Worksheets were set based on Outputs in this Waste Flow Model. 

The inputs in the Inputs Worksheet have to be entered by the user. However, default values have 

been provided after comparing values from various cities around developing and developed 

countries. 

→ The per capita generation of MSW is assumed to be only from the households. The other areas 

are not considered. 

→ The assumptions made in the Waste Flow Model include that the Total MSW Generated 

undergoes segregation where the MSW is separated as Segregated or Non‐segregated MSW. 

→ Non‐segregated MSW refers to mixed waste which is sent to the Waste bins directly. 

→ Segregated MSW refers to 100% segregation of MSW into dry and wet components. The Dry 

component of the segregated MSW undergoes Recycling where the MSW is recycled and the 

leftover Dry MSW is sent to the Waste bins. The Wet component of the segregated MSW 

undergoes Decentralised Treatment where the MSW is treated and the leftover Wet MSW is 

sent to the Waste bins. 

→ The MSW from the bins is then collected by vehicles (dumper placer whose capacity is assumed 

to be that of one bin and waste collection vehicle whose capacity has to be entered by the user). 

The vehicles transfer the MSW to the Transfer Stations. 

→ From the Transfer Stations the MSW is sent to the Landfill. 

→ The MSW received at the landfill then undergoes segregation where the MSW is separated as 

Segregated or Non‐segregated MSW. 

→ The Non‐Segregated MSW is deposited into the landfill. 

→ Segregated MSW refers to 100% segregation of MSW into dry and wet components. The Dry 

component of the segregated MSW is deposited into the landfill. The Wet component of the 

segregated MSW undergoes Centralized Treatment where the MSW is treated and the leftover 

Wet MSW is deposited into the landfill. 

→ Therefore the total MSW deposited in the landfill is assumed to be the non‐segregated MSW at 

the landfill site, dry component of the segregated MSW at the landfill and the leftover wet 

component of the treated wet segregated MSW at the landfill. 

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3.2 Calculations 


There are several calculations in the Spreadsheet Tool and they are listed below as per the 

Worksheets: 

WARDWISE CALCULATION WORKSHEET 

→ Population Projection: 

Arithmetic Model = Population in Current Year + Increase for 2 decades 

Geometric Model = Pollution in Current Year * (1 + Geometric Mean) 2 

→ Total MSW generated: 

Total MSW Generated = Population * Per Capita Waste Generation 

→ MSW Segregation: 

Segregated MSW = Percentage of MSW Segregation * Total MSW Generated 

Non‐Segregated MSW = Total MSW Generated – Segregated MSW 

→ Dry and Wet Component of Segregated MSW: 

Dry Segregated MSW = Percentage of Dry Segregated MSW * Segregated MSW 

Wet Segregated MSW = Segregated MSW – Dry Segregated MSW 

→ Recycling of Dry Segregated MSW: 

Recycled MSW = Percentage of Recycling of Dry Segregated MSW * Dry Segregated MSW 

Leftover Dry MSW = Dry Segregated MSW – Recycled MSW 

→ Decentralised Treatment of Wet Segregated MSW: 

Decentralised Treated MSW = Percentage of Decentralised Treatment of Wet Segregated 

MSW * Wet Segregated MSW 

Leftover Wet MSW = Wet Segregated MSW – Decentralised Treated MSW 

→ Area required for Decentralised Treatment of Wet Segregated MSW 

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Wet Segregated MSW * Area required for Decentralised Treatment of 1 Ton of Wet Segregated 

MSW 

→ MSW to Waste Bins 

Non‐Segregated MSW + Leftover Dry MSW + Leftover Wet MSW 

→ Bin Adequacy Analysis: 

MSW to Waste Bins =/< No. of Bins * Capacity of a Bin ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Sufficient 

MSW to Waste Bins > No. of Bins * Capacity of a Bin ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Overload 

→ Vehicle Adequacy Analysis: 

MSW collected by Vehicles =/< No. of Vehicles * Capacity of Vehicle ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Sufficient 

MSW collected by Vehicles > No. of Vehicles * Capacity of Vehicle ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Insufficient 

→ MSW Segregation at Landfill: 

Segregated MSW at Landfill = Percentage of MSW Segregation * Total MSW to Landfill 

Non‐Segregated MSW at Landfill = Total MSW to Landfill – Segregated MSW 

→ Dry and Wet Component of Segregated MSW at Landfill: 

Dry Segregated MSW at Landfill = Percentage of Dry Segregated MSW * Segregated MSW at 

Landfill 

Wet Segregated MSW = Segregated MSW – Dry Segregated MSW 

→ Centralized Treatment of Wet Segregated MSW at Landfill: 

Centralized Treated MSW = Percentage of Centralized Treatment of Wet Segregated MSW * 

Wet Segregated MSW 

Leftover Wet MSW at Landfill = Wet Segregated MSW – Centralized Treated MSW 

→ MSW in Landfill: 

Non‐Segregated MSW at Landfill + Dry Segregated MSW at Landfill + Leftover Wet MSW at 

Landfill 

→ MSW to Landfill Per Capita: 

29


MSW in Landfill / Population 

RESULTS WORKSHEET 

→ Landfill Life and Adequacy: 

Landfill Life = {Unused Existing Landfill Capacity – (10 (Current Year MSW to Landfill) + 4.5 

([Current+10 MSW to Landfill] – Current Year MSW to landfill))} / [Current+10 MSW to Landfill] 

SCHEMES WORKSHEET 

→ Maximum Permissible Total Amount of Impact for the various variables: 

For Percentage of Per Capita MSW Generation, the maximum permissible Total Amount of 

Impact has been fixed at 20% Decrease 

Based on current inputs for Percentage of Segregation, Percentage of Recycling and Percentage 

of Treatment, 

Then 

Below 25% 300% Increase 

25‐35% 180% Increase 

35‐45% 120% Increase 

45‐55% 80% Increase 





→ Modified Inputs based on total impact of the schemes: 

Eg. [Percentage Increase in Percentage of Segregation * Percentage of Segregation] + 

Percentage of Segregation = Modified Percentage of Segregation 

30


4 User Flexibility in the Spreadsheet Tool 

The User has the option of deciding several inputs in the Spreadsheet Tool. These options have been 

provided to make this Spreadsheet Tool usable for any city’s MSW Management. The options 

available for the user in the worksheets of the Spreadsheet Tool are listed below: 

Inputs Worksheet: All the inputs that are to be entered in this Worksheet are to be entered by the 

User based on the scenario of the particular city in discussion. 

Wardwise Calculations Worksheet: In this worksheet, the User has the option of selecting the 

number of Wards in the city. There are two population growth models for the user to decide. The 

user then can make edits in the various inputs required in this worksheet marked in green color. 

Different values for different wards can be given for number of bins and vehicles. 

Results and Waste Flow Worksheet: The user has the choice of choosing the decade for which the 

results are to be viewed. 

Schemes Worksheet: The user can select or not select the given Schemes in this worksheet. The user 

has the option of adding more schemes on to this worksheet. User can also change the impact 

percentage values however this would be subject to the maximum values which are assigned based 

on the initial inputs entered by the user in the Inputs Worksheet. 

The user has the option of selecting and not selecting the schemes in various combinations in order 

to visualize the change brought out by the schemes impact on the waste inventory as well as to 

enhance the discussion process. 

The user also has the option of shifting from one worksheet to another for making input changes 

and viewing different decade results. This is very useful for the user to understand the MSW 

Management situation of the city, discuss and to decide the options that need to be taken for 

improving it. 

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5 Example – Pune City Waste Data Analysis using 


5.1 Inputs 

32

5.2 Results – Current Year 


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34

Spreadsheet Tool User Manual forï£°ï£° Planning MSW Management

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