Green Carbon, Black Trade - UNEP

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out the trade opportunities and subsidies provided through FLEGT and REDD+, would be insufficient to stem the rise in criminal cartels involved. Improved collaboration between FLEGT, REDD+, CITES, IC- CWC and the evolving LEAF-programme, should be considered. If coordination and subsequent funding of an internationally coordinated law enforcement and investigative capacity is developed, including coordinated task forces in the countries involved in producing, processing, exporting and receiving illegal timber, the effectiveness of both FLEGT and REDD+ could increase substantially. This could also ensure that progress in some regions is not offset by set-backs in others, as cartels simply move their extraction activities. Unless the profitability of illegal logging and laundering is substantially reduced and the risk involved substantially increased, illegal logging and laundering will continue. As this report has shown, there are many laundering opportunities for criminals, who may even get additional benefits through tax fraud and misuse of government subsidies. With the scale of the existing illegal logging business, it is clear that there may be an increase in international criminal cartels if these activities are not counteracted in the near future. This is of further importance as many of the resource regions also have substantial illegal trade and extraction of other resources such as minerals and earth metals. With advanced laundering schemes, illegal logging is being linked more closely to meat, soy, and palm oil plantation production, as well as trade in minerals and money laundering. Already, illegal logging is being used in some instances to cover for other types of crime including money laundering from drugs (Austrac 2010). Improved coordination between FLEGT, REDD+ and the development of a LEAF programme could help stem the further evolution of international criminal cartels in illegal logging. 64
CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS EDITORIAL TEAM Christian Nellemann, UNEP/GRID-Arendal (Editor) INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme CARTOGRAPHY Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal LAYOUT UNEP/GRID-Arendal COPY EDITING Leslie Cole, Ottawa, Canada PRODUCTION UNEP/GRID-Arendal CONTRIBUTORS, ADVISORS AND REVIEWERS Keith Finlayson, University of Canberra, Australia To Xuan Phuc, Forest Trends, Vietnam. c/o: PanNature, Hanoi, Vietnam Thomas Sikor, School for International Development, University of East Anglia Norwich, UK Johannes Stahl, JPO Forest Biodiversity, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Environment Programme, Montréal, Québec, Canada Rannveig K. Formo, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Masa Nagai, Arnold Kreilhuber, Division for Environmental Law and Conventions, UNEP, Nairobi John C. Scanlon; Barend Vanrensburg, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), General Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland Serge Wich, PanEco, Indonesia/ University of Zurich, Switzerland Nick Nuttall, Division of Communications and Public Information (DCPI), UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya Estelle Fach, UN-REDD Programme, UNDP, Geneva, Switzerland Julie Greenwalt, UN-REDD Programme, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya Leo Peskett, UN-REDD Programme, UNDP, Cambridge, United Kingdom PHOTO CREDITS 1 Survival International 1 Survival International 4 iStockphoto/ Mayumi Terao 7 iStockphoto/luoman 7 iStockphoto/ricardoazoury 8 iStockphoto/Mayumi Terao 10-11 iStockphoto/ Timothy Epp 12 iStockphoto/David Gunn 15 iStockphoto/ Mayumi Terao 16-17 Survival International 17 Survival International 18 Jose Azel/Aurora/SpecialistStock 23 Dario Novellino/Still Pictures 24 Survival International 25 Survival International 27 iStockphoto/Brasil2 31 Kris Pannecoucke/ Aurora/SpecialistStock 33 iStockphoto/ricardoazoury 36 Survival International 40 ROM/imagebroker/Still Pictures 42 iStockphoto/ Gyi Nsea 43 iStockphoto/Brasil2 44 iStockphoto/Gyi Nsea 45 iStockphoto/filmlandscape 50 Survival International 50 Survival International 50 Survival International 51 Survival International 52 iStockphoto/Bruce Turner 53 iStockphoto/ Joe Potato Photo 59 Jose Azel/Aurora/SpecialistStock 60 iStockphoto/Gyi Nsea 68 Survival International 72 iStockphoto/1stGallery 65
Page 1 and 2:
A RAPID RESPONSE ASSESSMENT GREEN C
Page 3:
GREEN CARBON, BLACK TRADE ILLEGAL L
Page 6 and 7:
SUMMARY Forests worldwide bind CO 2
Page 8 and 9:
Priority attention must also be giv
Page 11:
CONTENTS 5 6 9 13 19 29 41 45 47 53
Page 14 and 15: The health of our forests Net loss
Page 16 and 17: 16 Logging companies devastate the
Page 19 and 20: ILLEGAL LOGGING: HOW IS IT DONE? Il
Page 21 and 22: processing. While some of this is b
Page 23 and 24: ased, US-based, Chinese or Japanese
Page 25 and 26: The Mashco-Piro in southeast Peru a
Page 27 and 28: • Funding, policy and technical s
Page 29 and 30: TEN WAYS TO CONDUCT ILLEGAL LOGGING
Page 31 and 32: #2 LOGGING WITHOUT PERMITS IN UNPRO
Page 33 and 34: #6 OBTAINING PERMITS THROUGH BRIBES
Page 35 and 36: Soy expansion in the Brazilian Amaz
Page 37 and 38: Illegal logging and political econo
Page 39: Across Borders - Transporting Congo
Page 42: Controlling and limiting the road t
Page 46 and 47: Illegal logging and log laundering
Page 48 and 49: #13 Multiple re-use of existing exp
Page 50 and 51: Awá men hunting in the forest. Th
Page 53 and 54: EXPORT AND TRADE IN ILLEGAL LOGS A
Page 55 and 56: Wood exports from Congo Basin Unite
Page 57 and 58: FINANCING ILLEGAL LOGGING AND PROFI
Page 59: 2010; Kagawa and Leavitt, 2010; Low
Page 62 and 63: The EU FLEGT Voluntary Partnership
Page 66 and 67: REFERENCES Alemagi, D. and Kozak, R
Page 68: A logging truck transporting trees
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Green Carbon, Black Trade - UNEP

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