Patterns and trends of amphetamine-type stimulants and other drugs ...

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East and Southeast Asia Table 11. Cannabis-related arrests in East and Southeast Asia, 2004 – 2009 Country Number of arrests 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Philippines Republic of Korea 1231 1032 835 1,170 1,045 1,712 Singapore 117 102 122 102 62 76 Thailand 8,441 7,546 10,549 9,833 11,689 12,502 Viet Nam Total 16,505 24,445 32,924 35,698 29,705 34,779 = Not reported Source: DAINAP Cannabis seizures in the region decreased 23% due to declines reported primarily in Indonesia, Philippines and Viet Nam. In Indonesia, cannabis herb seizures decreased about 21% in 2009 to around 111 tons. The Philippines reported a decline of about half to 1.7 metric tons, while Viet Nam reported a decline from roughly 9 metric tons to just 78 kg reported in 2009. In Australia, cannabis is the main drug of use. However, reported cannabis use is now at its lowest level since 1993. Cannabis-related arrests accounted for two-thirds of total illicit drugrelated arrests in 2008 - 09. The 55,638 arrests involving cannabis in 2008 - 09 represents a 6% increase from the previous year. In 2008 - 09, 5,573 kg of cannabis was seized compared with 5,409.3 kg in 2007 - 08. In New Zealand, cannabis remains the most commonly used drug. The annual prevalence of cannabis use in 2008 was 14.6% compared with 13.3% in 2006 and 20.4% in 2003. Cannabisrelated arrests accounted for 80% of drug-related arrests in 2009. The cannabis seizures in the country totaled more than 840 kg in 2009 compared with 916 kg in 2008. Table 12. Cannabis-related seizures in East and Southeast Asia, 2004 – 2009 Country Amount of cannabis seized (herb and resin) (kg) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Brunei Darussalam 0.2 2.3 0.1 0.6 1.5 Cambodia 103 .0 10 .0 5.0 3.8 China 1,697 .0 941 .0 Hong Kong (SAR) 417 .0 152.5 467.3 257.4 261.0 107.0 Indonesia 8,494.1 22,835 .0 11,723 .0 35,464.7 140,650.0 110,764.0 Japan 970.1 873.6 322.5 457.9 408.2 212.3 Lao PDR 1,241 .0 1.6 291.5 2,302.8 804.6 976.0 Malaysia 1,330 .0 1,166.2 2,378.8 1,482.6 874.8 2,351.8 Myanmar 142.5 453.1 72.9 104.3 170.2 284.6 Philippines 836.4 4,433.8 11,150.5 11,150.5 3,725.0 1,660.0 Republic of Korea 18.4 20.9 22.2 92.7 123.0 Singapore 1 .0 0.7 1.5 2.9 1.1 7.1 Thailand 9,907 .0 13,343.8 11,875 .0 15,384.6 18,891.6 17,558.8 Viet Nam 1,021.3 3,368.5 645 .0 8,000 .0 8,928.8 78.0 Total 26,057.6 47,691.2 38,951.2 74,640 .0 174,813.6 134,127.9 = Not reported Source: DAINAP 22
Other substances Apart from ATS, cannabis, heroin, opium and ketamine, several other illicit drugs are used in the region, although to a lesser extent. The most notable of these drugs is the benzodiazepine, nimetazepam. Use of nimetazepam, sometimes in combination with methamphetamine, is particularly prevalent in peninsular Southeast Asia. Use of nimetazepam or other benzodiazepines has been reported in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and to a lesser extent, in Thailand. Another concern for some countries in the region is kratom (mitragyna speciosa), a substance derived from the leaves of the Rubiaceae (coffee) tree, which produces both stimulant and sedative effects. Kratom use is particularly prevalent in the southern part of Thailand. Kratom ranked as the sixth leading drug of use in Thailand in 2009, although it ranked second in 2008. It is often used in a drug cocktail containing a combination of licit substances such as cough syrup and soft drinks. Kratom is also used in Malaysia and in Myanmar. In Malaysia, khat (Catha edulis, also spelled kat or qat), a flowering tropical plant native to East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula containing the stimulant cathinone, has been reported as a drug of concern. Cocaine use has remained relatively low throughout the region. China, Hong Kong (SAR) and Philippines have each reported notable seizures in 2008 and 2009, some in the hundreds of kilogrammes. However, few arrests and treatment admissions have been reported. Global SMART Programme 2010 Several countries rank inhalant and solvent use as a major issue of concern, particularly among young drug users. Emerging trends and concerns 1. Large-scale spillover of methamphetamine from Myanmar to neighbouring countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). Myanmar remains the major manufacturer of methamphetamine pills in the region. As predicted in the 2009 report, the uncertain political situation in 2009 and 2010 has resulted in the increased traf cking of drugs, particularly methamphetamine, and may have also accelerated the relocation of clandestine laboratories for illicit manufacture of methamphetamine across the border into neighbouring countries. For example, Thailand has reported the seizure of tabletting operations producing methamphetamine pills in the outskirts of Bangkok since the beginning of 2010. The 93.3 million pills seized in 2009 in Myanmar and in neighbouring China, Lao PDR and Thailand represent a three-fold increase in comparison with the 2008 gures. The domestic manufacture of methamphetamine pills takes place in China. However, the country also reported an increase in ATS traf cking from Myanmar in 2009. The 40.5 million methamphetamine pills seized in China in 2009 represent a more than six-fold increase in seizures compared with the previous year. The spillover from Myanmar has impacted countries such as the Lao PDR which are in close proximity to ATS manufacturing centres in Myanmar. There are indications of increased diversion of methamphetamine from Myanmar to Thailand through Lao PDR. This has been seen in increasing seizures including a shipment of about 21 million yaba tablets interdicted in February 2010 in Lao PDR, one of the largest seizures ever in the region. 2. The illicit manufacture of ATS continued at high levels in the region. The manufacture or attempted manufacture of ATS was reported in all but three of the countries reviewed in 2009. Although the total number of clandestine manufacturing laboratories seized decreased slightly in 2009 when measured against 2008, seizures of laboratories were still 81% higher than in 2007. China reported the seizure of 391 clandestine manufacturing laboratories, of which most had been manufacturing ATS and other synthetic drugs such as ketamine. This gure represents a 60% increase over the total number of clandestine manufacturing laboratories seized in 2008 in China. In Cambodia, signicant seizures of clandestine manufacturing laboratories and ATS precursor chemicals, in addition to the increasing availability of high purity crystalline methamphetamine (‘ice’), indicated that ATS manufacture is taking place in the country. The manufacture of MDMA, methamphetamine, and other synthetic drugs is a signi cant threat in Indonesia. The Philippines identied the manufacture of crystalline methamphetamine as the country’s greatest drug threat. Nine manufacturing laboratories were seized in the country during the year. Malay- 23
Page 1 and 2: and Other Drugs Asia and the Pacifi
Page 3 and 4: Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-
Page 5 and 6: Indonesia .........................
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Grateful appreciat
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations ACC ACCORD ADK ADLOMI
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables and Figures Tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 7. Ecstasy use trend, 2009 F
Page 15: Drug use - As there is some scienti
Page 18 and 19: Despite the rising numbers of ATS u
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1. Data integrity process 1.
Page 23 and 24: Regional Trends: East and Southeast
Page 25 and 26: gures reported to date. These inclu
Page 27 and 28: In New Zealand, a total of 2,436 pe
Page 29 and 30: Table 4. Cont. Crystalline methamph
Page 31 and 32: Table 6. Cont. Ecstasy seizures in
Page 33 and 34: Table 7. Ketamine seizures in East
Page 35 and 36: Overall opiate-related arrests in t
Page 37: Cannabis In 2009, an increasing tre
Page 41 and 42: 6. Increasing activity of transnati
Page 43 and 44: Regional Trends: Pacic Island State
Page 45 and 46: On many islands, there is tradition
Page 47: iour. Similar restrictions over suc
Page 50 and 51: Regional Trends/ South Asia Table 1
Page 52 and 53: Regional Trends/ South Asia Figure
Page 54 and 55: Regional Trends/ South Asia tain bu
Page 57: National Trends in Amphetamine-Type
Page 60 and 61: Australia Prevalence of recent meth
Page 62 and 63: Australia Table 21. Cont. Illicit d
Page 64 and 65: Australia continue to be detected i
Page 66 and 67: Australia The number of clandestin
Page 68 and 69: Brunei Darussalam Table 24. Trend i
Page 70 and 71: in 2009 indicated 245 cases and a t
Page 73 and 74: CAMBODIA Overview of the drug situa
Page 75 and 76: Drug-related arrests, seizures and
Page 77: Table 34. Retail prices of illicit
Page 80 and 81: China Table 36. Trend in use of sel
Page 82 and 83: China Figure 23. ATS seizures in Ch
Page 84 and 85: China Clandestine ATS manufacturing
Page 86 and 87: Indonesia Table 40. Trend in use of
Page 88 and 89:
Indonesia Annual heroin seizures ha
Page 91 and 92:
JAPAN Overview of the drug situatio
Page 93 and 94:
Table 47. Drug-related arrests in J
Page 95:
Ecstasy (MDMA) is primarily trafcke
Page 98 and 99:
Lao PDR Table 51. Rank of use of se
Page 100 and 101:
Lao PDR ATS precursors, heroin and
Page 102 and 103:
Malaysia The prevalence of IDUs amo
Page 104 and 105:
Malaysia Drug prices - Retail price
Page 107 and 108:
MYANMAR Overview of the drug situat
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In 2009, cannabis-related arrests c
Page 111 and 112:
Table 62. Illicit drug seizures in
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Drug trafcking - Drug trafcking has
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NEW ZEALAND Overview of the drug si
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Drug treatment Hospital admissions
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Table 70. Seizures of selected illi
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There is an increased risk of the o
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Philippines Table 73. Rank of use o
Page 126 and 127:
Philippines Drug law enforcement of
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Philippines facture of crystalline
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Republic of Korea Drug treatment In
Page 132 and 133:
Republic of Korea lands (23.8%) wer
Page 134 and 135:
Singapore Table 83. Rank and trend
Page 136 and 137:
Singapore Overall the number of dru
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Singapore Table 91. Retail prices o
Page 140 and 141:
Table 92. Cont. Rank in use of sele
Page 142 and 143:
Thailand Table 95. Drug-related arr
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Thailand Figure 39. Ecstasy seizure
Page 146 and 147:
Thailand Forensic data Most methamp
Page 148 and 149:
Viet Nam Table 99. Trend in use of
Page 150 and 151:
Viet Nam Heroin and opium are frequ
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Data annex (East and Southeast Asia
Page 155 and 156:
Table 101. Cont. Drug-related arres
Page 157 and 158:
Table 102. Drug seizures in East an
Page 159 and 160:
Treatment data Drug treatment data
Page 161 and 162:
Table 103. Total annual treatment a
Page 163 and 164:
Table 104. Rank in use of selected
Page 165 and 166:
Table 105. Reported drug trends in
Page 167 and 168:
References ACC, 2010. ‘Illicit Dr
Page 169 and 170:
drugs and psychotropic substances:
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NDARC, 2009. Submission to UNODC Re
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SODC, 2007. Viet Nam country presen
Page 176:
AUSTRALIA CANADA JAPAN NEW ZEALAND
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