Patterns and trends of amphetamine-type stimulants and other drugs ...

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Regional Trends/ East and Southeast Asia required to gain a better understanding of the situation on the ground. The lack of research and surveillance also causes concern that new patterns and trends in the use of ATS and other drugs may emerge and become entrenched before effective prevention and treatment resources can be mobilized. 26
Regional Trends: Pacic Island States and Territories The Paci c Island region covers millions of square kilometres of ocean, strategically located between the continents of Asia to the west, Australia and New Zealand to the south, and the Americas to the East. The countries and territories in the region are a mixture of independent states, associated states, integral parts of non-Paci c Island countries, and dependent states. Australia and New Zealand are covered in separate chapters of this report. There is a large variation in populations of Paci c Island States and Territories: Papua New Guinea is the largest with more than 6 million inhabitants, and Niue the smallest, with an estimated population of less than two thousand (UN Population Division, 2009). Due to a high degree of intra-regional migration, accurate population estimates cannot always be established. For the Cook Islands, for example, population estimates range from 12,000 to 20,000 (ANCD, 2010). Many of the countries and territories in the region are characterized by high rates of unemployment, rural-urban migration and very high youth populations (in many cases, over 50% are under 20 years of age) (ANCD 2010). UNODC estimates that 59% of the region’s population is between 15 and 64 years old, the ages of common illicit drugs use (UNODC, 2009c). Very few drug monitoring systems exist in the region and data vary widely in terms of availability, quantity and quality. Much of the data is collected as part of small-scale localized interventions and research activities and not widely disseminated, limiting comparability. Where large-scale surveys have been undertaken, they have often targeted speci c populations, leaving large numbers of the population under-explored (ANCD, 2010). Achieving a scienti c understanding of the situation with respect to illicit manufacture, traf cking and use of drugs therefore has remained an elusive goal so far. The very low rate of adherence to the three United Nations Drug Control Conventions in the region, namely the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traf c in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, is another obstacle towards gaining a comprehensive insight into the drug issue. Only three States in the Paci c, namely Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia and Tonga are parties to all the above three treaties, making the Paci c the region with the lowest rate of adherence to the treaties in the world. According to the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), 10 of the 18 States (63%) that are not yet parties to all of these treaties are located in the Pacic (INCB, 2010). This has impacted not only on the availability of reliable data and drug monitoring systems but also on drug-related legislation which is often outdated and illequipped to manage emerging drug issues such as ATS. Table 13. Status of treaty adherence of selected Pacic Island States and Territories 1961 1971 1988 Cook Islands x Fiji x x x Marshall Islands x x Micronesia, Federated States of x x x Palau x x Papua New Guinea x x Samoa x Solomon Islands x Tonga x x x Tuvalu* Vanuatu x *Tuvalu is not party to any of the international drug control treaties Source: United Nations Treaty database, http://treaties.un.org/ 27
Page 1 and 2: and Other Drugs Asia and the Pacifi
Page 3 and 4: Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-
Page 5 and 6: Indonesia .........................
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Grateful appreciat
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations ACC ACCORD ADK ADLOMI
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables and Figures Tables T
Page 13 and 14: Figure 7. Ecstasy use trend, 2009 F
Page 15: Drug use - As there is some scienti
Page 18 and 19: Despite the rising numbers of ATS u
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1. Data integrity process 1.
Page 23 and 24: Regional Trends: East and Southeast
Page 25 and 26: gures reported to date. These inclu
Page 27 and 28: In New Zealand, a total of 2,436 pe
Page 29 and 30: Table 4. Cont. Crystalline methamph
Page 31 and 32: Table 6. Cont. Ecstasy seizures in
Page 33 and 34: Table 7. Ketamine seizures in East
Page 35 and 36: Overall opiate-related arrests in t
Page 37 and 38: Cannabis In 2009, an increasing tre
Page 39 and 40: Other substances Apart from ATS, ca
Page 41: 6. Increasing activity of transnati
Page 45 and 46: On many islands, there is tradition
Page 47: iour. Similar restrictions over suc
Page 50 and 51: Regional Trends/ South Asia Table 1
Page 52 and 53: Regional Trends/ South Asia Figure
Page 54 and 55: Regional Trends/ South Asia tain bu
Page 57: National Trends in Amphetamine-Type
Page 60 and 61: Australia Prevalence of recent meth
Page 62 and 63: Australia Table 21. Cont. Illicit d
Page 64 and 65: Australia continue to be detected i
Page 66 and 67: Australia The number of clandestin
Page 68 and 69: Brunei Darussalam Table 24. Trend i
Page 70 and 71: in 2009 indicated 245 cases and a t
Page 73 and 74: CAMBODIA Overview of the drug situa
Page 75 and 76: Drug-related arrests, seizures and
Page 77: Table 34. Retail prices of illicit
Page 80 and 81: China Table 36. Trend in use of sel
Page 82 and 83: China Figure 23. ATS seizures in Ch
Page 84 and 85: China Clandestine ATS manufacturing
Page 86 and 87: Indonesia Table 40. Trend in use of
Page 88 and 89: Indonesia Annual heroin seizures ha
Page 91 and 92: JAPAN Overview of the drug situatio
Page 93 and 94:
Table 47. Drug-related arrests in J
Page 95:
Ecstasy (MDMA) is primarily trafcke
Page 98 and 99:
Lao PDR Table 51. Rank of use of se
Page 100 and 101:
Lao PDR ATS precursors, heroin and
Page 102 and 103:
Malaysia The prevalence of IDUs amo
Page 104 and 105:
Malaysia Drug prices - Retail price
Page 107 and 108:
MYANMAR Overview of the drug situat
Page 109 and 110:
In 2009, cannabis-related arrests c
Page 111 and 112:
Table 62. Illicit drug seizures in
Page 113 and 114:
Drug trafcking - Drug trafcking has
Page 115 and 116:
NEW ZEALAND Overview of the drug si
Page 117 and 118:
Drug treatment Hospital admissions
Page 119 and 120:
Table 70. Seizures of selected illi
Page 121:
There is an increased risk of the o
Page 124 and 125:
Philippines Table 73. Rank of use o
Page 126 and 127:
Philippines Drug law enforcement of
Page 128 and 129:
Philippines facture of crystalline
Page 130 and 131:
Republic of Korea Drug treatment In
Page 132 and 133:
Republic of Korea lands (23.8%) wer
Page 134 and 135:
Singapore Table 83. Rank and trend
Page 136 and 137:
Singapore Overall the number of dru
Page 138 and 139:
Singapore Table 91. Retail prices o
Page 140 and 141:
Table 92. Cont. Rank in use of sele
Page 142 and 143:
Thailand Table 95. Drug-related arr
Page 144 and 145:
Thailand Figure 39. Ecstasy seizure
Page 146 and 147:
Thailand Forensic data Most methamp
Page 148 and 149:
Viet Nam Table 99. Trend in use of
Page 150 and 151:
Viet Nam Heroin and opium are frequ
Page 153 and 154:
Data annex (East and Southeast Asia
Page 155 and 156:
Table 101. Cont. Drug-related arres
Page 157 and 158:
Table 102. Drug seizures in East an
Page 159 and 160:
Treatment data Drug treatment data
Page 161 and 162:
Table 103. Total annual treatment a
Page 163 and 164:
Table 104. Rank in use of selected
Page 165 and 166:
Table 105. Reported drug trends in
Page 167 and 168:
References ACC, 2010. ‘Illicit Dr
Page 169 and 170:
drugs and psychotropic substances:
Page 171 and 172:
NDARC, 2009. Submission to UNODC Re
Page 173 and 174:
SODC, 2007. Viet Nam country presen
Page 176:
AUSTRALIA CANADA JAPAN NEW ZEALAND
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