Our 2011 election manifesto - Labour Party
Our 2011 election manifesto - Labour Party
Our 2011 election manifesto - Labour Party
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Contents<br />
ACCIDENT COMPENSATION ............................................................................................. 4<br />
HEALTH OF THE OLDER PERSON .................................................................................... 9<br />
AGRICULTURE .................................................................................................................. 13<br />
ARTS, CULTURE AND HERITAGE ................................................................................... 21<br />
AUCKLAND ISSUES .......................................................................................................... 35<br />
BROADCASTING ............................................................................................................... 44<br />
CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY PLAN .......................................................... 49<br />
CHILDREN‟S POLICY ........................................................................................................ 58<br />
CIVIL DEFENCE ................................................................................................................. 76<br />
CLIMATE CHANGE............................................................................................................ 79<br />
COMMERCE AND SMALL BUSINESS .............................................................................. 87<br />
COMMUNITY AND VOLUNTARY SECTOR....................................................................... 93<br />
CONSERVATION ............................................................................................................. 101<br />
CONSUMER AFFAIRS ..................................................................................................... 121<br />
DEFENCE ......................................................................................................................... 127<br />
DISABILITY ISSUES ........................................................................................................ 131<br />
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 138<br />
EDUCATION .................................................................................................................... 151<br />
EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS – WORK AND WAGES ..................................................... 171<br />
EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS – HEALTH AND SAFETY ................................................. 185<br />
ENERGY ........................................................................................................................... 188<br />
ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 201<br />
REFORMING THE EARTHQUAKE COMMISSION .......................................................... 210<br />
ETHNIC AFFAIRS ............................................................................................................ 215<br />
FINANCE .......................................................................................................................... 220<br />
FISHERIES ....................................................................................................................... 237<br />
FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ........................ 242<br />
FORESTRY ...................................................................................................................... 249<br />
HEALTH POLICY ............................................................................................................. 256<br />
HOUSING ......................................................................................................................... 287<br />
IMMIGRATION ................................................................................................................. 313<br />
2
INTERFAITH DIALOGUE ................................................................................................. 318<br />
JOBS AND SKILLS .......................................................................................................... 321<br />
JUSTICE ........................................................................................................................... 327<br />
LOCAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................................... 333<br />
KAUPAPAA MĀORI O TE ROOPU REIPA <strong>2011</strong> Māori Policy ....................................... 336<br />
MAKING MONETARY POLICY WORK FOR EXPORTERS ............................................. 343<br />
OPEN GOVERNMENT ..................................................................................................... 346<br />
PACIFIC ISLAND AFFAIRS ............................................................................................. 351<br />
MAKING GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT WORK FOR OUR ECONOMY .................... 368<br />
RACING............................................................................................................................ 371<br />
RAINBOW ISSUES .......................................................................................................... 374<br />
RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY .................................................................. 376<br />
RURAL AFFAIRS ............................................................................................................. 383<br />
CREATING A SAFER AND FAIRER SOCIETY ............................................................... 389<br />
Police ............................................................................................................................ 389<br />
Corrections .................................................................................................................... 393<br />
SAVINGS POLICY ........................................................................................................... 395<br />
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................ 411<br />
SPORT AND RECREATION ............................................................................................ 422<br />
STATE SERVICES ........................................................................................................... 427<br />
TERTIARY EDUCATION .................................................................................................. 433<br />
TOURISM ......................................................................................................................... 443<br />
TRADE ............................................................................................................................. 448<br />
TRANSPORT POLICY ..................................................................................................... 453<br />
TREATY OF WAITANGI ................................................................................................... 462<br />
VETERANS AFFAIRS ...................................................................................................... 463<br />
WATER............................................................................................................................. 465<br />
WOMEN‟S POLICY .......................................................................................................... 472<br />
YOUTH AFFAIRS ............................................................................................................. 482<br />
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT PACKAGE ................................................................................. 486<br />
3
ACCIDENT COMPENSATION<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision: a comprehensive, universal and public ACC<br />
Since 1974, the ACC scheme has served New Zealand well. It is truly unique. It is the only<br />
system in the world providing universal 24–hour no-fault coverage for all physical injuries.<br />
The scheme was considered ground-breaking at its inception and remains highly regarded<br />
by experts in the field of accident compensation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to an ACC that is owned by New Zealanders and that has the best<br />
interests of Kiwis at heart, not profits for multinationals. <strong>Labour</strong> is strongly opposed to<br />
privatisation of ACC. It has been publicly owned and operated for three decades, it is<br />
financially sound, and independent studies show its levies are already substantially lower<br />
than in Australia and other countries.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes ACC is fundamentally a good scheme and we will work to enhance it and<br />
protect it for the future.<br />
Owning our ACC<br />
In Government, the National <strong>Party</strong> has deliberately talked up a crisis in ACC and done its<br />
very best to erode public confidence in what should be a world-leading scheme. Its agenda<br />
all along has been to soften Kiwis up to privatising ACC.<br />
Retired Justice Ted Thomas wrote in late 2008 in an article entitled “The beginning of the<br />
end for ACC”:<br />
It appears that, yet again, this country‟s ACC scheme is in jeopardy. The National<br />
<strong>Party</strong> is disposed to privatise the work account covering employees and the selfemployed<br />
at work by allowing private insurers to provide work-related accident<br />
insurance. Any such proposal would, if implemented, undermine the scheme and<br />
almost certainly lead to the ultimate demise of ACC.<br />
This is despite both Treasury and PricewaterhouseCoopers finding that there was little or no<br />
benefit in opening up ACC to competition and that administration costs would rise as a result<br />
of privatisation. In addition to this private insurers will need to deny cover and entitlements to<br />
compete with ACC and to make a profit.<br />
The only winners out of this will be the big Australian insurance companies and law firms<br />
who will make hundreds of millions of dollars at the expense of hardworking New<br />
Zealanders. Merrill Lynch predicts premiums of billions of dollars will go to Australian<br />
companies and more than $200 million in profits will go offshore. The introduction of<br />
“competition” will diminish the effectiveness of ACC as a purchaser of services and will not<br />
necessarily result in lower costs for ACC or lower levies for levy payers.<br />
4
<strong>Labour</strong> supports maintaining ACC as a publicly administered and delivered social<br />
insurance scheme which provides comprehensive and universal coverage for all New<br />
Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that accident insurance is a social responsibility that should be guaranteed<br />
and provided by the government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the principles of universal no-fault cover for all injuries as originally<br />
outlined in the Woodhouse Report.<br />
We want to ensure that the „five principles‟ of community responsibility, comprehensive<br />
entitlement, complete rehabilitation, real compensation and administrative efficiency are<br />
adhered to.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not privatise ACC and will reverse any privatisation of any part of ACC<br />
that occurs before the <strong>election</strong>.<br />
A fair and balanced ACC<br />
ACC should be a fair and balanced system where compensation is distributed in a manner<br />
which is speedy, consistent, and without contention. Cost containment, injury prevention,<br />
improved rehabilitation outcomes and administrative efficiencies are all important elements<br />
of the ACC scheme however they should not be pursued where injustice occurs as a result.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes the ACC operational culture is currently at odds with the scheme‟s original<br />
intent. The Government has encouraged ACC to become ever tougher in its decisions. A<br />
greater number of claims are being declined unnecessarily and cover is being cut back.<br />
Often there is a pattern of ACC using chosen specialists to write medical reports to justify the<br />
cessation of cover for ACC claimants. Claimants and their representatives believe that some<br />
of these specialists are on occasions chosen because of their willingness to reach<br />
conclusions desired by ACC to justify unfairly declining cover or entitlement.<br />
The number of people challenging ACC‟s initial refusal of cover, through the review process,<br />
has doubled and more of them are winning, illustrating the increasing trend for ACC to be<br />
more litigious than it ought to be. As a result the number of review hearings has increased<br />
and we are now spending more on lawyers than has ever been the case under ACC<br />
previously.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will return to fairer administration of the scheme. Those who are entitled to<br />
cover will get it, with a special focus on those with serious long-term injuries.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will improve the Accredited Employers' Scheme to ensure it is fairer for<br />
injured workers.<br />
Over the last couple of years the Government implemented a raft of changes to the ACC<br />
scheme which has severely impacted the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. For<br />
5
instance, changes have impacted on those with moderate hearing loss, counselling and<br />
support services for sensitive claims and seasonal and part-time workers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will improve the medical assessment and vocational independence processes<br />
so there is a fair, balanced and consistent approach to assessing claims.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review National‟s changes to the ACC scheme.<br />
Focus on injury prevention<br />
Injury prevention is one of the fundamental aspects of our comprehensive accident<br />
compensation scheme. If we can reduce injuries, then we will not only save New Zealanders<br />
the traumatic experience of being injured and off work but save all New Zealanders money.<br />
In particular <strong>Labour</strong> is concerned about the safety of New Zealand‟s workplaces. New<br />
Zealand has around 470,000 workplaces and two million workers. The sectors with<br />
consistently high work tolls are construction, agriculture, forestry, fishing and manufacturing.<br />
Annually, the work toll costs billions in suffering and premature death, but the majority of this<br />
cost is absorbed by society. ACC pays about half a billion dollars a year for work-related<br />
claims.<br />
National has cut the level of funding for injury prevention programmes to reduce short term<br />
costs at the expense of long term accident prevention. These funding cuts have led to a<br />
reduction in workforce capability for injury prevention. These programmes benefit all New<br />
Zealanders as they contribute to savings in both litigation and the costs of injury.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase, as resources allow, funding for health and safety programmes<br />
and long term injury prevention strategies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen workplace injury prevention initiatives through industry<br />
taskforces to increase the skill levels and number of trained Health and Safety<br />
Representatives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that there are systems put in place to ensure better coordination<br />
between ACC and other agencies responsible for injury prevention, such as the<br />
Department of <strong>Labour</strong>, the Police and the NZ Transport Agency.<br />
Focus on rehabilitation to full-time work<br />
The ACC scheme provides better rehabilitation and return to work rates than any other<br />
scheme. We support the principle that an injured person's health, independence, and<br />
participation is restored to the maximum extent practicable.<br />
To achieve complete rehabilitation the scheme must be deliberately organised to urge<br />
forward the physical and vocational recovery of these citizens, while at the same time<br />
providing a real measure of monetary compensation for their losses.<br />
6
We are concerned with the National <strong>Party</strong>‟s moves towards a more insurance-based<br />
approach as this will leave a great deal of room for insurers to provide less than the required<br />
resources to fully rehabilitate a worker while technically and legally satisfying their written<br />
contracts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will move away from the insurance-based approach for ACC and focus more<br />
on rehabilitation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that workers will return to full-time work when they are fully<br />
rehabilitated.<br />
We believe that an injured person should be deemed vocationally independent when they<br />
are physically able to work 35 hours per week and will make sure that their pre-injury<br />
earnings are taken into account.<br />
Levies<br />
The ACC scheme is cost effective and relatively cheap. The New Zealand ACC scheme is<br />
unique; it is a state monopoly underwritten by the Government. It has efficiency of scale and<br />
power in the market. It can and does negotiate nationally with treatment providers, hospitals<br />
and ambulance services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the level of funding of ACC to ensure that the ACC scheme will<br />
meet the real costs of claimant‟s entitlements to treatment, and rehabilitation, and the<br />
costs of injury prevention.<br />
The National <strong>Party</strong> introduced “experience rating”, providing discounts for employers who<br />
have little or no workplace injury claims. Evidence demonstrates that experience rating<br />
creates an incentive for employers to reduce claims and claims costs by not offering<br />
employees cover and all the entitlements that they should legally be able to access.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reverse the introduction of experience rating into the ACC scheme to<br />
ensure that claimants are provided with entitlement and rehabilitation to the<br />
maximum extent practicable, and will consider alternative means of incentivising and<br />
encouraging good health and safety measures.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the Department of <strong>Labour</strong> is effectively funded to carry out its<br />
role to “Promote and Support Safe and Healthy People and Workplaces” through “the<br />
provision of information, education, and support for workplaces regarding effective<br />
workplace health and safety practice, and enforcement action to promote compliance<br />
with the HSE Act”.<br />
Over the last couple of years the ACC levies for the Motor Vehicle Account have increased<br />
substantially. At present the bulk of vehicle registration costs relates to ACC levies.<br />
Motorcyclists have been particularly penalised by ACC levy increases.<br />
7
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that increased vehicle registration costs are penalising those who own<br />
more than one vehicle, are placing undue financial pressure on those who only travel short<br />
distances, such as the elderly, and may be leading to an increase in the number of<br />
unregistered vehicles on the road.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate transferring a greater portion of the ACC motor vehicle annual<br />
licensing fee onto the petrol levy so that everyone pays a fairer share of the Motor<br />
Vehicle Account and no one group is heavily burdened.<br />
ACC is in sound financial shape, and <strong>Labour</strong> does not see a need for ACC levy increases.<br />
Recent deficits were the result of lower investment returns due to global economic conditions<br />
and one-off changes to the way historical claims liability is calculated. ACC is now back in<br />
surplus and we do not believe that any of the improvements we are suggesting will require<br />
levy increases.<br />
Occupational Disease<br />
Occupational disease claims have distinct characteristics; there is a long latency period<br />
between exposure and the onset of symptoms. Workers may not be able to identify the<br />
employer where they were injured. Moreover, an occupational disease may be sustained<br />
incrementally from repeated exposures in different industries from different employers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the introduction of a flat rate levy on all employers to fund<br />
occupational disease claims. The levy would be a flat rate levy due to the difficulties<br />
in attributing occupational disease to a particular employer.<br />
8
HEALTH OF THE OLDER PERSON<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
The best model of care for New Zealanders as they get older is to “age in place”. Where<br />
possible people should be supported to live in their own homes and familiar environments as<br />
this is demonstrably better for their health outcomes. However, it is vital that for those who<br />
do go into residential care there is an environment which provides the highest quality<br />
services that keep people healthy and supported.<br />
The funding and delivery of aged care in New Zealand is coming under increasing strain.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> population is ageing and costs are rising. At the same time the public is increasingly<br />
concerned that the current model of delivery of aged care services is putting money and<br />
profits ahead of patients and their care.<br />
With our older population set to increase dramatically, rates of dementia and chronic<br />
conditions such as diabetes, heart disease and chronic respiratory disease are also set to<br />
rise which will lead to increasing aged care costs and require strategic planning for the<br />
future.<br />
Change should be concerted, with an emphasis on guaranteeing older people‟s rights to<br />
dignity, respect and health. A new, less institutionalised approach to older persons care<br />
would allow for better social outcomes.<br />
The future for aged care in New Zealand needs to be one built on the values of accessibility,<br />
dignity and respect for all older New Zealanders underpinned by transparency and<br />
accountability in the way the services are provided.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Inquiry into Aged Care<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>, with Grey Power, undertook a comprehensive inquiry into aged care and produced a<br />
report entitled What the Future Holds for Older New Zealanders. The overwhelming<br />
impression was of a sector struggling to deliver the standard of care that older New<br />
Zealanders and their families would expect. There were too many stories of neglect, lack of<br />
appropriate care and lack of respect for our older New Zealanders.<br />
The inquiry outlined many challenges we face. According to Grant Thornton‟s Aged<br />
Residential Care Service Review (The Thornton Review), New Zealand has a higher<br />
proportion of people in residential care than most other countries. More than 42,000 people<br />
receive care in around 700 aged residential care facilities every year in New Zealand.<br />
Unfortunately many older people who want to stay in their homes are being forced out by a<br />
lack of home-based care options as a result of funding cuts.<br />
9
Challenges are also being faced in the quality of residential care. Workers are often very<br />
dedicated to providing excellent care to older people. However, they are severely restricted<br />
by staff shortages, low wages, lack of training, and the strict time management requirements<br />
of many providers driven by cost cutting and profit margins.<br />
As one nurse said to the inquiry “registered nurse workloads are so high, and the number of<br />
care givers so low that they do not allow consistently good care to be given.”<br />
The problems for staff have led to issues with care across facilities being utterly inconsistent,<br />
which has led to high rates of neglect and abuse and made it extremely difficult for the public<br />
to judge the quality of care within any facility.<br />
According to recent statistics from the Ministry of Health, around 75,000 people receive<br />
home support at some time each year. But while institutional care is decreasing in most<br />
OECD countries, it remains the norm in New Zealand, and there is a serious shortage of<br />
supported housing for low income older New Zealanders.<br />
The Thornton Review notes that older people have “a growing preference for alternative care<br />
arrangements such as informal care by family or friends, and for support provided in certain<br />
retirement villages.”<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to encourage older people to stay in their homes longer by providing quality<br />
home-based care. To do so, home support provision needs to be more integrated across<br />
health and care providers, as well as across the divide between the community, private<br />
sector and public sector. It is a high priority to investigate alternative community based<br />
models – especially for older people on low incomes.<br />
Many people have compared the aged care sector today with the preschool sector 20 years<br />
ago. At that time, a largely unregulated, untrained workforce was the norm. We deemed the<br />
situation unacceptable for our children, and set about ensuring quality care for preschoolers.<br />
Older people need the same protections.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> to investigate all recommendations of<br />
the report What the Future Holds for Older New Zealanders.<br />
The Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> will provide advice prior to May 2012 on a time-lined<br />
plan to implement the following priorities that will provide a higher quality service for<br />
older people:<br />
Establish a Government-funded national training pathway for all staff in<br />
residential and home-based care that is linked to the National Qualification<br />
Framework and recognised in pay negotiations.<br />
10
Establish regulations for minimum staffing levels for nurses and caregivers in<br />
all residential facilities.<br />
As Budgets allow, implement pay parity between staff working in residential<br />
and home-based care with their equivalents in the public health system.<br />
In July <strong>2011</strong>, the Auditor General released a report entitled Home-based support services for<br />
older people, which discusses how effectively the Ministry of Health and District Health<br />
Boards are ensuring that older people get the care and support they need to remain living<br />
independently at home.<br />
The Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> set up by <strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the recommendations<br />
from the Home-based support services for older people report, including:<br />
Collecting meaningful and reliable information to ensure ongoing service<br />
quality and value for money of home-based services.<br />
Evaluating by 2013 whether the use of a standard approach to assessment<br />
and reassessment is improving the way needs are assessed and homebased<br />
services are allocated.<br />
Considering the introduction of a mandatory standard for the provision of<br />
home-based support services for older people.<br />
Working collaboratively with others in the aged sector to develop a complaints<br />
system.<br />
Strengthening management contracts to ensure home-based support staff<br />
provide high quality services and are well trained and supervised.<br />
A new model of service delivery<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop an Integrated Health of the Older Person Service Delivery Model. This<br />
would include input from local authorities, the NGO sector, district health boards, private<br />
providers and unions. This would include consideration of models such as the Eden<br />
Alternative and Abbeyfield.<br />
We will develop a continuum of care model that puts the older person at the centre of an<br />
individualised plan starting from ageing in place at home to hospital, respite and palliative<br />
care. This model would include the assessment of health and support needs and take into<br />
account social isolation, loneliness and elder abuse.<br />
The inclusion of regional and local authorities would ensure that public transport<br />
requirements, housing and access to health services occur.<br />
This new model will include how the contracts will be provided and costed.<br />
11
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Implementation of the Health of Older Persons Strategy, 2002,<br />
and develop an Aged Care Strategy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the process of engagement ensuring real consultation with older<br />
persons in health planning through a strengthened Community Public Health<br />
Advisory Committee of district health boards.<br />
Elder abuse is a universal problem. It is not limited to any one gender, religious, cultural,<br />
ethnic or income group. Elder abuse may occur in many different settings, including private<br />
homes, residential care and hospitals.<br />
Aged Concern estimates that 20,000 New Zealanders will experience elder abuse and<br />
neglect at some point in their lifetime, therefore it is important to educate those who work<br />
with older people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that there are still eight areas in New Zealand where there is no<br />
contract for Elder Abuse services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the Ministry of Social Development to standardise a nation-wide<br />
contracting model for Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention Services to ensure<br />
consistency of access of service provision across the country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will be proactive about policies to ensure that New Zealanders cope well with the<br />
challenges of ageing and caring in the coming decades. We will work in close partnership<br />
with the not for profit sector to support carers across the aged care sector.<br />
The New Zealand Carers Strategy, published in April 2008 is supported by a Five-year<br />
Action Plan to address some of the issues that impact on the thousands of New Zealanders<br />
who assist friends and family members that need help with everyday living because of ill<br />
health, disability or old age.<br />
The Carers Strategy was developed in a partnership between government agencies and the<br />
New Zealand Carers Alliance, a network of over 40 non-governmental organisations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> plans to build on the New Zealand Carers Strategy to ensure the five year<br />
action plan is being implemented and achieved.<br />
12
AGRICULTURE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Primary production is a vital component of New Zealand's economy. We are a nation built<br />
on the success of our primary sector and as a developed country endowed with an<br />
abundance of water, fertile soils and clean air, our future as a producer of food to an<br />
expanding world market also looks bright.<br />
The challenges of scale, distance and capital can be offset through quality infrastructure,<br />
structured collaboration and innovative marketing of New Zealand‟s products to the high<br />
value traditional and emerging markets of the world. <strong>Our</strong> position in relation to the<br />
increasingly affluent consumers in Asian countries should also provide an advantage to New<br />
Zealand exporters into the future.<br />
The challenge for a <strong>Labour</strong> Government is to facilitate growth in this traditional area of<br />
economic activity through innovation and increasing quality rather than an ever expanding<br />
system of low cost production. Primary sectors that have been proud to prosper without<br />
subsidies or protection still require the appropriate level of recognition and support from<br />
central and local government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government is prepared to intervene and make the necessary changes to policy<br />
and regulation to encourage more research, greater innovation and higher export returns.<br />
We will develop clear achievable environmental measures that show our production is at the<br />
leading edge of efficiency and resource utilisation.<br />
Focusing on reducing environmental impacts should not be seen as a burden, rather a<br />
necessary part of the shift to making New Zealand the first choice supplier of high quality,<br />
sustainable and ethical primary produce to the world.<br />
An innovative primary sector<br />
New Zealand must lift its productivity if it is to continue to enjoy first world levels of<br />
infrastructure and social services. Generating higher export returns and retaining more of<br />
that wealth in the hands of New Zealanders is the only way we can secure that future. The<br />
advantage of low cost production has gone and we must now lift sales of our primary<br />
production into higher value markets and better capture those returns through integration of<br />
the value chain.<br />
That process will require higher levels of capital investment, greater investment in Research<br />
and Development, improved environmental standards and a skilled and motivated workforce<br />
at every level.<br />
13
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the following goals underpin its support and investment in the primary<br />
sector:<br />
Every sector of primary production must be in a position to capture the growing<br />
opportunities from an expanding global middle class while protecting and enhancing<br />
New Zealand‟s reputation as a producer of the world‟s finest foods and produce.<br />
Protection of the environment that supports New Zealand‟s biological production is a<br />
non-negotiable and fundamental bottom line.<br />
Research and Development will drive new ideas and products that push unit returns<br />
higher while reducing costs and environmental impacts.<br />
Capital investment by New Zealanders will increase and drive higher productivity and<br />
retention of value.<br />
A skilled workforce supported and retained through high wages and salaries will<br />
promote innovation through experience and enthusiasm.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to working with different sectors of the agricultural community to<br />
explore opportunities and remove restraints.<br />
Overseas investment<br />
Productive land is New Zealand‟s greatest asset after our people. Both the economic and<br />
natural values of our land must be retained for New Zealand in order to preserve our<br />
economic prosperity for future generations.<br />
Liquidity constraints since the global financial crisis and the higher relative cost of funds in<br />
New Zealand increasingly constrain the ability of New Zealanders to buy our own farmland if<br />
our land assets are priced on an international rather than New Zealand market.<br />
Since the global financial crisis a pattern has emerged internationally. Those with large trade<br />
surpluses or concentrations of wealth are investing unprecedented amounts in primary<br />
resources like land, water, and minerals, and their related supply chains.<br />
Since 2005, 158,588 hectares of New Zealand farm land has been approved for sale to<br />
overseas investors - that‟s more than 590ha a week. 1 <strong>Labour</strong> believes New Zealanders‟<br />
widespread concerns about these farm sales to overseas interests are valid.<br />
We need foreign investment through solid bank financing and greenfield investments, but we<br />
need to take care not to lose ownership of our farmland, our farming enterprises and our<br />
1 J. Hartevelt, 02/10/2010 „122 rugby fields sold overseas every day‟ Dominion Post.<br />
14
intellectual expertise by allowing New Zealanders to be outbid by foreign buyers. We cannot<br />
lose control of our best income producing assets.<br />
No overseas person has the right to buy our land - it's a privilege.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reverse the current approach to overseas sales of land. The onus will be<br />
on potential foreign purchasers to prove they offer additional value to the country<br />
from the land transfer. These rules will apply to sales of rural land over 5 hectares.<br />
Sales will be declined unless the overseas purchaser of farm or forestry land will also invest<br />
in significant further processing of related primary products and related jobs that would not<br />
otherwise occur.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also introduce a general ministerial discretion covering all assets worth<br />
more than $100 million that are not covered by our new farm land or monopoly<br />
infrastructure rules, modelled on the Australian equivalent.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> was careful to ensure that New Zealand retained the right to control foreign land<br />
acquisition under the Free-Trade Agreement we signed with China. While the agreement<br />
covers management and sale of investments, it does not cover the purchase of investments.<br />
This is an important distinction as it allows New Zealand flexibility to retain sovereignty over<br />
its own resources. This should continue to be the model for future agreements.<br />
Exchange rates<br />
Agriculture has been a major export earner for New Zealand ever since the advent of<br />
refrigerated shipping in 1882. Much has changed since then but agricultural exports remain<br />
our economic lifeline with 95% of all our farm produce heading overseas to garner over $20<br />
billion a year.<br />
Agricultural exporters enjoyed good returns from 1999 till 2008, with the total value of<br />
exports almost doubling. However, since the 2008 financial crisis, exporters have been<br />
struggling with a New Zealand dollar that has both been high and unstable. Projections of<br />
steadily rising commodity prices are undermined by the fluctuating and high value of the<br />
traded NZ dollar.<br />
Many farmers have seen much of all their forecast profits in the last year eaten up by a<br />
strong NZ dollar exchange rate which increased from 56 cents to the US dollar in 2009 to 87<br />
cents in <strong>2011</strong>. Farmers already competing against low cost producers in developing regions<br />
such as South America and China are undermined by New Zealand‟s current monetary<br />
policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reform monetary policy to ensure our exporters are not undermined by<br />
extreme exchange fluctuations, including by broadening the objectives of the<br />
Reserve Bank Act. Currently its sole focus is on the maintenance of price stability –<br />
15
or inflation. We agree with the approach taken by Australia that recognises that along<br />
with inflation control, employment, economic prosperity, and the health of the export<br />
sector are at least as important.<br />
For further information see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Monetary policy.<br />
Structure<br />
The 1990s saw the deregulation of most agricultural sectors with the belief that it would<br />
encourage more efficient production and marketing, which would make New Zealand<br />
produce more competitive in the global market place. However for some sectors such as the<br />
Meat, Wool and Pipfruit industries, a plethora of separate marketing companies has resulted<br />
in lower returns to farmers and growers as the numerous marketers compete amongst<br />
themselves to offer overseas supermarkets and distributers the lowest price for the export<br />
produce.<br />
The development of multiple sellers and marketers has created difficulty for each industry to<br />
develop and control sector-wide strategies, invest in adequate research and development<br />
and better leverage our clean, green brand.<br />
There is growing frustration at the lack of coordination and marketing across many primary<br />
sectors and the need for change. The 2010 KPMG Agri-Business Agenda report identified<br />
the Zespri single desk system as a more efficient production and marketing system that<br />
could be evolved for other sectors: “the single desk export model has introduced innovative<br />
products to the market and created significant brand awareness for New Zealand Kiwifruit<br />
around the world.”<br />
KPMG also commented on structure and stated that the co-operative model is not an<br />
impediment to the industry securing the capital it needs, leading the way to greater farmer<br />
control and vertical integration in sectors where farmers seek change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commission independent investigations of industry sector structures to<br />
ensure New Zealand can maximise the value from New Zealand production systems.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will assist and facilitate industry restructure where clear support for change<br />
from a majority of sector producers can be demonstrated.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is absolutely committed to the retention of ownership and control of Fonterra in the<br />
hands of New Zealand farmers. While we acknowledge that cooperative structures must<br />
occasionally be amended to meet the needs of a growing entity, the retention of this<br />
structure in New Zealand hands is non-negotiable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the co-operative structure of Fonterra, owned and controlled by<br />
New Zealand farmers.<br />
16
Research and Development<br />
If New Zealand is to shift to a producer of high value, high quality, sustainable agriculture<br />
exports, significant investment in research and development must take place. We must<br />
encourage more efficient and environmentally sustainable farming practices as well as the<br />
development of new higher value products.<br />
It is important that this knowledge is shared with farmers and producers through a better<br />
system of communication and advisory networks. The 2010 KPMG report identified that New<br />
Zealand‟s agriculture sector was relying on old 1970s science and is at risk at being<br />
surpassed by competitor countries.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Primary Growth Partnership grants scheme, while appreciating<br />
the need to give the industry certainty around the structure of R&D funding. It is<br />
important that funding supports scientific research and <strong>Labour</strong>‟s objectives to<br />
improve primary sector sustainability and value.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit $16 million to the Sustainable Farming Fund, to be funded by<br />
reprioritisation from the Primary Growth Partnership, and maintain its wider funding<br />
criteria.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate a 12.5% R&D tax credit available to all businesses in the<br />
agriculture sector to drive innovation, efficiency and growth in value.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to fund the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research<br />
Centre.<br />
Skills<br />
Shifting the agricultural industry to a higher quality, more sustainable and innovative mode of<br />
production will require an increase in the skills and knowledge of participants at every level<br />
of the production and value chain. Attracting young, skilled people to the agricultural<br />
workforce has become increasingly difficult and this is inhibiting the development of<br />
innovation and the uptake of new on farm technology and techniques.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support research, training and skills development in every sector through<br />
better coordination and cooperation across all tertiary and training providers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue the voluntary bonding scheme for rural veterinarians and<br />
investigate bonding in other areas of rural expertise.<br />
17
Marketing<br />
The value of New Zealand‟s agricultural exports is closely linked to consumers‟ perception of<br />
both the product‟s quality and their perception of New Zealand as a whole. To increase the<br />
value of our agricultural products New Zealand must market them as being high quality and<br />
environmentally sustainable in order to attract wealthier customers who are willing to pay<br />
more for quality, ethical food. New Zealand‟s branding as a clean, green and fresh place,<br />
offers an ideal platform for marketing our agricultural products.<br />
Providing a co-ordinated and effective marketing strategy across the sectors on a small<br />
budget is the challenge that industry participants and the Government faces.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the formation of more industry co-operatives and organisations<br />
such as Zespri which have provided clear marketing strategies, been well resourced<br />
by producers and effective in their outcomes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the evolution of the 100% Pure NZ marketing campaign to<br />
include quality, environmentally sustainable New Zealand products and agricultural<br />
exports.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will better link our overseas tourist market to our gourmet food production<br />
through smart cost effective programmes that expose international visitors to our<br />
creative and innovative economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to work on opening up new markets for New Zealand exports<br />
through free trade agreements and ensure that agriculture is a part of any trade<br />
negotiations.<br />
Infrastructure<br />
Just 13.8% of New Zealand‟s population live in rural communities yet between them they<br />
grow, process and export 66% of New Zealand‟s merchandise exports. 2 However rural<br />
communities have been overlooked in terms of infrastructure investment and this is putting<br />
pressure on the sustainability of those exports.<br />
Broadband is a key issue for rural communities. The 2010 KPMG Agribusiness report stated<br />
that slow communications platforms in rural areas are inhibiting the investment and uptake of<br />
other technologies as well as deterring young people from taking employment in rural areas.<br />
The Telecommunications Users Association also believes the balance of funding is skewed<br />
too strongly to benefit urban areas to the detriment of the productive economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will focus broadband funding more strongly on enhancing the capacity of our<br />
productive economy.<br />
2 KPMG 23/04/2010 „Agribusiness Agenda‟ pg.59.<br />
18
New Zealand needs high speed broadband across urban and rural areas. <strong>Our</strong> future<br />
networks will rely primarily on fibre, but we accept there are parts of New Zealand that will<br />
struggle to get access to fibre in the near future because of geographical isolation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure such remote areas are given priority under the Rural Broadband<br />
Initiative for access via satellite, wireless or other means.<br />
See <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Information and Communications Technology Policy for further details.<br />
Emissions Trading Scheme<br />
Agriculture is New Zealand‟s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing over<br />
47% of the total. As such its inclusion in the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is vital if the<br />
scheme is to be successful in lowering New Zealand‟s emissions. Agriculture‟s entry to the<br />
scheme was deferred until 2015 by National. Agricultural emissions are projected to be 25%<br />
above their 1990 levels by 2020 and this delay could impinge on New Zealand‟s ability to<br />
meet our Kyoto commitments while incurring a significant cost to the taxpayer.<br />
As consumers are becoming more concerned about climate change impacts and demanding<br />
lower carbon intensity food, the adoption of the ETS and low carbon farming techniques will<br />
become a competitive advantage for New Zealand‟s agricultural sector. The challenge is to<br />
introduce agriculture into the ETS and support uptake of new low carbon farming systems<br />
without severely impacting on farm profitability in the short to medium term.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support New Zealand‟s farmers and agricultural sector to significantly<br />
reduce carbon emissions as part of shifting the industries focus to producing high<br />
value, sustainable exports.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit agriculture to the ETS at the original date of 2013, starting with<br />
10% of liable emissions phasing up over 12 years. In this way taxpayers reduce their<br />
liability while farmers are encouraged to adopt carbon reduction farming methods.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide additional support for research and implementation of better<br />
farming practices through increases to the Government‟s contribution to the<br />
Sustainable Farming Fund.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the growing knowledge and investment in Biochar and Soil<br />
Carbon technologies that may allow farmers new methods of carbon sequestration in<br />
their farming systems.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue funding to the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas<br />
Research Centre to support the development carbon neutral farming technology.<br />
Water<br />
Water is precious and the most vital component of New Zealand‟s biological production<br />
systems. Systems of allocation and management vary throughout the country and often do<br />
19
not encourage its best use. Farmers who are allocated water sometimes tend to regard it as<br />
something they now own and can sometimes trade.<br />
There is growing awareness and concern over the declining quality of water and the along<br />
with the growth in urban populations, agricultural intensification has been a key component<br />
of this problem. Urgent changes are needed to reverse the trend and restore water to the<br />
quality expected by all New Zealanders. See <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Water Policy for further information.<br />
Environment<br />
Almost 16.5 million hectares or 61% of New Zealand‟s total land area is farmed (including<br />
forestry), meaning agriculture has a significant impact on New Zealand‟s natural<br />
environment. 3 Conversion of native forest to land for farming and forestry coupled with more<br />
intensive farming practices has led to significant biodiversity loss in New Zealand. Over 2700<br />
native species are currently classified as „endangered‟ by the Department of Conservation<br />
and Massey University. 4<br />
In order to fulfil our obligation to protect our native flora and fauna as well as building a clean<br />
green marketing image, steps must be taken to reduce the impact of our farming systems on<br />
the environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will double the Government‟s investment in the community led Sustainable<br />
Farming Fund to total $16 million per year, to be funded by reprioritisation from the<br />
Primary Growth Partnership.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will discourage farming systems that have the potential to undermine our<br />
reputation for the highest standards of environmental, animal welfare and food safety<br />
in our food and fibre production.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with High Country Lessees to ensure the best protection of the<br />
multiple values of this iconic land – see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s South Island High Country policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support Biological and Organic Farming systems to provide alternative<br />
economic solutions to the costs and environmental impacts of intensive production<br />
systems.<br />
3 Agribusiness Ltd, http://www.agribusinessltd.com/acatalog/About.html<br />
4 B. Salmon 24/06/2010 „Threatened species list‟ Parliamentary Library.<br />
20
ARTS, CULTURE AND HERITAGE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision: “Home Grown”<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes arts, culture and heritage play an essential role in defining our nation‟s<br />
unique identity. We value the energy, enterprise and confidence which result from cultural<br />
and creative expression.<br />
Support for our arts and cultural sector includes ensuring that there is adequate funding and<br />
support for our cultural institutions so that the sector can continue to develop. It means<br />
supporting initiatives which support artists and cultural practitioners making a living from<br />
careers in the arts. It means investing in opportunities for Kiwi artists from all communities to<br />
tell our nation‟s stories.<br />
It also means working to protect the intellectual property rights of our artists in the digital<br />
age.<br />
New Zealand has an international reputation for being creative and innovative. <strong>Our</strong> creative<br />
industries make a strong contribution to the growth of our economy, offering exciting<br />
employment for New Zealanders and developing high-tech creative capability which attracts<br />
world-wide attention.<br />
Achieving growth in our cultural sector is assisted by broadening the audience for its output,<br />
both at home and abroad. In the digital age there are new opportunities to reach ever wider<br />
audiences, and to provide greater access to our cultural and heritage experiences. We are<br />
committed to investment in a wide range of initiatives which encourage cultural growth,<br />
innovation and opportunity.<br />
The development of the regional arts, cultural and heritage infrastructure is important for the<br />
many, not the few.<br />
Strong artistic, cultural and heritage communities foster both local economic growth and<br />
identity. Support for regional communities to create inspiring arts, culture and heritage<br />
experiences enables New Zealanders, and overseas visitors, to enjoy the wealth of cultural<br />
expression we have throughout our country.<br />
Children have a vital role in the development of our cultural sector, not just for their own<br />
wellbeing and sense of identity but because they are the emerging artists and cultural<br />
practitioners of tomorrow. We support the development of clear pathways into careers in the<br />
sector.<br />
21
<strong>Our</strong> unique natural, social, and built heritage helps us understand the forces which have<br />
shaped us as a nation. We are committed to its protection. <strong>Labour</strong> supports on-going<br />
research, documentation, and presentation of our heritage using the expertise we have and<br />
taking advantage of developments in technology.<br />
Growing and supporting the creative sector<br />
A decade ago our cultural agencies were systemically under-funded, to the extent of only<br />
just surviving financially.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has shown its commitment to supporting the creative sector, with sustained<br />
investment and leadership to enable our arts and cultural organisations to thrive.<br />
We will continue to invest in the Toi Aotearoa Arts Council (Creative New Zealand), the<br />
government‟s arts funding agency, and directly in the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra;<br />
the Royal New Zealand Ballet; Te Matatini, the national kapa haka organisation; Te Papa;<br />
the New Zealand Film Commission; New Zealand Film Archive; and in other organisations<br />
across the arts and Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums (GLAM) sector.<br />
We will see continued growth and innovation in our creative industries which will mean Kiwi<br />
arts and culture are recognised internationally for their excellence, contributing to our<br />
national identity, economic growth and New Zealand‟s attractiveness as a premier<br />
destination for cultural tourism.<br />
Continued support for the screen industry has contributed to the success of New Zealand<br />
film. <strong>Our</strong> screen industry now has a reported revenue of around $2.8 billion. The Film<br />
Commission‟s funding was significantly boosted to support the efforts of Kiwi filmmakers.<br />
This increased funding has brought us some of New Zealand‟s most successful films in<br />
recent years, such as Whale Rider and Boy.<br />
These films and many others have contributed to our sense of national identity and been a<br />
major success in sharing our stories with the world.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has promoted initiatives to support writers and widen the readership of New Zealand<br />
literature, both here and overseas. We have worked to increase New Zealand book exports<br />
overseas and supported the development of New Zealand Book Month.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes our cultural sector and creative industries have an important role to play in<br />
contributing to New Zealand‟s economic growth and enriching our communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time and as resources allow, continue to grow the level of funding<br />
and support for arts, culture and heritage.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to prioritise the arts, culture and heritage sectors because of<br />
their contribution to defining New Zealand‟s unique identity.<br />
22
Growing poetry and literature<br />
We believe the arts, culture and heritage are central to defining who and what we are as a<br />
nation, and deserve promotion at the highest level. We will continue to support cultural<br />
awards, such as the annual Prime Minister‟s award for literary achievement which<br />
acknowledges the accomplishments of our leading literary figures and promotes artistic<br />
excellence.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the Book Industry Alliance (Book Council), the Authors Society<br />
and Publishers to re-establish a „Pan-Literary Group‟ to discuss and advise on policy<br />
and legislation that impacts on writers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work constructively with other parties to achieve agreement to lobby to<br />
reach an international agreement on protection of Copyright, with respect to the<br />
Berne Convention.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review and amend criteria for writers‟ scholarships. Recipients of Writer‟s<br />
Scholarships should have the option of staying and working at home.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will change the Statement of Intent of Toi Aotearoa (Creative New Zealand)<br />
to include funding and support roles for non-fiction literature.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Public Lending Right for New Zealand Author‟s Act five yearly<br />
(or CPI adjusted).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time and as resources allow, introduce a contestable funding model<br />
for history writers.<br />
Growing fine arts, galleries and museums<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to focus on measures which will lift the incomes of artists and those who<br />
work in the cultural sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes it is essential that our artists and creative people are able to make a living<br />
and build exciting careers from their work. We increased funding for the annual royalty<br />
payment that New Zealand authors get to compensate them for use of their books in public<br />
libraries and included this initiative in legislation. The Public Lending Right for New Zealand<br />
Authors Act was introduced and passed by <strong>Labour</strong>.<br />
With cultural trends and technology changing fast, our laws need to keep pace. <strong>Our</strong> artists<br />
stand to lose significant revenue where their work is exploited and copied. With pirating and<br />
counterfeiting rife internationally, <strong>Labour</strong> has focused on ensuring that the creative rights of<br />
our artists are adequately protected across all art forms.<br />
23
We have regularly reviewed and updated the legislation covering arts, culture and heritage<br />
agencies and sectors, including intellectual property laws. We have developed stricter<br />
measures against those who attempt to profit from pirated and counterfeit works.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has recognised the need to explore how creative rights for traditional knowledge,<br />
including Māori, Pacific and other cultural designs, images, songs and dances, can be<br />
protected where these cultural taonga are not owned individually, yet are increasingly<br />
subject to commercial exploitation in New Zealand and overseas.<br />
We have initiated work to protect and promote respect for traditional knowledge in New<br />
Zealand, across the Pacific and beyond.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop outreach delivery systems of collections from Te Papa “<strong>Our</strong><br />
Place” through the National Services Unit to sites to be identified by the Auckland<br />
and Christchurch Councils respectively and the regional interest groups.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consult across the creative and communication sectors to develop and<br />
implement intellectual property policies that encourage innovation and rewards for<br />
creativity, recognising that intellectual property laws will need to evolve into the future<br />
with changes in digital technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue the work to establish a Collections Council for the identification<br />
of collections of national significance and objects of significance, and ensure that<br />
regions that meet air and temperature standards and safety guidelines will have<br />
access to those materials for display to the public to increase the community<br />
knowledge, enjoyment and appreciation of our kiwi heritage. We will further develop<br />
partnerships with local authorities, businesses and NGOs.<br />
Over time and as resources allow, <strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Develop a Centre for Arts Conservation at Te Papa and agree on a nationwide<br />
approach for taonga and art restoration including the establishment of a<br />
national funding mechanism for conservation of taonga and art held<br />
regionally.<br />
Establish a New Zealand-wide distributed national collection to increase<br />
community knowledge, enjoyment and appreciation of New Zealand‟s<br />
heritage through collection holdings.<br />
Growing the film sector<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> knows that competition between countries to attract film productions is intense.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> introduced a grant scheme in 2003 to attract big-budget film and television<br />
production to New Zealand, which ensured that blockbuster movies like The Lion, the Witch<br />
24
and the Wardrobe, King Kong and The Hobbit were all made in New Zealand, bringing with<br />
them significant positive flow-on effects for our country.<br />
We have also ensured that we make New Zealand a more attractive place for New Zealand<br />
films to be made. In 2008 <strong>Labour</strong> established a Screen Production Incentive Fund to support<br />
increased production of medium and larger-scale movies with significant New Zealand<br />
cultural content.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore a more transparent funding mechanism to encourage film<br />
production in New Zealand rather than reward „one off‟ incentives as was developed<br />
for The Hobbit. We would include all parties in this review.<br />
The New Zealand Screen Production Incentive Fund (SPIF) provides a government grant of<br />
40 percent of qualifying New Zealand production expenditure for eligible New Zealand<br />
feature films, and 20 percent of qualifying New Zealand production expenditure for eligible<br />
television and other screen production expenditure.<br />
The New Zealand film industry‟s achievements highlight talent and opportunities for growth<br />
in areas of specialist technical ability, post-production and digital animation.<br />
For example, a number of high tech Kiwi companies were established to develop digital and<br />
software solutions for the Lord of the Rings movies. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises that investment in<br />
industry training and skills development is vital to ensure the success of New Zealand film<br />
into the future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the development of the New Zealand film industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the implementation of recommendations made in the Review of the<br />
New Zealand Film Commission by Sir Peter Jackson to ensure that our own stories are<br />
told, supported by the Screen Production Incentive Fund and other programmes of the<br />
New Zealand Film Commission, New Zealand on Air, Te Māngai Pāho and Toi Aotearoa<br />
Council (Creative New Zealand)<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that New Zealand is promoted as a premier location for international<br />
film production.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will foster links between film and tourism opportunities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as resources allow, extend the criteria for applications to the Large Budget<br />
Screen Production Fund (LBSPF) to include video game makers.<br />
Growing New Zealand music<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes there are clear cultural and economic gains from a strong domestic music<br />
industry. <strong>Our</strong> commitment to significant investment in the New Zealand music industry has<br />
brought steady growth.<br />
25
In 2001, only 6 percent of monthly album sales were by New Zealand musicians. But<br />
through initiatives like the highly successful New Zealand Music Month and support for the<br />
New Zealand Music Commission, our home-grown artists now make up around 20 percent<br />
of album sales.<br />
Support for implementation of a voluntary quota of New Zealand music on radio has also<br />
meant radio play of New Zealand content has risen by a similar amount and now averages<br />
at about 20 percent of airplay.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, a major focus has been supporting our musicians to expand into overseas<br />
markets. The international market development programme undertaken through the New<br />
Zealand Music Commission has been successful in getting kiwi music repertoire and artists<br />
into global markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will broaden the range of export markets which receive support for New<br />
Zealand musicians via New Zealand on Air, beyond the Australian market.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work alongside the industry, ISPs and musicians to ensure an appropriate<br />
digital platform is available domestically for New Zealand music.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a full review of the Copyright Act, with the aim of introducing a<br />
new Copyright Bill within 18 months that updates and extends the framework for<br />
digital copyright in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review and strengthen the relevance of the New Zealand Music<br />
Commission to ensure that their role is clearly defined and they are supported as one<br />
of the agents in the export of New Zealand music. Any review should take into<br />
account the range of ways New Zealand music is now being taken to international<br />
markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the successful Outward Sound programme to assist<br />
New Zealand artists to become export-ready so we:<br />
- Increase earnings from overseas music markets<br />
- Foster the growth of the domestic music industry, and<br />
- Promote New Zealand‟s reputation internationally as a home of innovative<br />
talent.<br />
With music formats increasingly shifting to digital media, <strong>Labour</strong> will support our musicians to<br />
access digital markets and maximise the opportunities provided by new technology. We will<br />
also support the development and export of digital initiatives, in recognition of changing<br />
international markets.<br />
26
New Zealand to the rest of the world – Growing cultural diplomacy<br />
Government and its agencies can partner with cultural practitioners and artists to promote<br />
innovative business models which exploit the full range of funding possibilities and the<br />
opportunities advances in technology bring. This will assist them both to reach new<br />
audiences and to provide broader access to cultural and heritage experiences.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the potential for government to develop an online platform to<br />
assist and promote charitable giving towards arts, culture and heritage activities and<br />
organisations.<br />
We are aware that many cultural organisations rely on strong support from corporate<br />
sponsorship and philanthropy. <strong>Labour</strong> has supported this through removing the cap on tax<br />
rebates for gifts to registered charitable organisations. We will now explore what more can<br />
be done to promote the benefits of cultural sponsorship across arts and heritage through<br />
online technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the recommendations of the Cultural Philanthropy Report to grow<br />
cultural philanthropy for the Arts and Cultural sector.<br />
An international cultural diplomacy programme has been established to build a New Zealand<br />
cultural presence in key regions overseas and to foster increased economic, trade, tourism,<br />
diplomatic, and cultural interests with these countries.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the creative, cultural, and tourism sectors and New Zealand<br />
Trade and Enterprise to expand export opportunities for music, the screen production<br />
industries, performing arts and the visual arts, and continue to support cultural<br />
diplomacy initiatives to raise New Zealand‟s profile internationally.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to work with arts, culture, and heritage agencies as well as with<br />
New Zealand artists and businesses at all levels to ensure that the sector continues<br />
to flourish.<br />
We will work with leaders in the creative sectors to ensure that a strategic approach is taken<br />
to their development, barriers to development are addressed, and the potential benefits to<br />
the economy are realised.<br />
We see strong opportunities for leveraging growth for our cultural sector from significant<br />
events, as was the case for example with the Rugby World Cup <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
Growing cultural talent<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has been a strong supporter of Māori and Pacific traditional and contemporary art.<br />
27
We believe Māori arts, culture and heritage make a vital contribution to our national identity.<br />
Māori creativity and heritage help in defining us to the world as a unique nation with our own<br />
distinctive images, perspectives, culture and heritage. On screen or on stage, both here and<br />
abroad, Māori culture and Māori artists capture the attention of the world.<br />
We know that Māori culture is a key part of being a New Zealander and that by supporting<br />
our performers and artists both domestically and internationally, New Zealand‟s culture and<br />
arts can be showcased globally.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support Māori artists including through the high quality Toi Iho<br />
branding and will work to develop further opportunities for young artists to promote<br />
their talent and product through New Zealand Trade and Enterprise.<br />
On a local level, <strong>Labour</strong> remains committed to supporting and nurturing Māori culture.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide continued support for Māori performing arts through Te Matatini<br />
and consider further opportunities to support national competitions in schools to<br />
actively uphold the cultural expression of Māori.<br />
We are committed to promoting the richness and diversity of our Pacific cultures through the<br />
arts. We will also promote career pathways available in the creative sector, and support our<br />
Pacific peoples in their artistic and economic development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports continued investment in the arts within Pacific communities, and will<br />
promote the career pathways available in the creative sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain Te Waka Toi and the Pacific Arts Committee as part of the<br />
governance structure of Toi Aotearoa Creative New Zealand.<br />
We believe artistic and cultural participation from all ethnic communities in New Zealand is a<br />
vital component of building our national identity, and will take further steps to increase<br />
support for artists from diverse cultural traditions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide funding to enable a focus on increasing the contribution from New<br />
Zealand‟s diverse ethnic communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> values the contribution, and has encouraged the participation, of artists with<br />
disabilities and those with mental health concerns through funding for organisations such as<br />
Arts Access Aotearoa and support for a number of ‟outsider art‟ programmes. We believe it<br />
is important to promote pathways for people with disabilities to assist in developing their<br />
creative talents and cultural enterprise.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work across Toi Aotearoa (Creative New Zealand), local community<br />
services, Ministry of Social Development and local government bodies to develop<br />
28
further opportunities for people with disabilities and mental health conditions to<br />
undertake creative initiatives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will again invest in training and skills by introducing a revised and modern<br />
Creative Industries Apprenticeship, as part of the Modern Apprenticeships Scheme.<br />
This will build on current initiatives around sector clusters being developed by the<br />
sector ITOs and have links to other tertiary providers.<br />
Regional and community arts and culture<br />
Supporting innovative local communities and sustainable arts infrastructure in our regional<br />
centres is important in promoting local identity and economic growth.<br />
The Regional Museums Fund we established has supported major redevelopments across<br />
the country. These redevelopments can be seen at the Auckland War Memorial Museum, Te<br />
Puke Ariki in New Plymouth, Eastern Southland Gallery in Gore, Aratoi in Masterton, the<br />
New Zealand Film Archive, Nelson Provincial Museum, the Dowse Art Museum in Lower<br />
Hutt, the Auckland Art Gallery, the Otago Settlers Museum, Rotorua Museum and currently<br />
in Hawke‟s Bay.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue its highly successful policy of providing funding for construction and<br />
refurbishment of regional museums and galleries with collections of national significance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restructure the Regional Museums Fund criteria once it is fully<br />
subscribed, to a Regional Museums and Arts Infrastructure Fund. This will include<br />
applications for theatre, orchestras, film platforms and performing arts infrastructure<br />
at a regional level.<br />
Growing community appreciation<br />
We believe it is the role of central government to promote a partnership and collaborative<br />
approach with local authorities, businesses and other funders and donors to support the<br />
cultural wellbeing of local communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time and as resources allow:<br />
Establish a „Collections Council‟ for the identification of works of national<br />
significance and how they are made accessible to all New Zealanders.<br />
Develop out-reach delivery programmes from Te Papa to Te Papa North and<br />
South sites<br />
Support increased funding for the Creative Communities Scheme<br />
administered by Toi Aotearoa Arts Council (Creative New Zealand) in<br />
29
partnership with local and regional councils, and increase funding for local<br />
festivals and competitions.<br />
Review the criteria for access to CNZ funding to ensure that grassroots<br />
creators of talent are not marginalised by an overly complex fund application<br />
system.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to promote growth in culture and heritage regionally and provide<br />
sustainable funding to regional cultural organisations.<br />
Education, industry training and research<br />
It is essential for the development of our cultural sector, and for our young people‟s<br />
wellbeing, that young New Zealanders‟ talents are fostered and they are inspired by the<br />
contribution the arts make to New Zealand‟s national identity and economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has continued to develop and resource the arts, music and creative curriculum in<br />
New Zealand schools so that young people have the opportunity to participate in the arts<br />
and establish creative skills at an early stage.<br />
The Artists in Schools Programme was implemented in 2007 to give Kiwi primary and<br />
secondary school students the opportunity to learn from professional New Zealand artists in<br />
the fields of dance, drama, music, and visual arts and was disestablished in 2008.<br />
We believe it is important to ensure the long-term sustainability of the cultural sector through<br />
investment in tertiary education and professional development for artists, and a strategic<br />
focus on areas of anticipated future growth.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a network of Children‟s Art Houses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will boost the skills capacity of the Kiwi creative sector – the first step being to<br />
conduct a thorough survey of the technical and operational skills we have to identify<br />
areas in which we need to foster new talent.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the ITO sector to develop a Creative Industries Apprenticeship,<br />
as part of the Modern Apprenticeships Scheme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will agree on the priorities for implementation of the A.T.T.T.O New Zealand<br />
Strategic Training Plan of the Sector 2010-2015. This will be taken into consideration<br />
alongside a consolidation of all current academic and character-based programmes.<br />
Over time and as resources allow, <strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Reinstate the Artists in Schools programme.<br />
30
Consolidate career development pathways for management of museums.<br />
Implement the New Zealand Strategic Training Plan Museums Sector 2010-<br />
2015 and develop programmes for the development of specialised skills for<br />
character-based programmes nationwide.<br />
We believe it is important that films, television programmes and music that have been<br />
funded by public organisations are freely available to New Zealanders for the purpose of<br />
study or historical research. We have reviewed accessibility of this archived material and<br />
begun a programme to streamline the way audio-visual content is archived.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to looking ahead and planning for a vibrant cultural sector for the future.<br />
We will increase the range of educational, skills development and research opportunities to<br />
ensure arts, culture and heritage is accessible to the next generation of creative Kiwis.<br />
Honouring our unique history and heritage<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that knowing and understanding our past and conserving our historic<br />
heritage is a critical part of establishing a strong sense of national identity. It is important we<br />
tell the stories of our nation‟s history, and that places of significance are preserved for future<br />
generations.<br />
A national heritage preservation incentive fund was set up to encourage the preservation of<br />
privately-owned and nationally-significant heritage properties that would otherwise be in<br />
danger of neglect or demolition.<br />
Special objects and taonga also play an important role in our heritage, so we have protected<br />
these items by updating the antiquities legislation.<br />
We have recognised that investment in protection of our historic heritage also has important<br />
economic spin-offs. Iconic sites support heritage tourism, bringing visitors to regions<br />
throughout New Zealand and encouraging them to stay and explore our unique history. It<br />
has been important to support the Historic Places Trust to link sites to create heritage trails.<br />
We have developed an initial list of New Zealand sites for consideration by international<br />
authorities as World Heritage sites.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the New Zealand Historic Places Trust in its essential<br />
work on behalf of all New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the effectiveness of the Historic Places Act legislation to ensure<br />
there is a voice for community advocacy.<br />
31
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with local government, heritage organisations and across central<br />
government to develop a National Policy Statement on Heritage Protections under<br />
the Resource Management Act.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the Historic Places Trust to provide strong advocacy and<br />
leadership so more of Canterbury‟s heritage can be retained.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> acknowledges that Canterbury has lost much of its heritage fabric in the 2010 and<br />
<strong>2011</strong> earthquakes. While Government funding for restoration is limited, there is a leadership<br />
role that the Historic Places Trust can play. To date, few heritage buildings have been<br />
retained, particularly in Christchurch‟s inner city. The Historic Places Trust needs to be a<br />
forceful advocate for retaining heritage buildings while working with building owners,<br />
councils and others to alert them to funding sources, partial demolition options and other<br />
measures which ensure that Canterbury keeps as much of its heritage past as possible.<br />
In recent years there has been an encouraging resurgence of interest in our nation‟s history,<br />
including the personal histories of individuals.<br />
There is a growing demand by New Zealanders young and old to express their national<br />
identity on occasions like Anzac Day and Waitangi Day. There is increasing interest in New<br />
Zealand‟s involvement in the conflicts of the twentieth century, and a recognition that<br />
significant aspects of our heritage and identity depend on the sacrifice made by others<br />
during times of war.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has commemorated the special relationship between the United Kingdom and<br />
New Zealand with the establishment of a memorial in Hyde Park, London, and dedicated a<br />
New Zealand memorial in the United Nations War Cemetery in Pusan, Korea recognising the<br />
service of 6,000 New Zealanders who fought in the Korean War. The New Zealand Memorial<br />
in Canberra and the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior in Wellington have also been major<br />
heritage projects.<br />
The 2008 tribute to Viet Nam Veterans was a significant acknowledgement of those who lost<br />
their lives in Viet Nam and an opportunity show our appreciation to those who served.<br />
As a focus for Kiwi families‟ remembrance of the sacrifice made by former generations of<br />
New Zealand servicemen and women, preparations have begun for a New Zealand<br />
Memorial Park adjacent to the National War Memorial in Buckle St, Wellington.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time and as resources allow:<br />
Complete the New Zealand Memorial Park project.<br />
Dedicate a memorial to New Zealand seamen who have given their lives in<br />
both war and peace.<br />
32
Over the last decade, growth in technology has offered us much greater opportunities to<br />
record, preserve and protect our records and heritage material. We have been committed to<br />
embracing these new technologies to create opportunities for Kiwi families and young people<br />
to better access our unique history. We have developed significant online projects such as<br />
the award-winning digital encyclopaedia of New Zealand, www.teara.govt.nz.<br />
The challenge for the next decade is to harness the opportunities offered by digitisation to<br />
make our heritage available and accessible to more New Zealand families, and to ensure the<br />
technology we use is compatible with future developments.<br />
Growing New Zealand Archives<br />
We see exciting opportunities for New Zealand families to learn about their own history and<br />
whakapapa and develop a rich appreciation of the contribution their families and<br />
communities have made to this country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore how to give New Zealand families better access to the wealth of<br />
cultural and heritage material relating to them that is held by public institutions, so<br />
that New Zealanders young and old can learn about the stories of their past.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time and as resources allow:<br />
Build the National Library up to be a virtual and actual hub where all New<br />
Zealanders have good access to New Zealand‟s documentary heritage, and<br />
can use that information across their work, leisure and community lives.<br />
Increase funding to speed up critical digitisation of heritage collections across<br />
New Zealand so existing collections are available online as quickly as<br />
possible.<br />
We have seen the importance of recording New Zealand‟s oral histories so that the rich<br />
history of our stories can be preserved for future generations. A large-scale programme of<br />
recording oral history has been established and content made available online to all New<br />
Zealanders through the oral history website 'From Memory' on www.NZhistory.net.nz.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue the extensive work programme within the Ministry for Culture<br />
and Heritage on New Zealand history projects, with a focus on further collection of<br />
oral histories, particularly from more isolated regions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time and as resources allow, fund the further collection of the 17<br />
World War Two New Zealand Division histories.<br />
We are aware that we need to ensure that consistent archive systems are in place for<br />
archiving our historical material, both nationally and internationally. It is important, too, that<br />
these are systems all communities can access and contribute to.<br />
33
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support Archives NZ, the NZ Film Archive, as well as public and<br />
private galleries, libraries, archive organisations and museums to work collaboratively to<br />
develop a smart and consistent approach to archiving cultural materials nationally and in the<br />
community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will legislate to create the New Zealand Film Archives as a Crown Entity and<br />
ensure on-going direct funding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that publicly-funded films, television programmes and music can<br />
be accessed by other New Zealanders for the purpose of study and research, and<br />
further develop mechanisms for archiving audio-visual programmes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the development of a Memorandum of Understanding with Te<br />
Papa to improve relations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure our New Zealand heritage is protected and cherished for the benefit of all<br />
New Zealanders.<br />
34
AUCKLAND ISSUES<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that Auckland is a national asset. It is our largest city, it is home to 31<br />
per cent of New Zealanders, it is our international gateway, and it is our largest commercial<br />
centre and wealth creator.<br />
The next <strong>Labour</strong> government will build on Auckland‟s strengths and create meaningful<br />
partnerships with local government, business and the community. We will restore proper<br />
democracy so that local people feel confident that their voice is being heard. We will<br />
empower the Auckland Council to effectively represent those local people, to act in their best<br />
interests, and to make Auckland the most successful city it can be.<br />
A Super City that works<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has promoted the concept of a larger, combined Auckland Council to improve<br />
governance, representation, efficiency and affordability in Auckland local government.<br />
However the „Super City‟ council that has been set up by National does not achieve those<br />
aims.<br />
National set up an over-centralised and corporatised super city. Super city laws do not<br />
guarantee local communities a strong voice. Too much power has been handed to handpicked<br />
corporate boards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that it will take strong backing from central government to make Auckland<br />
a success. Rather than undermining local government decisions, as National is doing with<br />
Mayor Len Brown‟s plans for a modern rail system, <strong>Labour</strong> believes central government<br />
should listen to what the local people want and support the council in implementing its<br />
decisions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will fix the super city‟s democracy: enshrine powers of local boards, transition<br />
from the appointed Māori Statutory Board to elected Māori seats, repeal the law that<br />
imposes a corporatised transport agency, and review the governance and democracy<br />
laws and structures after two years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes the only way to successfully tackle Auckland‟s big problems and<br />
opportunities, is by central government working hand in hand with Auckland Council:<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will set up a Common Accountability Platform for Auckland – Ministers,<br />
representatives and officials of central government will agree common priorities with<br />
35
Auckland Mayor & Council, and ensure better, fairer alignment between Aucklanders‟<br />
voices and needs, council capabilities, national policy, and budget commitments.<br />
A modern transport system for a modern Auckland<br />
Transport is the number one thing Aucklanders want the super city to fix: ease traffic<br />
congestion, and build a world class transport system that is convenient and affordable.<br />
The Council has prepared a business case for a City Rail Link proposal and the Auckland<br />
public are overwhelmingly in favour of it. This is a sensible transport solution and will act as<br />
a catalyst for business and residential growth.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the Auckland Council and back the clear preference for Auckland,<br />
which is the Rail Link proposal. We will provide funding, through the Land Transport<br />
Fund, for up to $1.2 billion, which equates to half of the cost of the Rail Link, on the<br />
understanding that the Auckland Council is responsible for financing the other half.<br />
We will finance this by cancelling National‟s plans to fund a Wellsford-Puhoi Highway (“the<br />
Holiday Highway”). While <strong>Labour</strong> agrees that there are safety issues and choke points that<br />
need to be addressed here, we believe these can be resolved without the need for an<br />
expensive new highway. This money would be better spent on the Auckland Rail Link.<br />
Auckland simply cannot go on building motorways. The more you build them, the more they<br />
fill up with cars. Vast resources have been invested in motorways over the past 60 years.<br />
Now we must invest similar resources into building a modern public transport system that<br />
allows Aucklanders to move around the city in fast, convenient and affordable way.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work in partnership with Auckland Council to deliver a 15 year transport<br />
infrastructure plan for Auckland, starting with the city rail link, and including new<br />
rolling stock, station upgrades & integrated ticketing.<br />
Funding will be a mix of central government, Auckland Council debt, and other sources. New<br />
transport infrastructure and urban renewal will also emphasise cycling and walking.<br />
Growing Auckland‟s economy<br />
Auckland is our one international city of significant size. It is a key gateway to the world for<br />
ideas, trade, investment, skilled migrants, and tourists. But according to economists its share<br />
of GDP is lower than it should be for a city of its size in a country the size of New Zealand.<br />
Auckland must do well if the rest of the country is to do well. We must make Auckland the<br />
most efficient gateway for New Zealand and, because of its size and research base, we<br />
must recognise Auckland as the natural base for high-value export firms.<br />
36
Auckland must shift from being an importer and consumer to being a centre for production.<br />
We need to capitalise on the city‟s concentration of skilled workers, knowledge and research<br />
to provide a home for Kiwi firms taking our best ideas and selling them to the world in the<br />
form of goods, services and technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will facilitate and support an Auckland Inc approach to growing and nurturing<br />
high value clean-tech NZ export firms. We will also make sure that government and<br />
the Council support local SME and community economic development.<br />
Building a strong community<br />
Auckland is divided by extremes of poverty and wealth and this inequality is bad for the city.<br />
Poverty is concentrated in the very communities who are becoming a bigger and more<br />
important share of the city‟s population - Māori, Pacific and other new migrant communities.<br />
Inequality leads to crime, violence and all manner of social problems. It also means that the<br />
talents and resources of our whole community are being wasted.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with Auckland Council to tackle poverty and inequality in Auckland,<br />
and build strong communities.<br />
A range of steps will be taken, including the following:<br />
● Aligning central government social development spending with Auckland Council via<br />
the Common Accountability Platform, with focus on building opportunity for<br />
disadvantaged communities<br />
● Tackling the housing crisis<br />
● Investing in quality public transport & urban renewal<br />
● Generating high quality jobs<br />
Auckland urban development<br />
Unplanned suburban growth has led to vast sprawling suburbs often far from jobs and with<br />
poor services including public transport. Poor physical environment makes for unhappy<br />
people, e.g. unhealthy homes make children sick.<br />
The waterfronts and CBD are important parts of the city that have been neglected, much of<br />
our heritage has been lost and low quality buildings put up in their place.<br />
Aucklanders want and deserve a better built environment: healthy durable housing, a<br />
vibrant people-friendly CBD, and waterfronts opened up to the public.<br />
37
<strong>Labour</strong> will legislate for Urban Development Authorities to master-plan for ambitious<br />
urban renewal projects around rail, medium density economically-sustainable town<br />
centres, public space, healthy and sustainable homes, and strong communities,<br />
ensuring that communities which have the most to gain from public transport are best<br />
served.<br />
This will require investment and partnership between central government, local government<br />
and private sector – with strong community engagement. We want to see the CBD<br />
revitalised and the waterfront developed with high quality buildings and public space so that<br />
it is economically vibrant.<br />
Housing is a huge issue in Auckland; affecting cost of living, assets and savings,<br />
neighbourhood development, poverty, children, and their health outcomes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work closely with Auckland Council to ensure the best possible housing<br />
outcomes for all Aucklanders: affordability, quality, urban design, impact on the wider<br />
environment.<br />
An environmentally sustainable Auckland<br />
As the city‟s population grows to two million by 2040, the natural environment will be under<br />
great stress. We must build an environmentally sustainable Auckland for future generations.<br />
We should protect and extend our precious natural wild areas so that bush, beaches and<br />
volcanoes are an integral part of our city.<br />
To make Auckland a sustainable city we need to cut carbon emissions, clean up our<br />
waterways, and reduce our ecological footprint.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the Auckland Council to achieve this through actions such as:<br />
● Protecting and expanding the regional parks network, Hauraki Gulf National<br />
Park, volcanic cones, Waitakere Ranges, urban parks network.<br />
● Stopping sprawl, facilitating high-quality density through investment in public<br />
transport & walking/cycling, and urban renewal; protecting & retaining urban<br />
limits<br />
● Championing Auckland as an Eco-City: a carbon neutral Auckland Council,<br />
conservation and demand management of electricity, water and solid waste<br />
for householders and businesses.<br />
● Protecting and cleaning up waterways and the green fingers alongside them,<br />
reviewing provisions for cutting trees, and developing green areas where they<br />
will enhance lives and property values.<br />
38
BIOSECURITY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand must have a first-class biosecurity system. Keeping pests and diseases out of<br />
our island nation is essential for our primary producers, our livelihoods, and the protection of<br />
our unique native flora and fauna. And for our primary producers to compete in global<br />
markets, they need to be able to give biosecurity assurance to customers.<br />
With trade and travel increasing in a globalising world, pressure on our borders is becoming<br />
more acute and pest incursions are increasing. Over the past five years over 400 pests a<br />
year have been caught at the border – and in the last quarter of 2010 alone, three new pests<br />
became established in New Zealand.<br />
We need biosecurity vigilance to protect our country from environmental and economic<br />
damage from pest invaders, and from severe health threats like avian influenza. We must<br />
plan for the future challenges that increased trade and travel, and climate change, will bring.<br />
We may not be able to stop every biological threat from entering New Zealand. However,<br />
when they do, we must be prepared to manage them effectively. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that<br />
affected industries and local communities have a big part to play in responding to such<br />
threats. We need to maximise our total response, and ensure we get new threats under<br />
active management and control as soon as possible.<br />
Prevention<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> substantially boosted New Zealand‟s border security capacity. Scientific and<br />
operational systems were changed to more effectively investigate, eradicate or manage<br />
biological threats.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> set up Biosecurity New Zealand to co-ordinate the agencies that manage and protect<br />
our country against these threats. We developed a comprehensive biosecurity strategy<br />
applying to all of New Zealand‟s environments (land, freshwater and marine), and to both<br />
indigenous and introduced flora and fauna.<br />
Primary industries are feeling increasingly vulnerable to pest incursions. The spread of<br />
tomato/potato psyllid since 2006, and the Psa outbreak in kiwifruit in late 2010, show the<br />
devastating impact such incursions can have. Unless primary industries can be assured that<br />
robust biosecurity protection is in place, they are unlikely to risk making large new<br />
investments.<br />
39
National has relaxed the continuous vigilance needed against new disease or pest threats.<br />
In 2009 it cut 54 biosecurity officers working in ports and airports around the country. Many<br />
industry groups felt the cuts left the borders more vulnerable. Rising volumes of trade and<br />
international passenger arrivals now present serious challenges for our border protection<br />
services and a higher workload for frontline biosecurity staff.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore the $2 million of cuts to frontline Biosecurity services made by<br />
National in 2009.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that New Zealand‟s border protection capability, especially at the<br />
frontline, can deal with increasing biosecurity pressures and rising trade and travel<br />
volumes.<br />
National has taken resources from the biosecurity frontline and placed them into a Joint<br />
Border Management System (JBMS) aimed at coordinating border agencies in their multiple<br />
objectives at the border. While better coordination and sharing of information and systems is<br />
desirable, this must not undermine the ability to provide frontline border protection. Nor must<br />
biosecurity standards be compromised to facilitate easier border passage for tourists and<br />
imported goods.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the JBMS to ensure that biosecurity standards are not being<br />
compromised for convenience or cost-saving.<br />
Planning<br />
No border control system can ever be 100 percent effective. A „zero risk‟ border is not<br />
possible even if all travel and trade stopped, because organisms can still be introduced by<br />
migratory wild species. The biosecurity task is made even more challenging by the potential<br />
of climate change and associated ecological changes to expose us to new pests and<br />
diseases.<br />
Risks include human pandemics from disease, severe animal risks such as foot and mouth<br />
disease, and horticultural pests. We must plan for the future so we can readily identify and<br />
prevent threats or, if they arrive, get them under active management and control (or<br />
eradication) as soon as possible.<br />
This will require analysis of trade patterns, the way products are transported into New<br />
Zealand, and items brought in with travellers. Predictive research into ecological change as<br />
a result of climate change will also be required.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure analysis of the economic, biological and physical environment<br />
focuses on predicting and identifying new and emerging biosecurity threats.<br />
40
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to improve systems for dealing with severe biological threats<br />
such as an avian influenza pandemic.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop additional expertise in marine traffic and identification of waterborne<br />
pests and organisms.<br />
Government-Industry Agreements<br />
Government-Industry agreements (GIAs) on incursion responses were proposed under<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>. The concept is widely supported by industries who want some say in how pest<br />
incursions are responded to. Legislation is currently before Parliament.<br />
However, the sharing of costs has become controversial because National is shifting the<br />
burden onto exporting industries, rather than onto the taxpayer or those responsible for<br />
importing pest-carrying products. More debate is needed on this, including the extent to<br />
which incursion responses are a public good that should be funded by the Government as a<br />
core function.<br />
Particular consideration needs to be the potential cost burden on smaller or more vulnerable<br />
industries.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the GIA concept but will revisit cost-sharing arrangements to<br />
ensure that smaller industries are not being burdened with unrealistic biosecurity<br />
costs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the share of biosecurity costs paid by importers to ensure that they<br />
are carrying a fair and reasonable share of the burden of incursion response costs.<br />
In the legislation currently before Parliament, government compensation is not stipulated for<br />
stock or plant destruction as part of an incursion response. It is possible that farmers and<br />
other primary producers will refrain from reporting pest and disease incursions for fear of<br />
financial loss. Further discussion is needed on this.<br />
Partnership with the community<br />
The Government and the community need to work in partnership to respond to serious<br />
biosecurity threats. For instance, a 2006 red ant invasion in Napier was successfully<br />
eradicated by Biosecurity New Zealand working closely with the local community.<br />
Large-scale biosecurity management – particularly aerial spraying – requires public cooperation<br />
and support. Affected local communities must be well-informed and consulted<br />
about the need for action. Any health concerns must be addressed.<br />
41
Balancing the demands of swift and effective response times with local community<br />
consultation is challenging, but community buy-in is critical if biosecurity responses are to be<br />
maximised and have the greatest chance of success.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will respond swiftly to biosecurity threats while ensuring that local<br />
communities are well-informed and consulted.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop systems for representative community advisory groups to ensure<br />
clear communications with the public and provide a means for getting feedback from<br />
public sector agencies on issues of concern.<br />
Bees<br />
Bee pollination is integral to our horticultural industries – without it they would be crippled.<br />
MAF has estimated the value of bees to our economy to be about $4 billion annually. Bee<br />
populations are collapsing elsewhere in the world, and declines are becoming evident in<br />
New Zealand. The exact cause is not clear – but disease, pesticides and climate change<br />
stress are among the suspected factors.<br />
Diseases deadly to bees have entered New Zealand in recent years, despite biosecurity<br />
measures. Varroa mite was detected in 2000 and only well-managed bees can survive it.<br />
The parasite nosema ceranae was discovered in 2010.<br />
These diseases, in combination with worldwide bee colony collapse disorder and any further<br />
disease incursions, will put New Zealand‟s bee populations at risk. They are clearly<br />
vulnerable but no strategy for their protection exists.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will hold a Beehive summit to bring together all the stakeholders and<br />
knowledge in the New Zealand beekeeping industry to develop a plan to protect this<br />
vital component of our biological systems.<br />
The Beehive summit would include international expertise from those countries already<br />
dealing with bee population issues.<br />
Bovine TB<br />
The control and possible eradication of bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a vital objective if New<br />
Zealand is to continue exporting meat to countries where consumers demand the highest<br />
standards of food safety.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the Animal Health Board‟s TB Strategy and will work<br />
with all stakeholders to fund and implement agreed targets including eradication if<br />
considered possible.<br />
42
New Zealand is highly reliant on the use of 1080 to keep possum numbers under control but<br />
public opinion is divided on its suitability. <strong>Labour</strong> agrees with the Parliamentary<br />
Commissioner for the Environment that the use of aerial 1080 is necessary – at least until<br />
new and alternative tools are developed. The Animal Health Board, the Department of<br />
Conservation and other pest control agencies need to better explain to the public why this is<br />
currently our best alternative.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the use of aerial 1080 as an effective tool for landscape-scale<br />
pest control (especially of possums, rats and stoats), while new and improved<br />
alternative tools are developed.<br />
Regional strategies<br />
Unwanted organisms already in New Zealand often come under regional pest management<br />
strategies. These deal with pests and weeds like rabbits and wilding pines.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support regional (and unitary) councils to ensure that their strategies and<br />
programmes to control pests and weeds are up-to-date and effective.<br />
43
BROADCASTING<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Vision - Public interest broadcasting in the digital environment<br />
The power of sound and images together is incredible: film and television are core elements<br />
of culture in the twenty-first century. Broadcasting is a vital component of the fabric of any<br />
nation, and New Zealand is no exception.<br />
New Zealand will fully realise its potential as an innovative nation when our population is<br />
digitally literate and has clear pathways to education for life and skilled and high-wage jobs.<br />
A key marker of success will be wide access to creative content, developed by and for this<br />
country and its people.<br />
Content describes the creative material available to New Zealanders. This includes films and<br />
drama, documentaries, science, special interests, news and current affairs and sport, and<br />
music of all genres. It must be diverse, challenging, and provide access to the full range of<br />
cultures and ideas in our society. Above all, this content must be accessible at no cost to<br />
the viewer via television, radio, and the Internet.<br />
A competitive and thriving media and content creation sector is needed to deliver<br />
diversity. <strong>Labour</strong> considers that the current commercial market framework does not deliver<br />
diversity because it lacks a public service broadcaster aside from Radio New Zealand. It is<br />
time for this to change.<br />
This Broadcasting policy has been developed in conjunction with <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Information and<br />
Communications Technology policy. Readers are invited to refer to that for more detailed<br />
coverage of the regulatory and policy framework summarised in this policy.<br />
Public broadcasting renewed<br />
A strong, independent free public broadcasting media service not driven by commercial<br />
interests is essential to an informed democracy. This is a function of true citizenship that<br />
includes reflecting our own culture and stories, and provides the forum for insightful, relevant<br />
and fact-based debates on issues of public interest.<br />
It also means that important New Zealand content is made freely available to all Kiwis in real<br />
time. This is a fundamental principle behind public broadcasting. All New Zealanders should<br />
be represented by and be able to receive public broadcasting content, including news and<br />
current affairs across radio, TV and the Internet.<br />
There is a significant gap in our market and there remains a need for a local and publicly<br />
funded television broadcaster. Government must continue to invest in public broadcasting in<br />
44
order to meet the needs of a diverse society and ensure that local, quality content is both<br />
produced and delivered.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not believe that a combination of broadband, Sky, and access to international<br />
product via the Internet remove the need for public broadcasting. Convergence does not<br />
end the content market failure; it does not always mean those with minority and special<br />
interests can use their devices to find the sorts of content they want and view it when they<br />
want.<br />
TVNZ in its current form is not able to deliver public television broadcasting that New<br />
Zealanders want and need. Its corporate values and commercial focus and culture cannot<br />
be changed by tinkering. New Zealanders need better in terms of public broadcasting than<br />
what can be delivered by what is now effectively a state owned commercial broadcaster.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes a new approach is required; a new model, to bring together elements of<br />
public broadcasting that already exist, to strengthen and broaden them in the digital<br />
environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a new model for non-commercial public broadcasting. It will be<br />
based on the outcomes of a nationwide public debate to be held within one year of<br />
taking office.<br />
The core elements of the model <strong>Labour</strong> will present for consultation are:<br />
the core output of the new public broadcaster would be commercial-free, statutorily<br />
independent radio and television services, including:<br />
o the functions of Radio New Zealand and TVNZ 7<br />
o consideration of a new nationwide news service, and<br />
o possibly some other non-commercial programming.<br />
greater independence for public broadcasting, through a more „arm‟s-length‟<br />
governance model: the creation of a New Zealand Broadcasting Trust, which would sit<br />
above the public broadcaster‟s board and independently appoint the members of that<br />
board.<br />
o<br />
o<br />
Members of the Trust would have long terms and be appointed in consultation<br />
with the Opposition.<br />
The model could retain separate boards for existing institutions, as there is no<br />
“problem” to be solved with, for instance, Radio New Zealand‟s operating<br />
model or corporate structure.<br />
long term, sustainable funding arrangements to ensure independence, develop strong<br />
relationships with the production industry, and allow for the training and professional<br />
development of staff.<br />
45
improved cooperation and sharing of material between national-level public<br />
broadcasters and regional television and non-commercial radio, including access<br />
radio.<br />
a commitment to making New Zealand content readily available, including through<br />
digital means.<br />
The public debate will allow New Zealanders to have their say on the shape of future public<br />
broadcasting. It will include a discussion of the institutional form, legislative framework and<br />
range of funding options, including the use of existing assets and dividend streams, and<br />
other international models, such as those used in Europe and the United States.<br />
After full public discussion, <strong>Labour</strong> will have a clear view of how to proceed and will<br />
implement the new model.<br />
This commitment to restoring public broadcasting in New Zealand marks an important<br />
change towards a contemporary Kiwi approach to protecting and promoting New Zealand‟s<br />
culture in the twenty first century. It is not made lightly, and it is a commitment <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
see through.<br />
Other content industry issues<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage a competitive environment in digital commercial media, and<br />
investigate the merits of providing special tax status to low-profit limited-liability<br />
content development companies which are New Zealand owned and who commit to<br />
a defined programme of re-investment in their business.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to fund Māori Television and iwi radio and review the strategic<br />
contribution these mediums make to raising proficiency levels of Te Reo Māori.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a review of free-to-air Pasifika content and look at ethnic<br />
broadcasting content with a view to supporting better programming outcomes for the<br />
diverse cultures of New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage a stronger representative voice in the broadcasting and New<br />
Zealand content sector, particularly with reference to the impact of new media.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will pay particular attention to the Law Commission‟s review of regulatory<br />
gaps and the new media with regard to the consumer voice.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to encourage the screen production industry. Funding through<br />
NZ On Air will continue at present levels, but with a review of the organisation, its<br />
goals and objectives, and its models for allocating its funding to local content to<br />
ensure that its objectives and funding models are appropriate in the current<br />
environment and the digital age.<br />
46
The role of NZ On Air relative to the new public broadcaster will be carefully<br />
considered and will form part of the wider public debate.<br />
An audio standard for New Zealand television<br />
There has been an ongoing debate in New Zealand for some time around volume and<br />
consistency between featured programmes and commercials on TV, where there are<br />
concerns that the audio of television commercials are broadcast at louder sound volumes<br />
than the television programme material they accompany. The issue is not straightforward,<br />
but the solutions are.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes broadcasting networks have been slow to adapt and revise their Technical<br />
Delivery Requirements to reflect digital technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will bring the TV broadcasting industry together to establish a consensus for<br />
new Technical Delivery Requirements and a unified national standard for all<br />
broadcasters that reflects international best practice.<br />
Convergence between broadcasting and telecommunications<br />
The convergence of technology across the telecommunications, ICT and broadcasting<br />
sectors require a converged policy framework to deal with them effectively and efficiently.<br />
Convergence means that content types that used to be available only on separate networks<br />
are seeping across into each other. Audio-visual material can be carried over the Internet as<br />
it can over broadcast TV; voice works over the copper phone network, over the Internet and<br />
over cellular mobile networks. This trend is accelerating, and isn‟t going to reverse.<br />
That is why <strong>Labour</strong> wants to see a shared policy, regulatory and legislative framework for the<br />
broadcasting, telecommunications and Internet realms. Many other countries including the<br />
United Kingdom and Australia have already taken this approach. As the technologies<br />
converge a number of issues arise around the networks that will be needed to carry content<br />
produced inside New Zealand and that which comes from outside the country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes a single network regulator for Telecommunications and Broadcasting has<br />
merit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prepare a proposal for public consultation within six months of taking<br />
office setting out the path towards a single powerful regulator for telecommunications<br />
and broadcasting.<br />
It is our expectation that the converged regulator will be located within the Commerce<br />
Commission and would obtain any additional resources required by means of an industry<br />
levy system. The legislation would be modelled on the way the Telecommunications Act<br />
currently works.<br />
47
<strong>Labour</strong> would have particular regard to addressing the impact of monopolies in both the<br />
telecommunications and broadcasting marketplaces.<br />
The consultation will also consider the regulatory mechanisms for content carried on<br />
broadcasting and telecommunications networks. It may be that the functions of the<br />
Broadcasting Standards Authority, the Press Council and the Advertising Standards<br />
Authority could be brought together.<br />
In parallel with these regulatory changes, the policy arm of government dealing with these<br />
issues may be able to be done more efficiently brought together. Current policy is spread<br />
across a range of agencies including the Ministry of Economic Development, Department of<br />
Internal Affairs, Ministry of Culture and Heritage, State Services Commission and others.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate creating a Ministry of Communications and IT, based in the<br />
Ministry of Economic Development, to bring together all policy involving<br />
broadcasting, communications and information technology issues.<br />
Among the tasks for the new Ministry would be to ensure that both broadcasting and<br />
telecommunications policy considered the wider cultural context in which they operate, by<br />
liaising closely with the Ministry of Culture and Heritage in the work that they do.<br />
Compared with other countries, the consumer voice is largely missing in both the<br />
telecommunications and broadcasting markets. The Australian Consumer Communications<br />
Action Network provides a model.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate ways to ensure there is a strong mechanism for New<br />
Zealanders to voice their issues, concerns and vision with regards to<br />
telecommunications, broadcasting content and the digital environment.<br />
48
CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY PLAN<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will intervene with innovative and necessary measures to give Cantabrians<br />
affordable choices as they rebuild their homes, businesses and lives after the devastating<br />
earthquakes. These measures will improve the quality and speed of the recovery.<br />
Intervene to give homeowners choice<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will purchase land sufficient for an initial tranche of 1,500 affordable<br />
properties to be made available for on-selling, at cost, to red zone homeowners.<br />
Access to affordable land is critical if Cantabrians from the red zone are to rebuild their lives.<br />
National‟s RV deal only addresses one side of the problem. They have put an extra 6,000<br />
new home buyers into the market but done nothing to ensure there are affordable options<br />
available. The resulting increases in property prices are leaving many homeowners unable<br />
to afford to re-purchase property. In effect, the Government‟s offer has left many people with<br />
no place to go.<br />
Case Study – Cass Street Residents Out of Pocket<br />
A couple who have lived in their now-red zoned Cass Street home for 15 years have<br />
said the Government‟s deal will leave them significantly out of pocket.<br />
They pointed out that most sections in Cass Street are around the $140,000 mark,<br />
while the cheapest they could find was worth $169,000.<br />
The couple, who want to stay in Kaiapoi and are willing to pay more than they expect to<br />
receive from the Government offer, aren‟t able to find affordable sections. Their<br />
$270,000 2008 valuation, less the EQC pay-out they have already received, will leave<br />
them out of pocket in trying to find a new section and build a new home.<br />
Source: Kaiapoi Advocate, 2 September <strong>2011</strong><br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make an initial purchase of land sufficient for a first tranche of 1,500 properties.<br />
The Crown will then develop the land to make it ready for sale. These properties will then be<br />
on-sold, at cost, to affected residents. Homeowners from the red zone will have the first right<br />
of refusal. If there is excess demand, <strong>Labour</strong> will look to ballot the available land parcels.<br />
There is no obligation on the current 6,000 red zone residents to take up this offer. However,<br />
the offer will benefit all residents by taking excessive developers‟ margins out of the equation<br />
and directly moderating property prices across the market.<br />
49
This deal may still leave some homeowners out of pocket, but not to the extent that they<br />
would be if purchasing privately where developers are charging their own profit margins.<br />
If there is evidence of price gouging by developers as the Government attempts to acquire<br />
land then <strong>Labour</strong> will consider, as a last resort, using the land acquisition provisions in the<br />
Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act to ensure a fair price is sought and paid. <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
also undertake an immediate audit of Crown-owned land in the area to determine how much<br />
could be suitable and made available for development.<br />
The overall final cost to the Crown will be low. While we estimate the up-front cost to the<br />
Crown to be approximately $230 million, this cost will be recovered through selling the<br />
properties at cost to residents. This will leave the Crown to meet a small financing cost. The<br />
up-front estimate of $230 million is based on an average land value across Waimakariri,<br />
Christchurch and Selwyn of $155,000. 5 This is a conservative estimate as it is based on<br />
most recent developed land prices.<br />
Case Study - Grantham: Government Acts Quickly to Give Homeowners Options<br />
The small town of Grantham in Queensland was devastated by January‟s floods. Rather<br />
than sit back and leave residents to face the arduous task of rebuilding by themselves,<br />
the Queensland Reconstruction Authority intervened to declare the Grantham township a<br />
„reconstruction area‟ on 24 March <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
This enabled a „master planning process‟ to be fast-tracked and completed in just four<br />
months. This process included the purchase of a 935-acre land parcel in order to carry<br />
out an unprecedented land swap programme, where participants receive a „like-for-like‟<br />
land parcel outside the flood zones.<br />
As a result of this swift action, it‟s expected Grantham residents will begin moving into<br />
their new houses by Christmas – less than a year after the devastating floods. This<br />
illustrates that governments willing to intervene can expedite the recovery process,<br />
helping residents rebuild their lives as soon as possible.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ring-fence a maximum of $100 million from the Canterbury Recovery<br />
Fund as compensation for home improvements, made after the valuation date, not<br />
currently covered by the Government‟s offer. Compensation will be set at a maximum<br />
of $50,000 with a minimum of $5,000 and require proof of the amount spent on the<br />
improvement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will honour the existing buyout package for homeowners with affected properties in<br />
the “red zones” based on the rateable value (RV). This includes compensation for consented<br />
changes that increase the foot-print of the home.<br />
In addition to this, <strong>Labour</strong> will also compensate homeowners in the red zone for home<br />
improvements (e.g. a new kitchen or bathroom) above $5,000, up to a maximum of $50,000<br />
5 Quotable Value New Zealand, Urban Property Sales Statistics Half Year Ended December 2010. Table 13 & Table 15<br />
50
which are not currently covered by the Government‟s offer. Compensation will only apply to<br />
improvements made since the established date of rateable value. Also, applicants for<br />
compensation will be required to provide proof of the amount spent on the improvement.<br />
These improvements add to the value of the property and would have been taken into<br />
account in subsequent valuations if it were not for the earthquake. Officials have noted that<br />
63 per cent of properties sold in Kaiapoi, for instance, in the 12 months before the first<br />
earthquake were sold above the 2008 rating valuation, indicating that these improvements<br />
make a material difference to the resale value.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has capped the amount of compensation available at $50,000 to ensure this is not<br />
an open ended commitment. While some residents may have made improvements above<br />
this cap, the taxpayer cannot afford to meet every cost. Under this plan these residents<br />
would not be left totally out of pocket. Providing a minimum level of $5,000 will also ensure<br />
the process is not overloaded with a large number of small claims and also distinguish<br />
between general maintenance and home improvements which add the value of the house.<br />
We will ring-fence a maximum $100 million from the Canterbury Recovery Fund as<br />
compensation for home improvements, made after the valuation date, not currently covered<br />
by the Government‟s offer. This figure is based on an average of $10,000 per household. 6<br />
Although, we do not expect every red-zone house to fall into this category.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately release all of the available geotechnical information together<br />
with a plain English explanation for individual properties in the green and red zones.<br />
Further information will be released progressively as the land analysis and colour<br />
zoning is completed.<br />
The Government is currently withholding all of the geological and geotechnical information<br />
on individual properties that decisions on land zoning are being based upon. They have said<br />
they will only release the information once the entire affected region is colour-zoned.<br />
Releasing geotechnical information as the analysis is completed gives residents access to<br />
vital information they need to be able to make the right decisions for their future.<br />
Resolve the insurance gridlock<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the private insurance sector to explore all options to kick-start<br />
the industry and resolve the existing gridlock.<br />
As a last resort, <strong>Labour</strong> reserves the right to intervene in the insurance market as a<br />
short term measure where there is market failure to give the confidence required to<br />
get the market functioning properly again.<br />
6 Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household Economic Survey, June 2010. Note: In 2010, households spent an average<br />
$5,000 a year on home improvements and property maintenance (including materials and services). Over 3 years this adds up<br />
to $15,000. Once the $5,000 minimum is factored in – this equates to an average of $10,000.<br />
51
Private insurers are remaining highly cautious and conservative. The reluctance of large<br />
insurance providers to issue new policies is delaying the ability of Cantabrians to rebuild and<br />
businesses to reinvest and grow. Without new insurance residents are unable to access the<br />
finance they need to build a new home or start a business. This uncertainty is stifling the<br />
recovery. <strong>Labour</strong> will explore all options with the industry to break this deadlock and provide<br />
certainty to residents.<br />
As a last resort <strong>Labour</strong> reserves the right to intervene in the insurance market as a short<br />
term measure. The Canterbury earthquakes are without precedent and force us to consider<br />
all options. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that any specific option pursued will be subject<br />
to the priority of careful management of the fiscal risks to the Crown.<br />
Make community engagement a priority<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that international best practice principles of recovery strategy are<br />
central to the plan.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make community engagement a priority to progress the recovery of Canterbury.<br />
Community engagement, integrated planning and timely access to information are crucial in<br />
disaster response and recovery. The fundamental principles that underpin our approach are<br />
accountability and transparency.<br />
Drawing on international best practice, <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the recovery process:<br />
Puts trust and faith in local people who know their communities and ensures there is<br />
open communication with them<br />
Involves local communities in joint learning and public decision-making<br />
Capitalises on local culture and knowledge<br />
Mobilises local capacity to rebuild<br />
Enables local communities to make choices that build safer, more sustainable<br />
communities<br />
Secures the things that are good for the community, and discard the things that hold<br />
them back<br />
We‟ve listened to the Canterbury community who‟ve told us this approach has been lacking<br />
in the Government‟s response. There have been confused messages, a lack of plain<br />
language explanations of complex insurance and technical information, a refusal of agencies<br />
to collaborate on information provision, a failure to tackle rumours, a failure to disclose<br />
changes in policies, and setting of unrealistic expectations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also take a bi-partisan approach to the recovery by offering the<br />
Opposition a role in the rebuilding process.<br />
52
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that offering the Opposition a more substantive role in the rebuild process is<br />
a more effective commitment to a bi-partisan approach that will ensure continuity for<br />
residents and business than the current nominal role offered under National through the<br />
“cross-party forum”.<br />
We will establish an independent board between CERA and the Minister to depoliticise<br />
the approach to the recovery and strengthen the performance of CERA.<br />
There has been criticism of the bureaucracy set up in response to the Canterbury<br />
earthquakes, with lines of accountability unclear, and CERA and the Government‟s handling<br />
of the process being cited as inadequate. There is a lack of co-ordination between central,<br />
local and regional government which must be addressed. CERA needs to be the single-entry<br />
point so people can access clear pathways to recovery.<br />
To strengthen the performance of CERA, we will insert a board between the CERA Chief<br />
Executive and the Minister to improve governance and reduce political interference. This<br />
change will allow CERA to effectively lead the recovery. It will require a minor legislative<br />
amendment to the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will audit the heritage stock of Canterbury to identify what remains and what<br />
is most important to save. We will work with building owners and the Councils to<br />
retain and strengthen viable heritage buildings where feasible.<br />
Heritage is important to Canterbury‟s tourism industry and to the city‟s proud connection to<br />
its past. Since the February quake, there has been little government-led effort to help<br />
coordinate the retention and strengthening of heritage buildings and facades. International<br />
experts and many Canterbury people despair at this lack of leadership, while demolition of<br />
potentially viable heritage stock continues unabated. Preserving heritage does not simply<br />
mean holding up the recovery.<br />
Use youth unemployment to fill the skills gap<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use youth unemployment to fill the critical shortage of skilled workers in<br />
Canterbury, including investing $87 million towards getting 9000 young New<br />
Zealanders off the dole and into apprenticeships.<br />
The building and construction industry has warned there is a critical shortage of skilled<br />
workers in Canterbury. It‟s also concerned that the training process is too slow and may<br />
delay the rebuild even further. This is the perfect opportunity to address the crippling<br />
problem of youth unemployment in this country. There are about 58,000 Kiwis aged under-<br />
25 who are not learning or earning. This is a ticking time-bomb and must be fixed.<br />
Under National, the number of building and construction industry trainees in Canterbury has<br />
almost halved – down 45% since December 2008. However, we know 30,000 extra<br />
tradesmen will be needed for the rebuild. Continued inaction is not an option. That‟s why<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> released a comprehensive plan to get more young people into trades training.<br />
53
<strong>Labour</strong> will put $87 million towards getting 9000 young New Zealanders off the dole<br />
and into apprenticeships.<br />
We‟ll provide $80 million to create more 5000 fee-free training places for 16 and 17<br />
year olds.<br />
An extra $13 million will go towards 1000 new Group and Shared Apprenticeship<br />
places.<br />
We‟ve also been told that the process of training apprentices is too slow, so we‟ll work<br />
with the industry and training providers to ensure regulations and funding decisions are<br />
made to speed that up.<br />
In each of these areas, Canterbury will be the top priority in terms of allocating training<br />
positions. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan is an upfront investment in skills to ensure we have the workforce<br />
we need to get the rebuild going.<br />
Establish an independent Insurance Commissioner<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish an independent Insurance Commissioner with statutory<br />
authority to put in place a disputes resolution mechanism, consistent with existing<br />
mechanisms, to give Canterbury residents (and in the longer term, all New<br />
Zealanders) an affordable avenue to resolve disputes.<br />
The experience in Canterbury has revealed that consumer protection for private insurance<br />
has not been successful when it comes to natural disasters. While the Reserve Bank<br />
provides prudential regulation of the insurance sector, there is insufficient consumer<br />
protection.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish an independent Insurance Commissioner, with statutory authority,<br />
tasked with protecting consumers of insurance and the public interest by ensuring that the<br />
industry behaves responsibly, while also ensuring that there is a competitive insurance<br />
environment.<br />
The first job of the Commissioner would be to immediately put in place a consumer<br />
protection and disputes resolution mechanism. In doing so, it will draw upon existing<br />
agencies and mechanisms currently available to resolve disputes. The Commissioner would<br />
be funded through a levy on insurance companies.<br />
The Insurance Commissioner would review the operations of the private insurance<br />
industry in light of the experience of Canterbury residents.<br />
Once a consumer protection mechanism is established, the Commissioners would then<br />
review the performance of the insurance industry in light of the Canterbury Earthquakes, and<br />
provide any associated recommendations to the government coming out of the review.<br />
54
Design a plain English household insurance “template” which provides the minimum<br />
provisions that a household policy should include that can be varied on the<br />
agreement of both parties.<br />
In addition to an Insurance Commissioner, <strong>Labour</strong> will work to establish a plain English<br />
insurance “template” with minimum provisions required in a policy. The template will clarify<br />
the definition of the terms used in the document. The minimum provisions may be added to,<br />
or adjusted downwards, but only with the explicit agreement of the purchaser. This means<br />
that people can be protected as they can trust that the template is the minimum that they<br />
should be able to expect from an insurance policy. The drafting of the template will also be<br />
done in a way that ensures that insurers cannot “re-litigate” coverage due to the omissions of<br />
certain provisions, or the subtle inclusion of “get out” clauses.<br />
This measure was recently endorsed by NZI Chief Executive, Karl Armstrong, “I believe the<br />
time has come for us to look at creating consistent [contract] wordings across the industry.<br />
It‟s not acceptable for us to ask our own legal departments or our customers to decipher<br />
what our wordings mean, it‟s up to us to ensure we know this”. 7<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will fund test cases<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit $2 million to fund test cases, where Canterbury residents appear<br />
to have been unfairly treated by their insurer, to establish precedent and certainty on<br />
major issues.<br />
We also consider that insurance companies need to be held to account for particular<br />
instances of unfair treatment of residents in response to Canterbury. There are cases where<br />
homeowners feel that insurance companies have misled them or in some way dishonoured<br />
their policies. In these situations it might be appropriate for the Crown to fund test cases, up<br />
to $2 million. This will involve taking selected cases through the court system to establish<br />
precedent in law, which will speed up the recovery by delivering certainty on major issues.<br />
Crown Law will be asked to advise which test cases merit consideration.<br />
Education in Canterbury<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the education sector to address the issues they face and speed<br />
the recovery so that students and their families can have confidence in the future of<br />
education services in Canterbury.<br />
Educational institutions are vital in bringing together communities under immense<br />
pressure. Schools, ECE services and tertiary institutions are facing falling rolls as a result of<br />
families relocating and in other cases due to property damage. These institutions have lost<br />
government funding and schools, ECE services, as well as Canterbury University, have<br />
been forced to cut staff as a result. This issue needs the attention of government in order to<br />
place education in Canterbury on a sustainable footing.<br />
7 CN Cover Note Magazine, Propel <strong>2011</strong> Special Feature: CEO Panel Discussion, September to November <strong>2011</strong>, p 29<br />
55
Many costly school property repairs are not covered by the Ministry of Education‟s insurance<br />
policy. Repairing earthquake damage could run into the tens of thousands of dollars to<br />
replace things like boiler rooms, pathways, courts, and storm water systems. Schools will<br />
have to find money within their own budgets and decide what they can afford to<br />
fix. Currently, some schools are barely fit for use. Canterbury‟s children need a habitable<br />
learning environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with tertiary institutions, schools and ECE services to address the issues<br />
they face to give Cantabrians confidence in the future of education services in Canterbury.<br />
Ensuring the return of activity to Christchurch CBD<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage government departments which have moved outside the<br />
Christchurch CBD to relocate back there as soon as possible, where it is appropriate<br />
and economically feasible.<br />
Christchurch City faces economic loss as a result of business relocation and capital flight.<br />
Some of those departing enterprises include government departments which have taken<br />
lengthy leases outside the CBD. Christchurch needs a city-centre heart which is alive with<br />
workers and residents.<br />
Review of the Earthquake Commission<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the structure and operation of EQC to ensure the lessons of the<br />
Canterbury earthquake are used to secure the long-term reliability of EQC.<br />
The Canterbury earthquakes have exposed a number of issues and problems with the<br />
operation and structure of EQC. The review will be comprehensive and include an<br />
assessment of the adequacy of the EQC cap on claims, the scope of EQC coverage, the<br />
collection of EQC levies and recapitalisation of the EQC Natural Disaster Fund.<br />
For further information on <strong>Labour</strong>‟s policy to strengthen New Zealand‟s response to natural<br />
disasters, refer to our EQC policy.<br />
Fiscal implications<br />
The Government set aside $3.2 billion of the $5.5 billion Canterbury Recovery Fund as<br />
contingency funding. This recognises the difficulty of predicting just how much will be<br />
needed to rebuild Canterbury. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan is realistic and necessary. It recognises that<br />
Cantabrians cannot afford to wait any longer to rebuild their lives. The issues they face are<br />
immediate and real. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan has been put together in this context and has three<br />
fiscally relevant components:<br />
Acquiring and developing 1,500 sections: The overall final cost to the Crown will be<br />
low. While we estimate the up-front cost to the Crown to be approximately $230<br />
56
million, this cost will be recovered through selling the properties at cost to residents.<br />
This will leave the Crown to meet a small financing cost.<br />
Home Improvements Compensation: This compensation will cost a maximum $100<br />
million.<br />
Resolving the Insurance Gridlock: Any specific option pursued will be subject to the<br />
priority of careful management of the fiscal risks to the Crown.<br />
Impact on business<br />
This plan will lead to a better environment that will allow businesses to get re-established<br />
and grow. These measures are designed to improve the quality and speed of the recovery.<br />
Most importantly, this plan also delivers the transparency and accountability that is needed.<br />
The business community has told us that giving residents certainty and confidence will<br />
create a better environment for business. This plan will ensure residents can access<br />
affordable land, get insurance cover for new houses and business, and resolve insurance<br />
disputes efficiently and fairly.<br />
57
CHILDREN‟S POLICY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is putting giving children the best start in life at the heart of our social policy<br />
programme.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Agenda for Change will make a growing, far reaching investment in our children, their<br />
families and carers, and, through them, in all of our futures.<br />
Recent years have seen important advances in understanding how children get the best<br />
start in life:<br />
the significant impact of the early years for long term development;<br />
the value of quality care and close parental bonding in the very early years,<br />
the short- and long-term effects of poverty and low income levels,<br />
the correlation between inadequate housing and poor health,<br />
the relationship between education and well-being outcomes,<br />
the need for a secure living environment and the effect of parents‟ stress on children,<br />
the importance of educational achievement of parents,<br />
the value of workplace engagement; and<br />
which interventions make a positive difference.<br />
There is also growing evidence about what happens if the stresses and strains are too<br />
much: long term negative effects of children‟s development and family stability, sometimes<br />
severe, and always a waste of potential.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will place children‟s development and parents‟ ability to do what only they can<br />
do at the centre of social policy.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, social policy will focus on investing in the early years, giving children a good<br />
start in a secure caring environment which will generate benefits through the rest of a child‟s<br />
life. This will mean changes to the ways we resource early care, both in and outside the<br />
family, as well as to income support, benefits and, over time, housing.<br />
The ability to care and nurture is the heart and soul of parenting. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that care is<br />
work, and that parenting is some of the most crucial work ever done. We don‟t believe the<br />
58
only good parent is a parent in paid work, or that raising children is just a handicap parents<br />
need to escape from in order to be productive.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also believes much of what needs to be done (and not done) in child policy area is<br />
clear and incontrovertible, with a strong evidence base: We don‟t need another lengthy<br />
green paper process: we need good policies, and we need them now.<br />
The Agenda for Change for children has six main spending elements:<br />
Poverty alleviation: putting another $70-80 a week into the pockets of the poorest<br />
families by introducing a tax free zone and progressively extending full Working for<br />
Families eligibility to those currently excluded from the „In Work Tax Credit‟ component.<br />
Free 24/7 Access to Health Care for Under Sixes: extending free access for under<br />
sixes to after-hours medical services.<br />
Paid Parental Leave: extending the duration from 14 to 26 weeks, and the reviewing<br />
the whole area with a view to establishing a more radical approach.<br />
Early intervention: intensive support for the first 18 months for the most vulnerable 5%<br />
of children, and universal enrolment of children with Well Child providers.<br />
ECE-based support: free high-quality Early Childhood Education and parent support<br />
from 18 months to three years for the most vulnerable 5% of children.<br />
Early childhood education: restoring the funding cut from centres with high numbers of<br />
qualified staff.<br />
Better income from work and fairer tax arrangements<br />
It does take a village to raise a child, but what happens in the family is at the heart of things.<br />
Parenting has enormous challenges, but it needs to be a positive experience, where each<br />
parent‟s strengths come through and are passed on to their children. All parents need time,<br />
security and basic income to raise children well.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has already outlined policies to raise family incomes especially for those families on<br />
low incomes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a $5,000 tax free zone. This means the first $5,000 you make in<br />
personal income a year – whether you are a worker, a beneficiary, or retired on New<br />
Zealand superannuation – will be tax free.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take GST off all fresh fruit and vegetables. That gives the average<br />
household an extra $160 a year to put back into groceries – and makes the healthiest<br />
choices more affordable.<br />
59
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the minimum wage from $13 to $15 an hour, raising earnings for<br />
the quarter of a million workers who currently earn less than $15. For someone<br />
currently on $13 an hour, this means an extra $66 a week in the pocket.<br />
Making children our priority: The leadership framework <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
legislate for<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make significant changes to the way government operates, to ensure children<br />
are given the highest priority.<br />
Children‟s needs do not slot into one convenient area of government. They encompass<br />
health, education, social development, housing, sport, the environment and many other<br />
areas. To be effective in advancing children‟s interests there needs to be a co-ordinated allof-government<br />
approach.<br />
This requires up to date, forward-looking legislation, new government structures and smart<br />
processes so that the public and the Government itself are able to easily scrutinise whether<br />
the expected standards are being met.<br />
This will involve:<br />
The establishment of a Children‟s Charter<br />
The enactment of a Children‟s Act<br />
The establishment of a Minister for Children (a senior role in Cabinet)<br />
The formation of a Ministry for Children, overseen by the Minister<br />
A strengthened position for the Commissioner for Children.<br />
A requirement to undertake Child Impact Assessments<br />
An annual Children‟s Summit, and<br />
A review and rewrite of the Children, Young Person‟s and their Families Act 1989.<br />
The Children‟s Charter and Children‟s Act<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s child policy framework will be established under a new Children‟s Charter<br />
(which will set the goals) and a subsequent Children‟s Act (setting out how we will get<br />
there).<br />
The Children‟s Charter and Children‟s Act will provide the legislative mandate (including<br />
performance monitoring) for the functions set out below.<br />
60
The Children‟s Charter will set the goals that will be expected to be met on a yearly basis to<br />
improve the wellbeing and livelihood of children in New Zealand.<br />
The Charter will address:<br />
Attitudes towards treatment of children (reducing child abuse)<br />
Affordable healthcare for children as a priority for the health system<br />
Preventing and combating hunger<br />
Emphasis on healthy homes<br />
Adequate income levels for parents<br />
Children‟s education with an emphasis on early childhood education, and<br />
The importance of household stability.<br />
The Charter will also allow government departments to measure their performance against<br />
prescribed expectations to improve outcomes for children. The charter will be developed and<br />
delivered by working closely with organisations that deliver services for children at the<br />
frontline. They will have a formal advisory role, and their core roles in the delivery of services<br />
to the community and families will be better established by the clearer focus in Government<br />
on children‟s outcomes.<br />
The Children‟s Act will be the legislative mandate for the functions of government<br />
departments setting out what their responsibilities are with respect to the Charter. The<br />
purpose of the Act will be to ensure that there will be accountability and the failure to comply<br />
can be addressed within a statutory mandate.<br />
This Act will also set out the functions of the Ministry for Children led by the Minister for<br />
Children.<br />
Minister for Children and Ministry for Children<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will dis-establish the Families Commission, and establish a Ministry for<br />
Children and a Minister for Children.<br />
The Minister for Children will be a senior minister at the Cabinet table.<br />
A Ministry for Children can ensure that there is a whole of Government approach to dealing<br />
with children‟s issues similar to the way the Ministry of Women‟s Affairs operates. The<br />
Ministry‟s job will be to make sure children are a priority, not just in theory, but in practice. It<br />
will be tightly focussed and will lead policy, research and monitoring the whole-ofgovernment<br />
approach and integrated approach to service delivery.<br />
61
The funding for this Ministry will be sourced by dis-establishing the Families Commission. Its<br />
current budget is $ 7.7 million a year, compared with the Ministry for Women‟s Affairs‟ budget<br />
of $4.5 million. The Ministry for Children will have similar funding to the Ministry for Women‟s<br />
Affairs and the remainder will be used to invest in other priorities in Children‟s policy.<br />
Strengthening the position of the Commissioner for Children<br />
The Commissioner for Children has and does play an important role in being the<br />
independent but at times muted voice for children. It‟s time to see how that independence<br />
could be strengthened.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the roles, responsibilities and functions of the Commissioner for<br />
Children to enhance the strong focus the government will place on achieving better<br />
outcomes for children.<br />
Coordination and accountability<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, through the Children‟s Act, require government departments and<br />
agencies to undertake Child Impact Assessments on new and changed policies so<br />
the impact on children can be measured as changes are made.<br />
We will make sure that investment is very well focussed on what evidence shows works and<br />
on where and for which children it can make the biggest difference. We will ensure that<br />
money isn‟t wasted on programmes that overlap or go nowhere. There will be strong<br />
leadership across government and communities, strong accountability around results, and a<br />
strong learning process and evaluation which focuses on how well we are doing, and where<br />
we might do better.<br />
The Ministry for Children will have a legislative mandate to work with other Ministries and<br />
Government departments, community groups and community advisors.<br />
It will develop a children‟s strategic plan set against the Children‟s Charter. This will lay out<br />
priorities, goals, targets and performance indicators in child wellbeing and monitor the<br />
performance of every sector against those standards. The children‟s strategic plan will also<br />
outline how each sector will work together and within their own domains to enhance child<br />
well-being.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require, through the Children‟s Act, that each ministry will have to<br />
establish a children‟s leadership team which will work with the Ministry for Children to<br />
incorporate the children‟s strategic plan into their portfolio and nominate their own<br />
goals, targets and performance indicators.<br />
Each team would be required to work with a representative sector advisory group involving<br />
community and other groups to ensure that the goals and targets identified reflect the<br />
priorities of that sector.<br />
62
Each portfolio‟s core activities will be funded from their own Votes but the Ministry for<br />
Children will be required to develop projects with multiple sectors such as joint health and<br />
housing initiatives to reduce hospital readmission rates for children. The Ministry will be able<br />
to allocate earmarked contestable „innovation funding‟ for this purpose.<br />
Children‟s Summit<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will hold an annual Children‟s Summit each year, to be attended by all<br />
agencies working with children, where progress will be reviewed and the children‟s<br />
charter goals will be revisited.<br />
This will become a major policy event with policymakers, practitioners, community groups<br />
and the media to assess the Government‟s performance. It will provide an opportunity to<br />
assess existing policy against the outcomes it produces and offer new alternatives where the<br />
outcomes are not met.<br />
Children, Young Person‟s and their Families Act 1989<br />
Currently, the Children, Young Person‟s and their Families Act 1989 determines how the<br />
state intervenes to protect children from abuse and neglect, and to prevent and address<br />
child and youth offending. Time and constant reinterpretation of this once ground-breaking<br />
Act means it is no longer working as it should for many families today. The previous <strong>Labour</strong><br />
Government began the process of updating this Act, however, that bill which made minor<br />
changes to clarify its intentions languished at the bottom of the Order Paper under the<br />
National Government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will direct the Ministry of Social Development along with the Ministry of<br />
Justice to conduct a review of the Children, Young Person‟s and their Families Act<br />
1989 with the view rewriting the law to better reflect the needs of children and<br />
families in the 21st Century.<br />
This will allow <strong>Labour</strong> to examine the evidence of what methods and approaches work for<br />
dealing with children and adopting those to have an efficient system.<br />
Eradication of child poverty<br />
Child poverty is a major issue facing New Zealand, but its effects are not always obvious at<br />
the time it does most damage. Evidence is clear that poverty and the struggles that come<br />
with it in the early years have lasting effects: prevention of poverty is paramount to ensuring<br />
that the healthcare and education system are not unnecessarily burdened in the future as<br />
children fail to achieve. Prevention of poverty means the Corrections system will not be not<br />
the end result for children who never felt at home in education and other institutions.<br />
Prevention of poverty will mean New Zealand‟s economic performance is not impeded by<br />
lost capability and productivity.<br />
63
New Zealand has a significant child poverty problem:<br />
Depending on the precise measure used, there are between 170,000 and 270,000<br />
children living in poverty in this country. 8<br />
Half of the children now living in poverty were from working families whose wages<br />
were so low they could not adequately care for them. 9<br />
55,000 kids go to school each day without breakfast. 10<br />
The recession has made things worse: The number of children living in benefit<br />
dependent households increased from 199,108 in Jun 2008 to 231,488 in Jun <strong>2011</strong>, an<br />
increase of 16% and 32,380 children. 11<br />
This flows through into a whole range of negative social statistics:<br />
More children going to hospital with poverty related diseases – up by 4,800 hospital<br />
admissions per year between 2007 and 2010. 12<br />
The rate of sudden unexpected death in infancy among Māori and Pasifika babies is<br />
consistently higher than for Pakeha and Asian babies. 13<br />
Child abuse notifications increased 37% from 110,000 in 2008/09 to 150,747 in<br />
2010/11. 14<br />
More than 30,000 students are truant from schools on any given day.<br />
More than 7,300 school leavers left with no qualification in 2009<br />
1,286 admissions for children were as a result of assault, neglect or maltreatment<br />
More than 47,000 children 16 and under were present, or usually residing with the<br />
victim, at an incident of family violence reported to police last year.<br />
According to the OECD report, Doing Better for Children, New Zealand has one of the<br />
highest rates of child poverty and one of the lowest levels of investment in the first 5 years of<br />
life among the 34 countries. 15<br />
In order to combat poverty the first step should be to lift the incomes of families across New<br />
Zealand.<br />
8 Perry, Household Incomes in New Zealand - Trends in indicators of inequality and hardship 1982 to 2010, published Jul <strong>2011</strong><br />
9 Child Poverty Action Group<br />
10 New Zealand Herald, 26 Jul <strong>2011</strong><br />
11 New Zealand Council of Christian Social Services, Vulnerability Report, Sept 2009 and Sept <strong>2011</strong><br />
12 Child Social Health Monitor <strong>2011</strong> Update, Released August <strong>2011</strong><br />
13 Children’s Social Health Monitor <strong>2011</strong> Update<br />
14 2008/09 Financial Review of the Ministry of Social Development; Ministry of Social Development Annual Report 2010/11<br />
15 www.oecd.org/els/social/childwellbeing<br />
64
When last in government, <strong>Labour</strong> made a huge investment in tacking child poverty. The<br />
Working for Families programme involved the biggest single redistribution of income to low<br />
and middle income families and is credited with lifting some 130,000 children out of poverty.<br />
The Household Income in New Zealand surveys published by the Ministry of Social<br />
Development show that this programme helped avert a sharp rise in child poverty.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong> there was also significant investment in primary healthcare, including cheaper<br />
doctors‟ visits and prescriptions, and in early childhood education with programmes like 20<br />
Hours Free. We reintroduced income-related rents, invested in rebuilding the state housing<br />
stock, and the minimum wage was raised each year.<br />
But our work is not finished. There is no doubt that there is much more to be done.<br />
A particular focus of concern has been the lower rate of assistance that those with little or no<br />
paid work (including beneficiary families) receive compared to families in paid work. This<br />
differential was introduced by National through the Child Tax Credit in 1996 and preserved<br />
as part of Working for Families, through the In Work Tax Credit which replaced the Child Tax<br />
Credit.<br />
The rationale for keeping this differential was to acknowledge the additional weekly costs<br />
associated with going out to work.<br />
This rationale was always contentious. Moreover, since the introduction of Working for<br />
Families, <strong>Labour</strong> continued to lift the Minimum Wage significantly over time, helping to „make<br />
work pay‟ and avoid a „poverty trap‟ that had previously existed where moving off a benefit<br />
was scarcely worthwhile for some families, once work-associated costs were taken into<br />
account. <strong>Labour</strong> is, as noted above, committed to lifting the Minimum Wage further to $15 an<br />
hour when it becomes government.<br />
Current tax and <strong>Labour</strong>‟s future wage arrangements mean families in paid work are better<br />
off, and incentives to work are stronger. Benefits are already low and falling against average<br />
wages, and depriving benefit families of tax credit support on top of that means there is<br />
simply not enough money to go around – and both parents and children suffer.<br />
In this context, we also consider that the ways the In Work Tax Credit stigmatises beneficiary<br />
families, undervalues care, and keeps poor families‟ income unnecessarily low outweigh any<br />
remaining issues about work incentives.<br />
We therefore intend to move over time to phase out the In Work Tax Credit and extend this<br />
funding to all of those eligible for Working for Families, including families caring for children<br />
fulltime and receiving benefit support to do so.<br />
We estimate that this policy will effectively eliminate child poverty in sole parent families<br />
once fully implemented.<br />
65
The policy would be rolled out in three tranches based on the age of the youngest child in<br />
the family. The timetable for implementation would be as follows:<br />
April 2013: $6 a week tax free-zone introduced (applying to beneficiary families as well<br />
as others), and Working for Families increased by $60 a week for a quarter of families,<br />
which we estimate would cover those with a youngest child aged 0-2.<br />
April 2014: Tax-free-zone increased to $10 a week per adult (which means $20 a week<br />
for a beneficiary couple).<br />
April 2015: Working for Families increased by $60 a week for another quarter of<br />
families, which we estimate would extend coverage to those whose youngest child was<br />
under 5.<br />
<br />
April 2018: In Work Tax Credit abolished and all Working for Families recipients qualify<br />
for the extra $60 a week, which will now be paid via the „first child‟ component.<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
22 88 109 174 174 218 349<br />
Based on the Ministry of Social Development‟s Household Income in New Zealand analysis,<br />
there is good reason to believe that this would have a very significant impact on levels of<br />
child poverty. The impact is likely to be particularly significant for children in sole parent<br />
families who make up a disproportionate number of the children in poverty.<br />
Taking into account the number of children reliant upon benefit income and estimates of<br />
poverty rates for different groups as presented in the Household Income in New Zealand<br />
reports, it seems reasonable to expect that this policy will effectively lift at least 100,000<br />
children out of poverty once it‟s fully implemented.<br />
This is based on a measure of 50% of the median wage before housing costs. There are<br />
likely to be significant impacts based on the 60% line and taking into account housing costs<br />
as well, but these impacts are more difficult to estimate as they would require information<br />
about expenses and supplementary sources of income that is not readily available.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also review recent changes to support for older children aged 16-18<br />
years, to ensure this support is adequate.<br />
Making child health a priority<br />
The health of our children reflects the complex nature of our society and the interactions they<br />
have within it. The outcomes for today‟s children will determine the future success or failure<br />
of our nation. The period of childhood shapes an individual more than any other time in life.<br />
66
We must ensure we do everything we can that children enter adulthood as healthy and<br />
happy as they can be.<br />
The true measure of a nation‟s standing is how well it attends to its children – their health<br />
and safety, their material security, their education and socialization, and their sense of being<br />
loved, valued and included in the families and societies into which they are born. 16<br />
In order to give every child the best start in life it is essential that government focuses on<br />
reducing inequities in the early development of physical and emotional health, and cognitive,<br />
linguistic and social skills.<br />
We need to ensure that there are high quality maternity services, parenting programmes,<br />
childcare and early years education to meet need across all communities.<br />
We need to build the resilience of young children and enable them to control their own lives<br />
and health status. We need to ensure that schools, families and communities work together<br />
to reduce inequities and promote well-being for all children.<br />
We need to strengthen the leadership in the health sector to promote the needs of healthy<br />
children, and ensure there is a whole of government approach for children. This must be<br />
backed by the capture and dissemination of high quality data about the health status and<br />
outcomes of children.<br />
We have seen a number of reports in recent times that the cost of accessing primary<br />
healthcare is meaning that some children are not getting the treatment that they need. This<br />
is particularly so in terms of access to affordable after-hours care.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make child health a priority, and increase the proportion of health sector<br />
spending on services for children aged up to six years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend free access for under sixes to after-hours medical services,<br />
meaning 24 hour, 7 day a week free access for under six year olds.<br />
Extended access will be in place across New Zealand and will be delivered through<br />
mechanisms based on the best evidence from around the country.<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
10 10 10 10 10 10 10<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also do everything we can to ensure children are free of or are receiving<br />
quality care for debilitating health conditions when they enter school at 5 years old,<br />
16 UNICEF, Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries. Innocenti Report Card<br />
7. 2007, Florence<br />
67
y providing adequate funding of outreach services to reach vulnerable children,<br />
supporting and enhancing B4 School Checks and providing a “mop-up” service at<br />
school to capture those children who start school who have not accessed a B4<br />
School Check.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require District Health Boards to adopt child health implementation plans<br />
with nationally agreed measurable outcomes and targets that are monitored by the<br />
Ministry of Health.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop systems during pregnancy to identify children who are<br />
vulnerable, and then ensure that the relevant levels of support are in place to support<br />
and optimise parenting.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a seamless transition from maternity services to health care<br />
services for infants and young children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the Health in Schools Programme, including social workers,<br />
starting with low decile schools, with the aim of expanding the programme to higher<br />
decile schools as resources allow.<br />
What we will do for children 0-2 years: Enabling care and supporting<br />
early development<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recognise the care of young children as valuable work, and an important stage in<br />
both parents‟ and children‟s lives.<br />
We will invest as a priority in programmes and support in the first two years of life, when<br />
some of the most important things in a child‟s life happen.<br />
Time to care and nurture<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to enable parents who choose to stay at home and care for very young<br />
children to do just that.<br />
This will mean that carers in paid work who want to spend more time with their young<br />
children are able to, while retaining their place in an employment situation.<br />
Most other OECD countries recognise this, and offer longer periods of paid parental leave<br />
than New Zealand, and many provide leave at a higher proportion of previous income.<br />
Australia‟s new policy offers 18 weeks, paid at a higher rate than New Zealand‟s. Norway‟s<br />
offers 56 weeks at 80% of income, and The Czech Republic and Slovakia each offer 3<br />
years.<br />
Other countries also offer more flexibility in terms of which parent takes the time out to care.<br />
Whichever parent takes the leave, the child, the mother, the family are better placed in terms<br />
of choices about work, career, income, and of course care.<br />
68
New Zealand values children and we too want them to have the best possible start. The first<br />
phase would be to extend the duration of the current Paid Parental Leave.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend the period of Paid Parental Leave to cover the first 6 months of a<br />
child‟s development, in two steps:<br />
In Budget 2013 Paid Parental Leave eligibility will increase from 14 weeks to<br />
18 weeks (commencing from April 2014); and<br />
In Budget 2014 Paid Parental Leave eligibility will increase from 18 weeks to<br />
26 weeks (six months) (commencing from April 2015).<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
- 11 68 143 150 158 166<br />
Getting to 26 weeks is an important goal. But some would argue we need to go beyond that.<br />
The Children‟s Commissioner recently recommended an even longer period of parental<br />
leave. There is a strong case for this.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will set up a Ministerial taskforce to explore ways for parents to be able to<br />
take up to one year of parental leave and investigate how New Zealand can afford<br />
this.<br />
The review will cover the whole system of support for care, work, income and the early<br />
years, using the best international evidence and experience. It will consider how to achieve<br />
the optimal mix for children, mothers, parents, families, and the best long term outcomes for<br />
our society and economy.<br />
The intent will be to set up a broad-based approach to the first years of life that covers<br />
everyone, from sole parents currently on the DPB to relatively well-off professional couples.<br />
This would aim for wide support from all groups (families, communities, employers, care<br />
providers, cross-party), enabling families to plan their futures with confidence. The review<br />
will involve consideration how best to pay for care in the early years, and how costs and<br />
benefits can best be shared.<br />
Supporting positive parenting and other strong evidence-based interventions<br />
Money spent on early years parenting programs is precious money, and we need to know it<br />
is being spent in the best ways possible. We will enable better access to parenting and<br />
family support programmes we know work, including positive parenting programming.<br />
Over time, <strong>Labour</strong> will make parenting programmes available to all New Zealand<br />
families.<br />
69
These programs will be delivered from conception onwards, in a range of ways and settings<br />
(including media programming, Whanau Ora and centre-based early intervention settings).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review existing expenditures to ensure we can fund the interventions we<br />
know work, while still fostering innovation which aims to establish a strong evidence<br />
base.<br />
Universal well child enrolment, stopping children falling through the gaps<br />
At the same time, we need to make sure the most vulnerable children are not being missed,<br />
or falling into the cracks between agencies who are guardians of child protection and<br />
development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure all parents register their baby before birth with a Well Child<br />
provider of their choice, such as Plunket, Tipu Ora, the Pacific Health Service or the<br />
Tongan Health Society.<br />
Well Child services are free to all New Zealand kids from birth to five years. They include<br />
health education and promotion, health protection and clinical assessment, and<br />
family/whānau care and support. Quite simply, if children aren‟t enrolled at all, they‟ll miss all<br />
their Well Child visits, and their parents will miss out on vital support.<br />
This measure will require additional resourcing to Well Child providers; this will be funded<br />
within baselines through a rationalisation of existing early intervention initiatives<br />
At present, New Zealand does not have a comprehensive way of registering babies at birth<br />
and sharing that information with services to monitor a child‟s health.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will accelerate full implementation of the Child Health Information Strategy to<br />
drive progress towards a Universal Child Health Record.<br />
The better the information and the sharing of it with those working with a family the better the<br />
care we can provide for our children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure earlier and more formalised handover between Lead Maternity<br />
Carers and Well Child Providers.<br />
This will assist with the identification of families and children needing special support, and<br />
will help Well Child Providers to begin support (e.g. home visiting) and, where needed, to<br />
intervene earlier.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also make sure children‟s health information is available to the health and<br />
child protection professionals who need it.<br />
Core health and wellbeing information will be linked through health information systems to<br />
ensure it follows the child, and that all services are responding to that child‟s situation.<br />
70
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to close the cracks between agencies protecting children.<br />
While centre-based ECE is delivered by Education, the identification of vulnerable infants<br />
and children usually occurs first in the health sector (in the context of antenatal or well child<br />
care) or via CYF or the Police. CYF and Health often maintain on-going support (e.g. home<br />
visiting, drug and alcohol counselling) for parents, while Education‟s focus centres on the<br />
child.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will deepen Child Protection and development partnerships between Health,<br />
CYF and Education for the identification of at risk children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a strong inter-agency agreement outlining roles and<br />
responsibilities of each agency in early identification of vulnerable families, services<br />
and supports for parents, and early interventions for children.<br />
Such agreements will be two way (e.g. while health may identify vulnerable children<br />
requiring centre-based early interventions, education may also identify children with health<br />
problems, who require interventions from the heath sector).<br />
Access for everyone to quality Early Childhood Education<br />
After the child turns 3, <strong>Labour</strong> needs to make sure that the right combination of early care<br />
and education is put in place: with qualified, professional people working towards the best<br />
child development outcomes, ensuring the highest possible levels of school readiness.<br />
The benefits for children of high-quality early childhood education are indisputable: research<br />
shows that for every dollar invested in ECE, at least $11 is returned in long-term benefits to<br />
the country. 17 Quality ECE lays the foundation for later learning, developing cognitive skills,<br />
and developing resilience and self-esteem.<br />
Protecting 20 Hours Free ECE<br />
Because we understand the immense benefits of quality education for young kids, the<br />
previous <strong>Labour</strong> Government invested heavily in ECE. We implemented the popular and<br />
successful 20 Hours Free ECE.<br />
The National <strong>Party</strong> sees ECE as a cost – something that‟s about babysitting rather than<br />
education 18 – and they cut funding significantly in Budget 2010 for centres with high numbers<br />
of qualified staff. This means that parents are now required to pay higher fees, while centres<br />
are no longer incentivised to employ qualified staff. Essentially, parents are paying more for<br />
17 “Age 26 Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Child-Parent Center Early Education Programme”, Child Development,<br />
January/February <strong>2011</strong>, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp 379-404, conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota<br />
and Chicago Public Schools<br />
18 Anne Tolley: "With early childhood, there is an element of looking after children while their mums go<br />
out to work”. The Dominion Post, 14 February <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
71
less.<br />
The National Government has also removed the target set by <strong>Labour</strong> to have 100% fully<br />
qualified staff in all teacher-led ECE centres, along with funding for services to have staff in<br />
training and professional development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore over the course of two terms the $95 million p/a subsidy funding<br />
cut, and we will work with the sector to reinstate the policy of 100% qualified staff in<br />
all teacher-led services.<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
16 31 47 62 78 94 94<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that quality education is a basic human right and it must be affordably<br />
available to every child without regard to wealth, income, ethnicity or disability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the 20 hours free ECE model that is universally available to all<br />
children aged three and four, and those five-year-olds who aren‟t yet in school. This<br />
means retaining fee controls and the current subsidies to ensure families don‟t face<br />
increased costs. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s model will cover the cost of delivering the curriculum to<br />
each child for 20 hours per week.<br />
Increasing participation & early intervention for vulnerable groups<br />
While 95% of all three and four-year-olds now access early childhood education,<br />
participation rates are lower among Māori, Pasifika and children from low-income families.<br />
The disadvantages faced by these children are accentuated if they miss out on quality ECE,<br />
and the result for New Zealand is increased inequality.<br />
At present, as long as services meet licensing requirements, they can be established and<br />
funded by taxpayer subsidy – whether there is a need for the service or not. This has<br />
resulted in a proliferation of services in high-income neighbourhoods and a shortage in lowincome<br />
areas. It has also affected the viability of community-operated services when new<br />
services are established.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a planned approach to taxpayer-funded ECE. New centres will<br />
only receive taxpayer subsidies for providing ECE if there is a need for a new centre<br />
in the proposed location.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enable more quality services to be available in communities with lower<br />
participation. This includes investigating transport issues that are barriers to<br />
participation and evaluating the success of supported play groups.<br />
72
What we will do for vulnerable children and families: Early targeted<br />
intervention framework<br />
Early intervention<br />
Poverty, violence and exclusion do their damage early in children‟s lives. But some children<br />
are born exceptionally vulnerable, experiencing a combination of innate disadvantage<br />
(disability, developmental delay, behavioural difficulties) and a difficult living environment,<br />
often inherited over several generations. This is a deadly combination, with awful long term<br />
consequences, in employment, health, mental health, imprisonment. And research shows it<br />
affects around 5% of all children.<br />
For the most affected of these children, we need to intervene early and more substantially if<br />
we are to make real impact. If we can make a difference, all of us will benefit as the child<br />
grows into an adult. If we don‟t make the effort, we will all be the losers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use the best international and local evidence and experience to build<br />
more high quality early intervention programmes for socially / developmentally<br />
vulnerable children.<br />
Research suggests that socially / developmentally disadvantaged children benefit from high<br />
quality centre based early childhood education at an earlier age, and from enhanced<br />
programming involving a mix of home family and centre-based interventions. It also suggests<br />
that a wider mix of children within an ECE environment may lead to better outcomes, than if<br />
all are from homes with significant social disadvantage.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take a two pronged approach to early interventions for the most<br />
vulnerable 5% of children, with intensive home based support provided during the<br />
first 18 months, but moving towards a greater emphasis on centre-based early<br />
intervention programs between 18 months and 3 years of age.<br />
During the first 18 months, the emphasis will be on identifying vulnerable children early, and<br />
providing additional supports to those that need them the most, predominantly in their own<br />
homes. In the course of early handover, universal enrolment with a Well Child Provider at<br />
birth, and routine Well Child visits, the most vulnerable 5% will be identified, using a set of<br />
pre-determined criteria.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will fund additional home visits, access to parenting programs, intensive<br />
specialist support and other interventions where needed for the most vulnerable 5%<br />
of children aged 0-18 months<br />
The initiative will be progressively rolled out over the next six Budgets. The estimated costs<br />
(in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
2 5 10 15 25 33 45<br />
73
For vulnerable children aged 18 months – 3 years, <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to providing high<br />
quality early intervention programmes in ECE settings, so that at entry to school, the most<br />
vulnerable 5% are able to enter the classroom as ready to learn as their peers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide free high-quality Early Childhood Education and parent support<br />
from 18 months to 3 years for the most vulnerable 5% of children.<br />
Funding to centres will be on similar basis to 20 Hours Free and will be progressively rolled<br />
out over the next six Budgets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as part of its funding of ECE-based support for vulnerable children,<br />
develop the provision of multi-disciplinary, evidence- and centre-based early<br />
intervention programmes, with a view to expanding access to effective programs for<br />
the most vulnerable 5% of children nationally over the longer-term.<br />
This will be done in partnership with selected pre-existing ECE providers and/or in<br />
community hubs or whanau ora locations (see below).<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
2 8 15 20 30 40 50<br />
The same services may also assist young parents making the transition into work and<br />
training.<br />
Building on local and cultural strengths<br />
Communities working together and pooling resources can provide a strong basis for all the<br />
programmes described above. Whanau Ora should be a very important development in this<br />
area, with significant potential which <strong>Labour</strong> wants to see realised in these programmes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strongly support programmes built upon (and building on) cultural<br />
strengths, accountable to their communities and achieving strong outcomes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also find the best ways to build on the strengths of Pacific providers in developing<br />
early childhood services in their communities.<br />
Overseas models suggest that there may be significant advantages for families if social<br />
services can be co-located in the community, e.g. a one-stop shop providing early childhood<br />
education, parenting programmes and other health and social services. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that<br />
the range of early intervention and support services for children and families should be<br />
conveniently grouped and located in areas of need. There are already successful hubs<br />
operating in New Zealand that were trialled by the previous <strong>Labour</strong> Government, such as the<br />
Papakura Family Service Centre.<br />
74
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s long term aim is to develop a network of high quality centre-based early<br />
intervention programs addressing the needs of vulnerable children in the most<br />
deprived areas.<br />
For many families, early childhood education is the first education service they have contact<br />
with. Families also have frequent contact with their local primary schools. This provides an<br />
opportunity for parents to access the support they need through services co-located with<br />
ECE centres and primary schools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time as resources permit, develop and resource integrated<br />
community hubs.<br />
These additions will be adequately resourced to ensure that additional burdens are not<br />
simply bolted onto current school structures and systems.<br />
Investment we can afford<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes investment in the early years of life is the best investment we can make.<br />
We, like the experts, are convinced that money spent in the early years and on early<br />
intervention unlocks the potential that lies in all kids, as well as leading to greater taxpayer<br />
savings as they grow into adults.<br />
If we fail to change the status quo we will not reach our full potential as a country. We will<br />
face higher costs across the criminal justice system and the health system, have a lesseducated<br />
workforce and never break the cycle of intergenerational deprivation.<br />
We will no longer accept stop-gap measures. It‟s why we have developed a comprehensive<br />
and fully-costed Agenda for Change for children over a six year timeframe. We think this is<br />
an investment New Zealand must make.<br />
Overall costs ($M) 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/9<br />
Early Intervention 2 5 10 15 25 33 45<br />
Free 24/7 Health Care<br />
for Under Sixes<br />
10 10 10 10 10 10 10<br />
Paid Parental Leave - 11 68 143 150 158 166<br />
Reverse ECE funding<br />
cut<br />
16 31 47 62 78 94 94<br />
ECE-based support 2 8 15 20 30 40 50<br />
Poverty Alleviation 22 88 109 174 174 218 349<br />
TOTAL 51 152 259 424 467 552 713<br />
Note – this table shows seven years rather than six because the full-year cost of some<br />
Budget 2017 increases may not come through until the 2018/19 Budget year.<br />
75
CIVIL DEFENCE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Nothing is more important than keeping our families and communities safe. <strong>Our</strong> Civil<br />
Defence services must be ready to respond effectively to any emergency and, more<br />
importantly, we must all be prepared for emergencies before they happen.<br />
Events in Canterbury over the past year have heightened the public awareness of the types<br />
of risks that are a reality in New Zealand. People are more mindful than ever that we will all<br />
get through emergencies better if we get ready in advance. <strong>Labour</strong> will use this heightened<br />
awareness to ensure all New Zealanders do become as prepared as they can be for<br />
possible future events.<br />
Civil defence and emergency management is substantially about resource and information<br />
co-ordination and planning undertaken at a regional and local government level. Emergency<br />
services, such as Police, Fire, Ambulance and other health services, play a critical role in our<br />
response to emergency situations. It is essential those services are integrated into every<br />
aspect of emergency management planning.<br />
Preparation and coordination<br />
New Zealand needs to be prepared for the next civil defence emergency before it happens –<br />
how we plan for a major event will determine in large part its impact. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach will<br />
be a more integrated and co-ordinated sector to work effectively before an emergency<br />
happens.<br />
It is vital that our civil defence and emergency services, such as Police, Fire, Ambulance and<br />
other health services, work in a cohesive but complementary way. There is increasing<br />
overlap in responsibilities between the agencies, but also the need for each agency to have<br />
a clearly defined role in times of emergency.<br />
This also applies to the roles of central and local government; the latter being particularly<br />
vital in terms of the Civil Defence structure.<br />
The planning process is based on the four Rs: Reduction, which is about identifying and<br />
reducing or eliminating risks associated with disasters; Readiness, which is about being<br />
prepared at every level from the community through to central government; Response, which<br />
is about actions taken to save lives and protect property in the immediate aftermath of the<br />
disaster; and Recovery, which is about the holistic regeneration of a community affected by<br />
the disaster.<br />
76
After the initial response, the recovery process kicks in and runs in parallel to the response<br />
effort until the emergency is over. There is a transition to the recovery process. What the<br />
Christchurch experience tells us is that we prepare well for the response, but not for the<br />
recovery. If we are to build resilience to such emergencies in the future, we must prepare for<br />
the recovery as well. This requires strategic planning that identifies vulnerabilities to hazards<br />
(both pre-existing and those exposed by the disaster) and which engages with the<br />
community in a meaningful way.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that recovery planning is embedded in our preparedness planning<br />
and training.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use the Christchurch earthquake response as a case study to review the<br />
performance of civil defence and emergency services. We will identify any gaps that<br />
emerged and address them.<br />
If necessary we will review the civil defence legislation. We will do this in consultation with all<br />
agencies involved, to achieve a coordinated, effective and efficient emergency response<br />
sector.<br />
Volunteer training and professional development<br />
The leadership and expertise of staff and volunteers are essential to an effective response to<br />
a major event.<br />
In the immediate aftermath of the Canterbury earthquakes, various volunteer networks<br />
emerged to help tackle the huge recovery task ahead. From the trained staff helping with<br />
the emergency response to the university students offering to help shovel silt, every helping<br />
hand was needed to make this a manageable task.<br />
However there is a question that must be asked about the sustainability of the volunteer<br />
networks that make up Civil Defence, which have struggled to find new recruits. Do the<br />
emergent networks represent a new approach that could be built on?<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with Civil Defence to assess both the sustainability of the volunteer<br />
base and also the capacity within communities to undertake the response and<br />
recovery roles in a crisis.<br />
People are the most valuable resource we have in event of a civil defence emergency and<br />
we should support them to be as well-prepared as they can be.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will instigate a nationwide Emergency Management Development<br />
Programme to train staff, and a partnership with tertiary training providers to ensure<br />
staff and volunteers have access to quality training and resources.<br />
77
International cooperation<br />
Regarding Civil Defence, New Zealand needs to form greater links with other countries, to<br />
ensure levels of preparedness in our Pacific region are enhanced, to contribute knowledge<br />
internationally on crisis management and to learn from the experiences of others.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure there is more support for participation by Civil Defence staff (and<br />
possibly volunteers) in international events on emergency management. There will<br />
be higher levels of engagement with Pacific Countries on regional strategies for<br />
improving preparedness.<br />
Public awareness and empowering communities<br />
Public awareness campaigns have been successful in the past at encouraging New<br />
Zealanders to prepare for an emergency and what to do in case of an emergency. We need<br />
to build on this progress and ensure that sound public education on preparedness and what<br />
to do in case of an emergency, extends to visitors to New Zealand.<br />
Great campaigns already exist; we need to keep evaluating them and building on their<br />
success. New school resources need to be developed that are up to date and relevant.<br />
Material readily available and accessible to tourists must provide clear Civil Defence &<br />
Emergency Management advice on what steps need to be taken in case of an emergency.<br />
We need to ensure everyone in New Zealand has access to Civil Defence information,<br />
including visitors. Public education needs to be targeted to Māori, Pacific peoples, new<br />
migrants and other non-English speaking groups, as well as people with special needs, the<br />
elderly and children. Campaigns need to take into account the different needs of different<br />
sectors of New Zealand society – e.g. people in rural areas as well as people in urban areas.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review existing public awareness campaigns to ensure they are working<br />
effectively and reaching all necessary audiences. We will build on those campaigns<br />
that are most successful and, if necessary, fill gaps where they exist.<br />
Although public awareness is an important component of preparedness, there is<br />
nothing that better prepares a community for a disaster than a well-resourced<br />
community with strong community leadership, trusted relationships between that<br />
leadership, the community and the local authority and good communication channels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore the focus on empowering communities so that they can not only<br />
respond to a crisis, they can own their recovery.<br />
For information on our specific response to the Canterbury Earthquakes, see <strong>Labour</strong>„s<br />
Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Plan.<br />
78
CLIMATE CHANGE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Climate change poses an enormous global threat and severely threatens our way of life. It is<br />
occurring more rapidly than previously predicted. Humankind is pouring carbon dioxide and<br />
other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere on a scale far greater than the ability of the<br />
environment to absorb them.<br />
Climate change poses significant hazards to New Zealand as a small island nation. These<br />
include more intense weather events and more frequent serious droughts, as well as general<br />
changes in temperature and rainfall patterns.<br />
All New Zealanders have a stake in getting greenhouse gas emissions under control. An<br />
effective Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is critical to achieving this, by discouraging<br />
growth in emissions and rewarding emissions reductions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Emissions Trading Scheme will be the cornerstone of our climate change policy,<br />
and will put New Zealand on the path to a sustainable future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also encourage energy efficiency and set clear goals for renewable energy<br />
production, including geothermal, wind and solar power. We will support New Zealanders in<br />
moving towards a low-polluting, low-carbon economy. We will also help communities to<br />
adapt to the impact of extreme weather events and sea level rises before they occur.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that the challenge of climate change offers great opportunities for a small<br />
sustainable nation. New Zealand‟s research and development into sustainable agriculture,<br />
and our expertise in renewable energy – such as geothermal, hydro and wind – presents us<br />
with opportunities in a world that is seeking sustainable solutions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also believes New Zealand can play a leading role in international negotiations on<br />
climate change issues, and in helping our Pacific neighbours and other developing nations<br />
adapt to climate change.<br />
Emissions Trading Scheme<br />
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme introduced by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2008 was, by<br />
international standards, advanced. It included all six greenhouse gases covered by the<br />
Kyoto Protocol and was to encompass every sector of the economy. The ETS charged<br />
polluters for increases in emissions and rewarded those who cut emissions.<br />
79
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to achieving a lasting consensus among New Zealand‟s main political<br />
parties on an ETS. We have consistently tried to work with the National <strong>Party</strong> to reach<br />
common ground. But we aren‟t prepared to compromise our fundamental principles to do so.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to link with trading partners, notably Australia, which are committing to<br />
responsible long-term reductions in carbon emissions. And we will get advice from periodic<br />
independent reviews provided for in the ETS legislation.<br />
National amended <strong>Labour</strong>‟s 2008 ETS, increasing the taxpayers‟ bill for New Zealand‟s<br />
greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated $50-110 billion (to 2050) and letting polluters off<br />
the hook at the cost of taxpayers. These amendments included putting a price cap on<br />
carbon, halving the amount of emissions units that must be bought or surrendered, and<br />
deferring the inclusion of agriculture to 2015.<br />
Most of the „free‟ allocation of emission units would go to agriculture, with its emissions being<br />
subsidised by other sectors of the economy and by taxpayers. Even then, National is<br />
equivocating on the essential inclusion of agriculture despite it being the country‟s largest<br />
greenhouse gas emitter (47% of the total).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to bringing agriculture into the ETS on 1 January 2013. The initial „free‟<br />
allocation to agriculture will be 90% of the sector‟s 2005 emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the effective implementation of the ETS, and strengthen it by<br />
bringing agriculture in on 1 January 2013.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will base the amount of „free‟ emissions units allocated to agriculture on 90<br />
per cent of its 2005 emissions.<br />
A recently-released review panel report recommended a number of changes for sectors<br />
already in the ETS (i.e. energy, forestry, industry, transport). <strong>Labour</strong> is considering this<br />
report.<br />
Importance of agriculture<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>'s originally legislated date for inclusion of agriculture under the ETS was 1 January<br />
2013. National pushed that date out to 1 January 2015 with a much longer phase-in period<br />
(and further deferral looking very likely). This leaves every New Zealand household having to<br />
pay for transport and electricity emissions, but leaves farming exempt from paying for its<br />
agricultural emissions.<br />
Having agriculture in the ETS, and paying its fair share, is essential for the integrity of the<br />
scheme. The agriculture exemption (and extended phase-in) is unfair, a disincentive to<br />
reduce emissions, and economically distorting. It also discourages productivity<br />
improvements and innovation.<br />
80
New Zealand‟s export base depends on our clean, green, sustainable and responsible<br />
reputation. We put that at risk if we fail to address the cause of nearly half our emissions.<br />
Farmers would be those most vulnerable to our reputation slipping, if we fail to include our<br />
key contributor to climate change in the ETS.<br />
Restoring the 2013 entry date for agriculture to come into the ETS means farmers will<br />
initially pay for just 10% of their 2005 agricultural emissions, plus any growth since then.<br />
That is not asking too much.<br />
From 2019 <strong>Labour</strong> proposes to begin phasing out free allocation to agriculture. However,<br />
this will be subject to periodic reviews before then. If the interests of our rural sector were<br />
being undermined, the rate of phase-out could be moderated.<br />
Promoting research and development<br />
National‟s decision to delay agriculture's entry into the ETS, and then phase it in much more<br />
slowly, will cost $800 million over five years. Including agriculture in 2013 will free up that<br />
money, and enable it to be put towards a research and development (R&D) tax credit rate of<br />
12.5%. This will be focused on clean technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will put into R&D the extra revenue raised from the 2013 ETS entry date for<br />
agriculture.<br />
Both the R&D investment and bringing agriculture into the ETS in 2013 will enhance New<br />
Zealand‟s clean green brand. The R&D investment will include <strong>Labour</strong> working<br />
collaboratively with the farming sector to help it be at the leading edge of work to reduce<br />
agricultural emissions.<br />
New Zealand‟s greenhouse gas emissions profile is unique among developed countries in<br />
that nearly half our emissions come from the agricultural sector (compared with typically less<br />
than 10% in most other developed countries).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with farmers to reduce this contribution, especially methane from livestock.<br />
Research was initiated by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government. Under <strong>Labour</strong>, New Zealand will<br />
continue to be a world leader in research to mitigate ruminant emissions, through research<br />
consortia and international collaboration.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support world leading research into new solutions for<br />
agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
If farming systems intensify, greater amounts of nutrients are used, which in turn can mean<br />
more pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrate based fertiliser in particular adds to<br />
emissions, and <strong>Labour</strong> will encourage reduced dependence on it.<br />
81
Research into reducing the environmental effects of greenhouse gases must include soil<br />
sequestration of carbon. Soil sequestration is a biological process that provides a huge<br />
potential opportunity for carbon storage, as well as improving the resilience and productivity<br />
of our soils.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage research on, and experimentation with, a range of alternative<br />
technologies and farming practices, including low intensity farming.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage farmers to move towards the latest technology and environmental<br />
practice as they become available. Growth in agricultural production is vital to New<br />
Zealand‟s future economic prosperity, but not at any cost.<br />
Complementary measures to the ETS<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s policies to tackle climate change do not rest solely with the ETS. A combination of<br />
targets and sector-specific policies across the economy will put New Zealand on a long-term<br />
sustainable footing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s economy-wide targets include:<br />
● 90% of our electricity coming from renewable sources by 2025<br />
●<br />
halving our per capita domestic transport emissions by 2040 (taking 2007 as the<br />
base year)<br />
● carbon neutrality in the total energy sector by 2040.<br />
If this last target was adopted globally, the planet would be well on the way to overcoming<br />
human-induced global warming by 2040.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Energy policy describes how <strong>Labour</strong> will promote renewable energy and energy<br />
efficiency. As part of our economic transition, we will also promote sustainable transport,<br />
electric vehicles, and forests as carbon sinks.<br />
Economic transition<br />
All New Zealanders need to be engaged and supported in moving towards a new<br />
sustainable low-carbon economy. <strong>Labour</strong> will develop practical policies to underpin this<br />
move. These will include R&D, the provision of incentives, and negotiations in international<br />
forums.<br />
We will also work with businesses, farmers, scientists, unions and workers to develop<br />
environmental plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and to promote energy and<br />
transport efficiencies including telecommuting.<br />
82
Sustainable transport<br />
New Zealand needs to become much less heavily dependent on fossil-fuelled cars and<br />
trucks for transport of people and products. Transport emissions make up 19% of New<br />
Zealand‟s overall greenhouse gas emissions, with road transport accounting for 90% of<br />
these. We must greatly reduce these emissions.<br />
The foundations for a sustainable transport network were laid by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government<br />
with a 15-fold increase in public transport spending, electrifying Auckland rail, buying back<br />
KiwiRail, and legislating for sustainable biofuels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to promote public transport, cycling, walking, rail and biofuels, as well as<br />
coastal shipping and electric vehicles. This will ultimately lead to decreased greenhouse gas<br />
emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support funding for public transport and energy-efficient<br />
freight transport modes such as rail.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> aims to halve per capita transport emissions by 2040. This will also make transport<br />
more affordable and reduce oil imports (and in turn our international trade deficit).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will halve New Zealand‟s per capita transport emissions by 2040.<br />
Lifting the use of indigenous energy resources for transport will have positive spin-offs for<br />
the economy and the environment. For example, locally made sustainable biofuel can be<br />
produced using tallow and, as the technology becomes available, wood. Biofuel will both<br />
reduce our dependence on oil and cut our greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote locally produced biofuel, especially using wood as the<br />
technology becomes available.<br />
Electric vehicles<br />
Electric vehicles could make a significant difference to emissions production, if they are<br />
made from predominantly recyclable materials and powered from renewable sources.<br />
Building on our clean green electricity generation, <strong>Labour</strong> will work with the electric vehicle<br />
industry to encourage the uptake of electric vehicles.<br />
There is a role for government in establishing an environment that facilitates the large-scale<br />
roll-out of electric vehicles. Numbers will grow slowly at first, but volumes will increase as the<br />
production of electric vehicles ramps up internationally and prices come down.<br />
83
Electric vehicles used for local travel can be recharged from an owner‟s home. Vehicles<br />
used for longer distances, however, will need a supporting infrastructure of recharging<br />
stations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the introduction of a nationwide infrastructure to recharge electric<br />
vehicles.<br />
New Zealand should be one of the first countries to set up a nationwide infrastructure for<br />
charging electric vehicles. We will need to work through a variety of issues, including the<br />
cost and funding of recharging technology, and relevant health and safety issues. We will be<br />
able to learn from experience elsewhere in the world.<br />
Forestry<br />
As trees grow, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it as wood (with<br />
forests therefore sometimes being referred to as „carbon sinks‟). When forests are felled,<br />
they release carbon.<br />
Forestry is rewarded under the ETS. That is because forests, as carbon sinks, have a big<br />
role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and in helping New Zealand meet its<br />
international climate change obligations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will therefore encourage increased forest cover, and particularly the planting of native<br />
forest that will not be harvested.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage landowners to plant forests to act as carbon sinks, and provide<br />
incentives and information on suitable trees to plant.<br />
Several schemes are already in place to encourage the planting of forests. However, trees<br />
vary in their ability to capture and store carbon. There are also biodiversity issues to<br />
consider when determining the optimal mix of planting.<br />
Lignite<br />
New Zealand‟s lignite resources are immense but the environmental case against largescale<br />
lignite use is overwhelming.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not support the mining of lignite, and its conversion to liquid fuels using current<br />
technologies, because of the high volume of greenhouse gases produced.<br />
Solid Energy, an SOE, wants to mine lignite deposits in Southland for this purpose. This<br />
would increase our national greenhouse gas emissions bill by at least 20%.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not support government capital, through an SOE, being invested into lignite<br />
development unless and until the resulting carbon emissions can be captured and stored<br />
84
economically and permanently. This technology is currently experimental, and unlikely to be<br />
practical in the foreseeable future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will therefore direct Solid Energy not to proceed with its liquid fuels lignite<br />
mining proposal.<br />
Even if offsets were available by way of tree planting (which would require huge plantings),<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would not approve this or other Solid Energy lignite mining proposals that are<br />
greenhouse gas intensive. Only emission capture at source and effective permanent storage<br />
would be acceptable to <strong>Labour</strong>.<br />
Any other new lignite processing would face the full cost of its greenhouse gas emissions<br />
under the ETS. Otherwise, this cost would unfairly fall on other sectors of the community or<br />
on taxpayers.<br />
International obligations and opportunities<br />
UN climate change negotiations have so far failed to achieve agreement on emissions<br />
beyond 2012, either within the existing Kyoto Protocol or a new agreement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes New Zealand has a leading role to play in international negotiations to<br />
address climate change issues. New Zealand must do more than procure favourable microrule<br />
changes that are beneficial to us. We must contribute to an overall effective global<br />
climate treaty.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to play a leading role in international negotiations that seek binding<br />
reductions in greenhouse gases in a comprehensive and effective climate change<br />
treaty.<br />
We must also support our Pacific neighbours and other developing nations in their efforts to<br />
adapt to climate change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support our Pacific neighbours and other developing countries in their<br />
efforts to adapt to climate change.<br />
Moving from a high-emission to a low-emission economy is not only about meeting this<br />
country‟s international climate change obligations. It is also about positioning New Zealand<br />
for sustainable long-term economic growth.<br />
The climate change challenge offers great opportunities for a small sustainable nation. New<br />
Zealand‟s sustainable agriculture R&D and our renewable energy expertise present us with<br />
commercial opportunities in a world seeking sustainable solutions.<br />
85
New Zealand is already a world leader in geothermal, wind, and hydro technologies. We can<br />
also develop expertise in marine generation and deep geothermal (also known as „hot rock‟).<br />
We can use our expertise to help other countries build a renewable energy sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will help New Zealand companies export their clean technology expertise and<br />
products to other countries. There are, for example, major opportunities in China that should<br />
be promoted for New Zealand business.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to ensure that New Zealand can export our expertise in renewable<br />
energy and other clean technologies.<br />
To support tourism and agriculture, New Zealand already markets itself internationally as<br />
clean and green. Progressive policies on climate change extend this brand and bolster our<br />
environmental credentials.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the private sector to maximise the brand value of our<br />
environmental credentials in both tourism and agricultural exports.<br />
Assisting local communities<br />
We need to prepare for the risks a changing climate will bring, such as sea level rise.<br />
Because precise projections cannot yet be provided, we must consider the risks of a range<br />
of sea level rises.<br />
The impacts of climate change can be lessened with forethought, good information, and<br />
careful planning. Effective adaptation to a changing climate will require close cooperation<br />
between central and local government, the agriculture and forestry sector, Māori and other<br />
stakeholders.<br />
We will work with representatives from these groups to develop an adaptation programme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work in partnership with land management sectors, Māori, and local<br />
government to develop an adaptation programme for climate change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to providing guidance for local communities to deal with climate change<br />
hazards such as storm surge, high waves, and rising sea levels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that local authorities are provided with reliable and up-to-date<br />
information so they can properly take into account climate change risks in their<br />
infrastructure and planning decisions.<br />
86
COMMERCE AND SMALL BUSINESS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Effective policy and regulatory frameworks are important in order to promote confidence in<br />
our capital markets, promote competition, support efficient business transactions (with a<br />
focus on minimising compliance costs), improve the environment for doing business in New<br />
Zealand and develop international linkages. They help to create dynamic and trusted<br />
markets; establish effective international linkages and set standards so that firms have<br />
access to markets in other jurisdictions and can grow global businesses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to Commerce policy will build on the platform we began to establish when<br />
last in office in order to provide the regulatory environment that supports businesses and our<br />
wider economic agenda.<br />
We see regulation as an element of our core infrastructure as it affects all aspects of<br />
business and our relationship with international markets.<br />
Recent events, both nationally and internationally, have highlighted the price that is paid<br />
when regulation is seen as a barrier in itself and deregulation becomes an end in itself. The<br />
Australian Productivity Commission made this point clearly in its Rethinking Regulation<br />
report where it said:<br />
“[that] does not mean that [we] should engage in a „race to the bottom‟ and abandon<br />
worthwhile regulations. There are important economic, social and environmental<br />
goals that warrant regulation, and should not be traded off simply to improve<br />
business competitiveness."<br />
National has promoted the „race to the bottom‟, and we must turn this around, with<br />
appropriately framed regulation that supports business growth, promotes confidence and<br />
meets international best practice.<br />
We have decided to merge our Small Business policy with our Commerce policy as they<br />
both fit within the same overall framework. We will still have a Minister for Small Business<br />
but this will be extended to cover a more realistic definition of the small to medium enterprise<br />
(SME) sector to align with international approaches.<br />
This will enable the policy to provide a platform for what we have described in our Economic<br />
Development policy as the “Pipeline for Business Growth”.<br />
87
Capital Markets Development<br />
The Capital Market Development Taskforce (CMDT) developed a blueprint around New<br />
Zealand‟s capital markets as a system as opposed to focussing on its component parts. <strong>Our</strong><br />
policy needs to reflect this systemic approach to reform.<br />
Principles<br />
The UK‟s Financial Services Authority has a set of 11 principles which provide a mechanism<br />
to hold participants and their advisers to account even when there has been strict<br />
compliance with the rules that might apply.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a set of principles to underpin all legislation that relates to the<br />
capital markets and financial advice, recognising in particular the obligations of<br />
fiduciaries.<br />
We recognise that compliance with the letter of the law does not necessarily mean<br />
compliance with the spirit of the law and we will ensure that a set of enforceable principles<br />
underpin all aspects of the financial sector‟s regulatory framework. These principles require<br />
firms to conduct business with integrity, due skill, care and diligence.<br />
One of the lessons arising from the finance company failures suggests that the level of risk<br />
was hidden by many finance companies. They made their returns look just slightly better<br />
than the bank rate of return in order to encourage investors, while at the same time implying<br />
that the risk wasn‟t much greater than that of the bank. This in itself is unethical and would<br />
have been a breach of the principles had they been in place at the time.<br />
Financial advisers worth their salt should have been able to identify that the rate of return<br />
was too low and been able to warn their clients off such an investment. The registering of<br />
financial advisers and requirements around qualifications and accountability has been<br />
addressed. However there remains the question around commissions and whether they can<br />
be justified in a fiduciary relationship.<br />
This is an issue we will address in our first year of office, along with a review of the<br />
Authorised Financial Advisors/ Qualified Financial Entity structure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Authorised Financial Advisors/ Qualified Financial Entity<br />
structure, together with the qualification regime, to ensure that it is fit for purpose.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government made considerable inroads in relation to an appropriate regulatory<br />
framework for Credit Unions. Given the nature of the relationship between credit unions and<br />
their members, we will review the work programme and establish a priority for updating the<br />
framework and passing the necessary amendments into law. Concerns were raised about<br />
the impact of the No Asset Procedure on credit unions prior to the 2008 <strong>election</strong>. The<br />
present government has not addressed those concerns and we will review the rules with<br />
specific reference to credit unions.<br />
88
<strong>Labour</strong> will prioritise the Credit Union legislative timetable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the application of the No Asset Procedure rules as they relate to<br />
loans made by credit unions within a certain period prior to the NAP being applied<br />
for.<br />
Reduce Compliance Costs for Capital Raising<br />
As a consequence of a need for increased regulation of finance companies that were<br />
masquerading at low risk when they were higher risk, New Zealand has increased the<br />
regulation of offers of security to the public. This has led to increase costs for all capital<br />
raising, not just for finance companies.<br />
Raising share capital for small companies has been too difficult, with compliance costs now<br />
including on-going issuer audits and various hurdles to registration of prospectus and<br />
heightened risks to directors.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has said all along that while additional regulation of debt security was necessary,<br />
equity offerings have been over-regulated in the process. This increases the cost of capital<br />
and is a serious barrier to small to medium sized businesses expanding in export markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reduce compliance costs for equity offerings, which openly describe the<br />
risk of loss of investment, by simplifying prospectus and audit requirements.<br />
Having been in the process of strengthening regulation around the finance companies as<br />
they collapsed, it is interesting to note that our one registered exchange, NZX, was not a<br />
factor in this massive destruction of wealth that affected thousands of New Zealanders. The<br />
NZX is not a target for major reform, as our early years in government were used to provide<br />
a solid regulatory framework for registered exchanges.<br />
There is a weakness however in the application of this framework to NZX‟s secondary board.<br />
Their status as a registered exchange makes it difficult for NZX to use their Alternative<br />
Exchange (NZAX) as a springboard to the main board.<br />
Having looked at the operation of secondary boards internationally, particularly the AIM<br />
(Alternative Investment Market) board attached to the London Stock Exchange, we propose<br />
to loosen the regulatory framework around the NZAX so that it can play a pivotal role in<br />
preparing companies for the main board. The reporting requirements will not be as strict, but<br />
that will be offset against improved support for the individual companies.<br />
There are two features of the AIM Board that assist: the first is a tax incentive around<br />
investors leaving their investment in a company on the AIM Board for three years (this<br />
relates to Capital Gains Tax only).<br />
The second relates to the use of highly experienced advisers – called Nomads (nominated<br />
advisers) - who prepare these smaller companies for listing on the AIM board. Nomads are<br />
89
the sole conduit for listing, which means that these companies can face a much lower level<br />
of regulatory compliance than their LSE listed counterparts as they are very well-prepared.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with NZX to ensure that its Alternative Exchange (NZAX) can be a<br />
springboard to listing on NZX.<br />
Quality regulatory design<br />
The current government has squandered its term in office by focussing on the form as<br />
opposed to the substance of regulatory reform.<br />
As already stated, regulatory frameworks are part of our core infrastructure and it is<br />
important that they are „right-sized‟ and proportionate in terms of their design and their<br />
implementation/enforcement. During the Quality Regulation Review in 2006-07 we identified<br />
a range of issues that we will continue to address.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will progress the large number of small “fixes” to a range of regulatory<br />
frameworks identified in the Quality Regulation Review.<br />
We will do this through the Regulatory Improvements Bill process, which is an omnibus bill<br />
that we designed to deal with items that were not significant enough for departments to<br />
prioritise.<br />
The Minister for Regulatory Reform will be able to oversee the policy work in the first<br />
instance, which will speed up the process.<br />
Large Enterprises vs Small to Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)<br />
There is often a difference between large enterprises and SMEs in terms of both the nature<br />
and the impact of regulation. Large enterprises often prefer principles-based regulation so<br />
they can design their own fit and smaller enterprises tend to prefer clear rules that they can<br />
follow.<br />
The approach many of the SMEs are seeking is one which tells them that they are complying<br />
with the law, which in turn offers some protection against being sued for breaching the law.<br />
This is described as a „safe harbour‟.<br />
Various inspectors used to provide this reassurance in practice, although not technically in<br />
law, however the governments of the 1980s & 90s pulled away from this kind of regime,<br />
preferring that business paid for its own advisers and auditors, while the role of government<br />
simply became one of enforcement.<br />
We have recognised the weakness in this model and will develop a range of safe harbour<br />
mechanisms to promote compliance.<br />
90
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with relevant stakeholders to develop a consensus-based<br />
mechanism for designing „safe harbours‟ for a range of compliance requirements.<br />
Standard Business Reporting<br />
The question “why can‟t the many arms of government extend a single hand to business?”<br />
became the expression of business frustration at their experience of dealing with the<br />
government.<br />
The solution lies in the implementation of a form of Standard Business Reporting (eg<br />
eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)). This would enable businesses to<br />
electronically submit their financial data to many government agencies in one transaction<br />
and thereby reduce the time and effort spent preparing and filing reports for government.<br />
This was approved under the last <strong>Labour</strong> government and placed on the backburner by the<br />
present administration. We will reinstate this work, as it is vital to meeting our commitment to<br />
removing regulatory barriers to business growth.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate work on standard business reporting, which has been proven<br />
internationally to significantly reduce compliance costs for business.<br />
Standards & Accreditation<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the provisions of the Standards & Accreditation Bill that has been<br />
languishing on the Order Paper since the last <strong>election</strong> and substitute a Bill that meets the<br />
needs of industry. <strong>Our</strong> best advice is that it only requires minor adjustments to achieve its<br />
original purpose.<br />
We have seen the results of the failure to provide for standards – e.g. this was a contributing<br />
factor in the leaky building debacle – and it is vital that the standard-setting processes are<br />
effective and up-to-date.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the provisions of the Standards and Accreditation Bill.<br />
NZ standards should also guide the minimum requirements for government procurement<br />
contracts as part of the value for money requirements over the lifetime of the product (as<br />
discussed in <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Procurement policy).<br />
Competition policy<br />
When the Commerce Commission is constantly rebuffed by the courts when it is trying to<br />
promote and protect the interests of consumers, we need to investigate the cause and be<br />
prepared to respond.<br />
Ten years on from the changes we made to Part 2 of the Commerce Act, which deals with<br />
restrictive trade practices (significantly section 36), it is time to review the section that<br />
requires:<br />
91
A substantial degree of market power (a lesser threshold than a “dominant<br />
position”, which was previously the standard)<br />
Taking advantage of that market power, and<br />
Motivated by a prohibited purpose.<br />
The substance of the question that a court considers is what is known as the “counterfactual<br />
test” - namely whether the firm with substantial market power would have engaged in the<br />
type of conduct under scrutiny if it did not possess market power.<br />
The Telecom 0867 case put the test in front of the Court of Appeal, which, bound to follow a<br />
Privy Council precedent, decided in Telecom‟s favour. Hammond J said:<br />
“This case exposes the realities of the difficulty of counterfactual analysis and<br />
that it is not always of utility in the context of a case such as the present. The<br />
reality of the case is that it is about terminating charges which are markedly<br />
above cost and the willingness of Telecom, under threat of regulation, to share<br />
its monopoly rents with Clear.<br />
Any realistic counterfactual must take monopoly rents as a given. It is difficult<br />
to see how there can be any plausible counterfactual about the distribution of<br />
monopoly rents where non-dominance has to be assumed: in the absence of<br />
dominance there can be no monopoly rents.” (Commerce Commission v<br />
Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Ltd [2009] NZCA 338).<br />
The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal and dismissed the Commerce Commission‟s<br />
appeal. This outcome was not intended in the last review of s36 and therefore we will make<br />
this an urgent priority for review.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently review the provisions of Part 2 of the Commerce Act with<br />
emphasis on s36.<br />
92
COMMUNITY AND VOLUNTARY SECTOR<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand is a great place to bring up children and a place where communities have a<br />
strong role to play. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that a connected community is a caring one. <strong>Our</strong> people<br />
thrive when they are able to share their skills, lend a helping hand in tough times and pull<br />
together to make a difference.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> encourages that Kiwi spirit of finding local solutions to local problems and using that<br />
„No. 8 wire‟ mentality. That same spirit will be required in tough times and <strong>Labour</strong> recognises<br />
the vital role played by the community and voluntary sector to create a strong, resilient and<br />
cohesive sense of belonging to a community.<br />
Treaty of Waitangi settlements and Māori development aspirations have shifted the lens of<br />
service delivery to engage Māori directly to tackle some of the most challenging problems in<br />
our communities. Whereas the former view in society used to be „By Māori for Māori‟, there<br />
is an emerging view that these models from Māori providers are suited to a broader<br />
spectrum of society.<br />
The community and voluntary sector plays an increasing role in supporting communities and<br />
delivering social services. <strong>Labour</strong> understands that an investment approach to the capacity<br />
of the sector is essential as service delivery becomes more decentralised. This focus will<br />
enable the sector to address social issues of long-standing concern in innovative and<br />
creative ways. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that workforce development of the sector is essential and will<br />
contribute to this need.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is mindful that the private sector has skills and expertise that could be engaged to<br />
help build the capacity and contribution of the community and voluntary sector. We will put<br />
significant effort into this task.<br />
Community-based child and whānau service providers play an important role to make sure<br />
that children get the best start in life. They are the people who know what their community<br />
needs, where the gaps are, and what can be done to make sure the best models of care are<br />
available. They are also the people who are the first point of contact for the most vulnerable<br />
whānau in our communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to working alongside the community and voluntary sector, towards a<br />
long-term investment in the relationship, and towards supporting resilient communities<br />
looking for locally responsive solutions. It‟s about all of us working together.<br />
93
Engaging with the community: A social inclusion approach<br />
The Fifth <strong>Labour</strong> Government made a commitment to a new way of working with<br />
communities based in partnership in social development. New relationships and a deeper<br />
understanding of government and community roles did emerge from the partnership<br />
approach; but overall the partnerships didn‟t achieve the kinds of potential and produce the<br />
results they might have.<br />
Community sector and government relationships remain quite fragmented. <strong>Labour</strong> is not<br />
convinced New Zealanders are getting all the benefits of cooperation, prevention, smart<br />
community knowledge on where the problems are, who is involved, and how to fix them.<br />
While we have seen some real innovation in areas including Māori social services (which<br />
Whānau Ora has built upon), there are many other areas where we still haven‟t got the<br />
machinery in place for bringing that knowledge and expertise into the heart of policy and<br />
programming processes.<br />
Where this really matters is in areas where no single agency, government or community can<br />
fix the problem on its own. These are areas where people are experiencing multiple<br />
challenges, or making transitions in their lives that can see them falling between the cracks<br />
because no one agency has the job of looking after them. Homelessness and rough sleeping<br />
for example, often involve people with challenges in housing, work and income, mental<br />
health, substance abuse and more, and need input from health, housing, local government,<br />
and social development agencies. Without well led, strongly coordinated efforts, these<br />
people end up being dealt with by the police. Young people considering leaving school early<br />
face different hurdles: but can easily end up neither in work, nor school, nor training.<br />
A social inclusion approach puts coordination around complex issues and needs at the top of<br />
the agenda. It appoints a „social inclusion commissioner‟ (or equivalent) with the power to<br />
identify issues, see what works and require coordination between government agencies, with<br />
identified counterparts in the leader and ministers‟ offices. It monitors outcomes, and refocuses<br />
efforts which are not working. It finds international experience, investigates how it<br />
has been evaluated, and what evidence there is for its success. It cements the best<br />
approaches into place with public service agreements at central level, complemented with<br />
better coordination at local level. Under <strong>Labour</strong> in New Zealand, it will also need to forge the<br />
best possible working relationships with community groups and agencies, and, where<br />
appropriate, local government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Social Inclusion approach will be a new way of working together with<br />
communities in the areas where that way of working can make the most difference. It<br />
is an approach we have seen working well elsewhere: but that we want to develop<br />
here in our own, can-do Kiwi version.<br />
Internationally there have been a number of areas where this approach has yielded real<br />
benefits, both in terms of problems and opportunities. The problems have included:<br />
Homelessness and rough sleeping<br />
94
School retention and the transition to work<br />
Young offenders, and mental health in the prison system<br />
Disability<br />
Domestic violence, and wider violence against women<br />
Child abuse<br />
The opportunities have been in areas such as supporting to older workers and workers with<br />
disabilities volunteering or otherwise making a contribution.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Social Inclusion approach will be based in a shared community/government<br />
commitment to shared high level goals, and on identifying and tackling difficult<br />
problems and development opportunities, and learning how to work together to the<br />
point where accountability for local outcomes can be genuinely shared.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Social Inclusion approach is not about more meetings or „consultation‟: it is an<br />
invitation to a working partnership, not just a contracting relationship. It will involve enabling<br />
the community to work with government on problem and opportunity identification. In other<br />
words, taking time to identify where there is a need or a better way of working together.<br />
Local information and long practical experience needs to be able to be brought to the table,<br />
alongside the best international evidence, and enter into a wider and deeper policy dialogue.<br />
The complexity of some tough issues will have to get framed and debated from the outset,<br />
and obstacles to real working together discussed up front.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will respect and seek to build existing community capacity to act as real partners for<br />
government, not just sites for short term pilot projects or rapid rollout of programmes to<br />
national scale. An important aim will be identifying and supporting community and local<br />
government partners who can bring effective coordination, in-depth knowledge of local<br />
situations, practical experience and active policy capability to the table.<br />
On this basis, respectful and equal partnership between government and community<br />
becomes a real possibility, not just a „cover‟ for a top down contracting relationship, or a<br />
rationale for more meetings which don‟t produce durable programming and budget<br />
commitments. On this basis, accountabilities for local outcomes can be shared, rather than<br />
dumped on communities or retained by risk-averse central government agencies. Local<br />
capabilities, funding for particular functions, and responsibilities for outcomes can be durably<br />
aligned. Genuine commitments to strengthening communities can be forged.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take a rigorous approach to identifying and calculating the benefits of<br />
working together under a social inclusion framework.<br />
95
The Social Inclusion approach:<br />
How it works in South Australia<br />
The Social Inclusion Board is a Board of independent social policy thinkers reporting<br />
directly to and working with a mandate from the Head of Government.<br />
The independent Commissioner for Social Inclusion, also Chair of the Board, is in charge<br />
of monitoring the government‟s progress on social reform and making sure it stays on track.<br />
The Social Inclusion Unit is a unit of social policy experts embedded in the Department of<br />
Premier and Cabinet that provides support to the Board and the Commissioner. It conducts<br />
research of world-wide best practice and consults with local communities.<br />
A Social Inclusion Committee of Cabinet Ministers, chaired by the Premier and with the<br />
Social Inclusion Commissioner always in attendance, meets to provide the highest level of<br />
accountability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take into account the South Australian model, along with other international<br />
examples, in designing a Social Inclusion approach for New Zealand.<br />
The social inclusion approach creates new efficiencies by making existing resources and<br />
programmes more effective. It is not a substitute for wider social development policy and<br />
approaches to jobs, income or care; and isn‟t the approach that will work best in every area.<br />
It will take time and commitment to develop, sector by sector, issue by issue. Not all<br />
opportunities will be able to be developed or funded: but those that are will have a real<br />
possibility of moving ahead. Where devolved funding can create greater efficiencies and<br />
effectiveness, <strong>Labour</strong> will explore this possibility. Where the social inclusion approach can<br />
make a real difference, we need to let it do its work.<br />
96
Tools to engage with the sector<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a long history of engaging with the community and voluntary sector and is<br />
committed to building this strong relationship into the future.<br />
In Government, <strong>Labour</strong> signed the Statement of Government Intentions for an Improved<br />
Community-Government Relationship in 2001. The current Government has signed the Kia<br />
Tutahi Standing Together Relationship Accord which builds on <strong>Labour</strong>‟s previous work of<br />
building stronger community-government relationships.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the effectiveness of the Kia Tutahi Standing Together Relationship<br />
Accord in facilitating whole of government engagement with the community and<br />
voluntary sector.<br />
The Office for the Community and Voluntary Sector, which was established under <strong>Labour</strong>,<br />
has been charged with leading the engagement between the government and the sector.<br />
The Office which was previously been split between Department of Internal Affairs and the<br />
Ministry of Social Development has recently been moved into the Department of Internal<br />
Affairs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will evaluate, in consultation with the community and voluntary sector,<br />
whether the recent move has enhanced the relationship and improved inter-agency<br />
responsiveness to the sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to better service delivery to children and their families. This involves<br />
connecting thinking and action across agencies, services, communities and organisations.<br />
Barriers put up by agencies, a lack of communication and information sharing, and separate<br />
assessment processes mean people often fall through the gaps.<br />
In our last year in Government we announced a significant investment in contracting<br />
community and voluntary sector groups to deliver essential services. The Pathway to<br />
Partnership was a multi-year plan to build strong, sustainable and more effective communitybased<br />
services for families, children and young people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the community and voluntary sector to establish long-term<br />
funding cycles so that the sector has more certainty around planning and delivering<br />
its programmes.<br />
Integrated service delivery is not a new idea, however over the years we have seen many<br />
different projects being started and funded only to be taken over by the next good idea. The<br />
latest is Whānau Ora, which is about integrating services for the most vulnerable whānau,<br />
however it is at a fledgling stage.<br />
97
The success of Whānau Ora will partly depend on political commitment, its ability to deliver<br />
greater outcomes to vulnerable whānau and evaluate the model of service delivery<br />
alongside other models. This will help us to cement our close working relationship with the<br />
whole sector and give us a framework to further expand on.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to building on Whānau Ora focusing on four key components:<br />
leadership; flexibility of funding to get results; workforce development; and better<br />
information sharing. This will enable the delivery of measurable benefits to the<br />
community.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong> the Charities Commission was established by the Charities Act which was<br />
passed in 2005. It was established after over a decade of discussion with the sector and a<br />
detailed Select Committee process.<br />
The Commission has done a commendable job registering over 25,000 organisations. It has<br />
also promoted public trust and confidence in the charitable sector by providing educational<br />
material and by encouraging good governance and management practices.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned with the current plans by the National Government to absorb the<br />
Charities Commission into the Department of Internal Affairs. We believe the Commission<br />
has a place to play in the long term and therefore believe it should remain autonomous.<br />
There are some very practical suggestions for amendments that can be made to improve the<br />
Act and <strong>Labour</strong> will engage with the sector to achieve these improvements. <strong>Labour</strong> believes<br />
that the Charities Commission is best prepared to become the regulator of charities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to engaging the community and voluntary sector in any review<br />
of the Charities Act and the role of the Charities Commission.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to improve the functions of the Charities Act and as a priority<br />
begin a first principles review of the Act.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will act swiftly to restore the charitable status to the community housing<br />
sector under the Charities Act.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that community organisations are able to engage in advocacy without<br />
becoming disqualified from charitable status, or from government funding and support.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the independence of community sector advocacy.<br />
Building capacity<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> appreciates the efforts of the community and voluntary sector and the essential<br />
services they provide to New Zealanders. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises that the sector can do things<br />
that governments cannot.<br />
98
The community and voluntary sector needs a comprehensive commitment towards investing<br />
in the sector‟s infrastructure and human resources. This responsibility requires partnership<br />
with the philanthropic community and <strong>Labour</strong> will work with third party funding communities<br />
to bring great focus towards those investment decisions.<br />
We understand that the sector is starting to really feel the pressure of a constrained funding<br />
environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will look at ways to encourage individuals and businesses to participate in<br />
their communities by giving time, money, or in-kind donations.<br />
Through supporting volunteers we grow stronger communities. The community and<br />
voluntary sector plays a vital role in our community with its dedication, work and generosity<br />
of spirit, which brings huge social, cultural and economic benefits to New Zealand society.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the role of volunteers and will promote greater private sector<br />
engagement of employees in the voluntary sector so we can create engaged, safe<br />
and strong communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also believes that the government has a strong role to play to co-ordinate<br />
government investment and funding decisions that maintain the important role of the<br />
community and voluntary sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide and co-ordinate infrastructure supports and resources across the<br />
sector.<br />
This will include advice, capacity and infrastructure in human resources, legal, financial<br />
systems, audit and information technology. We will ensure the community and voluntary<br />
sector has access to easily-understood information about central government services and<br />
resources.<br />
The community and voluntary sector also has a role to play in the training of volunteers so<br />
that we encourage young people to be involved in the sector and provide them with skills<br />
that they may be able to use in paid employment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine ways of setting up community cadetships which will expose a<br />
trainee to a range of workplaces across the sector.<br />
Eliminating family violence<br />
New Zealand has a serious and worrying problem with family violence and the<br />
consequences of this violence are huge. There are costs to individuals, families and the<br />
community. These include depression, the loss of confidence and other consequences that<br />
remain long after the physical injuries have healed. Children are also hurt by this violence in<br />
many ways, including fear and trauma from seeing their mother hurt.<br />
99
A comprehensive approach is required to deal with the consequences of violence against<br />
women and to change the culture that leads to such violence. <strong>Labour</strong> believes this will<br />
require a long term unified commitment by politicians, women‟s and community<br />
organisations, government agencies and New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will evaluate the effectiveness of the Whānau Ora funding model on services<br />
dealing with violence against women and girls and respond to any problems and<br />
unmet needs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support organisations like Women‟s Refuge, Rape Crisis and Girls‟ Self<br />
Defence who play both an advocacy and service delivery role focussed on the needs<br />
of women and children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wishes to see restoration of the $700,000 cut in funding that Women‟s<br />
Refuge was using to support crisis refuges. We will commit additional funding<br />
accordingly and work with MSD and Women‟s Refuge to ensure a fair and<br />
transparent process for the allocation of funding for this purpose.<br />
In the medium term, <strong>Labour</strong> will work to build a consensus on a long term unified and<br />
adequately resourced plan which has cross party support to eliminate violence<br />
against women. In doing so, we will consider the 12 year, multi-million dollar crossparty<br />
approach announced in Australia in <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
100
CONSERVATION<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Conservation is the preservation of New Zealand‟s unique environment, as a good thing in<br />
and of itself. It is also essential to New Zealand‟s identity, the basis of our clean green<br />
image, and the foundation of the economy. From the establishment of the very first national<br />
park at Tongariro in 1887 to the network of parks and marine reserves that exist today, New<br />
Zealanders have placed high value on the wild landscapes and beautiful mountains and<br />
lakes that define our country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> led the world in 1987 by establishing the Department of Conservation (DOC) as an<br />
agency dedicated to the protection of our natural environment, as well as to providing<br />
opportunities for Kiwis to enjoy the great outdoors. <strong>Labour</strong> holds the values and aspirations<br />
supporting conservation and biodiversity protection it always has.<br />
We not only value investing in DOC as our frontline conservation agency, but also value the<br />
contribution communities make to the conservation effort. And we value investing in facilities<br />
that support Kiwis to get out and enjoy the natural world.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> natural environment is central to New Zealand‟s sense of identity, and our conservation<br />
estate 19 is a major contributor to the economy. Public conservation land provides essential<br />
and valuable ecosystem services such as clean water, flood and erosion control, and carbon<br />
sequestration – as well as opportunities for healthy recreation.<br />
The health of our economy depends on New Zealand preserving and enhancing our land,<br />
air, water and indigenous wildlife. Major export earners (tourism, dairy, horticulture, forestry,<br />
meat, wool, fisheries, and film) now leverage an internationally competitive premium from the<br />
country‟s „clean green/100% pure‟ sustainable branding. Conservation needs to be<br />
integrated into our economic future as „Brand New Zealand, clean, green and clever‟.<br />
New Zealand‟s public conservation estate and our unique plants, animals and landscapes<br />
therefore not only have very significant intrinsic, cultural and social value, but they are also a<br />
key part of the country‟s economic infrastructure that must be actively maintained and<br />
enhanced.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to encourage private sector investment into conservation projects.<br />
Businesses are increasingly switching on to the commercial benefits of conservation<br />
19 Conservation estate, public conservation estate, and public conservation land are interchangeable<br />
terms.<br />
101
initiatives. The government needs to work with such businesses to deliver greater<br />
conservation gains than we could achieve alone. However, our focus will always lie with<br />
achieving conservation outcomes rather than financial gain.<br />
Biodiversity<br />
Protecting and Enhancing our Natural Heritage<br />
Most of our native plants, animals, birds and insects are found only in New Zealand, i.e. they<br />
are „endemic‟ and unique. However, humans, along with introduced animals, have<br />
eliminated many of New Zealand‟s indigenous species. At least 2000 more indigenous<br />
species continue to be threatened with extinction.<br />
The maintenance and enhancement of our remaining indigenous biodiversity is crucial not<br />
only to the health of New Zealand‟s environment but to our economic future.<br />
New Zealand has expertise in species protection and recovery. More species are on a path<br />
to recovery because of better pest control techniques and the creation of predator-free<br />
offshore island sanctuaries. Kiwi sanctuaries have also been created on the mainland.<br />
Biodiversity on public and private land<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> aims that in 10 years‟ time New Zealand‟s wildlife population will be stabilised and<br />
increasing, with species coming off the endangered list regularly.<br />
The New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy (NZBS) for halting the decline of our indigenous<br />
biodiversity has been in place since 2001. But we must constantly refine our efforts to<br />
ensure they are focused in the right places. This includes protecting and restoring<br />
threatened habitats such as wetlands.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the success or otherwise of the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy<br />
in its first ten years and action the results of the review.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will change the name of the NZBS to the New Zealand Nature Protection<br />
Strategy so that its purpose is more immediately clear.<br />
National has drafted a National Policy Statement (NPS) on Biodiversity under the Resource<br />
Management Act 1991, but has not yet gazetted it. National‟s NPS is likely to be inadequate<br />
in terms of biodiversity protection required on private land, especially in the face of<br />
intensifying agriculture. This will put our clean, green brand at risk.<br />
In our review of the NZBS, <strong>Labour</strong> will include the need for any changes to the biodiversity<br />
NPS to align it with the New Zealand Nature Protection Strategy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make any necessary changes to the NPS on Biodiversity to make it truly<br />
effective and to align it with the New Zealand Nature Protection Strategy.<br />
102
Pest and weed control<br />
Pests – whether already here, or still to arrive despite biosecurity measures – continue to<br />
pose a significant challenge to our most critically-threatened species. Without active pest<br />
control, making headway in the protection and enhancement of our native plant and animal<br />
life is impossible.<br />
Effective pest control not only protects biodiversity, but prevents the collapse of forest<br />
canopy and the resulting erosion of hillsides. Carbon stores are also protected, and this<br />
enhances New Zealand‟s ability to respond to global carbon accounting.<br />
There are a range of tools available for controlling pests. DOC and other pest control<br />
agencies need to better explain to the public why tools such as aerial 1080 are the best<br />
available option in particular situations – at least until new and alternative tools are<br />
developed.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to resource weed and integrated pest control on public<br />
conservation land to protect threatened species, ecosystems and significant<br />
landscapes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the use of aerial 1080 as an effective tool for landscape-scale<br />
pest control (especially of possums, rats and stoats), while new and improved<br />
alternative tools are developed.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore enhanced opportunities for collaboration and partnerships with<br />
private and community sector investment in pest and weed control on public and<br />
private land.<br />
Sanctuaries and mainland islands<br />
Dedicated sanctuaries continue to prove the most effective incubators for rejuvenating<br />
populations of threatened native birds and other wildlife.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote predator-free island sanctuaries, and be vigilant in protecting<br />
them from re-infestation. An island sanctuary could be as large as Rakiura/Stewart<br />
Island.<br />
The development of „mainland islands‟, possibly including large peninsula areas such as the<br />
Coromandel, Mahia, Banks and Otago peninsulas, can assist with eradication or intensive<br />
control of predators on a landscape scale.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote „mainland islands‟ with a view to eradication or intensive control<br />
of predators on a landscape-scale as technology and techniques allow.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine the feasibility of turning large peninsula areas into mainland<br />
islands.<br />
103
Creating sanctuaries supports the rejuvenation of our most precious wildlife. Sanctuaries can<br />
also create educational and economic benefits for a region. Success stories – such as Kapiti<br />
Island, Tiritiri Matangi Island and the Waitakeres “Ark in the Park” – are safe havens for<br />
some of our rarest species and within reach of our two largest urban centres. They attract<br />
thousands of tourists and visitors each year.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote recreational and tourism opportunities alongside species<br />
recovery work and predator free sanctuaries.<br />
Additions to conservation estate<br />
The public conservation estate includes about a third of New Zealand‟s land area. Much of<br />
this is steep, mountainous terrain. The last <strong>Labour</strong> government focused on redressing this<br />
imbalance. Valuable ecosystems – from lowland forests and wetlands, to tussock grasslands<br />
and coastal areas – were given priority for protection.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to make additions to the conservation estate with priority for underrepresented<br />
ecosystems and natural features, such as North Island lowland forests,<br />
wetlands, and iconic areas needing protection from development pressures.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to make additions to land held for public conservation through<br />
dedicated funds (e.g. the Nature Heritage Fund) and other means (e.g. any<br />
remaining tenure review processes).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the management of any additions to public conservation land<br />
is adequately funded.<br />
There is concern that under National developers can swap degraded land with DOC in<br />
exchange for access to pristine land, say for a skifield.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that inappropriate swaps of public conservation land cannot take<br />
place.<br />
Reviewing status of stewardship land<br />
When DOC was established in 1987, it inherited land from predecessor agencies. Some of<br />
this land had not been adequately defined and classified in law, and so as a holding position<br />
it was passed to DOC as „stewardship land‟.<br />
There has still been no systematic classification of stewardship land into conservation land<br />
categories (e.g. reserve, sanctuary, conservation area) – or a systematic identification of<br />
land that does not warrant DOC administration. The „limbo‟ status of stewardship land can<br />
cause practical problems, for example, as to whether hydro or mining development is<br />
appropriate for an area of stewardship land.<br />
104
<strong>Labour</strong> will begin a systematic classification of stewardship land, or its removal from<br />
DOC administration where appropriate.<br />
Protecting wild rivers<br />
Many of our wild rivers have been lost to hydro development. The landscape and biodiversity<br />
values of wild rivers have become scarcer. And National has undermined the value of water<br />
conservation orders, especially by overriding them in Canterbury. This is the opposite of<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s view – if anything, water conservation orders need to be strengthened and<br />
expanded.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not believe we should keep damming our remaining wild and scenic rivers.<br />
Alternative means of renewable electricity generation are now available. We need to take<br />
stock of all the costs – including the environmental costs – of damming them. This can be<br />
done in a number of ways.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the National Policy Statement for Renewable Electricity<br />
Generation <strong>2011</strong> by encouraging renewable generation with low environmental<br />
impacts, with a particular view to protecting rivers from being dammed.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore the primacy of water conservation orders in Canterbury, i.e. to<br />
where they were before National overrode them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the strengthening and expansion of the water conservation<br />
order mechanism.<br />
This protection of wild rivers is complemented by <strong>Labour</strong>‟s views on water management. See<br />
our Water policy.<br />
Making the Mokihinui into national park<br />
The Mokihinui is an outstanding wild river and flows through stewardship land. This area is<br />
of such conservation quality that it would justify being added to the adjacent Kahurangi<br />
National Park. However, SOE Meridian Energy wants to dam the Mokihinui for hydro power.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will save the Mokihinui River from being dammed. This will include moving to have<br />
the area added to Kahurangi National Park.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ask the New Zealand Conservation Authority to formally investigate<br />
adding the Mokihinui river area to Kahurangi National Park.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will in the meantime direct Meridian Energy not to proceed with its hydro dam<br />
proposal and/or decline to make the area available to Meridian Energy.<br />
105
New Chums beach<br />
New Chums beach in the Coromandel is one of the finest beaches in the world but is<br />
threatened by development. It can be protected by the public purchase of adjacent land, or<br />
covenanting of it, to prevent development. This will require agreement among the various<br />
parties involved.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is determined that New Chums beach will be saved for the enjoyment of present and<br />
future generations. We are also determined that its untouched beauty will continue to be part<br />
of New Zealand‟s „clean green/100% pure‟ sustainable branding to the world.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore means by which to save New Chums beach for the enjoyment of<br />
present and future generations and as part of our sustainable branding to the world.<br />
Promoting conservation by DOC and the whole community<br />
DOC is our frontline conservation agency. It manages about a third of the country‟s land for<br />
conservation purposes, as well as marine reserves and marine mammal sanctuaries, and<br />
carries out pest control work. DOC is responsible for protecting our most critically<br />
endangered species, and operates recovery programmes for our rarest species including<br />
kiwi, kokako and takahe.<br />
DOC also manages historic sites and buildings, and runs an extensive „outdoors<br />
infrastructure‟ of huts, tracks and visitor facilities.<br />
DOC should promote conservation nationally, and advocate strongly for it publicly and at all<br />
levels of government. This role has been weakened under National.<br />
DOC should also be ensuring that tourist operators, energy companies, farmers and other<br />
users of public conservation land do so fairly, sustainably and in a way that protects our<br />
heritage.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to DOC being able to carry out all these public service roles effectively.<br />
Its work should be founded on the best ecological science and practical conservation<br />
management experience.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that DOC plays a leading role in maintaining New Zealand‟s<br />
biodiversity and an independent statutory role in advocating for the conservation of<br />
natural and historic resources.<br />
Community-led conservation<br />
Private, volunteer and community-led conservation initiatives are essential to the overall<br />
drive to protect New Zealand‟s natural heritage and promote our clean, green image.<br />
106
Many ordinary New Zealanders have cared for forest and wetland biodiversity on private as<br />
well as public land. We must support their enthusiasm and hard work, which has produced<br />
some dramatic results.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes we can do even better, by exploring innovative new ways to engage the<br />
community in conservation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore new ways of connecting and enabling in conservation, in order to<br />
grow grassroots education and participation in conservation projects at a community<br />
level.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain contestable funds to support and encourage community-led<br />
conservation work.<br />
Enhancing stakeholder involvement<br />
There are many conservation stakeholders – or potential conservation stakeholders –<br />
including iwi, local government, community organisations, and private sector businesses.<br />
Local conservation boards and the New Zealand Conservation Authority provide valuable<br />
community input into conservation planning and management.<br />
But we need to think even smarter on conservation – and that includes more collaboration<br />
between conservation stakeholders and DOC.<br />
Working closely with stakeholders will deliver greater conservation gains than the<br />
government could ever achieve alone. There will be benefits to stakeholders as well.<br />
Businesses, for example, are increasingly appreciating the commercial benefits of<br />
conservation initiatives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will actively pursue iwi, local government, community and corporate<br />
partnerships for conservation projects, including, for example, community education<br />
and involvement in practical conservation projects such as the development of<br />
„mainland island‟ sanctuaries.<br />
DOC has an important role in the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process. DOC deals with the<br />
mechanisms of the settlement process, but should also be focused on collaborative<br />
conservation outcomes. Free and unfettered access for New Zealanders to conservation<br />
areas will be protected.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review DOC‟s role in the Treaty settlement process, with a view to it being<br />
more focused on collaborative conservation outcomes. The important role of iwi as<br />
enduring stewards of the land will be recognised.<br />
107
Helping private landowners<br />
DOC will continue to lend its expertise to identify and protect indigenous ecosystems on<br />
private land. Alongside funding for restoration and recovery work, help is available for private<br />
landowners who want to legally protect valuable conservation areas.<br />
Hundreds of thousands of hectares have been protected with the support of targeted<br />
funding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage private landowners to protect conservation values on their<br />
land, support them with specific funds and conservation trusts, and promote<br />
exemption for legally-protected conservation areas from rating by local authorities.<br />
These initiatives will be complementary to an effective National Policy Statement on<br />
Biodiversity.<br />
Environmental education and conservation skills<br />
The future of our natural landscapes, native plants and animals and unique marine life lies in<br />
our hands and the hands of those who will come after us. We benefit greatly from looking<br />
after these natural assets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to educate the public about the wider social and economic benefits<br />
that result from keeping the public conservation estate unspoilt.<br />
We must encourage future generations to value conservation, engage with nature, and<br />
understand environmental sustainability by initiatives such as the last <strong>Labour</strong> government‟s<br />
Enviro-Schools programme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate the Enviro-Schools programme.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> young people are the skill base for frontline conservation work in the future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build the available pool of conservation rangers, planners and biodiversity<br />
specialists by developing a conservation apprenticeship programme.<br />
This programme will be targeted at school-leavers who are contemplating working in the<br />
conservation sector. Its aim will be to provide a strong grounding in practical conservation<br />
management. On successfully completing the programme, some graduates may seek work<br />
through DOC while others may go on to employment in local government or community-led<br />
conservation work.<br />
108
Outdoor recreation – Helping Kiwis enjoy our heritage<br />
Kiwis have a long and proud history of getting out into the great outdoors and exploring the<br />
wonderful natural heritage our country has to offer. Access to this heritage is of great cultural<br />
and social importance.<br />
The network of huts and tracks across public conservation land was significantly upgraded<br />
by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government, and forms the backbone of our „outdoors infrastructure‟.<br />
There are new lodges in place of old huts, more places to go to, tracks repaired, and new<br />
ones to explore either by foot or bike.<br />
This network is a significant asset. Not only is it valued by Kiwis, but our tourism sector<br />
depends on it. Kiwis expect their government to protect the quality of outdoor recreational<br />
experiences – including walking, tramping, skiing, climbing, angling, swimming, rafting,<br />
boating and mountain biking.<br />
That does not mean only putting resources into „front country‟ facilities or huts on the Great<br />
Walks, where many of the users are international visitors. The existing network of „back<br />
country‟ huts and tracks is vital as well and should remain. A bivvy in the right place, for<br />
example, can save lives.<br />
Te Araroa<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to upgrade the outdoors infrastructure of huts, tracks and other<br />
visitor facilities, including those in the back country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the development of new outdoor recreational opportunities, for<br />
example, walking and cycling trails on former railways land.<br />
New Zealand benefits from a national walkway, Te Araroa, „the long pathway‟ connecting<br />
Cape Reinga to the Bluff through public walkways and tracks. The last <strong>Labour</strong> government<br />
made a considerable contribution towards the walkway, especially by freeing up access<br />
through former pastoral lease land in the South Island. Te Araroa is now close to completion,<br />
but some gaps remain.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will facilitate the filling of the final gaps in Te Araroa, „the long pathway‟ from<br />
North Cape to Bluff, so that its final completion can be celebrated.<br />
Walking Access Commission<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> established the Walking Access Commission in 2008 to create „free, certain,<br />
enduring and practical‟ public access for outdoor recreation, including around lakes, along<br />
rivers, and to public resources (which include trout, salmon and game birds). This is not only<br />
for the benefit of Kiwis but for overseas visitors as well.<br />
Initiatives the Walking Access Commission has taken include a public access mapping<br />
system to clearly identify publicly-owned land across New Zealand that people can legally<br />
109
access. The Commission also promotes an Outdoor Access Code to encourage responsible<br />
behaviour in the outdoors, and provides contestable funding to support access-enhancing<br />
projects.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strongly support the work of the Walking Access Commission.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the Walking Access Commission having a dispute arbitration role<br />
on access issues.<br />
Commercial use of public outdoor resources<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports tourism businesses based on public conservation land and public<br />
resources. However, conservation values must not be compromised by commercial use.<br />
Reasonable public recreational access to the land and resources must continue.<br />
Fish and Game New Zealand manages recreational access to sports fish (including trout and<br />
salmon) and game birds. These public resources can be found both inside and outside the<br />
public conservation estate. They attract commercial interest for professional fishing and<br />
hunting guiding. Inside the conservation estate, such commercial arrangements are<br />
managed by DOC.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would make Fish and Game (through its regional councils) the approval authority for<br />
any such commercial arrangements outside the conservation estate. This would be similar to<br />
DOC management of tourism activity on public conservation land (where public access<br />
continues to be protected).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make Fish and Game New Zealand the approval authority for any<br />
commercial concessions to take sports fish and game birds outside the public<br />
conservation estate.<br />
Any disputes about a public right to access sports fish and game birds over private land<br />
could be dealt with by the Walking Access Commission.<br />
Camping grounds<br />
With land development around our coastline, opportunities available for the traditional Kiwi<br />
summer camping holiday have decreased. Public camping grounds operate on DOC land.<br />
New camping grounds were opened by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government, and others were<br />
upgraded.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to develop new camping grounds as opportunities arise.<br />
Management of game animals<br />
Many Kiwis share in a long-held tradition of recreational hunting for deer, pigs and other<br />
introduced game mammals. Hunters help keep these animal numbers down on public<br />
110
conservation land. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises this valuable contribution to the protection of our<br />
indigenous biodiversity.<br />
DOC currently manages game mammals. National proposes to establish a Game Animal<br />
Council and to split the management of these animals (chamois, deer, thar and wild pigs)<br />
between DOC and the Game Animal Council. The Council would manage „herds of special<br />
interest‟ within defined areas of conservation land.<br />
The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment points out that the proposed Game<br />
Animal Council could effectively halt 1080 operations for possums, rats and stoats, if it<br />
thought game animals may be at risk. <strong>Labour</strong> takes the Commissioner‟s advice seriously.<br />
It is problematic having a management system with two organisations in charge. DOC<br />
should be responsible for the management of the conservation estate. Hunters have<br />
conservation values and support our wilderness areas, which they know well. Greater coordination<br />
with hunting interests is desirable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish the proposed Game Animal Council as an advisory body that<br />
encourages hunters to work collaboratively with DOC in supporting both conservation<br />
and hunting interests.<br />
Marine conservation – Protecting our sea life<br />
New Zealanders have always shared a special connection with the sea. <strong>Our</strong> rich marine and<br />
coastal ecosystems provide food and recreation. However, these ecosystems have a history<br />
of being impacted by over-fishing, soil erosion, over-development, urban and pastoral runoff,<br />
careless waste disposal and sewage pollution.<br />
Fish stocks are now managed within a framework of sustainability. Marine reserves are now<br />
recognised not just for their scientific benefits but for their public use and enjoyment.<br />
Threatened species, such as the Maui and Hector‟s dolphins, are also being protected within<br />
designated marine sanctuaries, and other strong measures have been put in place to halt<br />
their decline.<br />
Ten years from now, <strong>Labour</strong> wants New Zealand to be known for its world-leading approach<br />
to marine conservation. We want a network of marine protected areas to support the<br />
rejuvenation of our marine life. We want a reputation for being excellent guardians of the<br />
40% of the world‟s albatross species endemic to New Zealand. We want our trading partners<br />
to continue buying our seafood because they know they are buying a sustainable, quality<br />
product.<br />
Marine protected areas<br />
Many different groups have a high level of interest in our marine areas. These include<br />
commercial fishers, recreational fishers, other recreational users, iwi, conservationists, and<br />
111
scientists investigating marine species and habitats. With so many stakeholders, forging<br />
agreement on which areas should be protected remains a challenge.<br />
In the past, protection has been fragmented and ad hoc. Now a range of protective options<br />
are available such as marine reserves (which are no take areas), mataitai reserves and<br />
taiapure, and trawling and dredging bans. Communities deserve a say in where and what<br />
marine protection is proposed.<br />
The last <strong>Labour</strong> government began a new collaborative process for marine protection right<br />
around New Zealand through the marine protected areas (MPA) strategy. Protection around<br />
the sub-Antarctic islands and on the West Coast of the South Island has been agreed, but<br />
elsewhere National has under-resourced the process and let it languish. The MPA process<br />
needs to be revitalised, with a single lead government agency.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revitalise the MPA process, especially the regional stakeholder forums<br />
that are central to it, and promote DOC as the lead government agency for MPA<br />
planning.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that DOC has the necessary technical capability to facilitate and<br />
implement increased marine protection.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to establish a network of marine reserves and other protected<br />
areas for the protection of marine biodiversity.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> aims to have 30 percent of our marine area in some form of protection by 2020 –<br />
both in the territorial sea (out to 12 nautical miles) and the exclusive economic zone or EEZ<br />
(out to 200 nautical miles).<br />
Protection will include: an ecologically representative network of marine reserves; mataitai<br />
reserves and taiapure which are protected according to the wishes of local iwi and<br />
communities; other (often large) areas in which there are specific constraints on fishing<br />
methods; and the Kermadec world sanctuary area.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants New Zealand to be a world leader in protecting threatened species, and this<br />
extends to the sea. We will be vigilant over species that are under threat and take specific<br />
action as necessary.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will monitor the effectiveness of existing marine mammal sanctuaries and<br />
support the development of further protective measures or sanctuaries as necessary.<br />
Kermadec world sanctuary area<br />
The Kermadec Islands are a part of New Zealand 1000 km to the northeast, and straddle<br />
tropical and temperate climates. The Kermadec marine region is one of the most diverse and<br />
stunning in the world. It contains underwater volcanoes and the second-deepest ocean<br />
112
trench on the planet (over 10 km deep in places). It has remarkable marine biodiversity,<br />
including giant squid, the deep diving sperm whale, and millions of seabirds.<br />
There is already a marine reserve around the Kermadec Islands, with complementary world<br />
heritage status proposed for the Islands themselves. The marine reserve protects some of<br />
the marine habitats of the area (out to the territorial sea boundary). But a much higher level<br />
of protection in the EEZ around the Kermadecs is justified.<br />
The Kermadecs provides the opportunity for a marine reserve of ecosystem-scale, which<br />
would be one of the few on the planet. New Zealand could become a world leader in creating<br />
such an EEZ marine reserve. While this is not yet possible under our marine reserve<br />
legislation, we could do it by a special Act of Parliament (as <strong>Labour</strong> did in 2005 to create<br />
eight marine reserves in Fiordland).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a world sanctuary area in the EEZ around the Kermadec Islands<br />
by way of giving this area marine reserve status.<br />
Unsustainable marine activities<br />
New Zealand is a special place for seabirds. Nearly a quarter of the world‟s seabird species<br />
breed here, and 40% of albatross species are endemic to New Zealand. Species such as<br />
albatross, petrel and shearwaters, as well as the unique New Zealand sea lion, remain at<br />
risk from commercial fishing methods.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work collaboratively with the fishing industry to achieve reductions in<br />
fisheries by-catch of seabirds and marine mammals, including by the use of<br />
mandatory targets and mitigation measures.<br />
Other unsustainable fishing practices must be addressed. Means of doing so will include the<br />
use of spatial tools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a phase-out of destructive and unsustainable fishing methods<br />
(such as bottom trawling, dredging and set netting).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prohibit the practice of shark finning, requiring that all sharks caught in<br />
New Zealand and on New Zealand flagged vessels be landed whole with fins intact.<br />
See „Oceans‟ in <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Environment policy for protecting the marine environment against<br />
risks such as oil spills.<br />
Whales<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> strongly backs international efforts to ensure the world‟s whale populations continue<br />
to be protected from commercial exploitation. Some populations are beginning to recover,<br />
but more needs to be done.<br />
113
<strong>Labour</strong> will work through international organisations to achieve stronger protection for<br />
whales, to end „scientific‟ whaling and to advance the South Pacific Whale Sanctuary.<br />
Marine legislation reform<br />
Most of New Zealand‟s marine protection legislation has been on the statute books for many<br />
years and is in need of updating. This includes the Wildlife Act 1953, Marine Reserves Act<br />
1971, Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, and the Fisheries Act 1996. We need a<br />
genuinely sustainable approach to the management of our seas and sea life. That will<br />
include a stronger precautionary approach in the Fisheries Act.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revise our marine protection legislation to ensure consistency, optimal<br />
delivery of protection objectives, and genuine sustainability.<br />
A Bill to modernise the Marine Reserves Act has been before Parliament since 2002. The<br />
Bill would broaden the purpose of marine reserves from scientific study to the conservation<br />
of marine biodiversity, and enable them to be created in the EEZ. The Bill would also change<br />
the concurrence procedure for creating marine reserves (from both the Ministers of<br />
Conservation and Fisheries to only the former).<br />
In the past, there have been concerns that DOC has been both the promoter of marine<br />
reserves and (through the Minister of Conservation) the ultimate decision maker. A<br />
revitalised MPA process will see communities themselves – through regional stakeholder<br />
forums – promoting the creation of marine reserves. They will do that together with other<br />
types of MPAs (such as mataitai reserves, which are approved by the Minister of Fisheries).<br />
DOC‟s role in marine reserve creation will become that of a facilitator, and the tension of its<br />
dual role will be resolved. Marine reserves, and other types of MPA, will be created on the<br />
recommendation of regional stakeholder forums.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Marine Reserves Bill to reflect the collaborative way of<br />
achieving marine protection through the MPA strategy.<br />
Antarctica<br />
New Zealand has a special relationship with Antarctica. <strong>Labour</strong> has long advocated for its<br />
preservation in a pristine state, and for it to be administered for peaceful scientific purposes<br />
through the Antarctic Treaty system.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recommit to the Antarctic Treaty system, and act as an international<br />
advocate for the protection of the Antarctic ecosystem from mineral or other<br />
inappropriate exploitation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will advocate for appropriate marine protection around Antarctica, including in<br />
the Ross Sea.<br />
114
Mining<br />
Mining on high value conservation land<br />
Mining on high value conservation land had long been controversial before Parliament (in<br />
1997) enacted Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991 (CMA). This prohibits mining<br />
activity for Crown owned minerals on land described in Schedule 4. Areas can be added to,<br />
or taken out of, Schedule 4 by order in council.<br />
The high conservation value of Schedule 4 land prevails over potential mining value.<br />
However, certain low impact activities are allowed. These include prospecting and<br />
exploration to determine what minerals are present, mining of petroleum or gas by drilling<br />
from outside the area.<br />
By order in council in 2008, the <strong>Labour</strong> government added 745,381 hectares of conservation<br />
land (including two national parks) and 24 marine reserves (521,713 hectares) to Schedule<br />
4.<br />
In 2010 <strong>Labour</strong> opposed National‟s plan to take some areas out of Schedule 4. So did the<br />
public. National backed down.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that Schedule 4 should be simplified and strengthened. This would provide<br />
greater certainty for all interests.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make automatic the closure of areas coming within the generic protected<br />
categories listed in Schedule 4 (e.g. national parks and marine reserves).<br />
This means an order in council (and the processes leading up to it) would no longer be<br />
required to include newly created protected areas in Schedule 4. For example, under<br />
automatic closure, Rakiura National Park would not have waited from 2002 to 2008 to be<br />
included in Schedule 4.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make it clear that land may be added to Schedule 4 by Order in Council,<br />
but may not be taken out of the Schedule by that means.<br />
Automatic closure would substantially remove the need for orders in council to add areas to<br />
Schedule 4. Areas would be included as a direct result of the will of Parliament. It would be<br />
wrong to allow Ministers of the day to reverse that without going back to Parliament.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider asking Parliament to amend Schedule 4 to add ecological areas, world<br />
heritage areas, and marine mammal sanctuaries to the generic protected categories, and to<br />
extend southwards the described area of the Coromandel. This would further lessen the<br />
need for orders in council to be used.<br />
115
Mining on other conservation land<br />
Mining on Schedule 4 land would be in the wrong place. But mining can be accommodated<br />
elsewhere on the conservation estate. For public conservation land not in Schedule 4, it is<br />
for the Minister of Conservation to approve such mining access or not. National proposes to<br />
amend the CMA to provide for the Ministers of Energy and Conservation to jointly make<br />
access decisions.<br />
It is inappropriate for the Minister of Energy to participate in access decisions because he or<br />
she represents a different set of interests. Also, decision-making by the Minister of<br />
Conservation alone has worked well in practice, with mining access often being granted.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not amend the CMA to provide for joint Ministerial approval (rather than<br />
only the Minister of Conservation, or other land-holding Minister) for mining access to<br />
Crown land.<br />
At present the legal tests for access to public conservation land are different for mining<br />
activities (section 61(2) of the CMA) from other concessions for activities on public<br />
conservation land (section 17U of the Conservation Act 1987). There is no good reason for<br />
this other than the provisions being enacted at different times. The tests should be aligned<br />
on the basis of the later enacted and more comprehensive section 17U. This will provide for<br />
public input into mining access decision-making.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will align the access arrangement legal tests for mining activities with the<br />
legal tests for other concessions on public conservation land.<br />
South Island high country<br />
Kiwis value clean air, clean water, open spaces and our remarkable natural landscapes. The<br />
South Island high country has all of these values.<br />
The Crown currently owns about 1.5 million hectares of pastoral lease land in the high<br />
country, on behalf of all New Zealanders. Pastoral leases are perpetual and cover some of<br />
our most treasured and iconic landscapes. This land comprises mountainous terrain, high<br />
country lakes, tussock grassland, and large water catchments.<br />
Historically, farmers have run sheep and other stock on pastoral leases. In more recent<br />
years, there has been some diversification into economic activity that may be more profitable<br />
(e.g. tourism, game parks), or into lifestyle purposes. The tenure review process has allowed<br />
farmers to give up land with high conservation values, in exchange for freeholding land more<br />
suited to farming (including more intensive than pastoralism) or other activities.<br />
Large areas of former pastoral lease land have been added to the public conservation estate<br />
through tenure review. This has preserved natural values and made this land accessible to<br />
ordinary Kiwis. There have also been direct Crown purchases. These include the largest<br />
pastoral lease – the magnificent 78,000 hectare St James station – purchased in 2008.<br />
116
There are now 11 conservation parks in the South Island high country. These were all<br />
created through the actions of the last <strong>Labour</strong> government. Economic benefits result from<br />
these parks and other new conservation land. Local communities see increased visitor<br />
numbers. Protected tussock grasslands provide valuable water retention for urban water<br />
supply, irrigation and power generation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes the benefits of tenure review have now been substantially achieved, and<br />
that the process has run its course. Inappropriate intensification of land use in the high<br />
country can be directly protected by Crown pastoral leases. These should be retained, while<br />
high country farming that is environmentally sustainable and economically viable should be<br />
encouraged.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will therefore stop the tenure review process. Additional pastoral lease land required<br />
for the conservation estate will be acquired by direct purchase instead.<br />
The „drylands‟ nature of the Mackenzie basin is changing due to increasing dairying pressure<br />
and irrigation. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to protecting low-altitude habitats and landscapes in the<br />
basin. <strong>Labour</strong> proposes a 50% expansion of Aoraki/Mt Cook National Park, and will also<br />
explore the creation of a low-altitude „drylands‟ conservation park.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that high country pastoral rents should be fair and reasonable for lessees<br />
while the Crown, on behalf of the public, obtains a fair financial return on this land. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
will address affordability in cases where farmers cannot afford the rent.<br />
Future of tenure review<br />
About 30% of the original 2.1 million hectares of Crown pastoral lease land has now been<br />
freeholded or added to the conservation estate. Of the original 303 pastoral leases, 212<br />
remain. Just over half of these are in tenure review, and the remainder not.<br />
Tenure review has been running for over a decade. <strong>Labour</strong> strengthened and improved the<br />
process so that highly desirable landscape, such as lakefront, was protected against<br />
inappropriate development. National has removed these protections and is freeholding land<br />
that should have become public conservation land. This could forever change the face of<br />
this land.<br />
In any case, <strong>Labour</strong> believes that the benefits of tenure review have now been substantially<br />
achieved. The core of a network of high country parks is in place. Tenure review has been<br />
completed for properties that would more obviously benefit from it. The cost of the tenure<br />
review process is no longer justified. The process has run its course.<br />
There are rising concerns about inappropriate intensification of land use in the high country.<br />
While land is in pastoral lease, the uses to which it can be put are basically limited to low<br />
intensity pastoralism. The Crown as owner can directly protect landscape values and limit<br />
117
environmental impacts. Relying on the Resource Management Act to do so once land has<br />
been freeholded is, in practice, problematic.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that pastoral leases should be retained. High country farming that is<br />
environmentally sustainable and economically viable should be encouraged.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that most of the 212 remaining pastoral leases should remain as such<br />
indefinitely. The focus will shift to how best to manage them. High country farming that is<br />
environmentally sustainable and economically viable will be encouraged.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will therefore stop the tenure review process. Additional pastoral lease land required<br />
for the conservation estate (for example, completing high country parks) will be acquired by<br />
direct purchase instead.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will stop tenure review; and will acquire land required to complete the high<br />
country parks network by direct purchase.<br />
Mackenzie basin<br />
“Greening” of lower altitude tussock landscapes is occurring in parts of the Mackenzie basin,<br />
and increasing dairying pressure and irrigation is raising water extraction and quality issues.<br />
The drylands character of the basin is changing. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to protecting lowaltitude<br />
habitats and landscapes in the Mackenzie basin.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s policy of stopping tenure review will provide an opportunity for forward thinking on<br />
the future of the basin.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to see the current collaborative community and stakeholder process continue<br />
in the Mackenzie basin. However, we will make clear that this is a unique part of New<br />
Zealand – and that there are some fundamental conservation principles to be included in any<br />
plan for protection, management and development of the Mackenzie basin.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote a collaborative process to agree a plan for protection,<br />
management and development of the Mackenzie basin.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will protect the Mackenzie basin from inappropriate water use and irrigation.<br />
Aoraki/Mt Cook National Park overlooks the Mackenzie basin. The Park is a world heritage<br />
area in recognition of its outstanding natural values. Land to the southeast is also of national<br />
park quality, and adding this to the Park would expand its size by 50%. The addition would<br />
come from existing conservation land, including lower altitude land provided by finalised<br />
tenure reviews.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ask the New Zealand Conservation Authority to formally investigate<br />
making an addition to the southeast of Aoraki/Mt Cook National Park.<br />
Further south – and to the east of Lake Pukaki – there is scope also for the creation of a lowaltitude<br />
„drylands‟ conservation park.<br />
118
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore the creation of a drylands conservation park in the Mackenzie<br />
basin.<br />
Enhancing public access<br />
Public access between privately-held blocks of land in the high country and existing or new<br />
public conservation land is often unclear. This can prevent people enjoying the full range of<br />
walking experiences our natural landscape has to offer.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will identify public rights of access through high country land by identifying<br />
unformed legal roads and marginal strips alongside waterways.<br />
High country rents<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that high country rents should be fair and reasonable for lessees while the<br />
Crown, on behalf of the public, obtains a fair financial return on these land assets. However,<br />
National is legislating on high country rents in a way that will undermine these objectives, to<br />
the detriment of Kiwi taxpayers.<br />
National wants to introduces a complex rent setting system to charge rent on the productive<br />
capacity of the land, while ignoring the right to exclusive possession that lessees enjoy and<br />
which (in association with location) contributes to the land value. Under National, high<br />
country rents would be disconnected from the market value of the land, and in many cases<br />
taxpayers will effectively be required to subsidise high country farmers.<br />
No other land in New Zealand (farm, commercial, or residential) is leased on that basis (with<br />
the exception of income-related state house rents). <strong>Labour</strong> believes that the Crown should<br />
retain its current right to a fair return on the full value of the land. <strong>Labour</strong> will therefore stay<br />
with the existing system of charging annual rent based on 2% of the land value exclusive of<br />
improvements (LEI).<br />
It is clearly unfair for the Crown (and public) to receive no financial benefit from the exclusive<br />
possession/location aspect of pastoral leases, given that this aspect contributes significantly<br />
to the market prices paid for pastoral leases.<br />
Nor should lessees who are essentially high country lifestylers or investors for capital gain<br />
be subsidised, given that location and lifestyle values are now making up much of the market<br />
value of pastoral leases.<br />
The existing rent setting system may give rise to issues of affordability for genuine pastoral<br />
farmers. <strong>Labour</strong> will address affordability in cases where such farmers cannot afford the rent.<br />
The best way of dealing with affordability is to explore ways of providing for reduced rents in<br />
return for lessees providing benefits to the Crown. These could include better public access<br />
(e.g. accessways to lakes and rivers on public conservation land) or improved protection for<br />
conservation values.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the existing system of charging pastoral lease rents, i.e. 2% of the<br />
land value exclusive of improvements (LEI) annually.<br />
119
<strong>Labour</strong> will offer lower rent to lessees in exchange for public access or improved<br />
protection for conservation values, for example for enhanced land husbandry (such<br />
as pest and weed control) beyond what they are currently obliged to do.<br />
120
CONSUMER AFFAIRS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Consumer protection laws should give all New Zealanders the confidence to make<br />
purchases in the knowledge that the products and services they consume are safe.<br />
Consumers need access to quality information about the products they consume. New<br />
Zealanders need to know their rights and have access to redress in order to exercise those<br />
rights. New Zealanders should be well-equipped to get the best possible deal. There is a<br />
duty on the government to step in where vulnerable consumers are at risk from unethical or<br />
predatory practices.<br />
Predatory lending<br />
Predatory lending is a major problem and one which continues to grow as families feel the<br />
pressure of increases to the cost of living. Consumer finance becomes predatory when it‟s<br />
carried out unethically by „loan sharks‟, pay day lenders, mobile shops, and used car<br />
dealers. Predatory lenders charge exorbitant interest rates, along with hidden costs in the<br />
form of charges or fees. Such lending is irresponsible and exploitative – often targeting<br />
vulnerable consumers who can ill-afford debt.<br />
Not enough is being done to combat predatory lending. Progress on the Review of the<br />
Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act has stalled and there is insufficient legislative<br />
protection for vulnerable consumers at risk from predatory lenders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will conclude the review of the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act<br />
and introduce legislation to implement the review‟s findings.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will pass legislation within twelve months that deals with the following:<br />
Exorbitant interest rates<br />
Responsible lending provisions<br />
Advertising and promotion, and in particular, celebrity endorsements and<br />
other incentives<br />
Disclosure by lenders of the component costs of loans (e.g. fees, charges,<br />
interests, etc.)<br />
121
Prohibiting use of certain items as security (e.g. basic household chattels<br />
such as beds, or other items, the loss of which would negatively affect<br />
children), and<br />
Repossession.<br />
The previous <strong>Labour</strong> Government began the process (continued by the current government)<br />
of regulating financial service providers. While this regime covers consumer finance<br />
providers, there is some evidence that a significant number of consumer finance providers<br />
have not registered under the Financial Service Providers Act and are therefore not<br />
members of a dispute resolution scheme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is not convinced that consumer finance providers, especially those operating in the<br />
fringe lending market, are properly regulated.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the financial service providers regime to determine its<br />
effectiveness in regulating the fringe lending market.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the possibility of providing the Financial Markets Authority<br />
(FMA) with an overview and monitoring role in the fringe lending area.<br />
New Zealand‟s consumer protection framework relies on good enforcement as well as sound<br />
laws.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make sure that the Commerce Commission has sufficient resources to<br />
enforce consumer protection laws and determine whether there are currently any<br />
barriers to enforcement that need to be removed.<br />
Social lending<br />
Many low income people face significant barriers to accessing affordable credit when it is<br />
needed for important purchases. Some families seek to circumvent these barriers by using<br />
„loan sharks‟ or other predatory lenders.<br />
Social lending is a broad term, covering loans to not-for-profit organisations and small<br />
business development, but it can also be used for affordable housing or anti-loan shark<br />
programmes. Social lending is still small scale in New Zealand, but there is an opportunity<br />
to use it as a means of minimising opportunities for predatory lenders to target vulnerable<br />
people who need a loan and are unable to get one from mainstream lenders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate what role the government can play in the development of<br />
social lending schemes.<br />
122
Credit Unions<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government made considerable inroads in relation to an appropriate regulatory<br />
framework for Credit Unions. Given the nature of the relationship between credit unions and<br />
their members, we will review the work programme and establish a priority for updating the<br />
framework and passing the necessary amendments into law. Concerns were raised about<br />
the impact of the No Asset Procedure on credit unions prior to the 2008 <strong>election</strong>. The<br />
present government has not addressed those concerns and we will review the rules with<br />
specific reference to credit unions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prioritise the Credit Union legislative timetable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the application of the No Asset Procedure rules as they relate to<br />
loans made by credit unions within a certain period prior to the NAP being applied<br />
for.<br />
Tackling excessive prices<br />
As a result of New Zealand‟s small size and small population, some consumer markets lack<br />
competition. Some industries (e.g. supermarkets, telecommunications) are dominated by a<br />
small number of firms. Higher prices are an inevitable result of insufficient competition.<br />
Sometimes the circulation of information about prices (allowing comparisons) can push<br />
prices down and <strong>Labour</strong>‟s consumer protection policy will encourage this. But more needs<br />
to be done.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the development of a Code of Practice in the supermarket<br />
industry to increase transparency and better protect consumers.<br />
When the Commerce Commission is constantly rebuffed by the courts when it is trying to<br />
promote and protect the interests of consumers, we need to investigate the cause and be<br />
prepared to respond.<br />
Ten years on from the changes we made to Part 2 of the Commerce Act, which deals with<br />
restrictive trade practices (significantly section 36), it is time to review the section that<br />
requires:<br />
A substantial degree of market power<br />
Taking advantage of that market power, and<br />
Motivated by a prohibited purpose.<br />
This section, known as the „counterfactual test‟, has been found to be inadequate, most<br />
notably in the Court of Appeal case relating to Telecom‟s introduction of a 0867 dial-code for<br />
free calls to internet service providers in 1999 to encourage residential customers to move to<br />
123
the Telecom network. (Commerce Commission v Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Ltd<br />
[2009] NZCA 338).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently review the provisions of Part 3 of the Commerce Act, with<br />
emphasis on s36 that establishes the counterfactual test.<br />
Vulnerable consumers<br />
Consumers may be vulnerable due to a number of factors, including poverty, low literacy or<br />
language difficulties, age, and disability. Vulnerable consumers are at risk from rip-offs or<br />
poor decision making.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recognise the special needs of vulnerable consumers by requiring useful<br />
information be provided in alternative languages to such groups.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase access to advice and advocacy (in taking up<br />
complaints/disputes). Consideration will be given to whether this should be provided<br />
by existing NGOs or the Ministry of Consumer Affairs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend the provision of accessible education about budgeting, financial<br />
literacy and consumer rights.<br />
Improving consumer rights and knowledge<br />
Levels of financial literacy and awareness of consumer legal protections need to be<br />
improved. <strong>Labour</strong> believes a better informed public will be less vulnerable to predatory<br />
lenders and „rip-offs‟ and better able to solve any problems they experience as consumers.<br />
The Retirement Commission performs a valuable service by improving the financial literacy<br />
of New Zealanders. The material they produce is designed for schools, tertiary institutions,<br />
workplaces and the community in general. There is also material for particular groups, such<br />
as those aged over 60.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase funding for resources produced by the Retirement Commission<br />
about financial literacy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will finalise the review of the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act,<br />
and will focus on informing consumers and businesses of the changes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will complete the „One Door‟ work to provide a single point of access for<br />
consumer disputes and ensure implementation is undertaken with a focus on<br />
informing consumers and businesses of the changes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work alongside educators, community groups and schools to encourage,<br />
develop, and support financial literacy programmes that provide practical every-day<br />
124
usage for children through to adulthood, with the aim of incorporating financial<br />
literacy programmes from primary school levels onwards.<br />
Updating consumer law<br />
Changing modes of selling and changing markets mean we need to constantly review and<br />
update legislation. A current example is the implications of the growth in online selling<br />
through sites like Trade Me.<br />
Broadly speaking, we will address the recommendations of the Consumer Law Review and<br />
use those to develop updated, principles-based legislation that enhances consumer<br />
protection. As mentioned above, <strong>Labour</strong> will complete the review of the Credit Contracts<br />
and Consumer Finance Act and introduce legislation to implement the review‟s findings.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is also committed to sufficiently resourcing agencies that have responsibility for<br />
monitoring compliance with consumer laws, so that breaches of the laws can be quickly<br />
identified and enforcement action taken where necessary.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will actively monitor matters raised through Citizen Advice Bureaux,<br />
Budgeting Services and Disputes Tribunals to identify areas requiring change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review and close the consumer protection loopholes in the law relating to<br />
the sale of second-hand goods.<br />
Supporting ethical consumers & improving product safety<br />
There is a growing desire among New Zealand consumers to make purchases that<br />
encourage ethical and environmentally-sustainable producers. This is a positive<br />
development and needs to be supported by ensuring consumers have accurate and useful<br />
information about products, e.g. their origin, contents, production process, and any relevant<br />
health or safety issues.<br />
Many of our major trading partners have mandatory „country of origin‟ labelling on imported<br />
food, including Australia‟s Competition and Consumer Act. We note, too, that a number of<br />
retailers are voluntarily providing such labelling on fresh foods.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider how to improve consumer access to country of origin<br />
information, especially in relation to food.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage increased availability of environmental sustainability ratings for<br />
consumer products.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will expand the range of information on consumer rights and campaigns<br />
through a range of agencies and online.<br />
125
In New Zealand there is limited monitoring of product safety for consumer goods, and<br />
consumers lack information about such safety issues. The processes and protections<br />
involved are complicated and sometimes confused, and there are currently only six<br />
mandatory standards in this area.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will streamline the consumer safety standards and protections if required, and<br />
increase the resources of the Commerce Commission and the Ministry of Consumer<br />
Affairs in this area to do their job more effectively.<br />
126
DEFENCE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand is rightly proud of its military and of our ability to contribute to international<br />
efforts to bring stability to volatile regions around the world, to support our Pacific neighbours<br />
and to defend our own territory.<br />
Although New Zealand is not directly threatened by any other country and is not likely to be<br />
involved in widespread armed conflict, non-conventional threats such as terrorism and<br />
instability caused by failing states in our region pose new challenges for our defence force.<br />
Maintaining a Defence Force that can be deployed overseas on peacekeeping,<br />
reconstruction, disaster relief and, where necessary and UN mandated, full combat missions<br />
is vital to our security.<br />
Other functions such as protection of our borders against drug and people smuggling,<br />
surveillance over and protection of resources such as fisheries in our exclusive economic<br />
zone, search and rescue and civil defence, are further roles for our Defence Force.<br />
New Zealand has shared alliance commitments with Australia, responsibilities to our<br />
neighbours in the South Pacific and roles in promoting security and stability in the Asia-<br />
Pacific region and beyond under mandates provided by, or with the agreement of, the United<br />
Nations.<br />
To carry out these functions, New Zealand needs an effective, efficient, focused and<br />
sustainable defence force which has sufficient personnel and is equipped to undertake the<br />
tasks required of it.<br />
Personnel<br />
In order to have an effective, deployable force, the NZDF must recruit, train and retain<br />
personnel of the highest quality.<br />
Recruitment must be sustained at a level that ensures a full complement of personnel is<br />
available at all levels of the organisation. At times, recruitment rates have been drastically<br />
reduced and this has later resulted in under-staffing amongst some cohorts. Those gaps<br />
have been filled through costly recruitment drives for experienced personnel from foreign<br />
forces. All efforts should be made to avoid this situation in the future.<br />
Retention of NZDF personnel relies on both job satisfaction and proper remuneration. When<br />
last in Government, <strong>Labour</strong> implemented changes to remuneration that increased wages by<br />
127
over 10 per cent on average and is committed to ensuring wages and conditions are of a<br />
sufficient level to allow the NZDF to retain personnel regardless of the strength of the labour<br />
market.<br />
The current Government has undertaken a project to „civilianise‟ up to 1,500 uniformed<br />
positions in an effort to cut costs. This has caused considerable anxiety for many NZDF<br />
personnel not only because they may be moved into a civilian role on inferior terms of<br />
employment but also because, if civilianised, they have been required re-apply for their jobs<br />
with no certainty of being re-employed. <strong>Labour</strong> believes the civilianisation project must be<br />
reviewed to ensure it does not undermine the ability to deploy our forces effectively<br />
overseas. In the event that civilianisation continues, the processes must change to give<br />
assurance and dignity to affected personnel.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the NZDF has sufficient uniformed and civilian personnel to carry<br />
out all the tasks expected of it including overseas deployment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain recruitment at a level that is sustainable and provides the<br />
personnel required for the NZDF to carry out its functions now and in the future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all personnel, uniformed and civilian, have fair remuneration,<br />
terms and conditions of employment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will place a moratorium on civilianisation while we review the project and<br />
consider whether its continuation is warranted.<br />
In the event that civilianisation continues, <strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Defence Act to<br />
permit discharged uniformed personnel to be directly transferred into the Civil Staff of<br />
the Defence Force.<br />
Equipment<br />
Any defence force is reliant on being provided with the equipment it needs to carry out the<br />
tasks required of it effectively. Maximising the safety of personnel and giving them the tools<br />
to defend themselves is of utmost importance.<br />
When last in Government, <strong>Labour</strong> inherited a defence force that had been run down. The<br />
NZDF‟s equipment was obsolete to the point they literally couldn‟t keep up with our allies.<br />
That necessitated rapid procurement across all services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach was to focus on achieving excellence in priority areas rather than<br />
spreading defence resources thinly across the board.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> invested to meet key re-equipment needs to ensure that the New Zealand Defence<br />
Force had modern and, in many cases, state of the art equipment.<br />
128
The pace of this massive procurement exercise led to some issues with the delivery of<br />
equipment. Such issues could easily have been avoided if the previous National<br />
Government had taken a more sustainable approach to defence procurement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> initiated the defence sustainability project to address this issue and will continue to<br />
take a long term approach to defence procurement so that acquisitions can be properly<br />
planned and funded over time.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the NZDF has the equipment required to carry out all the tasks<br />
expected of it including overseas deployment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take a sustainable approach to procurement of equipment to avoid the<br />
need for rapid updating of equipment in the future, requiring best practice<br />
procurement processes to prevent cost overruns.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the weapons available to NZDF personnel are appropriate for<br />
the operations they undertake.<br />
Infrastructure<br />
As a small country with limited defence resources, New Zealand must maximise the<br />
efficiency of its defence infrastructure.<br />
Creating a critical mass of personnel, equipment and resources in a central location from<br />
which the NZDF can effectively deploy is an efficient use of that infrastructure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the Manawatu Defence Hub concept and anticipates it consisting of<br />
developments at RNZAF Base Ohakea, continuation of the presence at the Linton Army<br />
Camp and development of a defence college at Hokowhitu in Palmerston North where the<br />
Massey University College of Education is currently situated.<br />
The theft of ammunition in August <strong>2011</strong> from an ammunition depot at Kauri Point highlighted<br />
the need to maintain NZDF bases and buildings to a standard that ensures the safety of the<br />
New Zealand public.<br />
Around the world, many nations‟ defence forces make significant contributions to both<br />
military and civilian research and development capability. The ability of the NZDF to<br />
contribute in this way warrants further investigation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the Linton Army Camp.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to enhance NZDF capabilities at RNZAF Ohakea.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the establishment of a Defence College in Palmerston North.<br />
129
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that NZDF bases and buildings are of sufficient quality to be safe<br />
and secure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore the NZDF‟s role in carrying out research and development both in<br />
the interests of enhancing its own capabilities and in contributing to innovations with<br />
civilian applications.<br />
Operations<br />
New Zealand has a proud history of participating in UN mandated or supported operations in<br />
locations around the world.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports our continued participation in operations where our presence is having a<br />
demonstrable and positive effect, such as the ISF in Timor Leste and RAMSI in the Solomon<br />
Islands. We will consult with our security partners about developing an exit strategy for the<br />
PRT in Afghanistan by 2014.<br />
We need to be mindful that we have a small and focussed defence force. We need to be<br />
wary of stretching our personnel and equipment beyond their capacity.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not support the current deployment of SAS troops to Afghanistan. <strong>Labour</strong> would<br />
see out our present commitments and bring the SAS home in March 2012 at the latest.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to deploy the NZDF on operations that are UN mandated or<br />
supported, consistent with our foreign policy approach.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take an independent stance on which operations we choose to participate<br />
in.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will end the deployment of the SAS to Afghanistan in March 2012, at the<br />
latest.<br />
130
DISABILITY ISSUES<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s vision is of a country where disabled people have meaningful lives within their<br />
communities based on respect and equality, where disabled people have their diversity<br />
recognised and human rights protected. This is reflected in the motto “Nothing about us<br />
without us”.<br />
The New Zealand Disability Strategy, launched in 2001, set up this framework. The Strategy<br />
was reviewed and the results published in August 2008. The shift in attitude towards a more<br />
inclusive society was evidenced in this review. <strong>Our</strong> policy framework has been further<br />
strengthened by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.<br />
New Zealand is a signatory to this Convention and is acknowledged for our work in leading<br />
its development within the United Nations. The Convention is the first United Nations human<br />
rights treaty of the 21 st Century. It makes it explicit that nations must ensure the full<br />
realisation of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all disabled people on an equal<br />
basis with others and without discrimination of any kind.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of<br />
Persons with Disabilities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consult with disabled people around areas of policy shortfall and<br />
inadequacy.<br />
New Zealand has been recognised for our leadership on Disability Issues internationally,<br />
culminating with the receipt in 2007 of the Franklin D Roosevelt award for this role.<br />
However, there is still a long way to go before all disabled people are living in a fully<br />
inclusive society that values them and enhances their participation. This policy platform<br />
aims to progress those goals.<br />
A central part of achieving this will be listening to and respecting the voices and choices of<br />
disabled people themselves.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> commits to the philosophy inherent in the motto “nothing about us without<br />
us”. <strong>Labour</strong> will involve and resource people with disabilities and impairments to<br />
participate in decision-making and will enable their voices to be heard and their<br />
needs to be considered and met. The next <strong>Labour</strong> government will work in<br />
partnership with disabled people, to ensure they are supported to participate in an<br />
inclusive society.<br />
131
At the same time, disability is a core area where wider public opinion often needs to be<br />
brought along.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> commits to public education and information sharing, both for nondisabled<br />
people, and for people with impairments, about access and rights. Such information<br />
should include signs and information material in different formats so that people with<br />
disabilities can find their way and participate with more independence.<br />
Ensuring all people have the same choices, opportunities and<br />
responsibilities<br />
The New Zealand Disability Strategy sets out the goal of creating long-term support systems<br />
centred on the individual. Specific areas of undertakings towards that goal have been<br />
increasing the level and flexibility of support for disabled people and improving equity<br />
between ACC and non ACC disabled people in the support services they receive.<br />
Health<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the nationwide rollout of Independent Living arrangements.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will study the outcomes of the trial of the local area coordination model and<br />
implement it as appropriate nationwide.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement the recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on<br />
Health and Disability research document, To Have an Ordinary Life.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that health services accommodate the needs of deaf and blind<br />
people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the criteria for disability support with a view to ensuring that those<br />
on the Autistic Spectrum are supported through disability support services funding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to reduce the disparities in funding support services between<br />
ACC and non ACC disabled people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work towards providing free annual health checks for people with an<br />
intellectual disability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the funding mechanisms for disability services to achieve that<br />
there is adequate provision of carer support and respite care, including investigating<br />
changes to the funding of close relatives as respite carers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will transfer the funding of vocational services from Vote Health to Vote Social<br />
Development.<br />
132
Justice<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as resources permit, invest in technology appropriate for Blind and Deaf<br />
people, including captioning and audio visual and mobile phones, compatible with<br />
voice software, to enhance participation in our democracy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest in public education and information sharing with regard to access<br />
and human rights. This information will be in formats that ensure accessibility to all.<br />
Supporting quality living in the community<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is determined to support quality living in the community for disabled people. This<br />
includes increasing opportunities to access comfortable and accessible housing. New<br />
Zealand spends a lot of taxpayer funds on housing modification whereas building more<br />
accessible homes in the beginning would ensure that they would be accessible to all, with<br />
little, if any additional cost and with significantly reduced costs in comparison to modifying<br />
already built houses.<br />
Urban Design, Housing and Access and Building issues<br />
Transport<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will demonstrate leadership in building “Lifetime Design” homes by ensuring<br />
that where possible new state houses are built in accordance with the disability<br />
sector approved Lifemark standard for accessible, adaptable lifetime design.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the design of residences to ensure that a higher proportion of<br />
the housing stock is suitable to meet the needs of all people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that Housing New Zealand, as part of its acquisition and<br />
maintenance programme, invests in the retrofitting of state houses so that they are<br />
accessible.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that local authorities are not able to opt out of their responsibilities<br />
to comply with Building Standard 4121 so that people with disabilities have better<br />
access to buildings and other public facilities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all local authorities have disabled people working with them at<br />
all stages of planning of urban design and that the needs of disabled people are key<br />
considerations in urban design.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement the recommendations of the Human Right Commission report<br />
The Accessible Journey. This includes:<br />
Participation of disabled people in all public land transport planning, funding<br />
and implementation<br />
133
The establishment of a national advisory committee of disabled people to<br />
advise the Minister of Transport<br />
The development of national accessibility design performance standards<br />
Industry wide training in disability awareness<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate a passport for guide dogs, to enable blind international<br />
travellers to have their papers easily recognised in a system accepted by other<br />
countries.<br />
Education, employment and training<br />
The strongest contribution that a government can make to the potential and opportunities for<br />
any young person is to ensure that they have access to high quality education, a successful<br />
transition to employment, and appropriate support throughout this journey. A critical part of<br />
that successful path is to ensure that all children are welcome, included and learning to their<br />
full potential at their local regular school.<br />
Ensuring that children with disabilities are able to receive quality education in an inclusive<br />
environment is a priority for <strong>Labour</strong>. We believe that all children have the right to be<br />
included in the general education system and to receive the individual support they require.<br />
Schools and early childhood centres need to have the leadership, policies, structures and<br />
skilled staff to be inclusive of all students and to ensure the best outcomes for children with<br />
disabilities.<br />
Individual Education Plans are developed with students with disabilities and their whānau.<br />
They outline the student's goals and the timeframes, teaching strategies, resources,<br />
monitoring and evaluation required to enable the student to meet those goals. Individual<br />
Education Plans are an invaluable tool, but often they are written without being backed up by<br />
the support and resourcing necessary to ensure the goals set by the IEPs are actually met.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase support for the effective implementation of Individual Education<br />
Plans for students with disabilities.<br />
The physical presence of children with disabilities in schools does not ensure their<br />
participation. For participation to be meaningful and lead to successful educational<br />
outcomes, schools must value diversity and provide a supportive learning environment and<br />
skilled teaching for all children. This means providing education for staff and sometimes<br />
changing attitudes towards children with disabilities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that teachers and support staff receive pre-service and in-service<br />
education on teaching children with disabilities to ensure the active participation and<br />
learning of all children.<br />
134
<strong>Labour</strong> will review funding to physical and occupational therapy in schools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to ensure that all Deaf students have access to New Zealand Sign<br />
Language at school.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as resources become available, improve the ratio of teachers of vision<br />
impaired to students.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> values the enormous contribution made by school support staff. School support staff<br />
make up one-third of the education workforce. However, their employment is funded by<br />
school operating grants used to fund a range of other school expenses. This means the<br />
services they provide are vulnerable to cost and funding pressures from Government and<br />
within communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the sector on the viability of centrally-funding the salaries of<br />
school support staff from the current operational grant funding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that Adult and Community Education (ACE) provides important<br />
opportunities for learning and training, including for disabled people.<br />
The 2008 PricewaterhouseCoopers study into Adult Education revealed that the return on<br />
investment of ACE courses exceeded $50 to every one dollar spent. Benefits were identified<br />
not just in re-skilling, but community cohesion as well as health and social benefits.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $13 million cut from ACE funding to improve access<br />
to adult and community education.<br />
The restoration of funding for NZ Sign Language classes will be a priority for this funding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the implementation of Kia Orite: Achieving Equality: the New<br />
Zealand Code of Practice for an Inclusive Tertiary Education, including specific<br />
targets and subsequent plans.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises there are some New Zealanders who are unable to work, either in the<br />
short or in the long term. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to understanding and responding to people‟s<br />
individual circumstances.<br />
On the other hand, more people receiving sickness benefits and invalid‟s benefits are saying<br />
they would like the opportunity to participate in paid work, training or other activities. We<br />
want to engage with these individuals to help them plan for the future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will focus on increasing the proportion of disabled people who are supported<br />
into paid work.<br />
135
We remain committed to offering those who are sick or disabled, or who have caring<br />
responsibilities, the support and services they need to live active and fulfilling lives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the Invalid‟s Benefit is named more appropriately and<br />
continues to be paid at a higher level than short term benefits, and that that the<br />
Disability Allowance is available to continue to meet direct additional costs.<br />
Assistance such as the Training Incentive Allowance which was cut by National needs to be<br />
restored to give those on the Domestic Purpose Benefit or the Invalid's Benefit more<br />
resources to be able to join the workforce.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $2 million to the Training Incentive Allowance and<br />
commit to further increases over time so people on social welfare benefits can obtain<br />
qualifications that give greater opportunity for themselves and their children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will expand access to PATHS (Providing Access to Health Solutions), as<br />
resources permit, to help those on the sickness benefit and partnering with<br />
employers to provide supported employment for people with disabilities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with employers, in particular the State Services Commission, to<br />
provide increased employment opportunities for disabled people.<br />
For some people, voluntary work is a pathway back to paid employment. For others, where<br />
the prospect of paid work proves impossible, voluntary work is an important way to<br />
participate in the community and make a contribution.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will treat voluntary work with a recognised non-government organisation<br />
(NGO) as providing a service to the community because without the voluntary sector,<br />
much work would not be done in New Zealand.<br />
Support for families and carers<br />
The New Zealand Disability Strategy sets out as one of its objectives, valuing families who<br />
provide ongoing support to disabled people. <strong>Labour</strong> believes in acknowledging and<br />
supporting these families.<br />
The Carers‟ Strategy was launched in April 2008, and provided the framework for this<br />
support.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support and work to implement the Carers‟ Strategy.<br />
The five objectives of the Strategy are to:<br />
Provide information<br />
136
Protect the health and wellbeing of carers<br />
Enable carers to take a break<br />
Provide financial support for carers<br />
Provide training and pathways to employment for carers<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also recognises that disabled parents face additional challenges in providing<br />
parenting for their children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support disabled parents to ensure that their children get the best start in<br />
life.<br />
The report The Best of Care looked at policy, legislation and operation practice related to<br />
children and young disabled people and their families who are involved with Child, Youth<br />
and Family Services. It highlighted some critical issues that are limiting effective support for<br />
disabled children and their families.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to provide all children with a safe and supportive home environment.<br />
Additional resources in comparison to other families may be required for families with a<br />
disabled child. Health and education needs are often not coordinated and support needs not<br />
provided.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will offer better support for parents through early intervention and family<br />
support through the Well Child framework.<br />
See also <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Children‟s policy.<br />
137
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision - Higher incomes, better jobs & more exports<br />
For decades New Zealand has spent more than we have earned as a country. Yet the<br />
economic settings for the country have barely moved in response. It is time to acknowledge<br />
that substantial change is needed to improve our fortunes.<br />
Under current settings, using National‟s own projections, every year New Zealand gets<br />
poorer. Because we import more than we export (including the money paid to overseas<br />
lenders and overseas owners of our assets), each year that hole is plugged by borrowing<br />
from overseas and selling more of New Zealand‟s assets.<br />
What this shows is that substantial structural change is needed to improve our fortunes. We<br />
should not simply borrow and hope, nor just sell more of our assets.<br />
Long term, there is only one way out – the export of more goods and services to generate<br />
more jobs and income for New Zealand.<br />
To achieve this, our country needs to save more, invest in the export sector and export<br />
more.<br />
Growth in the breadth of our exports is pivotal for New Zealand. While our traditional export<br />
industries remain important, New Zealand desperately needs more exports from new and<br />
emerging sectors.<br />
Change nothing and nothing changes.<br />
We need to drive increases in our exports and jobs, and improve our productivity. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
has the policy mix to make these structural changes to our economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s proposed changes to monetary policy, New Zealand‟s mix of taxes and improved<br />
savings will all help our exporters. So too will our Research and Development tax credit.<br />
With the right supports in place, New Zealand will become wealthier.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s economic development policy will increase foreign exchange earnings, grow New<br />
Zealand‟s GDP and jobs, reduce external liabilities and grow domestic capital.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> plan is designed to address all three of the stages we need to succeed – repaying debt,<br />
building equity and stimulating growth.<br />
138
These steps are needed if we are to own our own future rather than slide further into debt<br />
and fall ever further behind Australia.<br />
Why a capital gains tax will improve the economy<br />
The world‟s financial authorities say we need a capital gains tax (“CGT”). In addition to the<br />
New Zealand Treasury and our Reserve Bank, the IMF and the OECD recommend its<br />
adoption.<br />
There are 31 OECD counties with a capital gains tax – including Australia, the USA and the<br />
UK.<br />
New Zealand is the odd one out.<br />
We need a CGT to bring about structural improvements to our economy. <strong>Our</strong> tax system<br />
currently favours the speculative sector and penalises the productive export sector.<br />
The OECD and the Treasury both say it is wrong for our tax system to have advantageous<br />
tax rules for property investment.<br />
This bias diverts precious investment capital into the speculative sector at the expense of the<br />
export sector.<br />
We need to fix this. And a CGT will.<br />
Restructuring the tax system by introducing a capital gains tax (excluding the family home):<br />
Will allow us to fund other tax cuts and reduce debt without resorting to the sale of our<br />
assets.<br />
Helps our economy grow.<br />
It drives crucial investment capital into the productive export sector. This opens<br />
opportunities for the development of the export sector which we so greatly need to improve<br />
our economic well-being.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Finance policy.<br />
Savings<br />
To reverse the trend of rising private debt and higher interest rates New Zealand needs to<br />
increase private savings. Put simply, New Zealand needs more people saving more.<br />
139
Australia‟s higher rate of savings has resulted in higher levels of investment in Australian<br />
businesses. Not only has Australian per capita GDP risen to far higher levels than in New<br />
Zealand, but their net investment position as a percentage of GDP is markedly better.<br />
Long term problems need long term solutions. <strong>Labour</strong> believes KiwiSaver should be<br />
expanded to provide the basis for a significantly higher private saving rate and additional<br />
security in retirement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan will make KiwiSaver compulsory for every employee aged 18 to 65<br />
from 2014.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will gradually increase employer contributions at a rate of 0.5 per cent a year,<br />
from 3 per cent to 7 per cent, over 9 years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the current minimum employee contribution of 2 per cent. The<br />
$1,000 kick-start will be spread over 5 years. <strong>Labour</strong> will not make any more changes<br />
to the member tax credit.<br />
The rate of increase in savings needs to be moderate. The 0.5% per annum increase in<br />
employer contributions that <strong>Labour</strong> is planning is how savings were improved in Australia.<br />
This allows real incomes, after savings are deducted, to increase even while the savings<br />
build. The gradual increase avoids cost of living pressures for savers, and also avoids the<br />
wider recessionary effect a sudden increase to the rate of savings could cause.<br />
The projected annual increases in private savings, once the universal KiwiSaver reaches<br />
maturity, are very substantial. Using the approach adopted by the savings working group,<br />
New Zealand‟s net international investment position improves by 17% of GDP after 20 years.<br />
With more capital available for investment, productivity, profits and wages will increase.<br />
NZIER have estimated wages will increase by an additional 7% over 15 years if private<br />
savings substantially improve.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Savings policy.<br />
Monetary policy<br />
Changing our monetary policy is one way we can help encourage investment in the<br />
productive exporting businesses.<br />
A volatile New Zealand dollar and persistently high interest rates are causing structural<br />
problems for our economy.<br />
Currently, the New Zealand dollar is one of the ten most traded currencies in the world. This<br />
heavy trading is reflected in a highly volatile currency which makes doing business more<br />
difficult for our exporters. <strong>Our</strong> exporters have to plan for the value of the dollar changing at<br />
140
great speed and little predictability. When our exchange rate surges, it undermines the<br />
competitiveness of our prices in destination markets. When the exchange rate falls, the price<br />
of inputs like fuel can soar unexpectedly.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> current policy is not well designed to produce a stable and competitive exchange rate,<br />
nor to keep interest rates as low as possible. In fact, it often operates the other way round.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reform monetary policy to ensure our exporters are not undermined by<br />
extreme exchange fluctuations, including by:<br />
Introducing a 15 per cent capital gains tax<br />
Introducing universal KiwiSaver<br />
Broadening the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act<br />
Ensuring the interests of exporters are represented on the Reserve Bank<br />
Board<br />
Taking pressure off the official cash rate through complementary monetary<br />
and prudential policy tools, and<br />
Encouraging more selective Reserve Bank interventions to impose costs on<br />
currency speculation.<br />
Currently the sole focus of the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act is on the maintenance of<br />
price stability – or inflation. We agree with the approach taken by Australia that recognises<br />
that along with inflation control, employment, economic prosperity, and the health of the<br />
export sector are at least as important.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Monetary policy.<br />
Research and development tax credit<br />
Countries similar in size to New Zealand like Finland, Singapore, Denmark and Israel put<br />
substantial emphasis on increasing R&D done by businesses. They receive significant<br />
government support.<br />
Although Kiwis are an inventive people, our low level of business expenditure is a drag on<br />
New Zealand‟s ability to innovate and grow. Treasury had previously argued that the tax<br />
credit was a more effective means of incentivising business R&D than discretionary grants,<br />
as they are more driven by business and reach many more firms. Yet National axed the<br />
policy and introduced a system of grants less than half the value of a tax credit.<br />
141
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a Research and Development (R&D) tax credit at the rate of<br />
12.5%, to lift New Zealand‟s lagging R&D expenditure by encouraging businesses to<br />
research and innovate.<br />
This policy is estimated to stimulate approximately $1.5 billion p.a. of additional research and<br />
development spending by industry. This will assist the growth of our export sector and bring<br />
new jobs and export earnings for New Zealand.<br />
Just as important, a tax credit policy, unlike a government handout, will promote a shift in<br />
business culture to think and plan strategically to the R&D spend.<br />
Funding will be provided through the savings through charging the agricultural sector 10% of<br />
their agricultural emissions, a move that will also stimulate innovative changes in the wider<br />
export economy as well as encourage innovation and productivity increases in the<br />
agricultural sector.<br />
We will also cancel any further grants through National‟s three programmes, although those<br />
grants that have already been awarded will continue to be paid.<br />
New Zealand firms that conduct eligible R&D activities in New Zealand will qualify for a tax<br />
credit on all eligible R&D expenditure. To qualify for the R&D tax credit, a firm will need to<br />
control the R&D project, bear the financial risk of it, and have effective ownership over the<br />
project results.<br />
Industry targeting for export growth<br />
Many successful Asian economies use the power of the State and state owned<br />
organisations to coordinate and encourage success in identified sectors.<br />
Japan‟s Ministry of International Trade and Industry is perhaps the best known example of<br />
industry targeting, having successfully supported the growth of the auto industry through a<br />
range of initiatives.<br />
New Zealand has successfully taken this approach in agriculture. <strong>Our</strong> research institutions,<br />
and our Ministries of Agriculture, Economic Development and Foreign Affairs and Trade<br />
have cooperated with private sector farmers, processors and marketers to improve<br />
productivity, develop new products and processes, and access trade opportunities. These<br />
steps have enabled New Zealand to ensure a good share of the value chain accrues to New<br />
Zealand.<br />
This approach should be extended to other sectors of the economy.<br />
It is clear New Zealand cannot catch up with other wealthier countries and overcome our<br />
long term current account deficit without increasing the breadth of our exports. We cannot<br />
succeed from agriculture alone.<br />
142
Industry targeting proposes that the Government identifies industries which we have a<br />
comparative advantage in and/or are seen as having high growth potential and then<br />
supports growth and investment in these industries.<br />
Industry targeting is favoured in many successful Asian economies.<br />
Related to industry targeting is clustering. That is, enhancing competitiveness of an<br />
industry by clustering competing businesses together to create economies of scale for<br />
suppliers and for those businesses themselves as the sector strives to compete<br />
internationally. The Government has a role in creating the right environment for industries to<br />
cluster.<br />
Government procurement also plays an important role in overseas economies by providing<br />
support for new businesses seeking to build consumer and investor confidence. The<br />
economic growth benefits of using government procurement to help New Zealand<br />
companies have for too long been ignored in New Zealand. Cost is, of course, highly<br />
relevant, but should not be the only consideration. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s policy on improved government<br />
procurement is set out in our Procurement Policy.<br />
In some cases, local infrastructure developments are needed to unlock regional<br />
development opportunities as a means to build prosperity. For example, the upgrade of a<br />
wharf at Opotiki is a prerequisite to the development of the aquaculture industry in that area,<br />
including processing to provide local employment in an area with high unemployment and<br />
deprivation.<br />
In the case of New Zealand‟s iron sands, government to government relationships should<br />
be used to broker relationships between China and New Zealand under our free trade<br />
agreement to match the required capital and demand for steel with our iron sand and energy<br />
resources.<br />
In the case of our fishing industry, co-operation between government and Iwi is needed to<br />
increase the New Zealand content in the value chain.<br />
The table overleaf provides examples of industries for targeting.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make greater use of industry targeting and clustering sectors in economic<br />
development policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with industries, including local industries, and councils to identify<br />
regional infrastructure blockages which if overcome will provide economic growth in<br />
exported related fields.<br />
143
Sector Current Position Prescription<br />
Niche Manufacturing and<br />
services<br />
<br />
Material, with high value<br />
jobs, and growing<br />
Lift performance and grow<br />
aggressively to grow the<br />
depth and breadth of our<br />
exports.<br />
Energy Current SOE structure<br />
increases administrative<br />
costs and largely ignores<br />
the potential to grow export<br />
revenues from renewables<br />
expertise.<br />
Minerals Potential opportunities but<br />
economic attractiveness<br />
depends on margin<br />
available to New<br />
Zealanders.<br />
ICT ICT infrastructure underpins<br />
growth of innovation sector.<br />
Give the three SOEs the<br />
mandate to increase their focus<br />
on overseas earnings by selling<br />
expertise in renewable energy<br />
technologies. Joint Ventures<br />
and subsidiaries to be<br />
encouraged within limits to<br />
protect the parent company<br />
from undue levels of risk.<br />
Grow selectively.<br />
Joint Ventures for largest<br />
projects (eg. iron sands) using<br />
our energy resources for<br />
smelting.<br />
Convergence of the<br />
telecommunications, ICT and<br />
broadcasting sector in order to<br />
build innovative export sector.<br />
Fishing/aquaculture Increasingly fishing and<br />
processing is contracted to<br />
overseas firms.<br />
Agriculture/forestry A large part of New<br />
Zealand‟s export revenue<br />
Little available land for<br />
expansion<br />
Potential for intensification<br />
but environmental issues<br />
must be managed well.<br />
Potential for increased<br />
value-add but requires<br />
successful innovation.<br />
Tourism Useful to provide jobs for<br />
low skilled people<br />
Tourism labour productivity<br />
is much lower than<br />
Australia‟s overall average.<br />
Increase New Zealand<br />
participation in all parts of the<br />
value chain.<br />
Increase value per hectare and<br />
per worker.<br />
Focus on associating<br />
manufacturing, milling machines<br />
& farming systems.<br />
Develop environmental services<br />
and technologies (clean tech)<br />
Increase value and quality and<br />
improve productivity.<br />
144
For more information on <strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to energy, ICT, fisheries, agriculture, forestry<br />
and tourism, see our policies in those areas.<br />
Unleashing the growth potential of New Zealand‟s energy sector<br />
National is proposing sale of half New Zealand‟s energy SOEs. This would transfer wealth<br />
and public assets from the population as a whole to a minority and, ultimately, the<br />
international investment community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not accept the justification used, which is that the sale of these assets is<br />
needed to create investment opportunities for private investors. This justification represents<br />
a negative view of the capability of NZ‟s private enterprise to grow businesses suitable to<br />
invest in. <strong>Labour</strong> does not accept that for the investment community to thrive it has to trade<br />
what the government has created.<br />
We believe that the way to grow our businesses, jobs and investment opportunities is to<br />
make structural changes to the economy through the changes to tax policy, savings,<br />
monetary policy and R&D we have described above.<br />
Selling the SOEs is wrong. New Zealanders lose both the future dividends and the potential<br />
that lies in these companies to assist in the growth of our economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that rather than selling our SOEs, we should utilise these companies to<br />
drive growth.<br />
The world needs clean energy technologies. International demand is burgeoning for both<br />
environmental and energy security reasons.<br />
We have world leading expertise in many existing renewable electricity technologies –<br />
geothermal, wind and hydro. We also have expertise in energy efficiency, planning,<br />
engineering and project management. We have niche capabilities in biofuels, and other new<br />
energy technologies. Much of this capability lies in our energy SOEs, CRIs and universities<br />
which are owned collectively by New Zealanders.<br />
The current focus of SOEs is almost exclusively on producing domestic electricity. This<br />
largely ignores the potential export earnings which can be generated through better utilising<br />
this skill and capital base.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong> the energy SOEs will not be sold but will be encouraged to grow new<br />
subsidiaries to develop products and services for export. New subsidiaries will be<br />
able to raise private sector capital, including from KiwiSaver institutions.<br />
145
New subsidiary boards will be formed to ensure the experienced and hard-nosed private<br />
sector entrepreneurial skills of those risking their own money are brought to bear. Products<br />
will include high value componentry for mature technologies used by those SOEs as well as<br />
new technologies.<br />
The parent SOEs will be protected from sale and from unaffordable failures by limits on their<br />
exposure to increased risks at the subsidiary level. Given that the energy SOEs are multibillion<br />
dollar enterprises, these limits will still allow the considerable muscle of these<br />
enterprises to power progress in this sector.<br />
The alternative proposed by National – the sale of SOEs - is a backward looking vision that<br />
will see these New Zealand owned jewels privatised to overseas owners over time, with their<br />
export potential ignored.<br />
Overcoming capital constraints to build more export firms<br />
We need to remove impediments blocking the growth of innovative companies with export<br />
potential.<br />
We also need to do all we can to help them remain in New Zealand, so New Zealand can<br />
share the future financial benefits of their success and keep some of the employment which<br />
flows from these successes in New Zealand.<br />
While there are capital constraints on small enterprises in their earliest stages of<br />
development, these are less of an impediment than the capital constraints at the point of<br />
expansion into overseas markets. There is a relatively vibrant „angel‟ or very early investors<br />
sector willing to put in the region of $250,000 – $2 million into businesses with exciting ideas.<br />
Often a significant share of this comes from friends and family.<br />
However, once businesses need around $2 million or more of capital in order to take their<br />
business to the next level and develop offshore markets, this level of investment is difficult to<br />
attract. The NZ Venture Investment Fund helps, in partnership with private venture capital<br />
funds, but insufficient private capital is attracted to the venture capital sector to meet the<br />
demands of promising companies. Companies of this size often also find international<br />
capital difficult to obtain, and frequently end up selling to a foreign investor that recognises<br />
the value in the idea.<br />
The New Zealand Institute estimates that around $1.8 billion per annum of investment<br />
funding would be required to fund the internationalising of businesses of this kind, and that<br />
investment of this kind has in recent years averaged less than 10% of this. 20<br />
20 Rick Boven, Catherine Harland and Lillian Grace, Plugging the gap: An internationalisation<br />
strategy, New Zealand Institute Discussion Paper 2010/2, December 2010.<br />
146
Canada<br />
Denmark<br />
Israel<br />
Netherlands<br />
Singapore<br />
United Kingdom<br />
United States<br />
The New Zealand Institute proposes a number of options for leveraging greater overseas<br />
and New Zealand investment capital for businesses wanting to internationalise.<br />
They suggest that as part of eligibility for NZVIF, support from an international venture<br />
capital partner should be secured, perhaps at a minimum investment level of 20%. They<br />
note that there may need to be inducements for participation by such partners.<br />
The Institute also recommends steps to increase funding from domestic investors. They<br />
propose entitling venture or angel investors to a deduction of 20% of their investment against<br />
other income at the time of investment. Further, if the capital in a business invested in by<br />
the fund is lost, investors would then be entitled to an additional 50% deduction.<br />
Eligibility for deductions would only be available for businesses that are pre-classified as<br />
„innovation-based and internationally focused‟ via an official approval process. A time limit, a<br />
maximum deductible amount and change of control protections would be required.<br />
The New Zealand Institute points out the provision of tax and other fiscal incentives for startup<br />
businesses is not uncommon internationally, as shown in the table below:<br />
Tax and other fiscal policies incentivizing investment in start-up and growing international business<br />
Incentive policies identified as present<br />
Capital loss deductibility ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔<br />
Capital gains – annual exemptions, tax free<br />
provision of 100% or for a portion of gain<br />
✔ ✔ ✔<br />
Other investor, angel or entrepreneur<br />
incentives e.g. grants, reduced tax rates,<br />
tax deductions, tax credits ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔<br />
Source: New Zealand Institute, Plugging the gap<br />
147
<strong>Labour</strong> believes further stimulation of this sector is in New Zealand‟s economic interest. The<br />
NZVIF already provides some support, which we believe ought to continue. In our view<br />
serious consideration should be given to some of the solutions proposed by the New<br />
Zealand Institute.<br />
In our view capital loss deductibility, which shares risk by sharing losses following failure, is<br />
more important than exemption from capital gains taxes, which investors in successful<br />
entities are able to pay.<br />
Review of Tax on Overseas Royalties<br />
Some intellectual property (IP) based ventures are incentivised by New Zealand‟s current tax<br />
laws to leave New Zealand and locate themselves in lower tax jurisdictions. IP can and does<br />
easily move with the domicile of the IP owning company (unlike real assets like land and<br />
other hard assets like plant). Reducing tax rates on overseas income from IP may in practice<br />
increase New Zealand tax revenue as well as encourage these companies to remain<br />
domiciled in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore the following ideas for leveraging future capital as part of its<br />
economic development strategy, including:<br />
Requiring support from an international venture capital as part of eligibility for<br />
NZVIF.<br />
Entitling domestic venture or angel investors to a deduction of 20% of their<br />
investment against other income at the time of investment, and an additional<br />
50% deduction be allowed if capital is lost.<br />
Whether a concessional tax rate should be introduced for overseas royalty<br />
income of companies based in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the potential costs of these options and any difficulties that<br />
might result as part of the requirement for an overseas investor to access VIF<br />
funding, and report back by the end of 2012.<br />
NZ Venture Investment Fund (NZVIF)<br />
The government should continue to support the NZVIF programme through further<br />
underwriting. This will enable NZVIF to reinvest returns as the funds it has invested exit their<br />
investment companies and distribute returns to investors.<br />
In August 2010, the government provided a $40 million underwrite for the Venture Capital<br />
programme to leverage more private investment. This underwrite enables NZVIF to make<br />
new investment commitments up to a total of $200m. Officials have advised that it is unlikely<br />
that the $40m will be drawn upon.<br />
148
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support NZVIF with a view to providing additional underwriting<br />
as the pool of ventures expands, and broadening access to VIF through a variety of<br />
means.<br />
Reducing Compliance Costs for Capital Raising<br />
As a consequence of a need for increased regulation of finance companies that were<br />
masquerading at low risk when they were higher risk, New Zealand has increased the<br />
regulation of offers of security to the public. This has led to increase costs for all capital<br />
raising, not just for finance companies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has said all along that while additional regulation of debt security was necessary,<br />
equity offerings have been over-regulated in the process. This increases the cost of capital<br />
and is a serious barrier to small to medium sized businesses expanding in export markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reduce compliance costs for equity offerings, which openly describe the<br />
risk of loss of investment, by simplifying prospectus and audit requirements. (See<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Commerce and Small Business policy for more information.)<br />
Cooperation between Crown funded research and export industries<br />
Supporting the policy initiatives outlined above, <strong>Labour</strong> also wants to see greater<br />
cooperation between publicly funded bodies and targeted export industries.<br />
Tax funded bodies which have applied science relevance, such as CRIs and Centres of<br />
Research Excellence, could have a greater expectation placed on them to collaborate more<br />
closely and more often with industry. See <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Research, Science & Technology policy<br />
for more information.<br />
Pipelines for business growth<br />
The discussion above talks about opportunities to grow the innovative sector, through<br />
opening up opportunities to access to capital, and to targeting industries and sectors to grow<br />
export orientated business.<br />
However there is an intermediate step required to help small and medium sized enterprises<br />
(SMEs) and entrepreneurs to tap into both the R&D and infrastructure being progressed as<br />
part of the government‟s sector/industry targeting, and the capital required to expand.<br />
Small businesses have identified that in addition to access to capital and R&D facilities,<br />
governance arrangements and market intelligence are some of the biggest barriers to<br />
business growth.<br />
Providing start-up companies with access to an appropriate range of mentoring/training is an<br />
important step in identifying those companies that have high growth potential. Those that<br />
wish to take up the opportunity will be referred to incubator support programmes like the<br />
149
Escalator programme (abandoned by the current government) and/or be able to access<br />
specific or generic market development assistance.<br />
These will be access points to angel investor networks, venture capital funding and the staircasing<br />
opportunity provided by the NZX.<br />
In addition there will be succession planning support for business owners, who wish to<br />
consider the range of options for their own retirement from active business life, while<br />
potentially retaining an interest in the business. Early support could have a significant<br />
impact on the “hollowing out” effect that has become prevalent.<br />
If we are to own our own future, we need a mechanism for ensuring that all options are<br />
explored before final decisions are taken.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a “Pipeline for Business Growth Taskforce”, modelled on the<br />
Capital Markets Development Taskforce, with a requirement to report in 6 months<br />
with recommendations for the pipeline framework, which will connect the training, the<br />
R&D, the capital and the market development opportunities so that we can facilitate<br />
the advancement of high growth potential businesses.<br />
150
EDUCATION<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Children and young people are our future: their skills and confidence in engaging the world<br />
will determine our quality of life in years to come. Investment in education is vital if we are<br />
going to own our future.<br />
Access to quality education is the cornerstone of a happy and prosperous society. It has the<br />
capacity to improve lives, open up opportunity and improve the well-being and living<br />
standards of all New Zealanders.<br />
This education policy, for both the early childhood and compulsory sectors, reflects <strong>Labour</strong>‟s<br />
core commitments to a better future for all New Zealanders. New Zealand has a world-class<br />
education system – with Kiwi students near the top of OECD rankings for achievement – but<br />
we can do even better.<br />
Early childhood is a precious opportunity and it is imperative that every child is given the<br />
opportunity to get the best possible start in life. In government <strong>Labour</strong> built a world-leading<br />
early childhood education system with increased participation and increased quality. There<br />
is much more to be done here, in both access and quality. <strong>Labour</strong> will work to ensure the<br />
ECE workforce is the best it can be, able to properly prepare each child for school.<br />
Some children are missing out on a quality education. A good education is a human right<br />
and we will work to make sure the most vulnerable students don‟t miss out: Māori, Pasifika,<br />
children from low-income families, children with special needs, victims of bullying and<br />
violence, and those who struggle to achieve academically and don‟t have a clear post-school<br />
pathway to work or higher education.<br />
We will also ensure that our most promising and gifted students are supported to reach their<br />
full potential. We must have an education system that caters for children at each end of the<br />
spectrum and everywhere in between.<br />
We will do this by supporting students, educators and parents to get the best outcomes.<br />
We want to rebuild trusting relationships between teachers and parents; schools and the<br />
Ministry of Education; Government and the sector; and schools and their communities.<br />
When these relationships are strong, the education of our children will flourish.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> education policy has cross-over with other key policy platforms, including <strong>Labour</strong>‟s<br />
Agenda for Children, Social Development, and the Youth Skills Package. <strong>Our</strong> work in these<br />
areas will help deal with the causes of under-achievement.<br />
151
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Principles<br />
UNIVERSAL ACCESS: Quality education is a basic human right and our aim is to<br />
make it accessible to every child without regard to wealth, income, ethnicity or<br />
disability.<br />
LIFE-LONG LEARNING: <strong>Our</strong> learning needs grow and change as our society grows<br />
and changes. <strong>Our</strong> education system must reflect this by providing life-long<br />
opportunities for education.<br />
EARLY INVESTMENT: We regard investment in quality early childhood education to<br />
be a priority for Government. <strong>Our</strong> society reaps the rewards when our children develop<br />
a love of learning and a sense of belonging from the beginning.<br />
HIGH ACHIEVEMENT: The Government should give schools the support and<br />
resources to allow them to focus on implementing the New Zealand Curriculum and<br />
lifting achievement.<br />
SAFETY AND SECURITY: Every New Zealand school student and teacher should be<br />
able to attend school feeling safe and secure.<br />
VALUING OUR PEOPLE: <strong>Our</strong> children‟s education is most successful when<br />
relationships are strong between students, parents and teachers. Teachers are<br />
immensely valuable and should be encouraged to work in partnership with parents and<br />
whānau to lift the achievement of our students.<br />
Early Childhood Education<br />
Access for everyone to quality Early Childhood Education<br />
To give New Zealand children the best possible start to life, <strong>Labour</strong> is putting children at the<br />
centre of our policy programme. We want to make New Zealand the best country in the<br />
world to raise children. The benefits for children of high-quality early childhood education are<br />
indisputable: research shows that for every dollar invested in ECE, at least $11 is returned in<br />
long-term benefits to the country. 21 Quality ECE lays the foundation for later learning,<br />
developing cognitive skills, and developing resilience and self-esteem.<br />
Protecting 20 Hours Free ECE<br />
Because we understand the immense benefits of quality education for young kids, the<br />
previous <strong>Labour</strong> Government invested heavily in ECE. We implemented the popular and<br />
successful 20 Hours Free ECE.<br />
21 “Age 26 Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Child-Parent Center Early Education Programme”, Child Development, January/February <strong>2011</strong>, Vol.<br />
82, No. 1, pp 379-404, conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota and Chicago Public Schools<br />
152
The National <strong>Party</strong> sees ECE as a cost – something that‟s about babysitting rather than<br />
education 22 – and they cut funding significantly in Budget 2010 for centres with high numbers<br />
of qualified staff. This means that parents are now required to pay higher fees, while centres<br />
are no longer incentivised to employ qualified staff. Essentially, parents are paying more for<br />
less.<br />
The National Government has also removed the target set by <strong>Labour</strong> to have 100% fully<br />
qualified staff in all teacher-led ECE centres, along with funding for services to have staff in<br />
training and professional development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore over the course of two terms the $95 million p/a subsidy funding<br />
cut, and we will work with the sector to reinstate the policy of 100% qualified staff in<br />
all teacher-led services.<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
16 31 47 62 78 94 94<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that quality education is a basic human right and it must be affordably<br />
available to every child without regard to wealth, income, ethnicity or disability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the 20 hours free ECE model that is universally available to all<br />
children aged three and four, and those five-year-olds who aren‟t yet in school. This<br />
means retaining fee controls and the current subsidies to ensure families don‟t face<br />
increased costs. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s model will cover the cost of delivering the curriculum to<br />
each child for 20 hours per week.<br />
Increasing participation & early intervention for vulnerable groups<br />
While 95% of all three and four-year-olds now access early childhood education,<br />
participation rates are lower among Māori, Pasifika and children from low-income families.<br />
The disadvantages faced by these children are accentuated if they miss out on quality ECE,<br />
and the result for New Zealand is increased inequality.<br />
At present, as long as services meet licensing requirements, they can be established and<br />
funded by taxpayer subsidy – whether there is a need for the service or not. This has<br />
resulted in a proliferation of services in high-income neighbourhoods and a shortage in lowincome<br />
areas. It has also affected the viability of community-operated services when new<br />
services are established.<br />
22 Anne Tolley: "With early childhood, there is an element of looking after children while their mums go out to work”. The<br />
Dominion Post, 14 February <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
153
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a planned approach to taxpayer-funded ECE. New centres will<br />
only receive taxpayer subsidies for providing ECE if there is a need for a new centre<br />
in the proposed location.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enable more quality services to be available in communities with lower<br />
participation. This includes investigating transport issues that are barriers to<br />
participation and evaluating the success of supported play groups.<br />
For vulnerable children aged 18 months to 3 years, <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to providing high<br />
quality early intervention programmes in ECE settings, so that at entry to school, the most<br />
vulnerable 5% are able to enter the classroom as ready to learn as their peers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide free high-quality Early Childhood Education and parent support<br />
from 18 months to 3 years for the most vulnerable 5% of children.<br />
Funding to centres will be on a similar basis to 20 Hours Free and will be progressively rolled<br />
out over the next six Budgets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as part of its funding of ECE-based support for vulnerable children,<br />
develop the provision of multi-disciplinary, evidence- and centre-based early<br />
intervention programmes, with a view to expanding access to effective programs for<br />
the most vulnerable 5% of children nationally over the longer-term.<br />
This will be done in partnership with selected pre-existing ECE providers and/or in<br />
community hubs or whanau ora locations (see below).<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
2 8 15 20 30 40 50<br />
The same services may also assist young parents making the transition into work and<br />
training.<br />
Developing Community Hubs<br />
Overseas models suggest that there may be significant advantages for families if social<br />
services can be co-located in the community, e.g. a one-stop shop providing early childhood<br />
education, parenting programmes and other health and social services. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that<br />
the range of early intervention and support services for children and families should be<br />
conveniently grouped and located in areas of need. There are already successful hubs<br />
operating in New Zealand that were trialled by the previous <strong>Labour</strong> Government, such as the<br />
Papakura Family Service Centre.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s long term aim is to develop a network of high quality centre-based early<br />
intervention programs addressing the needs of vulnerable children in the most<br />
deprived areas.<br />
154
For many families, early childhood education is the first education service they have contact<br />
with. Families also have frequent contact with their local primary schools. This provides an<br />
opportunity for parents to access the support they need through services co-located with<br />
ECE centres and primary schools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time as resources permit, develop and resource integrated<br />
community hubs.<br />
These additions will be adequately resourced to ensure that additional burdens are not<br />
simply bolted onto current school structures and systems.<br />
Protecting Diversity in the ECE Sector<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that individual children have individual educational needs. One of the<br />
great benefits of our diverse ECE sector is the range of options it provides parents and<br />
children. Teacher-led centre-based services are popular and important – and funded<br />
accordingly. However, Playcentre, Kōhanga Reo, and home-based ECE services all provide<br />
something different and unique for children. These widely-respected institutions will not<br />
become marginalised in our ECE sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not cut funding for Playcentres, Te Kōhanga Reo, and home-based ECE<br />
services. We will ensure that these services continue to play an important part in<br />
innovating and enhancing our ECE sector.<br />
Transition from ECE to Primary Schools<br />
Research evidence demonstrates the value of early intervention, but often education policy<br />
solely focuses on implementation or application in the school years. Policy development and<br />
implementation is fragmented: it lacks cohesion for children and families as they move from<br />
an early childhood service to school; creates inequities between early childhood education<br />
and schooling while impacting the same children; and creates a false distinction within a<br />
single teaching profession. We need to ease transitions, enhance curriculum understanding,<br />
and create learning communities around education leadership.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a policy framework that focuses on children aged 3 to 8 to<br />
provide a more cohesive and efficient approach to the transition between ECE and<br />
primary school, and focus on supporting the progression of the children in their early<br />
years regardless of the educational setting.<br />
Reaching for the stars: Whakamaua Ngā Whetu<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan for lifting children‟s achievement in primary schools<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes every child should have the opportunity to achieve to their full potential,<br />
supported by a strong partnership between parents, schools, neighbours and the wider<br />
community.<br />
155
The division created by the Government with school communities by imposing unworkable<br />
“National Standards” is detrimental to our children‟s education.<br />
National‟s standards are not moderated 23 . They differ from school to school, and are<br />
therefore neither national nor standard.<br />
A solution must be found to restore relationships in school communities and get the focus on<br />
delivering excellent education and lifting achievement. <strong>Labour</strong> offers that way forward.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, schools will not be required to implement National‟s standards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will lift achievement by setting high expectations for each student according to their<br />
individual ability and providing parents with information they want in plain language about<br />
their child‟s learning.<br />
We know that children learn at different rates and in different ways. The “one size fits all”<br />
approach to education fails children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require primary schools to use recognised assessment tools 24 and<br />
teacher judgement to:<br />
1. Determine the NZ Curriculum level a child is achieving;<br />
2. Show a child‟s rate of progress between reports over the course of a year.<br />
3. Identify children not achieving within the curriculum level appropriate to their year<br />
at school.<br />
4. Decide and report the next learning steps.<br />
5. Report this information in plain language to parents at least twice a year.<br />
Resources spent forcing “National Standards” on schools will be re-directed to assist<br />
students who are under-achieving and to create the conditions where all teachers<br />
can excel.<br />
New Zealand has a world-class education system with Kiwi students ranking near the top of<br />
the OECD for achievement and with <strong>Labour</strong> we can do even better.<br />
This can be achieved by students, parents, educators and government leaving ideology<br />
aside and working together to continually lift student achievement.<br />
23 Moderation is the process of teachers sharing their understanding of standards with other schools to maintain<br />
consistency.<br />
24 5 year school entry assessment, 6 year Observation Survey, Year 3-11 PAT, STAR, AsTTle & the Mathematics diagnostic tool are<br />
recognised assessment tools developed for New Zealand children.<br />
156
New Zealand curriculum<br />
The revised New Zealand Curriculum was launched by the <strong>Labour</strong> Government in November<br />
2007 following an appropriate period of trialling and consultation, which included the<br />
publication of a draft version in 2006. Consultation on this important document included<br />
input from 15,000 New Zealanders, 10,000 submissions on the final draft, and<br />
comprehensive peer reviews from both the UK and Australia.<br />
The New Zealand Curriculum has been lauded the world over. New Zealand was at the<br />
international forefront on curriculum change.<br />
The new curriculum replaced seven documents with one. It was designed to give schools<br />
the flexibility to involve communities, whānau and families in formulating a curriculum to<br />
meet the needs of students. As well as knowing facts and figures, the curriculum also<br />
focuses on how to use knowledge effectively and apply it outside the classroom.<br />
Schools were required to give full effect to the curriculum by February 2010, but this has<br />
been hampered by the introduction of National Standards.<br />
National Standards have taken the focus away from implementation of the breadth of our<br />
Curriculum and narrowed it down to reading, writing and maths. Professional development<br />
has also been restricted to the implementation of the National Standards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support and resource schools to use the New Zealand Curriculum so that<br />
students have the competencies and knowledge needed to thrive in the 21st century.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will refocus professional development in the sector on the successful<br />
implementation of the breadth and depth of the New Zealand Curriculum.<br />
Financial Literacy<br />
Financial literacy means having the ability to make informed judgements and make effective<br />
decisions regarding the use and management of money. <strong>Labour</strong> wants to increase the<br />
financial literacy of New Zealanders.<br />
Organisations like the Commission for Financial Literacy and Retirement Income and the<br />
Enterprise New Zealand Trust operate a range of financial education programmes in<br />
schools, but these programmes only reach a small percentage of students each year. As a<br />
result, many people start their adult lives with limited personal financial understanding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work alongside educators, community groups and schools to encourage,<br />
develop, and support financial literacy programmes that provide practical every-day<br />
usage for children through to adulthood, with the aim of incorporating financial<br />
literacy programmes from primary school levels onwards.<br />
157
Māori Education<br />
Māori Participation and Achievement<br />
Raising Māori achievement will be a key goal of the next <strong>Labour</strong> Government. It is essential<br />
to provide Māori with educational opportunities across all sectors of learning: early childhood<br />
education, kura and tertiary, and right through to trades training. As already discussed,<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will devote resources to increasing participation by Māori in early childhood<br />
education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage whānau to participate fully in education and life-long learning –<br />
from early childhood and compulsory education to tertiary, wānanga or training.<br />
It is important that our education system is configured so Māori can benefit and succeed in<br />
education as Māori. The Māori Education Strategy 2008 – 2012 (Ka Hikitia – Managing for<br />
Success) will help ensure this outcome.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to ensure the successful implementation of Ka Hikitia in order to<br />
lift Māori achievement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> firmly believes that teachers are our most important educational resource. This is<br />
especially true of our Kaiako in Māori education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to roll out Te Kotahitanga, a programme designed in 2001 to<br />
address the problem of underachievement among Māori students in mainstream<br />
schools.<br />
Māori Language and Culture<br />
Te Kōhanga Reo is a total immersion Te Reo Māori whānau programme for mokopuna from<br />
birth to six years of age, where the language of communication will be Māori. It is a valuable<br />
institution and after thirty years of existence, it‟s time to review Kōhanga Reo with the aim of<br />
supporting and strengthening it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work alongside Te Kohanga Reo Trust, Māori Language and education<br />
experts to ensure we are well-equipped to meet the needs of Māori children.<br />
Māori arts, culture and heritage make a vital contribution to our national identity and help to<br />
define New Zealand as a unique nation with our own distinctive images and perspective.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> schools – both mainstream and Māori-medium – are the places where this unique<br />
culture is nurtured. But Māori culture is not only important for our national identity, it is also a<br />
vital component of the education of young Māori people. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that Māori culture<br />
and identity has a part to play in raising achievement. Much progress has been made on<br />
reflecting and supporting Māori culture in our schools and these matters are currently<br />
considered by the Education Review Office (ERO), but more can be done.<br />
158
<strong>Labour</strong> will make sure that schools are meeting the needs of their Māori students by<br />
enhancing ERO‟s reviews to make the requirements concerning Māori culture more<br />
rigorous.<br />
Te Reo Māori‟s status as taonga is well-established. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises the importance of<br />
Māori language and its centrality to the Kiwi identity. The last <strong>Labour</strong> Government was<br />
undoubtedly committed to Māori language, with the advent of Māori Television and the Māori<br />
Language Strategy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will advance the Māori Language Strategy and encourage the learning and<br />
use of the language.<br />
To ensure optimal outcomes for Māori in our education system, parents need to be<br />
connected and involved in their children‟s education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish parent advocates, a role to assist parents in engaging with<br />
teachers, principals and boards of trustees and to ensure that parents receive the<br />
information and support that they want from the school.<br />
Pasifika Education<br />
Education is a key factor in achieving improved economic and social outcomes for our<br />
Pasifika communities. Pasifika people see education as the key to successful futures for<br />
their children. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to supporting Pasifika peoples‟ dreams and aspirations<br />
for a successful future through growing an educated, skilled, qualified, and more prosperous<br />
community from early childhood through to tertiary levels.<br />
The last <strong>Labour</strong> Government saw improved levels of education for Pasifika people across<br />
the education system: more children participating in quality ECE; more students leaving<br />
school with a qualification; and participation in tertiary education growing faster for Pasifika<br />
people than any other group.<br />
Pasifika Participation & Achievement<br />
Pasifika children are concentrated in schools in low-decile areas and have achievement<br />
rates that are substantially below average. Many of <strong>Labour</strong>‟s general initiatives will have a<br />
positive impact on Pasifika education, and in particular, <strong>Labour</strong> is determined to boost<br />
Pasifika children‟s rate of participation in ECE.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to:<br />
Increase Pasifika participation rates, particularly in ECE; and<br />
Lift Pasifika achievement.<br />
159
Pasifika Languages<br />
We must remember that New Zealand is a Pacific Island with our Pasifika cultures and<br />
languages increasingly important in the way New Zealanders see themselves. We want the<br />
number of New Zealanders able to speak an additional language, particularly their native<br />
tongue, to increase.<br />
The National Government last year halted the provision of Pacific language publications that<br />
were designed to aid the learning of Pasifika students. The Tupu and Folauga series of<br />
reading books and journals were popular with parents, teachers and students. It has been<br />
argued that withdrawing these publications breaches Pasifika children‟s rights to learn in in<br />
their own language. This decision undermines the value of bilingual education and further<br />
imperils the future of Pasifika languages.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will resume the publication of the Tupu and Folauga series of reading books<br />
and journals.<br />
The National Government has removed Pacific bilingual education from the Pacific<br />
Education Plan.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate the goals for Pacific literacy, research, and bilingualism in the<br />
Pacific Education Plan (PEP) which were removed by the National Government in<br />
2009.<br />
Given the large and growing population of Pasifika people in New Zealand, governments<br />
have a special responsibility for the future of the languages of the Pacific Islands. Ensuring<br />
that the next generation of Pasifika people have a strong command of their languages is<br />
essential. To achieve this, we need to make sure our teachers are well-equipped to pass on<br />
their languages to Pasifika children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate teacher exchanges with Pacific countries.<br />
Through these exchanges, teachers based in New Zealand could travel to countries in the<br />
Pacific to enhance their language skills. At the same time, New Zealand would play host to<br />
teachers from the Pacific Islands, who could improve their English, while enhancing their<br />
teaching skills.<br />
Pasifika Culture in <strong>Our</strong> Schools<br />
The number of Pasifika children in our schools has increased by 33% over the last decade<br />
according to Ministry of Education statistics. The government must meet the needs of this<br />
population within our school system. In order to lift the performance of Pasifika students, it is<br />
important that schools meet their cultural needs, creating an environment supportive of and<br />
conducive to learning.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the Education Review Office to ensure that schools and teachers<br />
are taking into consideration the cultural needs of Pasifika students.<br />
160
Education for all<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that all children and young people, including those with disabilities, should<br />
have access to high quality education that allows them to succeed at school. Ensuring that<br />
children with disabilities are able to receive quality education in an inclusive environment is a<br />
priority for <strong>Labour</strong>. We believe that all children have the right to be included in the general<br />
education system and to receive the individual support they require.<br />
Schools and early childhood centres need to have the leadership, policies, structures and<br />
skilled staff to be inclusive of all students and to ensure the best outcomes for children with<br />
disabilities.<br />
Individual Education Plans are developed with students with disabilities and their whānau.<br />
They outline the student's goals and the timeframes, teaching strategies, resources,<br />
monitoring and evaluation required to enable the student to meet those goals. Individual<br />
Education Plans are an invaluable tool, but often they are written without being backed up by<br />
the support and resourcing necessary to ensure the goals set by the IEPs are actually met.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase support for the effective implementation of Individual Education<br />
Plans for students with disabilities.<br />
The physical presence of children with disabilities in schools does not ensure their<br />
participation. For participation to be meaningful and lead to successful educational<br />
outcomes, schools must value diversity and provide a supportive learning environment and<br />
skilled teaching for all children. This means providing education for staff and sometimes<br />
changing attitudes towards children with disabilities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that teachers and support staff receive pre-service and in-service<br />
education on teaching children with disabilities to ensure the active participation and<br />
learning of all children.<br />
Giftedness may be unrecognised in children with an adverse impact on their education.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, a plan was developed for gifted children, however it has not subsequently<br />
been implemented.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support better identification and programme adaptation for individuals<br />
who are gifted to meet their individual needs by implementing the plan for gifted<br />
children.<br />
Dealing with challenging behaviour<br />
Challenging behaviour is dealt with most effectively when intervention is early and targeted.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s agenda for children – and our focus on ECE, in particular – will mean that each<br />
New Zealand child is given the best possible start to life, and more behavioural problems will<br />
161
e prevented or addressed early. The 2003 Church Report, funded by the Ministry of<br />
Education, found that challenging behaviour becomes entrenched if it is not dealt with early,<br />
and intervention programmes have lower rates of success if applied to older students.<br />
There is growing concern that our schools are not as safe as they should be. <strong>Our</strong> students<br />
need to feel safe and secure in their learning environment if we‟re going to raise<br />
achievement.<br />
The Positive Behaviour for Learning (PB4L) programme being rolled out may beneficially<br />
address challenging behaviour among school students and we will monitor its effectiveness.<br />
Additionally, Secondary Schools need more support and guidance in dealing with the serious<br />
behavioural issues they face with students.<br />
Some schools require more guidance to prevent and manage incidents of bullying and<br />
criminal acts such as assault. These are situations where schools can be supported by the<br />
youth justice system and other government agencies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide targeted early intervention programmes to increased numbers of<br />
parents and children. Teachers of young children will have access to programmes<br />
that teach social skills and reduce problem behaviours.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will determine what further support and resources schools require in dealing<br />
with behavioural issues, including increasing the number of social workers available<br />
to all levels of the compulsory education sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend National Administration Guideline 5 to make it compulsory for all<br />
primary and secondary schools to have an effective anti-bullying programme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enhance Ministry of Education guidelines to give more certainty to<br />
schools in dealing with the perpetrators of bullying, and provide external multi-agency<br />
support for schools in cases of criminal activity, such as assault.<br />
Healthy food and exercise in schools<br />
The National Government‟s dumping of schools‟ nutritional guidelines flew in the face of<br />
evidence that rates of childhood obesity are rising in New Zealand. Research shows eating<br />
habits are cemented in childhood and adolescence, and overweight children are more likely<br />
to grow up to be obese adults. Most parents and teachers, and all health professionals,<br />
know that high-fat, high-sugar diets can wreak havoc with kids‟ energy and attention spans,<br />
and can badly affect their abilities to stay focused in the classroom.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-instate National Administrative Guidelines for schools on the sale of<br />
healthy food.<br />
162
<strong>Labour</strong> will support increased participation in sport and recreation activities, including<br />
through an investigation into school sport participation, including the feasibility of<br />
reintroducing mid-week early finishing nationwide to facilitate mid-week sport.<br />
Enviro-Schools<br />
We must encourage future generations to value conservation, engage with nature, and<br />
understand environmental sustainability by initiatives such as the <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Enviro-Schools<br />
programme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate the Enviro-Schools programme.<br />
ICT – Connected schools<br />
Digital Kiwis<br />
Through smart use of ICT, we can further enhance our world-class education system. This<br />
means that schools must be at the front of the queue for ultra-fast broadband. <strong>Labour</strong> is<br />
committed to ensuring that no child leaves school disadvantaged in life by not being able to<br />
understand how to use and create with technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to fund and prioritise free or low-cost internet access through<br />
programmes such as Aotearoa People‟s Network, School-based ICT, Computers in<br />
Homes, and KAREN.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to providing a clearer separation between using technology (for<br />
everyone) and building technology as a discipline.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement proper NCEA achievement standards in ICT in schools and<br />
notes the progress that has been made following the recommendations made by the<br />
Digital Technology Experts Panel.<br />
„E-learning‟ and Engaged Young People<br />
Technology (and high-speed broadband in particular) has the potential to transform our<br />
education system. All students will benefit from this technological transformation and we<br />
believe that „e-learning‟ can also be used to foster a sense of learning in those most likely to<br />
disengage from the education system.<br />
Many New Zealand students are achieving at high levels, but there are still too many young<br />
people failing to achieve and disengaging from education. This is particularly so for Māori,<br />
Pasifika, and children from low-income families. Over one-third of 15-year-olds are bored in<br />
school, and Māori and Pasifika are disproportionately represented among bored and<br />
disengaged students. Research shows that engagement reduces each year from year<br />
seven to 10, with the largest drop between years eight and nine when students transition<br />
from primary to secondary school.<br />
163
E-learning means learning and teaching that is facilitated by or supported through the smart<br />
use of Information and Communications Technologies, and it has been shown to improve<br />
engagement and academic outcomes at New Zealand schools where it has been<br />
implemented.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest $75 million over four years in „e-learning‟ for low-decile schools,<br />
with priority going to schools with year 7 -13 students and the capability to deliver an<br />
effective programme . This includes Government funding for students to have<br />
individual use of a mobile device.<br />
$19 million per year is sufficient funding to ensure 31,000 year 7 to 13 students have<br />
individual use of a mobile device. When <strong>Labour</strong> takes office we will determine which schools<br />
are best placed to benefit from e-learning based on a number of factors. Priority will be<br />
given to low-decile schools with high levels of disengagement and/or low levels of academic<br />
achievement, as well as those schools that have staff prepared to lead an effective e-<br />
learning programme.<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 Total<br />
5.0 15.0 25.0 30.0 75.0<br />
This will be part-funded by savings of $14.1 million a year, through reductions to the<br />
following programmes:<br />
Private School Scholarships ($4.1 million)<br />
Sport for Young Kiwis ($6 million) 25<br />
Ineffective Truancy Programmes ($4 million)<br />
Over time <strong>Labour</strong> would like to roll out a comprehensive e-learning policy to all year 7-13<br />
students, but that isn‟t affordable in the short-term given our current financial circumstances.<br />
Targeting the lowest decile schools will mean reaching those students most vulnerable to<br />
disengagement, and most unlikely to have access to a computer at home. This will reduce<br />
the “digital divide.”<br />
The digital divide refers to the ability to access information and education available via the<br />
internet. While many New Zealand families now own computers and have access to the<br />
internet, this is less-likely for children in low-income families. Therefore a digital divide is<br />
created.<br />
25 National introduced the Kiwisport programme in 2009. A large proportion of the money goes to high-decile schools that don’t really<br />
need it (decile 10 gets more than any other decile). Private schools also get a significant portion of the Kiwisport money.<br />
164
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue with the planned roll-out of ultra-fast broadband to schools , but<br />
will review the priorities to ensure that the “digital divide” does not continue to widen.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will combine the government‟s spending on broadband for schools under the<br />
Ultra-Fast Broadband initiative to provide unconstrained access for schools at<br />
affordable rates.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ICT policy.<br />
Youth skills package: „At School‟ component<br />
Putting Young New Zealanders on the Right Track<br />
The best chance we have of assisting young New Zealanders is before they leave school.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Youth Skills package (see http://www.ownourfuture.co.nz/youth-skills) brings<br />
together a set of policies that ensures young New Zealanders are given the right support and<br />
training opportunities before they leave school.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> approach ensures that young people make better choices about what they study while<br />
they are at school, and leave school with a better idea of what they want to do next.<br />
Enhanced Gateway<br />
Gateway was established under <strong>Labour</strong> in 2001 and provides workplace learning for<br />
students interested in a vocational career while keeping them in school.<br />
In 2008 the OECD recommended that additional funding be provided for Gateway<br />
preparation classes for the least work-ready students. <strong>Labour</strong> will provide pre-work<br />
placement support and training to make sure the most at-risk students are work-ready and<br />
able to participate in Gateway.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide 1,000 placements for enhanced Gateway. This will include:<br />
Boosting Gateway by providing 500 new places which are targeted towards<br />
students at high-risk of falling through the cracks<br />
Re-targeting 500 current places towards high-risk students.<br />
Total Cost: $13 million<br />
Vocational Pathways<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build on work already underway with the Industry Training Federation to develop<br />
clear vocational pathways for secondary school students. This will help address skills<br />
shortages and also improve the engagement in school as subjects will have a clearer<br />
purpose to students.<br />
165
ITOs within key industries will create a recommended set of subjects, specific unit standards<br />
or credits and other skills including gateway participation, for five broadly grouped industries,<br />
such as building and construction or hospitality.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will address the maze young people face when interested in a trade by<br />
working with the Industry Training Federation to build coherent vocational pathways.<br />
Total Cost: $3 million<br />
Early Leaving Exemptions<br />
There are currently 1,900 15 year olds who are not in education, employment or training.<br />
This is unacceptable given that schooling is compulsory for 15 year olds unless they have an<br />
early leaving exemption from the Ministry of Education, which should only be granted if the<br />
young person has a job or training programme to go to.<br />
When previously in government <strong>Labour</strong> tightened up the granting of early leaving<br />
exemptions. We will maintain and reinforce this approach, while also ensuring that nonexempt<br />
15 year olds are properly enrolled at a school and engaged in learning.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will further tighten up on Early Leaving Exemptions from the Ministry of<br />
Education.<br />
Careers Advice<br />
Careers advice plays a crucial role in ensuring young New Zealanders develop the right<br />
skills in school, and leave school for the right training, or with a plan of how to get a job.<br />
Currently this does not happen.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> made progress in this area beginning with „Designing Careers‟ and moving towards<br />
an integrated school-wide approach to career education. This programme was abandoned<br />
by National. In fact <strong>Labour</strong> introduced legislation to ensure schools provided quality careers<br />
advice, however National did away with this change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the current state of career information and guidance within the<br />
schools with a view to a significant overhaul.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will include in the review how to achieve greater involvement from people<br />
outside the school system, including employers.<br />
Total Cost: $4 million<br />
Tertiary High Schools and Trade Academies<br />
Since <strong>Labour</strong> introduced tertiary high schools, students have been able to undertake parttime<br />
or full-time tertiary study while staying enrolled at school. They allow students to access<br />
a wider range of subjects at the same time as retaining the extra-curricular benefits and<br />
support networks that schools offer. However, a strategic approach is needed to ensure the<br />
166
oll out of these initiatives is driven by the needs of communities and industry, not private<br />
interests.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take a strategic approach that ensures the mix of tertiary high schools<br />
and trade academies across the country are right for the community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to fund the existing services that are expected to benefit 12,500 16 and<br />
17 year olds by 2014.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Youth Skills policy.<br />
Professional development and learning<br />
Research suggests that the skill of teachers is one of the most critical factors in achieving<br />
successful educational outcomes for our children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support teachers to deliver education that‟s up-to-date, relevant and engaging for<br />
our children. To achieve this, teachers must have access to on-going professional<br />
development.<br />
Since National took office almost $50 million has been cut from professional development<br />
funding from early childhood through to secondary schools. The use of professional<br />
development has also been narrowed down to the implementation of National Standards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prioritise investment in professional development and learning, bearing in<br />
mind financial constraints. We will not cut funding for professional development and<br />
learning. As our economic situation improves, <strong>Labour</strong> will restore funding for<br />
professional development and learning.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain the high standards required of New Zealand‟s early education<br />
professionals and work towards the goal of 100% fully qualified staff in all ECE<br />
centres.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the New Zealand Teachers‟ Council to enhance the quality of<br />
initial teacher education and on-going professional development. This includes<br />
evaluating the findings of the Teachers‟ Council‟s Review of Initial Teacher<br />
Education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will redirect the professional development funding provided to primary<br />
schools to implement National Standards. We will allow schools to use this money<br />
for professional development and learning that is focused on implementing the NZ<br />
Curriculum.<br />
167
School funding<br />
Supporting our Schools‟ Support Staff<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> values the enormous contribution made by school support staff. School support staff<br />
make up one-third of the education workforce. However, their employment is funded by<br />
school operating grants used to fund a range of other school expenses. This means the<br />
services they provide are vulnerable to cost and funding pressures from Government and<br />
within communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the sector on the viability of centrally-funding the salaries of<br />
school support staff from the current operational grant funding.<br />
Supporting Quality Education<br />
Research shows that the most direct driver of quality education is the interaction between<br />
teacher and student. It is clear that this is the best way to improve educational outcomes<br />
from our world-class education system.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the education sector to identify affordable ways to improve the<br />
quality of teacher/student interactions. These discussions will include professional<br />
development, workload and class size.<br />
Quarterly Funding<br />
From <strong>2011</strong>, operational funding for students in years 9 to 13, in all state and state-integrated<br />
schools, was allocated using quarterly roll counts. Schools affected by this policy will no<br />
longer be funded for secondary students on an annual entitlement based on a peak roll.<br />
Instead, these schools will receive four funding entitlements for the year based on four<br />
separate rolls.<br />
This change is hurting secondary schools as all their costs are fixed at the start of the year.<br />
If funding is cut later in the year because some students leave school, then the remaining<br />
students suffer. <strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that these changes will place greater pressure on<br />
parents to make up the difference, at a time when the cost of living is already skyrocketing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the impact of quarterly funding combined with other recent funding<br />
changes for schools such as Trades Academies.<br />
School buildings<br />
The quality of our teachers, along with access to technology and classroom materials, are<br />
the essential factors in providing our children with a world-class education. But we must also<br />
make sure that school buildings meet the needs of our teachers and students.<br />
Despite the financially difficult times, it is essential that schools are well-maintained and that<br />
there are sufficient schools to meet population growth. School rolls are expected to increase<br />
168
in years to come, with the primary school population in particular expected to surpass<br />
500,000 by 2015 according to Education Counts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work alongside communities in making decisions about the use of scarce<br />
resources in building, developing and maintaining schools.<br />
Prior to the 2008 <strong>election</strong>, the National <strong>Party</strong> signalled their intention to make use of „publicprivate<br />
partnerships‟ in building schools. PPPs are unproven and untested in New Zealand,<br />
and such agreements have run into trouble overseas, with cost blow-outs and poor quality<br />
building and maintenance.<br />
The National Government has announced contracts to build two schools in Hobsonville by<br />
PPP.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will cancel existing PPP contracts where the Government can do so without<br />
incurring legal liability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not pursue PPPs in the education sector.<br />
Supporting Canterbury‟s recovery<br />
While they attempt to recover from the devastating earthquakes, Cantabrians need stability<br />
and certainty in as many aspects of their lives as possible. In order to return to some kind of<br />
normality, it is important for both students and parents that schools are open for business.<br />
Schools and ECE services will have an important role in bringing together communities<br />
under immense pressure.<br />
ECE services in particular have suffered a decline in their rolls and, as a result, a decline in<br />
their funding. There are a number of community-operated ECE centres, particularly in the<br />
poorer parts of Canterbury, that are struggling as a result of the earthquakes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide transitional support to earthquake-affected schools and<br />
community-operated early childhood centres in Canterbury until the end of 2012,<br />
funded out of the $5.5 billion earthquake recovery fund.<br />
After the <strong>election</strong>, <strong>Labour</strong> will meet with the affected schools in Canterbury to determine the<br />
support they need.<br />
Many costly school property repairs are not covered by the Ministry of Education‟s insurance<br />
policy. Repairing earthquake damage could run into the tens of thousands of dollars to<br />
replace things like boiler rooms, pathways, courts, and storm water systems. Schools will<br />
have to find money within their own budgets and decide what they can afford to fix.<br />
Currently, some schools are barely fit for use and Canterbury‟s children need a habitable<br />
learning environment.<br />
169
<strong>Labour</strong> will make sure that schools in Canterbury receive adequate funding to repair<br />
damaged uninsured government-owned school property.<br />
School transport<br />
School buses must operate in a manner that guarantees the safety of children who use the<br />
service. Contracts between the Ministry of Education and private bus operators require the<br />
operator to provide a safe and reliable service. If a bus is fitted with seatbelts, those<br />
seatbelts must be worn by children using the service, however there is no requirement for all<br />
school buses to be fitted with seatbelts. There is also no requirement for students to be<br />
seated on a bus. <strong>Labour</strong> believes the safety of our school children is of paramount<br />
importance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the Ministry of Education to specify in its contracts with bus<br />
operators that all buses must be fitted with seatbelts, starting with those buses that<br />
use the open road. Further, we will require the Ministry to ensure enough buses are<br />
provided that all students can be seated if they are travelling on the open road.<br />
170
EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS – WORK AND WAGES<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
A founding value of the <strong>Labour</strong> <strong>Party</strong> is the protection of New Zealanders at work, including<br />
the right to a fair day„s pay for a fair day‟s work, the right to join unions and bargain<br />
collectively, the right to have a voice at work and the right to be protected from unfair or<br />
unsafe treatment at work.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that all New Zealand workers are entitled to a living wage and fair and safe<br />
working conditions, and our workers should not be forced to leave for Australia to achieve<br />
them. Fairness at work does not mean business is harder to do – in fact good work and<br />
decent wages support New Zealand business to lift productivity, to perform well and to grow.<br />
While <strong>Labour</strong> in government made important changes to the employment relations<br />
framework, we believe that the current bargaining and minimum code laws need to be<br />
further strengthened to keep up with the realities of the 21 st century and to deliver better<br />
results for New Zealanders.<br />
The reforms to the wider New Zealand economy over the last 25 years have seen income at<br />
the top end grow by more than 40% in real terms, but workers on low and middle incomes<br />
have struggled.<br />
In particular, since the National <strong>Party</strong> abolished industry collective agreements in 1991<br />
average wage rates have lagged well behind the increases in productivity and low income<br />
workers have fared the worst. More of the same policy will deliver more of the same results:<br />
wages lagging, productivity falling behind, and people leaving for opportunities overseas. It is<br />
time for a change of approach.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to building a modern, fair and flexible employment relations system<br />
based on a skilled workforce, secure employment, decent wages and increased productivity<br />
as part of increased prosperity for all New Zealanders.<br />
Part 1: Better wages and higher productivity<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s wages policy will help lift wages in New Zealand across the board, to help stem the<br />
drift to Australia of our workforce.<br />
We will work with employers, unions and sector groups to fundamentally change New<br />
Zealand‟s economy from a reliance on low wages and longer hours to an investment in more<br />
productive workplaces where high trust, high skill and high wages are the success indicators<br />
of New Zealand business and jobs.<br />
171
A critical first step, and one which will help the lowest-paid workers directly, is an increase to<br />
the minimum wage, which <strong>Labour</strong> has long-signalled.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour in our first year in<br />
government.<br />
Decent pay will not be delivered for all workers through improvements to the minimum wage.<br />
The experience of the past twenty years shows that the labour market arrangements New<br />
Zealand has led to lower pay for New Zealand workers. That lower pay means New Zealand<br />
business faces fewer incentives to lift productivity and lift investment in workplace, or in<br />
workers‟ skills and education.<br />
It is a vicious cycle: low wages and low productivity, with New Zealand families bearing the<br />
consequences. A critical advantage that Australian families – and Australian businesses -<br />
have over their New Zealand cousins is a fairer labour market. Stronger rights at work mean<br />
decent pay for Australian workers and higher productivity for Australia. The gap continues<br />
to widen.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to closing the income gap and improving our productivity track<br />
record. <strong>Our</strong> plan will tackle this long-standing problem with a new labour law<br />
framework for New Zealand.<br />
Industry Standard Agreements: driving better wages<br />
Since New Zealand‟s employment relations system was deregulated in the 1980s and early<br />
1990s, wages have grown at a far slower rate than that of the economy as a whole. The<br />
share of the economic pie going to workers has decreased over the past three decades.<br />
The weakening of workers‟ bargaining power following the Employment Contracts Act 1991<br />
has been a major factor, along with the growing capital intensity of the economy, according<br />
to CTU economist Bill Rosenberg.<br />
From 1992 to 2009 the average real output per worker rose on average by 2% a year, but<br />
real wages rose at less than half that amount. 26 Australia, which has retained a stronger<br />
collective bargaining environment, has seen a far smaller decline in workers‟ share of the<br />
economic pie as shown by the graph overleaf.<br />
26 S Guthrie and A Gawrith, ‘Subsidising incomes stunts growth’, NZ Herald, 26/04/<strong>2011</strong><br />
172
.<br />
Source: Bill Rosenberg, CTU Monthly Economic Bulletin No. 125, June <strong>2011</strong><br />
Economic growth will not be successful in closing the wage gap with Australia unless we<br />
also have an employment relations environment that allows workers to gain a greater share<br />
of the benefits of that growth.<br />
Slow wage growth has been most evident in a number of low-skills and largely nonunionised<br />
industries. These industries not only have wage rates that are well below the rest<br />
of the workforce, but their wages are also rising at a lower rate. This has led to increasing<br />
„wage growth dispersal‟, so that those with the highest wages are „pulling away‟ from the rest<br />
at the top end, with higher rates of wage growth, while those with lowest wages are falling<br />
ever further behind the median.<br />
This growing gap between wage earners and employers and investors (the main<br />
beneficiaries of the drop in labour‟s share of income), and in particular the growing wage gap<br />
between different industries, not only makes life a struggle for low wage workers but also<br />
destabilises the wider economy.<br />
As the wage gap grows, those in the lower and middle parts of the income distribution are<br />
encouraged to borrow more to keep up with society‟s standard of living expectations. This<br />
excessive borrowing is unsustainable and eventually results in defaults which mean<br />
investors lose money, lending constricts and the economy shrinks.<br />
„Third way‟ social democratic governments sought to deal with this issue of „wage growth<br />
dispersal‟, not through wages policy, but in part through redistributive government policies<br />
(e.g. „Working for Families‟). Such policies delivered real income gains to families who were<br />
eligible for them, but there is now a growing recognition that there are political and practical<br />
173
limits to what can be achieved through after-the-fact rebalancing of market incomes in this<br />
way. It risks becoming a never-ending treadmill, which fails to deal with the underlying<br />
causes of inequality.<br />
Efforts to increase union density and bargaining power under the Employment Relations Act<br />
2000 have had a limited impact. Union density is very low with just 9% of the private sector<br />
workforce in a collective agreement and several industries with no union representation.<br />
There are only three multi-employer collective agreements (MECAs) in the private sector<br />
and it has proved almost impossible for unions, particularly in lower paid industries such as<br />
Aged Care and Retail, to set standards across industries in this way.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s new employment relations framework based around „Industry Standard<br />
Agreements‟ takes a different approach to improving worker bargaining power and pay.<br />
Rather than solely focusing on increasing union power, it seeks to spread the benefits of<br />
collective bargaining across the larger workforce, sharing the gains with those who are not<br />
union members.<br />
At present, workers in large sectors of our economy have very little say in their terms and<br />
conditions, which are in most cases set unilaterally by their employer. One option to address<br />
this would have been to further regulate minimum pay and conditions through the Minimum<br />
Wage Act and to introduce other minimum code legislation.<br />
While <strong>Labour</strong> will continue to set minimum standards by law to protect the most vulnerable,<br />
we believe that employers and employees, through their unions, are best suited to sitting<br />
down and negotiating the wages and conditions in their workplaces and industries.<br />
An Industry Standard Agreement will be a collective agreement representing the<br />
employment „standards‟ in the particular industry, agreed in the first instance between unions<br />
and employer organisations in the defined industry. Through the Industry Standard<br />
Agreement, these standards would be „extended‟ to all workers in the industry, providing a<br />
set of minimum pay and conditions, based on genuine negotiations in other parts of the<br />
industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Employment Relations Act 2000 to implement the Industry<br />
Standard Agreements framework set out in this policy.<br />
We will aim to do so within one year of taking office.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan will facilitate industry engagement, providing an incentive to work together on<br />
skills, health and safety, productivity and industry strategy as well as the establishment of<br />
minimum employment conditions.<br />
There are already many successful industries in the NZ productive sector, which have<br />
actively engaged with workers through their unions and as a result, share a lot in common in<br />
working toward the best outcome for the business and its shareholders. The Plastics and<br />
174
Metal industries are just one example. <strong>Labour</strong> wants to see the potential of New Zealand<br />
workers and employers unleashed. Past strategies, such as that of the Employment<br />
Contracts Act, have seen New Zealand fall well behind other comparable countries not only<br />
in wages, but also productivity, skills development, job creation and innovation.<br />
What is an Industry Standard Agreement?<br />
An Industry Standard Agreement would be a new and different form of agreement under the<br />
Employment Relations Act. It would join the existing individual, collective and multiemployer<br />
collective agreements that the Act already provides for.<br />
Industry Standard Agreements will be built from the norms already developed in an industry<br />
negotiated or determined by a Workplace Commission, as set out in detail below. They will<br />
set out standards that the industry must at least meet.<br />
The provisions of the Agreements will extend to all workers covered by them (i.e. within the<br />
industry the Agreement covers). The norms they embody will become minimum standards.<br />
Employers and workers will be free to negotiate terms and conditions that exceed those set<br />
out in Industry Standard Agreements, but they will not be able to agree to terms that are less<br />
than those in the applicable Industry Standard Agreement.<br />
With the Industry Standard Agreement framework in place, the norms in an industry will<br />
become a floor through which nobody‟s terms and conditions can fall. The gains that<br />
workers make through collective bargaining will be shared with all those covered by these<br />
new Agreements.<br />
How Industry Standard Agreements work<br />
This section sets out at a high level the process by which an Industry Standard Agreement<br />
will be developed and maintained. It is worth noting that at various stages it is possible that<br />
unions and employers may be able to proceed by voluntary agreement without the need for<br />
any involvement of the Workplace Commission. This section focuses on what happens if<br />
voluntary agreement is not reached.<br />
Beginning the Process<br />
The process of developing an Industry Standard Agreement will usually be initiated by a<br />
union or group of unions who have collective agreements in an industry (employers could<br />
also initiate it). This will be done by application to a Workplace Commission, which will be<br />
established for the purpose of dealing with Industry Standard Agreements.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish the Workplace Commission as part of the Employment Relations<br />
Authority.<br />
This application would be in respect of an „industry‟ as defined by the applicants, giving<br />
evidence of similar functions, processes and products/services, as appropriate. This<br />
approach is similar to that taken with Industry Training, where the scope of an Industry<br />
175
Training Organisation (ITO) is proposed by the organisation applying for ITO status rather<br />
than using some pre-existing definition developed for a different purpose.<br />
The Workplace Commission will consider whether or not this „industry‟ meets the threshold<br />
for having an Industry Standard Agreement.<br />
This threshold will relate to the level of collective bargaining already in the industry. This is<br />
because the purpose of the policy is to extend prevailing collectively-bargained norms to the<br />
entirety of the industry. It is not intended to create or impose norms on industries where<br />
none currently exist. The threshold will in effect be set in practice through the on-going<br />
deliberations of the Workplace Commission (guided by the legislative criteria set for them).<br />
Another dimension of the Workplace Commission‟s decision at this stage will be whether to<br />
accept the scope of the „industry‟ as proposed by the applicants.<br />
Employers covered by this „industry‟ description will have the opportunity to make a case as<br />
to why the threshold has not been met and/or whether the scope of the „industry‟ should be<br />
defined differently.<br />
How the standards would be determined<br />
If the Workplace Commission agrees that the industry met the threshold for having an<br />
Industry Standard Agreement, then negotiation will commence. Unions and employer<br />
bodies could agree to a set of standards for implementation, but in cases where agreement<br />
is not reached, the Workplace Commission will determine what the standards are that will be<br />
put in place by the Industry Standard Agreement.<br />
Where there is no voluntary agreement, the Workplace Commission will make decisions on<br />
which standards to include by looking at the collective agreements already in force within the<br />
industry, and at which ones are most widely shared and could properly be seen to constitute<br />
an industry norm. Depending on the level of collective bargaining in the industry, these<br />
standards may largely consist of the more basic standards of existing collective agreements.<br />
Examples of matters that might become standards include rates of pay, holiday entitlements,<br />
overtime payments, or union rights.<br />
The Workplace Commission will hear submissions from unions and employers, arguing their<br />
cases as to whether or not particular standards could be reasonably included in the Industry<br />
Standard Agreement, and if so, at what level.<br />
Where unions are the applicants, they will be expected to demonstrate to the Workplace<br />
Commission support for the standards not only among those currently on collective<br />
agreements (and therefore unlikely to be directly affected), but also among the (largely ununionised)<br />
workforce in the industry not currently on collective agreements. Visits to highlight<br />
the advantages of the proposed standards and to collect evidence of support would be a<br />
176
legitimate reason for unions‟ access to non-unionised worksites as provided for in the<br />
Employment Relations Act.<br />
The consideration of an Industry Standard Agreement proposal is essentially a quasi-judicial<br />
process, rather than an industrial negotiation. As such, it will not be permissible for<br />
employees to strike in support of an Industry Standard Agreement.<br />
The standards in an Industry Standard Agreement may relate to wage rates as well as<br />
minimum conditions. These might provide that for particular occupations or roles the rate of<br />
pay could be no less than a particular amount.<br />
In most cases, it is likely that Industry Standard Agreements would be relatively short with<br />
less than a dozen standards in them. They would not be anywhere near as detailed or<br />
complex as many collective agreements need to be.<br />
For an industry with a number of quite diverse occupations working within it, an Industry<br />
Standard Agreement could set out a number of standards for some occupations, but few if<br />
any for others, depending on their particular circumstances.<br />
What happens when an Industry Standard Agreement is determined by the Workplace<br />
Commission<br />
Once determined, the Industry Standard Agreement will set minimum standards for any<br />
Individual Agreements in any workplace within the defined industry and they will be<br />
“extended” to all employers and employees in that industry.<br />
For the first 60 days after the Industry Standard Agreement has been put in place, all<br />
employees in all workplaces will be provided with easy access to information and advice<br />
about the relevant unions so they are able to choose to join a union. They have the right to<br />
join the union at any time.<br />
The Industry Standard Agreement forms the basis of the terms and conditions of workers in<br />
an industry, but workers may have additional terms and conditions in an Individual<br />
Agreement, provided they are not less than the standards in the Industry Standard<br />
Agreement.<br />
However, an employer or group of workers may elect to negotiate a collective agreement<br />
instead which has alternative standards. Workers covered by a Collective Agreement could<br />
in principle have different conditions than the Industry Standard Agreement provides for (the<br />
amendments to the Employment Relations Act will not prohibit this). A collective agreement<br />
may include a package of conditions some of which may be much better than some<br />
standards and some less than other standards in the Industry Standard Agreement.<br />
This acknowledges the diverse workplace circumstances across each industry and allows<br />
flexibility for employers and unions to meet particular needs in collective agreements. Having<br />
improved industry standards provides unions with a better position from which to undertake<br />
177
collective agreement negotiations and it would be unlikely that any union would agree to<br />
worse terms and conditions overall.<br />
Revising the Industry Standard Agreement<br />
The Industry Standard Agreement will stay in force until either employers or union(s) seek to<br />
initiate a change.<br />
The main reason that unions would wish to initiate a change would be once a new round of<br />
collective agreements had been negotiated that lifted the prevailing wages, and perhaps<br />
other conditions, in the industry.<br />
This would, if some employers disagreed with this amendment, set off a new round of<br />
consideration by, and testimony to, the Workplace Commission.<br />
Unions would seek to show that the changes had been broadly implemented within<br />
Collective Agreements and should be extended to the industry as a whole via a revision to<br />
the Industry Standard Agreement.<br />
Employers could challenge unions‟ evidence and/or seek to show that the conditions in the<br />
Collective Agreement parts of the industry that gave rise to those changes did not apply to<br />
the non-Collective Agreement parts of the industry.<br />
It is likely that the process for revising an Industry Standard Agreement will take less time<br />
and be less resource-intensive than that of establishing one in the first place.<br />
Transition to the Industry Standard Agreement framework<br />
The implementation of this new framework presents the most far-reaching change to New<br />
Zealand‟s employment laws since the Employment Relations Act was passed in 2000. It is<br />
important that the transition to the new system is managed properly. To achieve this, <strong>Labour</strong><br />
will implement a supported transition period that gives both unions and employers time to<br />
understand the process and prepare resources.<br />
Employers will need to re-think their current industry representation organisations and where<br />
no such organisations exist they will need to consider establishing them in order to have<br />
appropriate bodies to represent employers in Industry Standard Agreement negotiations.<br />
Unions will need to assess collective agreements across a range of industries to determine<br />
likely standards, consider threshold requirements, determine which unions should be part of<br />
the process in each industry where Industry Standard Agreements are to be sought, and to<br />
identify likely employer parties to negotiations.<br />
In order to allow this pre-negotiation ground work to take place:<br />
178
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide for a six month transition period to occur after the Employment<br />
Relations Act amendments gain Royal Assent in which no Industry Standard<br />
Agreement applications may be made.<br />
During this period the government will provide resources to assist employers and unions in<br />
understanding the new law and building capability for negotiations.<br />
This support will most likely be provided through additional resourcing to the Partnership<br />
Resource Centre, which provides advice and financial support to employers and unions on<br />
matters of employment relations.<br />
During the transition period employer and union organisations will be encouraged to discuss<br />
potential standards, build up understanding of key issues and agree on the scope of the<br />
industry, so where possible common ground can be reached before negotiations begin.<br />
Legislation is likely to take up to a year to pass through all stages and further time will be<br />
needed to establish the Workplace Commission, so the preparation period for employers<br />
and unions will run to around 18 months.<br />
What does <strong>Labour</strong> expect the policy to achieve?<br />
Wages and standards improved for a broader share of the workforce<br />
Wages and working standards of a far larger share of the workforce will be improved by<br />
union bargaining being extended across industries.<br />
Collective agreements negotiated by unions typically have higher wages and better work<br />
standards than individual agreements in equivalent industry occupations. For example the<br />
average minimum wage in collective agreements is $1.40 higher than the legal minimum<br />
wage. 27 The exact nature of the gains workers will receive from Industry Standard<br />
Agreements will vary from industry to industry due to differences in current negotiated<br />
norms, strength of union bargaining and capacity for improvement within the industry.<br />
Other countries such as Germany which have pursued a similar style of wage and standard<br />
setting have seen far higher rates of wage growth and far more even wage growth across<br />
industries over the last two decades than New Zealand. The fairer rewards for workers have<br />
come with increased productivity, benefiting business as well.<br />
Union membership<br />
This policy offers unions the opportunity to raise their profile and to illustrate their relevance<br />
to a portion of the population unfamiliar with the potential benefits of union bargaining.<br />
27 Department of <strong>Labour</strong>, ‘Minimum Wage Review 2010’, September 2010.<br />
179
In the period leading up to the development of an industry standard agreement case, and<br />
after its implementation across industry, people covered who are not union members will be<br />
provided with information and advice about joining the relevant unions.<br />
The simplicity of joining a union and a collective agreement coupled with the high likelihood<br />
that collective agreements will still contain higher wages and standards than Industry<br />
Standard Agreements means the advantages of joining a union are likely to become more<br />
prominent.<br />
Negotiation of collective agreements improved<br />
Spreading some of the norms negotiated in collective agreements across all employers in<br />
the industry will reduce barriers to the negotiation of collective agreements at the enterprise<br />
and multi-employer levels.<br />
The fear of being under-cut by competitors with non-unionised workforces is a significant<br />
factor in employers being unwilling to agree to the sort of remuneration increases that unions<br />
are seeking for their members. Industry Standard Agreements which spread some of the<br />
norms negotiated in collective agreements across all employers in the industry remove this<br />
barrier and could lead to higher remuneration increases being agreed than would otherwise<br />
be the case.<br />
Ultimately this helps prevent wages and labour costs becoming a point of difference between<br />
equally competing businesses and creating pressure to drive down the cost of labour.<br />
Better collaboration at industry level<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan will facilitate industry engagement, providing an incentive to work together on<br />
skills, health and safety, productivity and industry strategy as well as the establishment of<br />
minimum employment conditions.<br />
Part 2: Decent work<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports international labour standards and their effective implementation in New<br />
Zealand including the promotion by the International <strong>Labour</strong> Organization (ILO) of decent<br />
work for all and raising labour and social standards.<br />
The outcome of good labour law should be that any worker, who wants to be represented at<br />
work, to have a voice through a union and to be able to influence the wages and conditions<br />
applying in their industry and at their workplace, should be supported to do so.<br />
While <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to extending collective bargaining to more workers as the<br />
preferred means of setting wages and conditions, we will also continue to build on a floor of<br />
safety net rights for all workers.<br />
180
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the National Government‟s unfair laws where workers can be fired<br />
without cause in their first 90 days of employment, and the restrictions on the access<br />
for workers to their unions in the workplace.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore reinstatement as the primary remedy when an employee has<br />
been unjustifiably dismissed, along with the test of justification.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Holidays Act to 2008 settings to protect the rights of workers<br />
to time off for rest and recreation and ensure that all NZ workers have access to 11<br />
days off on pay for recognised public holidays, including Anzac and Waitangi Day.<br />
This year New Zealanders only got nine of the eleven public holidays they are entitled to<br />
under the Holidays Act, because Waitangi Day and ANZAC Day fell on the weekend. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
doesn‟t think that is fair.<br />
ANZAC Day and Waitangi Day are of great importance. It is important that we continue to<br />
commemorate the days on the 6th of February and 25th of April. <strong>Labour</strong> will not change that,<br />
but we will restore to New Zealanders the holidays they deserve by legislating for the<br />
holidays for Waitangi Day and ANZAC to be taken on a Monday if they fall on a weekend.<br />
Given that this situation only arises two out of every seven years we believe that it will be<br />
relatively easy for businesses to absorb the costs and in doing so ensure that workers get a<br />
fair go.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also amend existing provisions in the Employment Relations Act to provide for<br />
greater ease of collective bargaining at an enterprise or multi –employer level.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen collective bargaining by amending the Employment Relations<br />
Act to provide greater legislative support, including multi-employer collective<br />
bargaining.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enable unions and employers to set up systems in which all workers<br />
contribute to the benefits of enterprise and multi-enterprise bargaining.<br />
Changing working environments<br />
One of the consequences of the global financial crisis and the changes to work over the past<br />
twenty years is that good jobs have been too easily discarded in the quest for greater<br />
business efficiency, cost containment and profit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that no worker should be deprived of their economic livelihood without<br />
proper consideration of the consequences and good jobs should not be simply handed over<br />
to the whims of the market and “flexibility”.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will defend decent jobs against outsourcing and reduced terms and<br />
conditions by providing for the right to strike when a collective agreement is in force<br />
181
where the employer makes a significant proposal for restructuring or outsourcing that<br />
in effect renders the collective agreement ineffective.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide certainty for employers and employees in situations of<br />
redundancy by implementing the recommendations of the 2008 Ministerial Advisory<br />
Group report on redundancy and restructuring.<br />
Non-standard work<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that all workers should be protected against harms and risks that are<br />
broadly seen as being unacceptable and below a necessary floor where people should not<br />
be required to provide their labour. We are concerned at the growth in non-standard work,<br />
where large numbers of contractors, casual and temporary workers effectively have no<br />
rights.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that workers employed in precarious forms of employment (such<br />
as labour hire, casual employment and contracting) are given similar rights to those<br />
in more traditional forms of employment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also investigate and implement best practice statutory support and legal<br />
rights for dependent contractors, including minimum wage protection and other<br />
rights.<br />
As a minimum, <strong>Labour</strong> will extend the right to organise and collectively bargain to<br />
contractors who are primarily selling their labour, as well as ensuring an effective and<br />
cheap disputes resolution procedure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the National Government‟s changes to the Employment Relations<br />
Act in regard to workers in the film and video production industries.<br />
Government must step up<br />
The government has a key role to play as leader in requiring wages and work standards and<br />
the fair treatment of staff that all New Zealanders expect.<br />
Responsible contracting<br />
State agencies have a role in setting the example of good practice, not just with their own<br />
employees, but also with those organisations they contract for services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require that all state agencies ensure that all organisations bidding for<br />
service contracts comply with good employer practices, including a history of<br />
adhering to employment legislation, paying fair wages and respecting the right of<br />
their employees to join a union and bargain collectively.<br />
State agencies will also be required to consider other benefits such as health and safety<br />
182
systems and training opportunities when comparing tenders.<br />
Formal Social Partnership<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes genuine social partnership process is a better route for developing our<br />
economy. The National government has failed to recognise the role of the social partners as<br />
key players in the future of our country. <strong>Our</strong> goal is to build a sustainable, long term<br />
consensus around economic and social policy through the practice of engagement and<br />
negotiation with the important players in our economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will set up a formal process for the social partners (government, employers,<br />
unions) to discuss and negotiate the use of economic and social instruments for the<br />
development of a high wage high skill economy.<br />
Flexible working hours<br />
For many New Zealanders, particularly women, there is a conflict between work, family and<br />
caring responsibilities. Resolution of this conflict will require reducing the inequalities<br />
between men and women in paid and unpaid work, giving individuals more choice about how<br />
to combine paid employment with family, education, leisure and community activities and<br />
promoting greater flexibility while maintaining security at work to enable the productive use<br />
of the whole workforce.<br />
Caring for children and family members at home along with voluntary work throughout the<br />
community is vital work that benefits us all. Increasingly carers are finding it difficult to<br />
balance paid work and caring responsibilities. As the need for greater paid workforce<br />
participation of women and older workers continues this pressure will increase.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider and as appropriate use the findings of the Review of the<br />
Employment Relations (Flexible Working Arrangements) Act to promote and<br />
strengthen flexible working arrangements.<br />
Pay and employment equity<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a strong commitment to addressing gender pay inequality and recognises that a<br />
comprehensive approach is necessary to address this systemic and enduring inequality.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> proposes using the work of the Human Rights Commission and the Pay &<br />
Employment Equity Unit‟s detailed audits of the state sector gender pay gap to investigate<br />
legislative and policy changes required to close the gap. Solutions will need to be available<br />
to align with our human rights and employment relations frameworks.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop legislative and policy responses that:<br />
<br />
Recognise the right to equal pay.<br />
183
Require a positive duty to advance equality.<br />
Provide the mechanism to determine work of equal value.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will identify what we can learn from the work of the Pay and Employment<br />
Equity Unit to advance pay equity. We will seek solutions for all sectors of the<br />
economy (public and private).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that information about pay rates is made available so that<br />
comparisons can be made and unfair inequalities in pay rates between men and<br />
women are revealed.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider the introduction of a requirement that job vacancies have a<br />
minimum start rate advertised.<br />
Paid Parental Leave<br />
In order to give all children the best start possible and to reduce stress on parents, paid<br />
parental leave needs to be extended in coverage and longevity.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will have children at the centre of its social policy which will include a detailed<br />
strategy for parental leave.<br />
184
EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS – HEALTH AND SAFETY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
The tragic loss of life in the Pike River Mine disaster and Onehunga gas explosion is a wakeup<br />
call to improve our workplace health and safety standards. The loss of 85 New<br />
Zealanders in workplace accidents in the last year and tens of thousands of work related<br />
injury claims is not getting the attention it needs.<br />
For every person who is killed or injured at work, the loss and impact on families, workmates<br />
and friends is enormous. Not only does it cost families, but it costs all New Zealanders in<br />
health, ACC, and productivity.<br />
Despite improvements in workplace technologies, including safer machinery and equipment<br />
and greater employee involvement in workplace health and safety following <strong>Labour</strong>‟s<br />
amendments to the Health and Safety Employment Act, New Zealand‟s workplace accident<br />
rate remains far too high.<br />
Self-regulation has too often led to a lack of standards and recent funding cuts to key health<br />
and safety inspectorate positions means even less oversight of the limited regulations that<br />
we do have.<br />
New Zealand needs to ensure that workers and employers are encouraged to be open and<br />
honest about workplace safety. The introduction of workplace experience ratings in ACC is a<br />
step backwards which will discourage accident reporting.<br />
There needs to be a fundamental change in how we approach workplace health and safety.<br />
It has to be more than just a „tick-box‟ exercise for employers. It must become part of our<br />
everyday thinking and planning. It should be part of the national conversation in the same<br />
way the road toll is talked about and campaigned on.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to creating safer workplaces, preventing accidents by raising standards<br />
and ensuring that injured workers are entitled to compensation and assistance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will elevate public awareness and responses around workplace deaths and<br />
injuries to where they are taken as seriously as the road toll.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Commission of Inquiry into New Zealand Workplace Health<br />
and Safety, which would be tasked with examining why New Zealand‟s record of<br />
workplace accidents and injuries is not improving, what measures are needed to<br />
reduce them, how other comparable countries are able to have a lower per worker<br />
rate of injury and death and how changes should be implemented.<br />
185
This could mean moving to a regulatory framework where legislated standards are required,<br />
but as a minimum, worker participation, involvement of recognised health and safety<br />
representatives and effective enforcement in the workplace will be fundamental to any<br />
change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also ensure that any regulatory framework provides for a properly<br />
resourced occupational health and safety inspectorate that has the technical<br />
expertise to enforce the legislative requirements.<br />
High risk industries<br />
Special attention needs to be paid to the high-risk industries, such as construction, farming<br />
and road transport. This may require more than health and safety regulation, and specific<br />
standards need to be considered.<br />
Vehicles are the single largest cause of work-related injury and death in New Zealand and<br />
several accidents in the past year have shed light on poor safety standards in the trucking<br />
industry in particular.<br />
Truck drivers are under increasing pressure, working longer hours without breaks and<br />
scrimping on truck maintenance, all in order to earn a living. Safety is being sacrificed as a<br />
result. The industry needs better standards and better pay to help avoid more tragic<br />
accidents.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate a Safe Rates system in the road transport industry where<br />
remuneration and methods of contracting are considered as part of the overall<br />
safety requirements in the industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate whether labour standards are a factor in other high risk<br />
injuries and consider linking these to safety requirements, especially where workers<br />
are contracted.<br />
Safety in the mining industry<br />
The tragedy at Pike River has highlighted the dangers faced by workers in the mining<br />
industry. <strong>Labour</strong> awaits the findings of the Royal Commission into the Pike River disaster<br />
with interest but does not believe that New Zealand should wait until those findings are<br />
released in 2013 to begin taking action.<br />
A priority for <strong>Labour</strong> in government will be to legislate for mining health and safety standards,<br />
which will be developed in consultation with employers, unions and workers in the industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has identified Queensland‟s mining safety regulations as the model to emulate. In<br />
Queensland, an underground mine is required to have a principal hazard management plan<br />
providing for at least the following: emergency response, gas management, methane<br />
186
drainage, mine ventilation, spontaneous combustion and strata control.<br />
The regulations are very comprehensive, and the underground section contains provisions<br />
for emergencies, rescue and communication, electrical equipment and installations,<br />
explosives and explosive power tools, gas monitoring, mechanical, mine design, mining<br />
operations, ventilation and working environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to align the current mining safety legislation with the Queensland<br />
State legislation within a New Zealand context.<br />
We will examine how New Zealand and Australia can share mines safety standard setting<br />
oversight and enforcement for more effective safety regulation.<br />
Until they were removed by the National government in 1992, check inspectors were<br />
democratically-elected officials responsible solely for the safety of workers with the power,<br />
amongst others, to order the immediate withdrawal of miners from a mine or part of a mine<br />
that the check inspector deems dangerous.<br />
Check inspectors were (and are in Australia) experienced senior miners who have the trust<br />
of their fellow workers. Unlike company employed health and safety staff, check inspectors<br />
are responsible to the miners, not the company.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-instate check inspectors in New Zealand mines.<br />
187
ENERGY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand‟s renewable energy resources are the envy of the world. <strong>Our</strong> hydro, wind, and<br />
geothermal resources mean we are ideally placed to build an energy system that is<br />
affordable, sustainable, and reliable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s energy and climate change policies overlap in the dual need to improve energy use<br />
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge is to transition toward a fully<br />
sustainable energy system that weans us off greenhouse gas emitting energy sources such<br />
as imported oil. To that end, <strong>Labour</strong> has set these goals:<br />
● 90% of our electricity to be generated from renewable sources by 2025<br />
● halving our per capita domestic transport emissions by 2040 (taking 2007 as the base<br />
year)<br />
● carbon neutrality in the whole energy sector by 2040.<br />
Demand for oil is increasing. The time of peak conventional oil has already occurred or is<br />
imminent. We need to be transitioning to renewable energy.<br />
This does not mean that New Zealand should stop developing its own petroleum resources,<br />
in a world still heavily dependent on oil. However, <strong>Labour</strong> will insist on high environmental<br />
standards and stringent safeguards for petroleum exploration and development. This will<br />
particularly be so in our Exclusive Economic Zone.<br />
Renewable energy and energy efficiency make sense economically and will reduce our<br />
greenhouse gas emissions. Initiatives <strong>Labour</strong> took when last in government included energy<br />
and energy efficiency strategies, an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), and an obligation to<br />
sell biofuels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> boosted wind and geothermal electricity generation. We also laid the foundations for<br />
a sustainable transport network, especially public transport. But much more remains to be<br />
done.<br />
No electricity SOEs to be sold<br />
Apart from Contact Energy (privatised by a National government), the country‟s major<br />
electricity generators are 100% owned by the people of New Zealand as State Owned<br />
Enterprises (SOEs). They are Genesis Energy, Meridian Energy, and Mighty River Power.<br />
188
National intends to sell 49% of the shares in these assets. Foreign interests would inevitably<br />
end up owning many of these shares. The sell-off would be a forerunner to full privatisation<br />
in the future. <strong>Our</strong> major power generators would end up being controlled and largely owned<br />
overseas, and profits would go offshore.<br />
The electricity SOEs are our oilfields of the future. They must remain as 100% New Zealand<br />
owned. That means the government of the day can see they are run in the interests of all the<br />
people of New Zealand, including a commitment to security of supply, affordable power<br />
prices, renewable energy, and energy efficiency.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain our three electricity generating SOEs in 100 per cent public (i.e.<br />
Crown) ownership.<br />
The electricity market<br />
The New Zealand market for electricity is not sufficiently competitive to protect consumers<br />
from excessive prices.<br />
National created a pretend market, with monopoly profits reaped at the expense of<br />
consumers.<br />
Absent effective competition, there is no moral justification for allowing the fiction that the<br />
market acts as a proper control on prices. Absent effective competition, a hands-off<br />
approach to pricing enables the interests of consumers to be ignored and abused while<br />
those who hold market power gouge.<br />
Subsequent attempts to rein in monopoly powers in wholesale and retail electricity markets<br />
have resulted in a series of complex rules that make resource management plans seem<br />
straightforward, and still have not achieved adequate competition.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> pretend market produces some bizarre results. Someone who lives in Alexandra, next to<br />
the Clutha River which produces an abundance of renewable electricity, pays more than<br />
someone at distant load centres. How can that be anything other than a failure of the<br />
market?<br />
The lines part of the system is an absolute monopoly. There is only one set of lines coming<br />
to your house or business. After overcharging and underinvestment by some lines<br />
companies, the last <strong>Labour</strong> government regulated prices for lines.<br />
While there is some competitive pressure on prices in other parts of the electricity system,<br />
there is no doubt that the wholesale and retail electricity markets are not - and will never be -<br />
perfectly competitive. That is why we have regulatory oversight and complex rules governing<br />
the electricity industry which are not necessary in competitive markets.<br />
189
After many attempts to improve competition in these markets, many consumers and industry<br />
participants believe that in the absence of adequate competition consumers have and are<br />
being overcharged.<br />
The recent submission to the Electricity Authority by the Waitaki Power Trust provides a<br />
good description of the evidence. 28 In addition to questions about overall prices, the gap<br />
between residential and industrial tariffs is inexplicably large.<br />
Earlier, under <strong>Labour</strong>, the Commerce Commission conducted an inquiry, appointing<br />
Professor Frank Wolak, a world leading expert to investigate the New Zealand market.<br />
Sadly the result of that inquiry wasn‟t finalised and released until May 2009, after <strong>Labour</strong> left<br />
office.<br />
The findings were alarming. Prof Wolak found that over the period under review the four<br />
main generators – Contact, Genesis, Meridian and Mighty River Power –exercised their<br />
substantial market power to earn market rents estimated to be $4.3 billion. This averaged 18<br />
per cent of the total wholesale market revenues received by all generators over the entire<br />
period.<br />
The report also found that the excess profits which resulted from the exercise of market<br />
power were passed through entirely in the form of higher retail prices. Since then, prices<br />
have increased further.<br />
Another measure of the ineffectiveness of the market is the failure of our hedge market.<br />
Even after recent attempts by the Electricity Authority to reform this it remains a mere<br />
fraction of the size targeted.<br />
The sale of parts of the electricity SOEs will drive prices even higher. <strong>Our</strong> experience in New<br />
Zealand has clearly shown that sale of publicly owned infrastructure assets reinforces the<br />
incentive to maximise price, rather than tempers it. The willingness to invest in additional<br />
capacity is reduced, in part because tighter supply margins put upward pressure on prices<br />
and improve profitability.<br />
This should surprise no-one and will no doubt occur if shares in the SOE companies are<br />
sold. It is undeniable that the business motive to maximise shareholder returns is reinforced<br />
and political accountability for power prices is reduced.<br />
Market participants should be on notice that <strong>Labour</strong> believes there is ample evidence<br />
to conclude that there is insufficient competition in the retail and wholesale electricity<br />
markets. We are not convinced that the recent changes to market rules will cure the<br />
28 http://www.med.govt.nz/upload/70156/Electricity-Market-Review-Submission-127-Waitaki-Power-<br />
Trust.PDF.<br />
190
problem. After more than 10 years at attempts to create adequate competition, we<br />
are losing patience.<br />
Security of electricity supply<br />
It is essential that New Zealand‟s homes and businesses have a secure supply of electricity.<br />
A large part of our existing electricity generation has come from renewable hydro stations –<br />
but the limitations of lake storage mean that supply can be put under strain during dry years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to ensure a secure energy supply that provides for the country‟s<br />
energy needs now and into the future, while reducing the impact on the environment<br />
through increased use of renewable sources of energy.<br />
Diversity of supply is an important means of ensuring cheap, reliable electricity is always<br />
available. This means complementing our existing hydro, wind and geothermal electricity<br />
generation capacity with new technologies – including utilising New Zealand‟s abundant and<br />
renewable marine (tidal and wave) and biomass resources.<br />
Environmental costs<br />
An assessment of the costs of any new generation plant or energy infrastructure should<br />
include all environmental costs. That may, for example, be the landscape or biodiversity<br />
values of undammed rivers or sections of rivers, given that so many have already been<br />
dammed.<br />
For renewable energy generation, the relative degree of reversibility of the adverse<br />
environmental effects of proposed generation technologies will be taken into account.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the National Policy Statement for Renewable Electricity<br />
Generation <strong>2011</strong> by encouraging renewable generation with low environmental<br />
impacts, with a particular view to protecting rivers from being dammed.<br />
An assessment will also include the greenhouse gas produced, or avoided, by the project.<br />
These will be measured and priced through the ETS.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that an assessment of the costs of any new generation plant or<br />
energy infrastructure includes all the environmental costs involved.<br />
This is consistent with <strong>Labour</strong>‟s goal for the whole energy sector to be carbon neutral by<br />
2040, and with the intermediate target for 90% of our electricity to be generated from<br />
renewable sources by 2025. <strong>Labour</strong> is determined to achieve the 90% target.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that 90 per cent of New Zealand‟s electricity is generated from<br />
renewable sources by 2025.<br />
191
The previous <strong>Labour</strong> government banned until 2018 the building of new fossil-fuelled power<br />
stations to provide baseload electricity. This closed off the option of burning more fossil fuels<br />
to generate electricity, and gave further impetus to the development of renewable resources.<br />
We will re-impose such a ban.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ban the building of new baseload fossil-fuelled power stations until at<br />
least 2018.<br />
An obvious alternative for new baseload electricity generation is geothermal generation,<br />
which is expanding rapidly. Geothermal generation increased 21% between 2009 and 2010.<br />
This reflected both the economics of geothermal and the measures taken to facilitate its<br />
expansion by the previous <strong>Labour</strong> government.<br />
Emissions Trading Scheme<br />
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme introduced by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2008 was, by<br />
international standards, advanced. It included all six greenhouse gases covered by the<br />
Kyoto Protocol and was to encompass every sector of the economy. The ETS charged<br />
polluters for increases in emissions and rewarded those who cut emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to achieving a lasting consensus among New Zealand‟s main political<br />
parties on an ETS. We have consistently tried to work with the National <strong>Party</strong> to reach<br />
common ground. But we aren‟t prepared to compromise our fundamental principles to do so.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to link with trading partners, notably Australia, which are committing to<br />
responsible long-term reductions in carbon emissions. And we will get advice from periodic<br />
independent reviews provided for in the ETS legislation.<br />
National amended <strong>Labour</strong>‟s 2008 ETS, increasing the taxpayers‟ bill for New Zealand‟s<br />
greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated $50-110 billion (to 2050) and letting polluters off<br />
the hook at the cost of taxpayers. These amendments included putting a price cap on<br />
carbon, halving the amount of emissions units that must be bought or surrendered, and<br />
deferring the inclusion of agriculture to 2015.<br />
Most of the „free‟ allocation of emission units would go to agriculture, with its emissions being<br />
subsidised by other sectors of the economy and by taxpayers. Even then, National is<br />
equivocating on the essential inclusion of agriculture despite it being the country‟s largest<br />
greenhouse gas emitter (47% of the total).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to bringing agriculture into the ETS on 1 January 2013. The initial „free‟<br />
allocation to agriculture will be 90% of the sector‟s 2005 emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the effective implementation of the ETS, and strengthen it by<br />
bringing agriculture in on 1 January 2013.<br />
192
<strong>Labour</strong> will base the amount of „free‟ emissions units allocated to agriculture on 90<br />
per cent of its 2005 emissions.<br />
A recently-released review panel report recommended a number of changes for sectors<br />
already in the ETS (i.e. energy, forestry, industry, transport). <strong>Labour</strong> is considering this<br />
report.<br />
See <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Climate Change policy for further detail on the ETS – namely the importance<br />
of agriculture, promoting research and development, and complementary measures to the<br />
ETS.<br />
Promoting renewable energy<br />
The volumes of electricity produced by hydro and fossil fuel thermal power stations are<br />
highly controllable. This assists our electricity system in matching supply with demand.<br />
Moving to renewable sources of energy may require new infrastructure that can manage the<br />
variability of solar and wind power.<br />
For example, homeowners might in future generate more electricity through their own wind<br />
turbines or solar panels than they can use. But there is currently no system in place to allow<br />
smaller energy producers to sell this electricity back into the national grid.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate and develop new electricity system structures that can deal<br />
with higher proportions of variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar<br />
power, including homeowners selling surplus electricity back into the national grid.<br />
Marine (tidal and wave) energy presents a prospective future energy source, provided that<br />
the environmental impacts of any generating capacity are acceptable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore options for marine power.<br />
Small-scale renewable electricity generation<br />
Electricity is vital to the functioning of any house, workplace or community. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
understands that rural communities face specific difficulties in terms of electricity prices due<br />
to their isolation and the cost to distributors of maintaining infrastructure.<br />
We recognise that for some customers and communities it may make little sense to remain<br />
on the grid, and that local sources of generation are more appropriate. In some situations, it<br />
is becoming cheaper to build these sources than to maintain existing electricity lines.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote small scale renewable electricity generation for rural and isolated<br />
locations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work in partnership with rural communities, distributors and generators to identify<br />
and promote opportunities for localised alternative sources of generation. We will also<br />
193
investigate other opportunities to support investment in renewable generation that is not<br />
connected to the main distribution network.<br />
Solar hot water heating<br />
New Zealand has abundant solar energy resources. Heating water can account for up to<br />
40% of a household‟s electricity bill, and three-quarters of water heating costs can be saved<br />
by installing a solar water heating system.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to provide support for the installation of solar water heating<br />
systems in homes, and promote its installation in new houses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the feasibility of installing solar water heating in public<br />
buildings (e.g. hospitals, schools and marae), and will encourage the commercial<br />
building sector to do so as well.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with Canterbury local authorities to ensure that solar water heating<br />
is widely used in the post-earthquake rebuilding of homes and commercial buildings.<br />
Energy efficiency<br />
New Zealand must transition to a fully sustainable energy system. The growth in energy use<br />
has been a significant factor in New Zealand‟s increased greenhouse gas emissions since<br />
1990. By increasing the amount of electricity generated from renewable resources, we can<br />
decrease the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector.<br />
By improving energy efficiency, we can decrease electricity demand. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to<br />
energy efficiency and conservation so that less electricity is wasted. In particular, we must<br />
invest in improved energy efficiency where this is cheaper than the cost of generating extra<br />
energy or building extra energy infrastructure.<br />
The Electricity Authority regulates the electricity industry, in place of the former Electricity<br />
Commission. However, National removed the previous energy efficiency objective. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
will reinstate it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that New Zealand invests in improved energy efficiency where this<br />
is cheaper than the cost of generating extra energy or building extra energy<br />
infrastructure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will entrench the energy efficiency principle in all sectors, and in the<br />
objectives of the Electricity Authority.<br />
Energy efficiency at home<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote home insulation measures, such as retrofitting existing homes with<br />
ceiling and underfloor insulation. This both improves household energy efficiency and<br />
194
ensures that New Zealanders have warm, dry homes. <strong>Our</strong> record in introducing energy<br />
efficiency standards for new homes shows an ongoing concern for improving efficiency –<br />
and delivering the savings in energy costs greater efficiency brings.<br />
We aim for every home in New Zealand to be properly insulated, and will support this<br />
happening progressively (e.g. with the assistance of government grants or power company<br />
loans).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support every New Zealand home being properly insulated, and will<br />
provide or encourage appropriate assistance to achieve this.<br />
A programme to retrofit state houses began 10 years ago. A retrofit includes insulation of<br />
floors and ceilings, hot water cylinder wraps, lagging around hot water pipes, and efficient<br />
heater installation where appropriate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prioritise the insulation of the remaining state houses without proper<br />
insulation.<br />
Home insulation and efficient heating are great examples of how actions to tackle climate<br />
change can benefit us in other ways, including saving us money. Other examples are<br />
energy-efficient appliances and lighting, and the use of smart meters to lower peak electricity<br />
demand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the Electricity Authority to implement the 2009 recommendations<br />
on smart meters from the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment.<br />
Subsidies for landlords to upgrade rental housing to a reasonable insulation and heating<br />
standard have been available for a number of years. Many landlords have not availed<br />
themselves of this. That means substandard houses are too often let – frequently to low<br />
income families who cannot afford to heat them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require all rental properties to be insulated to meet the New Zealand<br />
standard for insulation by 2016.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes rental houses should be upgraded to a reasonable minimum energy<br />
performance standard.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will instruct the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) to<br />
develop and implement a minimum energy performance standard for residential<br />
rental housing.<br />
Improving the energy efficiency of our housing stock contributes to the sustainability of our<br />
nation overall. Not only is energy demand reduced, but health outcomes are improved.<br />
195
<strong>Labour</strong> will begin work on developing a building 'warrant of fitness' for energy<br />
efficiency in residential properties.<br />
Energy efficiency in businesses<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that businesses can be competitive and more productive by adopting<br />
energy efficiency and conservation measures and increasing their uptake of renewable<br />
energy. In doing so, they can better manage energy and emissions prices and become more<br />
profitable.<br />
EECA will take the lead in helping businesses become more energy efficient.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, through EECA, help businesses to save energy, and money, by<br />
increasing their uptake of cost effective energy management practices and<br />
technologies.<br />
Sustainable transport<br />
New Zealand needs to become much less heavily dependent on fossil-fuelled cars and<br />
trucks for transport of people and products. Transport emissions make up 19% of New<br />
Zealand‟s overall greenhouse gas emissions, with road transport accounting for 90% of<br />
these. We must greatly reduce these emissions.<br />
The foundations for a sustainable transport network were laid by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government<br />
with a 15-fold increase in public transport spending, electrifying Auckland rail, buying back<br />
KiwiRail, and legislating for sustainable biofuels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to promote public transport, cycling, walking, rail and biofuels, as well as<br />
coastal shipping and electric vehicles. This will ultimately lead to decreased greenhouse gas<br />
emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support funding for public transport and energy-efficient<br />
freight transport modes such as rail.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> aims to halve per capita transport emissions by 2040. This will also make transport<br />
more affordable and reduce oil imports (and in turn our international trade deficit).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will halve New Zealand‟s per capita transport emissions by 2040.<br />
Lifting the use of indigenous energy resources for transport will have positive spin-offs for<br />
the economy and the environment. For example, locally made sustainable biofuel can be<br />
produced using tallow and, as the technology becomes available, wood. Biofuel will both<br />
reduce our dependence on oil and cut our greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote locally produced biofuel, especially using wood as the<br />
technology becomes available.<br />
196
Electric vehicles<br />
Electric vehicles could make a significant difference to emissions production, if they are<br />
made from predominantly recyclable materials and powered from renewable sources.<br />
Building on our clean green electricity generation, <strong>Labour</strong> will work with the electric vehicle<br />
industry to encourage the uptake of electric vehicles.<br />
There is a role for government in establishing an environment that facilitates the large-scale<br />
roll-out of electric vehicles. Numbers will grow slowly at first, but volumes will increase as the<br />
production of electric vehicles ramps up internationally and prices come down.<br />
Electric vehicles used for local travel can be recharged from an owner‟s home. Vehicles<br />
used for longer distances, however, will need a supporting infrastructure of recharging<br />
stations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the introduction of a nationwide infrastructure to recharge electric<br />
vehicles.<br />
New Zealand should be one of the first countries to set up a nationwide infrastructure for<br />
charging electric vehicles. We will need to work through a variety of issues, including the<br />
cost and funding of recharging technology, and relevant health and safety issues.<br />
Petroleum resources<br />
Demand for oil is increasing. The time of peak conventional oil – when oil supplies reach a<br />
peak and are expected to dwindle thereafter – has already occurred or is imminent.<br />
Measures set out in this policy will lessen our dependence on petroleum imports, make New<br />
Zealand more resilient to international oil price shocks, and transition us to a renewable<br />
energy future. Meantime, however, oil remains the dominant source of energy in the<br />
transport sector.<br />
New Zealand has extensive petroleum resources and these cannot be ignored in a world still<br />
heavily dependent on oil. Petroleum exploration in New Zealand has increased and new oil<br />
and gas fields developed, with potential for more.<br />
The world is in transition to a post-oil future. Developing our petroleum resources should not<br />
slow our internal transition, but oil will continue to have an important role for some time to<br />
come. New Zealand has valuable resources that can be developed to our economic<br />
advantage.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that New Zealand benefits from development of our petroleum<br />
resources.<br />
197
The grounding of MV Rena off Tauranga has graphically illustrated the destructiveness of<br />
even a relatively small oil spill. The environmental risks of any deep sea drilling for petroleum<br />
resources – in our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – must be minimised.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently review New Zealand‟s preparedness for marine oil spills,<br />
especially the capability of Maritime New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that liability for clean-up of oil spills and financial losses lies with<br />
the polluters rather than with taxpayers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will accede to the international treaties which define and simplify the<br />
compensation regime that applies in the event of future oil spills.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the minimum technical requirements for navigation systems of<br />
large vessels operating in New Zealand waters.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will insist on high environmental standards and stringent safeguards for<br />
exploration and development of petroleum resources in the EEZ.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not allow deep sea drilling to occur unless such standards and<br />
safeguards are in place, as well as robust contingency plans and an effective rapid<br />
response capability if an incident occurs.<br />
Environmental controls in our EEZ are inadequate. We need to properly manage the<br />
environmental effects of currently unregulated activities in the EEZ.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will put a comprehensive oceans policy in place, including legislating to<br />
safeguard New Zealand‟s ocean ecosystems and to minimise the environmental risks<br />
of activities in our EEZ.<br />
The legislation will set out new rules and a new consents regime for the EEZ, and will be<br />
administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. These controls will manage the<br />
effects of petroleum and other activities in the EEZ.<br />
In setting up the new system, <strong>Labour</strong> will learn from international experience (e.g. the 2010<br />
Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster) and best international practice. <strong>Labour</strong> is attracted by the<br />
Norwegian model for environmental protection in petroleum exploration and development.<br />
That has provided independent and effective regulatory oversight, high environmental<br />
standards, consultation and coordinated information sharing, and a successful industry.<br />
Fracking<br />
Hydraulic fracturing, or „fracking‟ in the petroleum industry has been carried out in different<br />
ways for several decades, and occurs in New Zealand. It is, however, a controversial<br />
practice, especially in combination with the use of chemicals.<br />
198
Fracking has been banned or suspended in some places elsewhere in the world. We need to<br />
know about the implications of fracking for New Zealand. Either a strengthened EPA or the<br />
PCE would be well placed to inquire into it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will initiate an inquiry into fracking as a matter of priority.<br />
Lignite<br />
New Zealand‟s lignite resources are immense but the environmental case against largescale<br />
lignite use is overwhelming.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not support the mining of lignite, and its conversion to liquid fuels using current<br />
technologies, because of the high volume of greenhouse gases produced.<br />
Solid Energy, an SOE, wants to mine lignite deposits in Southland for this purpose. This<br />
would increase our national greenhouse gas emissions bill by at least 20%.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not support government capital, through an SOE, being invested into lignite<br />
development unless and until the resulting carbon emissions can be captured and stored<br />
economically and permanently. This technology is currently experimental, and unlikely to be<br />
practical in the foreseeable future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will therefore direct Solid Energy not to proceed with its liquid fuels lignite<br />
mining proposal.<br />
Even if offsets were available by way of tree planting (which would require huge plantings),<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would not approve this or other Solid Energy lignite mining proposals that are<br />
greenhouse gas intensive. Only emission capture at source and effective permanent storage<br />
would be acceptable to <strong>Labour</strong>.<br />
Any other new lignite processing would face the full cost of its greenhouse gas emissions<br />
under the ETS. Otherwise, this cost would unfairly fall on other sectors of the community or<br />
on taxpayers.<br />
Mining of other minerals<br />
Many products of mining are central to our way of life – in the vehicles we drive, the houses<br />
we live in, and the communications and other technologies we all rely upon.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not allow mining on high value conservation land, nor allow Solid Energy to mine<br />
lignite for liquid fuels. However, it is in New Zealand‟s economic interest that we mine our<br />
own valuable minerals, in appropriate areas, rather than importing them. That is provided<br />
environmental impacts can be, and are, appropriately mitigated under the Resource<br />
Management Act 1991 and the Crown Minerals Act 1991 (CMA).<br />
199
<strong>Labour</strong> will insist on high environmental safeguards in the development of New<br />
Zealand‟s mineral resources.<br />
Mining on high value conservation land<br />
Mining on high value conservation land had long been controversial before Parliament (in<br />
1997) enacted Schedule 4 of the CMA. Mining activity is prohibited on land described in<br />
Schedule 4. Areas can be added to, or taken out of, Schedule 4 by Order in Council.<br />
The high conservation value of Schedule 4 land prevails over potential mining value, except<br />
for certain low impact activities. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that Schedule 4 should be simplified and<br />
strengthened. This would provide greater certainty for all interests.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make automatic the closure of areas coming within the generic protected<br />
categories listed in Schedule 4 (e.g. national parks and marine reserves).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also make it clear that land may be added to Schedule 4 by Order in<br />
Council, but may not be taken out of the Schedule by that means.<br />
Mining on other conservation land<br />
Mining on Schedule 4 land would be in the wrong place. But mining can be accommodated<br />
elsewhere on the conservation estate. Mining access to this other land requires approval<br />
from the Minister of Conservation, who in practice has often granted it. The process for<br />
approval should be similar to that for other concessions on public conservation land,<br />
including provision for public input.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not amend the CMA to provide for joint Ministerial approval (rather than<br />
only the Minister of Conservation, or other land-holding Minister) for mining access to<br />
Crown land.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will align the access arrangement legal tests for mining activities with the<br />
legal tests for other concessions on public conservation land.<br />
For further detail on mining on conservation land, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Conservation policy. For<br />
undersea mining, see „Oceans‟ in <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Environment policy.<br />
200
ENVIRONMENT<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand‟s prosperity depends on long-term sustainability. This is not just for the benefit<br />
of the environment. Sustainability is integral to our economy, society, culture and way of life.<br />
Kiwis value clean air, clean water, open spaces and our remarkable natural landscapes.<br />
High environmental standards are central to our identity, social development and<br />
international competitiveness, and a vibrant and healthy future for all New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to achieving these high standards.<br />
The economy and the environment are indivisible – they are the same thing, not separate<br />
questions. The health of New Zealand‟s economy depends on preserving and enhancing our<br />
environmental assets. This will enable us to trade efficiently with overseas markets that are<br />
becoming increasingly concerned about environmental integrity.<br />
Major export earners (tourism, dairy, horticulture, forestry, meat, wool, fisheries, and film)<br />
now leverage an internationally competitive premium from the country‟s „clean green/100%<br />
pure‟ sustainable branding. To that we need to add „clever‟ in how we simultaneously<br />
achieve environmental, social and economic sustainability.<br />
This requires well-considered and robust initiatives developed in consultation and<br />
partnership with all those who have a stake in our sustainable branding being credible. We<br />
must work to find bold and innovative solutions to the challenges we face in enhancing our<br />
environment, our economy and our society. If we make New Zealand a great place to live,<br />
we can keep and attract the talent that we need to prosper.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to the environment is therefore all-embracing. It includes our policies in<br />
such key areas as Agriculture, Biosecurity, Climate Change, Conservation, Economic<br />
Development and Innovation, Energy, Fisheries, Forestry, and Water. This Environment<br />
policy covers subjects not dealt with in those separate policies.<br />
Sustainability<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that all things are interconnected, and that we are kaitiaki, or stewards, of<br />
the land, sea and air for future generations. <strong>Labour</strong>'s policies are aimed at guarding,<br />
protecting and restoring the resilience of the Earth's natural systems through community<br />
action, public ownership, appropriate regulation and pricing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> rejects National's approach of 'balancing‟ environmental and economic<br />
considerations. We recognise that the two are simply different sides of the same coin – of<br />
securing New Zealand's long-term sustainable prosperity.<br />
201
The goods and services that make up our economy are dependent on our planet's ecological<br />
systems. Yet natural capital is grossly undervalued in economic and cost-benefit<br />
calculations, which have a short-term focus. Natural systems are in bad shape. A disastrous<br />
3-4 degree warming of the Earth is looking increasingly likely, biodiversity is being lost at an<br />
alarming rate, and acidification is pushing the oceans close to their ecological limits.<br />
Like all economically developed nations, New Zealand is contributing to global climate<br />
change. <strong>Labour</strong> wants New Zealand to become a carbon neutral nation that takes full<br />
responsibility for its greenhouse gas emissions. We also need to address issues around<br />
water supply and quality, deal more effectively and efficiently with our waste, and ensure<br />
New Zealanders are breathing clean air.<br />
Leading by example<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes government must set the standard and take a leadership role on<br />
sustainability. We will focus on the development of better public sector business practice<br />
with clear criteria around how to operate sustainably. This includes a whole of government<br />
approach for energy efficiency and procurement of low-emission vehicles.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish measurable standards and will encourage leadership of<br />
sustainable practice across the public sector.<br />
The development of sustainable business practice across the public sector will make it<br />
possible to establish benchmarks and standards for private businesses wishing to work with<br />
government agencies to provide goods and services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a programme within government that:<br />
Establishes benchmarks and standards for what sustainable businesses look<br />
like<br />
Modifies the government contract tendering system to identify green<br />
businesses that comply with those benchmarks and standards and which<br />
want to tender for government contracts.<br />
Environment centres and environmental education<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> values the role Environment Centres play in providing advice and guidance to their<br />
local communities and in bringing people together to take action to protect and enhance the<br />
environment. Environment Centres also provide valuable assistance to local authorities in<br />
the implementation of local and regional plans. However, many areas of the country do not<br />
yet have Environment Centres.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the development of a network of Environment Centres around<br />
the country, and support them in delivering guidance and leadership on sustainable<br />
business practice within their communities.<br />
202
We must encourage future generations to value conservation, engage with nature, and<br />
understand environmental sustainability by initiatives such as the <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Enviro-Schools<br />
programme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate the Enviro-Schools programme.<br />
Resource Management Act<br />
The Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) is the cornerstone of New Zealand‟s<br />
environmental management. It provides a robust process for managing the environmental<br />
impacts of activities. This is to ensure that natural resources are managed sustainably, and<br />
our environment protected for future generations.<br />
The RMA allows for all environmental impacts to be considered together in an integrated<br />
way. It also encourages community input to find local solutions to local issues. Most<br />
resource consents are processed quickly and at reasonable cost. Less than 1% of consents<br />
are declined.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> made reforms to the RMA to reduce delays and costs, and we supported local<br />
government, RMA practitioners and stakeholders to developing best practice in the use of<br />
the Act. Further improvements can be made.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide further guidance to local government, RMA practitioners and<br />
stakeholders tools in the effective use of the RMA.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promulgate national environmental standards where appropriate (e.g.<br />
water or waste standards).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes the way the RMA and other legislation interacts could be improved with<br />
enhancements to cross-over between different pieces of legislation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate opportunities for improving processes between the RMA and<br />
other legislation that will help reduce the time and cost of consent applications,<br />
without compromising opportunities for public input.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is mindful that treaty settlements are responding to a greater aspiration of iwi to<br />
strengthen their contribution to decisions affecting resource management, e.g. mineral<br />
exploration, infrastructure development, heritage protection, and water issues.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that local government engages effectively under the RMA with iwi,<br />
in planning, policy-making, and decision-making.<br />
National policy statements<br />
Significant improvements can be made to RMA implementation by having more guidance<br />
from central government to regional and local government on issues where consistency is<br />
203
desirable. That can be achieved through national environmental standards, or by issuing<br />
national policy statements (NPSs) under the RMA.<br />
Some NPSs have already been issued, including on coastal matters, electricity transmission,<br />
renewable electricity generation, and freshwater management. An NPS is also proposed on<br />
indigenous biodiversity.<br />
National‟s NPS on freshwater management gutted the draft NPS commissioned by <strong>Labour</strong>,<br />
by only requiring regional councils to adopt water quality standards by 2030, without the<br />
requirement for overall national environmental standards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently strengthen the NPS on Freshwater Management <strong>2011</strong> in line<br />
with the draft proposed by a board of inquiry.<br />
An example where strengthening may be required is the NPS on renewable electricity, which<br />
fails to promote many supply-side efficiencies, such as smart metering. Also, the proposed<br />
NPS on indigenous biodiversity merely restates existing conditions, rather than seeking to<br />
extend the precautionary approach.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen other existing or proposed NPSs where they are clearly<br />
inadequate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will be robust in issuing NPSs on a range of matters where they would be desirable.<br />
These could include biofuels (taking as a starting point the Parliamentary Commissioner for<br />
the Environment‟s recent report) and sustainability education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will issue NPS on a range of matters where central government guidance to<br />
regional and local government is desirable.<br />
Urban design<br />
Urban design is critical to the quality of our lives, our economic productivity, and our<br />
determination to achieve sustainability. Urban development and rural intensification in highlyvalued<br />
natural areas must be avoided. The rebuild of Christchurch provides an opportunity<br />
for world-class sustainable urban design.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will pay great attention to urban design, with particular focus also on Auckland. We<br />
want to see the Auckland Plan strengthened by making it more specific on issues like<br />
coastal protection, nationally and regionally significant recreational areas, open-space areas,<br />
ecological areas, landscapes, and areas of historical significance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will pay great attention to urban design, with a particular focus on the rebuild<br />
of Christchurch and strengthening the Auckland Plan.<br />
204
Trees are a vital part of our urban environment. They provide beauty, character and shelter.<br />
But National has amended the RMA to prohibit local councils from providing general<br />
protection for trees (e.g. by requiring a consent for cutting down any tree over a certain size).<br />
Trees can be now be protected only if they are individually identified in the district plan or<br />
located within a reserve. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that councils, on behalf of their communities,<br />
should be able to choose how they protect their local trees, especially against development<br />
pressures.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review section 76 of the RMA to ensure that urban trees have a proper<br />
level of protection.<br />
Institutional changes<br />
It is critical that the various elements of New Zealand‟s institutional arrangements for<br />
managing and protecting the environment work well. We should improve their effectiveness<br />
where we can. Two such elements are the recently established Environmental Protection<br />
Agency (EPA), and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the EPA so that it is a comprehensive, transparent and strong<br />
environmental regulator with clear powers and purposes, including above all to<br />
protect the environment (a function that it currently lacks).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support comprehensive, independent authoritative environmental<br />
reporting by the PCE, and will ensure that her office has the powers and resources<br />
required to carry this function out without compromising her other duties.<br />
Fracking<br />
Hydraulic fracturing, or „fracking‟ in the petroleum industry has been carried out in different<br />
ways for several decades, and occurs in New Zealand. It is, however, a controversial<br />
practice, especially in combination with the use of chemicals.<br />
Fracking has been banned or suspended in some places elsewhere in the world. We need to<br />
know about the implications of fracking for New Zealand. Either a strengthened EPA or the<br />
PCE would be well placed to inquire into it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will initiate an inquiry into fracking as a matter of priority.<br />
Oceans<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the important physical relationship New Zealanders have with the marine<br />
environment. Internationally oceans are under threat including from acidification, which is<br />
pushing them close to their ecological limits.<br />
205
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s vision is for healthy oceans that are wisely managed. In exercising economic<br />
opportunities, we must ensure the marine environment is protected for generations to come.<br />
A comprehensive oceans policy is needed.<br />
The grounding of MV Rena off Tauranga has graphically illustrated the destructiveness of<br />
even a relatively small oil spill. The environmental risks of any deep sea drilling for petroleum<br />
resources – in our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – must be minimised.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently review New Zealand‟s preparedness for marine oil spills,<br />
especially the capability of Maritime New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that liability for clean-up of oil spills and financial losses lies with<br />
the polluters rather than with taxpayers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will accede to the international treaties which define and simplify the<br />
compensation regime that applies in the event of future oil spills.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the minimum technical requirements for navigation systems of<br />
large vessels operating in New Zealand waters.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will insist on high environmental standards and stringent safeguards for<br />
exploration and development of petroleum resources in the EEZ.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not allow deep sea drilling to occur unless such standards and<br />
safeguards are in place, as well as robust contingency plans and an effective rapid<br />
response capability if an incident occurs.<br />
Environmental controls in our EEZ are inadequate. We need to properly manage the<br />
environmental effects of currently unregulated activities in the EEZ.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will put a comprehensive oceans policy in place, including legislating to<br />
safeguard New Zealand‟s ocean ecosystems and to minimise the environmental risks<br />
of activities in our EEZ.<br />
The legislation will set out new rules and a new consents regime for the EEZ, and will be<br />
administered by the EPA. These controls will manage the effects of activities and their<br />
disturbance of the sea floor. Such activities include (or could in future) petroleum exploration,<br />
mining, marine farming, energy generation, and carbon capture and storage.<br />
In setting up the new system, <strong>Labour</strong> will learn from international experience (e.g. the 2010<br />
Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster) and best international practice. <strong>Labour</strong> is attracted by the<br />
Norwegian model for environmental protection in petroleum exploration and development.<br />
That has provided independent and effective regulatory oversight, high environmental<br />
standards, consultation and coordinated information sharing, and a successful industry.<br />
206
Waste<br />
The Waste Minimisation Act 2008 was passed by <strong>Labour</strong>. <strong>Labour</strong> wants to encourage New<br />
Zealanders to deal with waste in a smarter, more co-ordinated way so that we use our<br />
resources sustainably. We want to reduce our impact on the environment, while maximising<br />
commercial opportunity and new business opportunities.<br />
Central government needs to provide clearer direction on how to minimise waste and on the<br />
balance between waste and recyclables. We believe more emphasis could be applied to<br />
„front-of-pipe‟ solutions by focusing on how we can reduce the potential for waste at the very<br />
beginning of production and design.<br />
Product stewardship schemes under the Waste Minimisation Act need to be widely<br />
deployed. Implementation of the Act has languished under National, and few schemes have<br />
been established. The first scheme <strong>Labour</strong> will set up will be for e-waste, including analogue<br />
TV sets, so that these are not dumped wholesale into landfills when the digital switchover<br />
begins in September 2013.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that product stewardship schemes are widely deployed, and will<br />
urgently set up a scheme for e-waste.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use product stewardship schemes to reduce waste and to encourage<br />
ways of commercialising waste where there is a potential market.<br />
A key part of waste minimisation is to make producers, importers, retailers and consumers<br />
take responsibility for the environmental effects of their products in a „cradle-to-grave‟<br />
approach. This has the potential to greatly improve how we deal with some of the more<br />
difficult waste such as electronic goods.<br />
There needs to be an effective system for managing the disposal of hazardous waste.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that policy and practice for the management and disposal of<br />
hazardous waste is monitored and reported on and, where appropriate,<br />
enhancements implemented.<br />
Air quality<br />
Air quality, along with the quality of our whole environment, is important to the health of<br />
Kiwis. New Zealand has relatively good air quality due to our low population density, close<br />
proximity to the sea, and remoteness from other continents and sources of pollution.<br />
However, there are areas (mostly urban) around New Zealand where concentrations of air<br />
pollution are high, especially during low wind conditions where there is high traffic density<br />
and where home heating is mainly by open fires or wood burners. This pollution has<br />
significant health effects.<br />
207
<strong>Labour</strong> introduced National Environmental Standards for Air Quality in 2004. National is<br />
allowing extra years for implementation. <strong>Labour</strong> will not allow any further slippage.<br />
New Zealand has one of the highest rates of car ownership in the world and a relatively old<br />
vehicle fleet. <strong>Labour</strong> set standards requiring upgrade of the fleet and a reduction in vehicle<br />
emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will assist regional councils to implement the National Environmental<br />
Standards for Air Quality by:<br />
● Encouraging homeowners to adopt energy-efficiency measures and install<br />
cleaner sources of home heating<br />
● Further reducing the amount and toxicity of vehicle emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes there is opportunity for local authorities to take leadership in reducing<br />
emissions in their areas. Emissions reduction programmes with a local focus are one step<br />
towards reducing our total impact on the environment, particularly on the air we breathe.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop tools for local authorities that will assist in the development and<br />
implementation of emissions reduction programmes.<br />
For more on energy efficiency at home and in businesses, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Energy policy.<br />
Genetic modification<br />
The Royal Commission on genetic modification (GM) reported in 2001. The Commission<br />
recommended a precautionary approach whereby New Zealand‟s unique environment would<br />
be protected but future options to take advantage of this new science would not be closed<br />
off. <strong>Labour</strong> endorsed that approach.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will insist on zero tolerance of unapproved GM organisms.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> strengthened New Zealand‟s system of managing GM organisms (GMOs) to being<br />
one of the most robust and stringent in the world. We believe accountability and traceability<br />
of GMOs is necessary to protect New Zealand‟s unique environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will redirect government research funding toward supporting non-GM means<br />
of raising agricultural productivity, such that GM science in the lab remains supported<br />
but research targeting the outdoor use of GMOs gives way to non-GM projects.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will protect farmers who do not wish to adopt GM technology by ensuring the<br />
liability regime for use of GMOs that cause harm is strengthened.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the EPA is obliged to set conditions for the use of GMOs that<br />
align with any relevant policies put in place by regional councils.<br />
208
Non-GM producers must be able to maintain GM-free production and identify their products<br />
as such. We must ensure New Zealand‟s credibility as a market supplier of high quality, GMfree<br />
products in a world that is increasingly demanding such products.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure:<br />
● A robust segregation and traceability regime for genetically modified crops<br />
● An enhanced public register of non-compliance with genetic modification<br />
controls<br />
● Mandatory labelling of genetically modified propagation material at the point<br />
of sale.<br />
209
REFORMING THE EARTHQUAKE COMMISSION<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
The Earthquake Commission (EQC) largely worked as intended after the devastating<br />
Canterbury earthquakes, despite being severely tested by the scale of the disasters. But with<br />
the Natural Disaster Fund now depleted and many lessons learned from the events in<br />
question, <strong>Labour</strong> believes it is necessary to review and reform several aspects of the EQC to<br />
ensure it is effective in responding to future disasters.<br />
In summary, <strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Ensure Widespread EQC Coverage<br />
Increase the Cap on EQC Cover<br />
Make the Levy Proportionate<br />
Cover Temporary Accommodation Expenses<br />
Review the Operations of Earthquake Commission<br />
Ensure widespread EQC coverage<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make EQC coverage universal by collecting levies through the local<br />
authority rates system and update the rules on land cover.<br />
If a homeowner has private home insurance, then they also have EQC cover. Private<br />
insurance companies collect the levy for the government via its premiums. As such, EQC<br />
coverage is not universal. When uninsured properties are damaged in an earthquake or<br />
other natural disaster they are not eligible for an EQC payout and, in the case of Canterbury,<br />
uninsured homeowners were excluded from the Government‟s offer to buy red zone<br />
properties.<br />
Making the EQC levy compulsory for homeowners via the rates system would eliminate the<br />
„moral hazard‟ faced by the government when there are a substantial number of under- or<br />
uninsured homeowners with large repair bills after a natural disaster.<br />
In Canterbury there was a backlash to suggestions that the government might provide<br />
assistance to those not covered by EQC after failing to take out private insurance. Such<br />
assistance for the uninsured is viewed as unfair by those homeowners who have prudently<br />
paid their insurance premiums to ensure they are covered.<br />
210
Neither the Insurance Council nor the Earthquake Commission hold robust figures on the<br />
proportion of households without home insurance, but in Canterbury there were an estimate<br />
10,000 houses under- or uninsured prior to last September‟s earthquake. 29<br />
Collecting the levy through local authority rates would also provide the EQC with revenue for<br />
repairing land. Currently EQC receives no premium for its coverage of land (as opposed to<br />
buildings), but the escalating value of residential land in recent years has resulted in much<br />
higher payouts. Collecting the levy through rates would allow the EQC to meet the rising cost<br />
of repairing damaged land.<br />
Some elements of the EQC‟s land insurance are unfair. The size of a claim can be<br />
influenced by a house‟s proximity to the section boundary, or whether it is a bungalow or<br />
multi-storey (i.e. the latter occupies less ground area). Variations in district plans can also<br />
affect entitlements. The coverage of damage to access ways is limited to 60 metres and this<br />
discriminates against rural homeowners. These aspects of the EQC insurance scheme will<br />
receive attention from <strong>Labour</strong>‟s review.<br />
A compulsory EQC levy can be added easily to quarterly rates bills without burdensome<br />
compliance costs given the system is already established. <strong>Labour</strong> will work with councils to<br />
make sure that this change does not result in additional administrative costs.<br />
The benefits of a compulsory, universal levy are clear: when New Zealand faces large-scale<br />
disasters, all of those affected will have guaranteed EQC cover. A rates-based system is fair<br />
and simple, clearing the way for swift and efficient recoveries in the future.<br />
Increase the cap on EQC cover<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the $100,000 cap on the EQC‟s liability – the new cap will be<br />
determined in consultation with the EQC and the insurance sector.<br />
The EQC derives its income from a levy paid through insurance companies. The levy is<br />
based on the value of a home and its contents: 5 cents per $100 for the first $100,000 value<br />
of a home plus $20,000 of contents up to a maximum of $69 per year including GST. The<br />
EQC will cover up to $100,000 worth of damage to an insured home in an earthquake, as<br />
well as $20,000 of damage to contents.<br />
National has announced that it intends to increase the levy to 15 cents per $100 of insurance<br />
cover, meaning the maximum annual payment will be $207. The increased levy is designed<br />
to speed the recapitalisation of the EQC‟s Natural Disaster Fund. The caps of $100,000 and<br />
$20,000 for coverage of damage to home and contents respectively would be retained by<br />
National.<br />
29 ‘Quake-hit uninsured may get govt bailout’, 3 News website, 7 September 2010:<br />
http://www.3news.co.nz/Quake-hit-uninsured-may-get-govt-bailout/tabid/423/articleID/174692/Default.aspx<br />
211
The $100,000 cap on home damage was set in 1993 based on construction costs from that<br />
time. The EQC advised the incoming National Government in 2008 that the cap should be<br />
doubled to $200,000 in order to meet the cost of construction, which has greatly increased<br />
since 1993. A claim of $30,000 in 1993 amounts to $60,000 in today‟s money.<br />
Further, EQC‟s exposure to payments for land damage has greatly increased in recent<br />
years: in 2003 the estimated value of all land under the EQC was $65.6 billion; this trebled to<br />
$207.6 billion in 2007. Yet over this period the EQC‟s premium income rose by just 9.25%.<br />
We are aware that raising the EQC‟s cap will commensurately reduce the level of risk to<br />
which private insurance companies are exposed. Given some of the disaster risk will be<br />
transferred from the private market to EQC, we would expect insurance companies to lower<br />
their premiums accordingly.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, in setting the new cap, require that the newly created Insurance<br />
Commissioner negotiates with insurance companies to make sure that private<br />
premiums are reasonable and reflect the Crown‟s taking on of more risk from natural<br />
disasters.<br />
Make the levy proportionate<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate altering the EQC levy to make it progressive, rather than a flat<br />
rate.<br />
More valuable properties are likely to incur more expensive damage in an earthquake than<br />
less valuable properties. Owners of more expensive homes, therefore, are likely to receive<br />
greater payouts than owners of less expensive homes, despite all homeowners paying the<br />
same flat-rate EQC levy.<br />
Making the levy proportionate to the value of the property would be more progressive.<br />
Homeowners with more expensive properties would pay a greater proportion of the levy.<br />
Cover temporary accommodation expenses<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will expand the insurance coverage of the Earthquake Commission to include<br />
temporary accommodation assistance.<br />
Standard home insurance policies generally cover much of the cost incurred by claimants<br />
when they are forced from their damaged homes as a result of an insured disaster. A range<br />
of expenses are covered including hotel bills.<br />
However, insurance policies for temporary accommodation expenses are usually finite – as<br />
many Cantabrians discovered to their detriment. As we saw in Canterbury, large-scale<br />
disasters can leave people homeless for many weeks or months.<br />
212
Undoubtedly, the Government has a responsibility to assist displaced people who are not<br />
covered by temporary accommodation assistance. The National Government was slow to<br />
respond when Cantabrians‟ private temporary accommodation expired, creating uncertainty<br />
at a difficult time.<br />
Expanding EQC cover to include temporary accommodation expenses won‟t mean that<br />
private insurers stop being required to provide cover. Rather, the EQC cover would kick in<br />
once any private cover has expired.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has previously announced that it would establish an independent Insurance<br />
Commissioner, who will design a plain-English household insurance “template” which<br />
includes certain minimum provisions such as temporary accommodation assistance.<br />
Review the operations of Earthquake Commission<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the structure and operation of EQC to ensure the lessons of the<br />
Canterbury earthquake are used to secure the Commission‟s long-term reliability.<br />
The Canterbury earthquakes have exposed a number of issues and problems with the<br />
operation and structure of EQC, including:<br />
Complicated claims processes<br />
Confusion arising from claimants dealing with more than one agent (EQC and a private<br />
insurer)<br />
Delayed payouts to contractors from EQC, as well as confusion among claimants<br />
about the conditions attached to payouts<br />
Unreasonableness of the three-month time limit for the notification of EQC claims, and<br />
Complicated „excess‟ policy that hasn‟t been updated since 1993.<br />
As a result of the issues outlined above, <strong>Labour</strong> will initiate an extensive review of the<br />
Earthquake Commission‟s operations. The review will look at the EQC‟s assessment and<br />
triage process, considering whether there is alignment with the processes of private insurers.<br />
Looking forward, we will attempt to minimise the number of assessments required after a<br />
disaster to ensure quick pay-outs for victims, as well as ensuring the EQC can promptly<br />
access trained assessors.<br />
The EQC‟s internal processes will also be subject to review, including the billing and<br />
payments process. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring households and contractors undertaking<br />
repair work have prompt access to funds in order to speed the recovery process after a<br />
disaster has occurred.<br />
As part of the review, <strong>Labour</strong> would also consider the existing EQC excess policy in light of<br />
the Canterbury earthquakes and assess whether changes need to be made.<br />
213
The EQC cannot accept claims more than three months after the insured event – and this is<br />
another aspect that <strong>Labour</strong> will review. The EQC has said there is “no good reason” for the<br />
limit, and it could be extended to one or two years. 30<br />
For more information about <strong>Labour</strong>‟s package of measures designed to kick-start<br />
Canterbury‟s recovery, see our Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Plan.<br />
30 Briefing to the Incoming Minister, Earthquake Commission, 2008<br />
214
ETHNIC AFFAIRS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand‟s ethnic population will reach 500,000 by the <strong>2011</strong> general <strong>election</strong> and by<br />
2026 it is projected to be as large as the current Māori population. This growing diversity<br />
influences many aspects of our lives and shapes our economic and social institutions. No<br />
one is immune from the impact of our growing ethnic pluralism.<br />
This is also a reflection of our globalised world. How all New Zealanders adjust to and reap<br />
the benefits of these changes will impact on our social and economic development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that our ethnic policy complements our commitment to the Treaty of<br />
Waitangi and the place of Māori as tangata whenua in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> accepts that the growth in the number of ethnic communities and people from<br />
different cultures does not automatically guarantee their full and productive participation in all<br />
aspects of New Zealand life. However, <strong>Labour</strong> believes that the desire to be integrated as<br />
productive members of New Zealand society exists among ethnic communities.<br />
Ethnic communities want to live in a New Zealand where they can preserve their family life,<br />
where their children can participate fully and on equal terms and where their elderly are able<br />
to play their traditional roles in the family. <strong>Our</strong> ethnic communities aspire to be in<br />
employment that is consistent with their qualifications and experience. They wish to see<br />
their children receive the best education possible. Many members of ethnic communities<br />
wish to take up opportunities to be successful in business and the professions and to<br />
contribute to New Zealand‟s overall success and development.<br />
While making a full contribution to New Zealand society our ethnic communities expect to<br />
access the full range of goods and services on the same basis as all other citizens.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that New Zealand society is enriched by our ethnic diversification, and that<br />
realising the full potential of our growing diversity cannot be left to chance. It will depend on<br />
the state adopting a deliberate and constructive process to creatively capitalise on this new<br />
pluralism and create an inclusive contemporary New Zealand identity that recognises our<br />
shared histories as citizens of Aotearoa New Zealand. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ethnic and related policies<br />
are designed to move New Zealand‟s ethnic relations beyond symbolism to joint nation<br />
building.<br />
215
Integration of ethnic communities at every level of New Zealand society<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Ministry of Ethnic Affairs (MEA). The MEA will play a far more<br />
significant role in articulating and advancing <strong>Labour</strong>‟s new ethnic policy, from<br />
symbolism to joint nation building.<br />
The MEA will maintain comprehensive intelligence on New Zealand‟s growing pluralism and<br />
international best practice for integrating ethnic communities at every level of national life. It<br />
will have responsibilities for positioning New Zealand as a leader in integrating ethnic<br />
communities with indigenous and other New Zealanders.<br />
The MEA will have responsibilities for undertaking and commissioning research on factors<br />
that enhance the integration of ethnic communities and those that represent risks to<br />
successful integration.<br />
The MEA will be empowered to investigate, report, and advise on the provision of services,<br />
especially state services, to ethnic communities.<br />
The MEA will monitor and advise on representation and participation by ethnic community<br />
members in governance, leadership and advisory roles. It will play a more significant role in<br />
preparing members of ethnic communities for such roles.<br />
The MEA will monitor outcomes for ethnic communities in the major areas affecting them<br />
including: health, employment, education, housing, and settlement. The MEA will provide<br />
advice on the actions to be taken if performance is below what might be expected.<br />
Deepening awareness of our growing pluralism<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that we should embrace our growing pluralism and the benefits of a being<br />
part of a globalised world. We will have a focus on developing a deeper awareness and<br />
understanding of ethnic communities and their place in New Zealand.<br />
The opportunities provided through existing organisations, the education system, the work<br />
environment, and in the community through festivals and celebrations will be evaluated for<br />
their potential to inform a common, accurate and potentially powerful understanding of our<br />
pluralism.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will begin an honest and constructive conversation with ethnic communities<br />
on their transition to New Zealand, their aspirations and on the factors that will<br />
enhance their transition to citizenship.<br />
216
Developing a process for consultation<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that constructive participation by ethnic communities requires a mechanism<br />
for regular consultation with government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the new Ministry of Ethnic Affairs to develop such a mechanism in<br />
partnership with leaders of ethnic communities.<br />
Some of the issues that this entity will be asked to consider at an early stage are: the<br />
adequacy of current radio and television channels providing dedicated content for significant<br />
ethnic communities; and needs of elderly members of ethnic communities.<br />
Strengthening New Zealand‟s international trade, social and cultural<br />
relations<br />
New Zealand has either established or is in the process of establishing free trade<br />
agreements (FTA) with a number of countries. New Zealand is also on the hunt for new<br />
markets for its exports and joint ventures. Many of our new ethnic groups are the diasporas<br />
of these countries. They provide New Zealand with much needed intelligence and goodwill<br />
in its search for new market opportunities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop explicit policies and establish new mechanisms to reach our<br />
potential markets through the expertise of these diasporas. This will be especially<br />
beneficial with countries that have particular ways of doing business that are not<br />
readily understood by others.<br />
The diasporas will also be particularly helpful in social and cultural exchanges and in<br />
strengthening New Zealand‟s relationships with new international partners.<br />
Constructively working on eliminating „everyday racism‟<br />
The Human Rights protections available to every New Zealander also apply to all ethnic<br />
groups. However many members of ethnic communities have everyday experiences that<br />
impact on their confidence, sense of self-worth and inclusion. In subtle ways these<br />
experiences shape the behaviours of many members of our ethnic communities and the true<br />
potential of our pluralism is put at risk.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will focus on this aspect of race relations and develop, in partnership with all<br />
communities, actions that over time will render everyday racism obsolete.<br />
217
Ensuring mainstream policies and services are responsive to ethnic<br />
communities<br />
Ethnic communities sometimes report treatment by mainstream agencies that are dismissive<br />
of them, which demean them and make them appear foolish. This happens when they are<br />
accessing health, education and welfare services, in employment and when accessing<br />
goods and services.<br />
From time to time highly-qualified and experienced non-European migrants have been<br />
subjected to heavy scrutiny regarding their qualifications and experiences. Many are<br />
underemployed in fields that do not use their professional qualifications. They usually<br />
experience humiliation when they are turned away from jobs for which they are highly<br />
qualified because they do not have New Zealand experience.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a process, in partnership with ethnic communities, service<br />
providers, educational institutions and employers, to ensure that services are<br />
responsive to the needs of ethnic communities, are provided in an appropriate<br />
manner and where their skills are appropriately acknowledged and utilised.<br />
Participation in leadership roles<br />
Currently ethnic groups are under-represented in governance and advisory roles. We would<br />
like to hasten the pace of participation by ethnic communities in governance, leadership and<br />
advisory roles.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that appropriate members of ethnic communities are selected,<br />
mentored and appointed to governance and advisory roles in organisations that<br />
make decisions affecting communities, institutions and businesses.<br />
Ensuring immigration policies are responsive to family and communal<br />
aspects of settlement<br />
The ethnic community relies on responsive immigration policies to facilitate their aspirations<br />
for family reunification and family visitation. There is a balance to be achieved between<br />
these and New Zealand‟s need for an appropriately qualified and competent work force.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, in consultation with ethnic communities and their representatives, ensure<br />
that immigration policies are responsive to the family and communal aspects of<br />
settlement (for example the need for priests, language teachers).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that policies and practices do not place undue restrictions and<br />
impose demands that effectively bar families from being together periodically for the<br />
celebration of particular religious and cultural events.<br />
218
Strengthening settlement and adjustment services for refugees and<br />
asylum seekers<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that refugees bring particular skills, knowledge and experiences and should<br />
be productively engaged in their own settlement in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop an integrated national plan for refugee resettlement in<br />
collaboration with leaders in the refugee community and from refugee-led agencies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen mental health services for refugees. It will review refugee<br />
entitlements for consistency. <strong>Labour</strong> will also review refugee family reunification<br />
policies to ensure families are reunited wherever possible and desirable.<br />
We must also support refugees and new migrants to develop skills that will help them<br />
integrate into New Zealand, find work and contribute to New Zealand society to their full<br />
potential.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will therefore reinstate the Refugee and Migrant Study Grants, both worth $1<br />
million per annum.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also allocate additional funding for English for Speakers of Other<br />
Languages (ESOL) provision to enable all refugees and migrants to achieve a good<br />
level of English literacy.<br />
219
FINANCE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision - Owning <strong>Our</strong> Future<br />
To build a better New Zealand we need an economy that works for all of our people and not<br />
just a privileged few.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a positive vision for a New Zealand that offers everyone a secure home, a<br />
decent job, a land to love, and a future to look forward to.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> values put people before profit. We stand for:<br />
A stronger, more dynamic and innovative economy that pays its way in the world<br />
through export led growth<br />
An economy where the rewards of effort are fairly shared so that all our families are<br />
able to achieve their dreams and goals<br />
Caring, connected and safe communities where everyone gets a fair go, and everyone<br />
contributes their fair share<br />
A sustainable economy that works in harmony with our environment for the long term.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has always believed in equality of opportunity: that every Kiwi, regardless of their<br />
family background or circumstances, deserves the chance to succeed through their own<br />
talent and hard work. The community, working together through the state, has provided<br />
those opportunities to everyone.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has also always argued that “equality of opportunity” on its own is not enough. Kiwis<br />
have found over the last three decades that the very structures and forces of our economy<br />
have generated such wide inequality that for most people, getting ahead has become<br />
harder, regardless of how hard people work.<br />
New Zealanders have a gnawing sense that our country is being hollowed out and that our<br />
future is slipping away from us. They want more from their government in difficult times than<br />
preoccupation with public relations; or a weakened state unable to respond properly to<br />
disasters when they strike. Nor are New Zealanders willing to see their precious land and<br />
assets sold off as a short-sighted response to problems that need effective, equitable and<br />
enduring solutions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s economic vision is anchored in those enduring values. It has been re-shaped by<br />
the challenges that New Zealanders now face in the aftermath of the global financial crisis:<br />
the rising cost of living, the inability to get ahead, rising inequality and cuts to public services.<br />
220
The crisis has laid bare the challenges of re-building national savings and reducing the<br />
mountain of private debt that is crushing the life out of our economy and eroding our<br />
sovereignty.<br />
Owning our future means reducing debt and paying our way in the world through higher<br />
value and more diversified exports, and a stronger New Zealand financial system and capital<br />
markets.<br />
The need for change<br />
The economic foundations we based our economy on over the last three decades have<br />
turned out to be too narrow and too shaky. They were based on unlimited flows of credit, and<br />
too much consumer debt. New Zealanders did not and often could not save and invest for<br />
better futures.<br />
The outcomes were plain: the NZ economy has had its middle hollowed out. As Kiwis spent<br />
more than we earned, and borrowed more from foreigners to bridge the gap, more and more<br />
of the ownership of our economy has gone offshore.<br />
At the same time, massive tax cuts for the rich have created two New Zealands: one for<br />
those stuck on low and middle incomes facing rising costs and no way out; and another for<br />
those few reaping an increasing share of the benefits and paying little or no tax. The basic<br />
fairness Kiwis believe in has been undermined.<br />
All around us we see growing signs of despair. Despite high commodity prices, recovery<br />
has stalled. Confidence is low and manufacturing is declining. Unemployment is too high<br />
and there is a general sense of despondency and disillusionment across New Zealand.<br />
Progress was made in repairing the widening gap inherited from the neo-liberal 1990‟s by<br />
the last <strong>Labour</strong> government. Kiwis know that more equal societies do better. But this<br />
progress was gradual despite the expansion of our economy and a record of fiscal surpluses<br />
that reduced net Crown debt to zero.<br />
The capacity of the state to lead growth and change, and to restore equity, has been<br />
massively undermined since 2008. Instead New Zealanders have been fed a diet of<br />
gimmicks, from cycle-ways to summits. The current Government‟s failure to address the real<br />
issues has been called by the ratings agencies and a rare rating double-downgrade has now<br />
occurred.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is now called upon to rise to a new set of economic and social challenges. To get<br />
better jobs, have a greater stake in our country, and own more of our own future, we have to<br />
rebuild the economic foundations in another way. We still need to work within a credible set<br />
of fiscal targets that the <strong>Labour</strong> government sticks with, and we need to lessen our<br />
vulnerability with lower net public debt.<br />
221
New Zealand needs to ensure that our access to international capital benefits us over time,<br />
and we don‟t lose our souls and sons and daughters to it. And we need to lift our<br />
international performance in sectors that will bring better jobs and higher wages.<br />
Exporters are currently disabled by extreme volatility in exchange rates: in NZ more than<br />
anywhere else in the OECD, and by the high real interest rates that add costs to business.<br />
We will ensure monetary and savings policy supports exporters and helps to build the<br />
productive economy.<br />
We need to take strong steps to own our own futures. This means building ownership in<br />
banking, finance and insurance, so all the profits don‟t just go offshore. Not picking Kiwi<br />
winners, but backing both today‟s winning firms and the pipeline of small and medium<br />
enterprises that will produce the leaders of tomorrow. Making sure there is a growing pool of<br />
local capital available for local business investment is essential for Kiwi firms to grow and<br />
innovate.<br />
Government can also assist through fair procurement policies that give local producers a<br />
chance; and open and transparent processes that support the growing sense of shared<br />
responsibility for our economic future.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> approach<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a credible plan to turn this country around, so New Zealanders can own their<br />
future. We will be bold to resolve tough problems that the current government has not<br />
addressed. We will have the courage to fix what is holding our country back.<br />
We can begin to own our future with a fairer tax system that will ensure everyone pays their<br />
fair share. Through fair tax reform based on a simple capital gains tax and careful fiscal<br />
management we can cut public debt to zero, keep our precious SOE assets in the hands of<br />
all New Zealanders, and give nearly all New Zealanders an income tax reduction.<br />
Helping all New Zealanders to afford a better future is essential when rising prices and<br />
higher GST have put the basics out of reach for too many. That is why <strong>Labour</strong> will provide<br />
immediate relief to the rising cost of living by making the first $5000 of income tax free,<br />
taking the GST off fresh fruit and vegetables, raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour.<br />
But to build a better future for all our kids we also need to invest for the longer term. That<br />
means investing in jobs and training for our young people, in innovation and skills for our<br />
businesses, and in giving every Kiwi kid the best possible start in life so they can make their<br />
best possible contribution.<br />
Owning our future also means saving for that future. We need to reduce the mountain of<br />
private debt owed to foreign lenders and to build up the deep pools of local capital needed to<br />
fuel business growth in New Zealand. <strong>Labour</strong> will build KiwiSaver in an accord-based<br />
222
savings scheme that gives every New Zealander a bigger and better stake in their futures.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also make our superannuation system stronger and more sustainable.<br />
A future we can own<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>‟s economic plan we will reach fiscal surplus by 2014/15 and pay down net<br />
crown debt to zero by 2021/22, while keeping our precious assets and giving every New<br />
Zealander a tax cut.<br />
Getting the fiscal fundamentals right is essential as it is the foundation upon which all other<br />
policies rest. <strong>Our</strong> fiscal and revenue strategy is fully budgeted using the best information<br />
available to us, including the revised fiscal baselines in the <strong>2011</strong> Pre-Election Economic and<br />
Fiscal Update (PREFU).<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, balancing the country‟s books does not require selling out our future or<br />
slashing the services Kiwi families need. <strong>Our</strong> priorities are different to those of the current<br />
government. Under <strong>Labour</strong>‟s fair tax plan everyone will get a fair go and everyone will pay<br />
their fair share. <strong>Labour</strong> will not allow extremes of wealth and poverty to create two New<br />
Zealands. We will work to restore equality of opportunity so that all New Zealanders can<br />
make the best of their lives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not allow our economy to be hollowed out by selling out control of our land, state<br />
assets or monopoly infrastructure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Fiscal Strategy will:<br />
Return the Operating Balance Before Gains and Losses (OBEGAL) to surplus<br />
by 2014/15<br />
Pay off net debt faster than National from 2017/18 without selling our assets<br />
Reduce net debt (including NZSF assets) to zero by 2022, a year ahead of<br />
National<br />
Control spending through a disciplined programme which will be phased in<br />
over time.<br />
Secure our long-term fiscal sustainability through the combined returns of<br />
retaining the assets, revenue from a fairer tax system, and making<br />
superannuation sustainable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek value for money for the taxpayer‟s investments and will ensure the<br />
efficient and effective use of public funds.<br />
223
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain New Zealand‟s state-owned enterprise (SOE) assets for the good<br />
of future generations, and will not sell them in a fire sale.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a fair tax plan with the following components:<br />
A $5,000 tax free zone: this means the first $5,000 you make in personal<br />
income a year – whether you are a worker, a beneficiary, or retired on New<br />
Zealand superannuation – will be tax free.<br />
Taking GST off all fresh fruit and vegetables: that gives the average<br />
household an extra $160 a year to put back into groceries – and makes the<br />
healthiest choices more affordable.<br />
A Research & Development (R&D) tax credit: at the rate of 12.5%, to lift New<br />
Zealand‟s lagging R&D expenditure by encouraging businesses to research<br />
and innovate. Funding will be provided through the savings through charging<br />
the agricultural sector 10% of their agricultural emissions.<br />
A 15% Capital Gains Tax: to bring New Zealand in line with the rest of the<br />
OECD. The capital gains tax will never apply to the family home. It will apply<br />
only to the gains made on the sale of shares, investment properties,<br />
companies etc., and only to gains made after the law is passed.<br />
Putting the top tax rate for high-earners (over $150,000, indexed) back to<br />
39%: This change is estimated to affect less than 2% of income earners.<br />
A crackdown on tax avoidance: including the abuse of trusts and company<br />
structures, including ending the ring-fencing investment property losses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that New Zealand owns its own future through a careful and<br />
balanced approach to foreign direct investment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reverse the current approach to overseas sales of land. Instead of<br />
the overwhelming majority of farm sales being approved, the overwhelming<br />
majority will be declined unless the overseas purchaser of farm or forestry<br />
land will also invest in significant further processing of related primary<br />
products and related jobs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prevent overseas purchases of more than 25% of monopoly<br />
infrastructure, where that interest is worth $10 million or more.<br />
A more affordable future<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that hard working New Zealand families have faced a nightmare of rising<br />
prices and static incomes. GST has gone up on everything we buy. Too many families now<br />
can‟t even afford the basics of healthy food for their kids. Utility costs like power, phones<br />
224
and water have gone through the roof. Wages have not kept up and workplace practices<br />
like firing at will have made life even tougher for many.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has the interest of working Kiwis at heart and will immediately take action to make<br />
life more affordable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take GST off all fresh fruit and vegetables. That gives the average<br />
household an extra $160 a year to put back into groceries – and makes the healthiest<br />
choices more affordable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a $5,000 tax free zone. This means the first $5,000 you make in<br />
personal income a year – whether you are a worker, a beneficiary, or retired on New<br />
Zealand superannuation – will be tax free.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the minimum wage from $13 to $15 an hour, raising earnings for<br />
the quarter of a million workers who currently earn less than $15. For someone<br />
currently on $13 an hour, this means an extra $66 a week in the pocket.<br />
We will continue to focus on improving the working lives of the most vulnerable members of<br />
the labour force and to strengthen protections available to workers.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> comprehensive Work and Wages policy sets out the ways we will commit to building a<br />
modern, fair and flexible employment relations system based on a skilled workforce, secure<br />
employment, decent wages and increased productivity as part of increased prosperity for all<br />
New Zealanders. Along with raising the minimum wage to ensure a decent living wage,<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also ensure that working people have adequate support.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Employment Relations Act 2000 to implement the Industry<br />
Standard Agreements framework, as set out in our Work and Wages policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the National Government‟s unfair laws where workers can be fired<br />
without cause in their first 90 days of employment, and the restrictions on the access<br />
for workers to their unions in the workplace.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Holidays Act to 2008 settings to protect the rights of workers<br />
to time off for rest and recreation, and ensure that all NZ workers have access to 11<br />
days off on pay for recognised public holidays, including Anzac and Waitangi Day.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Work and Wages policy.<br />
Investing in our future<br />
New Zealand cannot prosper while inadequate exports and savings drive us deeper into<br />
debt, making us more vulnerable and dependent on unstable foreign capital markets. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
225
will implement an integrated package of economic development policies that will help New<br />
Zealand firms innovate, grow, export and win in global markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> understands the difficulty faced by exporters and the tradable sector arising from<br />
New Zealand‟s highly volatile exchange rate. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Monetary Policy ends the previous<br />
consensus on the „single goal, single tool‟ approach to inflation targeting via the official cash<br />
rate (OCR). <strong>Labour</strong> considers its approach to modern monetary policy to be in keeping with<br />
the direction of the Basel III reforms and is consistent with prudent management of price and<br />
financial stability alongside important objectives of growth, employment and external<br />
balance.<br />
Introducing a Capital Gains Tax<br />
The Reserve Bank favours the introduction of a capital gains tax as an aid to monetary<br />
policy because it reduces the bank‟s reliance on higher interest rates to control asset<br />
bubbles and the related consumption driven inflationary pressures. A capital gains tax will<br />
moderate interest rates and this in turn will reduce demand for the New Zealand dollar. Both<br />
of these are advantageous for our exporters and will lead to more exports and a wealthier<br />
New Zealand.<br />
Strong Savings Policy<br />
Introducing a compulsory Universal KiwiSaver scheme will increase New Zealand‟s savings<br />
rate at approximately four times the rate of National‟s plan. This will create a deep pool of<br />
capital available for productive investment. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan, which is set out in more detail<br />
below, will reduce New Zealand‟s international debt (net international investment position) by<br />
approximately 17% over 20 years.<br />
Broadening the Reserve Bank Objectives<br />
We believe the objectives of the Reserve Bank should be broadened. Currently its sole focus<br />
is on the maintenance of price stability – or inflation. We agree with the approach taken by<br />
Australia that recognises that along with inflation control, employment, economic prosperity,<br />
and the health of the export sector are at least as important.<br />
Exporters Representation on the Reserve Bank Board<br />
We will ensure the interests of exporters are represented on the Reserve Bank Board. How<br />
the Reserve Bank implements its policies is determined by the Board and the Governor of<br />
the Reserve Bank. <strong>Labour</strong> believes better outcomes will be achieved if a number of board<br />
members with exporting backgrounds are on the board.<br />
Monetary Policy Needs Friends: Complementary tools<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> welcomes the changes, flowing from Basel II and III, that have seen the Reserve<br />
Bank make greater use of prudential supervision tools to support monetary policy. However,<br />
the positive effect of Basel II on monetary policy is almost accidental. The role of prudential<br />
ratios is important and needs clearer legislative authority. <strong>Labour</strong> will clarify the Reserve<br />
Bank Act to ensure the Bank is able to use such tools primarily for the purpose of supporting<br />
226
Monetary Policy. Allowing the Reserve Bank to use prudential tools such capital ratios will<br />
control liquidity growth and therefore inflation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also change the Policy Targets Agreement to include a requirement to explicitly<br />
consider the effects of monetary policy on exports. In practice we believe that, faced with<br />
rapid credit expansion, this change would allow the bank to use prudential ratios rather than<br />
rely solely on interest rates.<br />
More Selective Reserve Bank Currency Interventions<br />
We think the currency interventions by the Reserve Bank which started in 2004 can and<br />
should be pushed harder. While this does carry some extra risk for the Crown, we believe<br />
this will be modest. By increasing the risk for speculators that the Bank will catch them out,<br />
volatility will be reduced. <strong>Labour</strong> is not advocating a fixed or managed Kiwi dollar, but rather<br />
selective interventions by the Reserve Bank when our currency is “spiking” at the extremes<br />
of its range.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to controlling inflation. The importance of controlling inflation is a lesson<br />
of history well understood. We are committed to retaining the Reserve Banks‟s current 1-3%<br />
inflation target. We will also maintain the Bank‟s operational independence and ensure it<br />
continues to manage financial stability and price stability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will improve capital conditions for exporters and work to reduce the disruption<br />
caused by extreme exchange fluctuations, including by:<br />
Introducing a 15 per cent capital gains tax, which will help free up local capital<br />
from unproductive property investment to fund real business growth<br />
Introducing universal KiwiSaver, growing the rate of savings by four times<br />
National‟s plan, leading to lower interest and exchange rates and higher GDP<br />
growth.<br />
Broadening the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act<br />
Ensuring the interests of exporters are represented on the Reserve Bank<br />
Board<br />
Taking pressure off the official cash rate through complementary monetary<br />
and prudential policy tools, and<br />
Encouraging more selective Reserve Bank interventions to impose costs on<br />
currency speculation.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Monetary policy.<br />
Adding value to our exports means applying more smart Kiwi thinking and having policies<br />
that will grow our real economy, not someone else‟s. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to economic<br />
227
development will help Kiwi companies grow and will maximise the potential of high-growth<br />
sectors and regions. <strong>Labour</strong> will boost growth in high potential sectors and strengthen<br />
regional partnerships to remove roadblocks and promote jobs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make greater use of industry targeting and clustering sectors in economic<br />
development policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with industries, including local industries, and councils to identify<br />
regional infrastructure blockages which if overcome will provide economic growth in<br />
exported related fields.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote sustainable growth in key sectors as set out on our relevant<br />
sector-based economic policies, such as in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.<br />
The high-tech sector – which is largely green or low carbon manufacturing – is currently<br />
worth $6.5 billion to New Zealand‟s economy and growing at close to 5% a year. With further<br />
stimulus and the right environment for growth that could increase further. Price Waterhouse<br />
Coopers estimates, for example, that clean-tech industries represent a $9 - 22 billion<br />
opportunity for New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that enhancing New Zealand‟s natural environment in order to improve our<br />
competitive positioning in the global shift to green growth represents a huge opportunity for<br />
all Kiwis to prosper.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the clean and green technology sector as a source of<br />
environmental-economic advantage for New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish the environment in which science, innovation and great design will<br />
flourish. It means acting quickly and collaboratively as a country, across our businesses and<br />
public institutions, to seize opportunities and eliminate obstacles to innovation and growth. A<br />
healthy science sector relies on a solid foundation of primary research. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises<br />
that fundamental science and public good science is essential to New Zealand‟s well-being<br />
and an underlying driver of innovation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as resources become available, prioritise an increase in our public<br />
science spend to link New Zealand to the OECD average.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create an Innovation Council that will advise on policy at the highest level<br />
of government and business. It will be chaired by the Prime Minister and bring<br />
together the Ministers for Science, Finance, Economic Development as well as key<br />
industry players and research institutions. It will ensure that opportunities and<br />
priorities are recognised and resources allocated to act on them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a scheme for better funding „brilliant‟ scientists. Funding would<br />
be portable to allow scientists to take it to the most appropriate institution, purchase<br />
228
equipment, recruit staff and attract other world leaders in the field to New Zealand to<br />
create nodes of international expertise.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen business growth through better access to investment finance and<br />
more supportive enterprise financing policies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support NZVIF with a view to providing additional underwriting<br />
as the pool of ventures expands.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore the following ideas for leveraging future capital as part of its<br />
economic development strategy, including:<br />
Requiring support from an international venture capital as part of eligibility for<br />
NZVIF.<br />
Entitling domestic venture or angel investors to a deduction of 20% of their<br />
investment against other income at the time of investment, and an additional<br />
50% deduction be allowed if capital is lost.<br />
Whether a concessional tax rate should be introduced for overseas royalty<br />
income of companies based in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the potential costs of these options and any difficulties that<br />
might result as part of the requirement for an overseas investor to access VIF<br />
funding, and report back by the end of 2012.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the need to invest in the future of small and medium businesses, which<br />
are part of the pipeline for future business growth and are major employers in our economy.<br />
Access to capital and to R&D facilities, governance arrangements and market intelligence<br />
have been identified as some of the biggest barriers to business growth.<br />
Providing start-up companies with access to an appropriate range of mentoring/training will<br />
include incubator support programmes, market development assistance, and access to<br />
angel investor networks, venture capital funding and the stair-casing opportunity provided by<br />
the NZX. More detail can be found in <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Economic Development and Commerce and<br />
Small Business policies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a “Pipeline for Business Growth Taskforce”, modelled on the<br />
Capital Markets Development Taskforce, with a requirement to report in 6 months<br />
with recommendations for the pipeline framework, which will connect the training, the<br />
R&D, the capital and the market development opportunities so that we can facilitate<br />
the advancement of high growth potential businesses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a set of principles to underpin all legislation that relates to the<br />
capital markets and financial advice, recognising in particular the obligations of<br />
fiduciaries.<br />
229
<strong>Labour</strong> will reduce compliance costs for equity offerings, which openly describe the<br />
risk of loss of investment, by simplifying prospectus and audit requirements.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain investment in infrastructure, including transport and broadband, so we<br />
can move products and ideas seamlessly and efficiently.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the Auckland Council and back the clear preference for Auckland,<br />
which is the Rail Link proposal. We will provide funding, through the Land Transport<br />
Fund, for up to $1.2 billion, which equates to half of the cost of the Rail Link, on the<br />
understanding that the Auckland Council is responsible for financing the other half.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support funding for public transport and energy-efficient<br />
freight transport modes such as rail.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest in maintaining and modernising KiwiRail to ensure it remains a<br />
viable and sustainable transport solution.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider how much of the $2.9 billion annual National Land Transport<br />
Fund might be available for reallocation, and what projects make sense. We will not<br />
waste money on unnecessary highways that lock us into a high-carbon future.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Transport policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to an ultrafast broadband scheme across New Zealand and to closing<br />
the digital divide.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will as an underlying principle do as much as it can, within the limit of the<br />
$1.35bn of funds available for investment by Crown Fibre Holdings, to bring forward<br />
the time at which consumers, schools and businesses can experience unconstrained<br />
Ultra-Fast Broadband, in order to get the economic benefits of the fibre we have<br />
helped pay for.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, within the limit of the $1.35bn of funds available for investment by Crown<br />
Fibre Holdings, extend the Ultra-Fast Broadband to other areas of New Zealand<br />
where it can be deployed at similar costs to the existing planned rollout, and remove<br />
any legislative impediments to doing so.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ICT policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that one of the keys to future economic growth is the productivity of our<br />
workforce. <strong>Labour</strong> therefore recognises the economic importance of giving all New Zealand<br />
children the best possible start in life through appropriate early years health care and<br />
education policies that help each young New Zealander to reach their full potential.<br />
230
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s policy for children is at the heart of our social policy which sets out a 6 year<br />
Agenda for Change. <strong>Labour</strong> believes the long-term investment in our children is key<br />
to achieving real social development.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Children‟s policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest $75 million over four years in „e-learning‟ for low-decile schools,<br />
with priority going to schools with year 7 -13 students and the capability to deliver an<br />
effective programme . This includes Government funding for students to have<br />
individual use of a mobile device.<br />
Investing in our future also means investing in our people: improved skills training so all<br />
young Kiwis are earning or learning, and that education is available for lifelong learning, to<br />
assist New Zealanders to retrain and redeploy between jobs during their working lives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a New Zealand Employment and Skills Strategy in tandem with<br />
employer groups and unions to ensure that we have a plan to meet the changing<br />
demands on skills and employment in the 21st century.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will match the ambitious target set by the state of Queensland, and aim to<br />
have three out of four adult New Zealanders (i.e. aged between 25 and 64) holding<br />
trade, training or tertiary qualifications at Level 3 or above, by 2020.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the training of managers and supervisors by removing limits<br />
on Industry Training above level 4.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that every at-risk 15-19 year old will be either learning or<br />
earning by the end of our first term, through our comprehensive youth employment package.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will get young New Zealanders off the unemployment benefit and into<br />
apprenticeships with an $8,727 (the equivalent of the dole payment) subsidy to<br />
employers willing to offer a permanent full-time job.<br />
There will also be 5,000 new training places for 16 and 17 year olds and 1,000 extra group<br />
and shared apprenticeships. See our Youth Employment Package for further details.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use major government contracts to back New Zealand firms instead of exporting<br />
jobs offshore like we are seeing under National. Cost and quality will continue to be<br />
paramount considerations under <strong>Labour</strong>. But the new procurement policy will in future<br />
require companies like KiwiRail to consider wider economic benefits rather than just taking a<br />
narrow accounting approach.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to implementing a modern, sustainable, WTO-compliant,<br />
procurement regime.<br />
231
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the existing components of government procurement to ensure<br />
they are fit for purpose, accessible and practicable. We will ensure they operate<br />
equitably with respect to access for Kiwi firms, in line with Australian Federal and<br />
State contracts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require government departments and agencies to undertake a wider<br />
(economic) analysis of the impact of its preferred provider on the domestic economy,<br />
rather than a narrower (financial) analysis when making procurement decisions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require companies providing goods and services to the government to<br />
have an apprenticeship/internship programme in place for New Zealand workers.<br />
For more information, see our Procurement policy.<br />
Saving for our future<br />
New Zealand cannot continue borrowing more and more from foreigners and getting deeper<br />
and deeper into debt. The world around us is fragile and international credit markets are<br />
volatile. If we go too far into debt we will lose control of our future. The government‟s Budget<br />
shows it has no plan to turn this debt spiral around.<br />
Nearly nine tenths of New Zealand‟s net international investment deficit is private debt. Most<br />
of this is from household mortgages and farm debt. For too long Kiwis believed real estate<br />
was the way to get rich. Over $200 billion in capital is locked up in property that pays no net<br />
tax and may do little to grow exports or jobs. Over-reliance in property investment can also<br />
make it harder for the next generation to afford their own homes, businesses and farms.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reduce or remove the inappropriate tax bias in favour of speculative investment<br />
in real estate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s capital gains tax will help shift the incentives from property speculation to<br />
investing in real growth, jobs and exports.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ring fence losses on residential rental property investment.<br />
New Zealand needs to save more. <strong>Our</strong> household savings rate is very low by OECD<br />
standards. In fact, only since the global recession of 2008-9 has a long term trend of<br />
negative household saving been slowed down as Kiwis reduce their mortgage exposure.<br />
For 1.7 million New Zealanders, KiwiSaver has provided a lifetime opportunity to build real<br />
financial assets to provide comfort in retirement, a deposit on a first home, or a buffer<br />
against extreme hardship. Unfortunately changes to KiwiSaver in the 2010 and <strong>2011</strong><br />
Budgets have reduced the incentives for New Zealanders to invest in the scheme and have<br />
undermined public confidence in it.<br />
232
<strong>Labour</strong> believes KiwiSaver should be expanded to provide the basis for a significantly higher<br />
private saving rate and additional security in retirement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan will make KiwiSaver compulsory for every employee aged 18 to 65<br />
from 2014.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will gradually increase employer contributions at a rate of 0.5 per cent a year,<br />
from 3 per cent to 7 per cent, over 9 years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the current minimum employee contribution of 2 per cent. The<br />
$1,000 kick-start will be spread over 5 years. <strong>Labour</strong> will not make any more changes<br />
to the member tax credit.<br />
While there will be no general ability to opt-out under this scheme, <strong>Labour</strong> will retain<br />
the withdrawal and hardship provisions as set out below:<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the current 65 years eligibility age to access KiwiSaver<br />
savings.<br />
New Zealanders will continue to be able to access their KiwiSaver funds on<br />
the grounds of hardship. Hardship grounds will also be applied to allow the<br />
suspension of contributions.<br />
First home buyers will still be able to access their KiwiSaver savings to put<br />
towards their first home.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the provisions around migration as part of the tripartite<br />
consultation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine the details and implications for relationship property and<br />
bankruptcy as part of the tripartite consultation process.<br />
New Zealand superannuation also makes a significant contribution to New Zealand‟s<br />
savings and investment profile and is widely recognised as a world-leading scheme. Despite<br />
volatility in international investment markets, the overall returns of the NZ Superannuation<br />
Fund have exceeded the Crown‟s cost of capital. NZSF also provides a mechanism to<br />
balance the Crown‟s financial assets against future superannuation liabilities arising from our<br />
ageing population.<br />
Unfortunately the current government has undermined the financial strength of the scheme<br />
and public confidence in it by deferring for at least a decade the government‟s contributions<br />
into the Fund. As pointed out by the Retirement Commissioner, current levels of entitlement<br />
place a markedly increasing burden on New Zealand‟s public finances in the absence of a<br />
resumption of prefunding or other measures.<br />
233
<strong>Labour</strong> will restart contributions starting with $750 million in 2012/13 rising by $750<br />
million a year until we reach the legislated contribution rate in 2015/16.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will gradually lift the age of NZ Super eligibility from 65 to 67 starting in 1 April<br />
2020 and taking 12 years to phase in. There will be no change for the next 9 years.<br />
The age will be lifted 2 months each year starting in 2020. This means:<br />
No change for anyone born before 1955. This includes everyone currently<br />
receiving NZ Super or those close to retirement.<br />
Those 45 years or younger will have at least 22 years to plan for this change<br />
in the eligibility age.<br />
For those aged 46 to 56, the eligibility age will increase at 2 months a year<br />
starting in 2020. Those currently aged 51 will become eligible for NZ Super at<br />
66, giving them 15 years to plan for the extra year.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring the transition to a NZ Super eligibility age of 67 is<br />
done fairly. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure there is transitional assistance for those who can‟t<br />
keep working.<br />
There will be no change to the rate of NZ Super. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to retaining the<br />
current rate for a couple of 66 per cent of the average wage.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Savings policy.<br />
New Zealanders cannot own our own future or fix our bleeding external accounts if we do<br />
not own a substantial share of our own financial system. Currently over 90% of our banking,<br />
finance and insurance industries are foreign owned and we bleed those profits offshore. It is<br />
essential that New Zealanders own a bigger slice of our financial system and capital<br />
markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> cannot let this slide to nowhere continue. We must take the bold decisions that will<br />
turn our country around and help all Kiwis to save for a better future. In doing so, we will all<br />
be better off as the capital raised makes it easier for kiwi businesses to thrive and to provide<br />
jobs and exports.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build Kiwibank into a strong local financial institution that will be a strong<br />
local competitor in the New Zealand banking and finance markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Crown‟s commercial banking contracts to ensure compatibility<br />
with our government procurement policy and to ensure a broad perspective is taken<br />
on meeting the Crown‟s banking needs.<br />
234
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain a full service Reserve Bank with prudential supervision and<br />
regulatory oversight over the New Zealand financial markets, and will review the<br />
Reserve Bank Act as set out in <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Monetary Policy statement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to strengthen the New Zealand capital markets to provide liquidity<br />
and capacity for strong local business growth, as set out in our Commerce and Small<br />
Business policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reverse the current approach to overseas sales of land. Instead of the<br />
overwhelming majority of farm sales being approved, the overwhelming majority will<br />
be declined unless the overseas purchaser of farm or forestry land will also invest in<br />
significant further processing of related primary products and related jobs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prevent overseas purchases of more than 25% of monopoly<br />
infrastructure, where that interest is worth $10 million or more.<br />
Caring for our kids and their long term future also means caring for our environment, and<br />
ensuring that our economy is a sustainable one. <strong>Labour</strong> will not run down our clean green<br />
brand by mining iconic national parks or converting lignite into pollution. Saving for our<br />
future means a long term plan for renewable energy independence and a smart, low-carbon<br />
future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that growth is sustainable and will preserve New Zealand‟s clean,<br />
green reputation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the effective implementation of the Emissions Trading Scheme,<br />
and strengthen it by bringing agriculture in on 1 January 2013, with a free allocation<br />
of units to farmers calculated on 90% of 2005 emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not allow mining on Schedule 4 conservation land, and will direct Solid<br />
Energy not to proceed with its liquid fuels lignite mining proposal.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not allow deep-sea drilling until high environmental standards and<br />
stringent safeguards are first in place, and will urgently review NZ‟s preparedness for<br />
marine oil spills, so that liability for all clean-up and losses lies with polluters rather<br />
than taxpayers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that 90% of our electricity comes from renewables by 2025,<br />
promote energy efficiency, grow wealth by exporting our expertise in renewables and<br />
cleantech, and restore the credibility of our clean international branding in tourism<br />
and primary production.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Environment policy.<br />
235
Summary<br />
We live in challenging times. <strong>Labour</strong> will rise to meet those challenges. We will build a better<br />
future for our kids: a future that we can own and can afford; a future that we can invest in<br />
and save for.<br />
The choice facing New Zealanders in Election <strong>2011</strong> is stark: between <strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach<br />
that means we can all own more of our own future, and our opponents who wish to sell down<br />
New Zealand‟s most productive public assets, and who are failing to address the core<br />
underlying economic issues that are holding New Zealand back.<br />
New Zealand‟s credit rating has been downgraded twice this year already, with a sobering<br />
warning that more downgrades can be expected unless changes are made. <strong>Labour</strong> has the<br />
courage and the plan to do what is right for New Zealand, to build a strong and growing<br />
economy and to ensure that the benefits are fairly shared.<br />
236
FISHERIES<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> understands our fisheries are very important to New Zealanders economically,<br />
socially, culturally and environmentally. New Zealand has the fourth largest Exclusive<br />
Economic Zone (EEZ) in the world, and fishing is a major activity within it. The commercial<br />
seafood industry, including aquaculture, is New Zealand‟s fifth largest export earner.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s fisheries policy aims to balance the competing priorities of commercial,<br />
recreational, and customary users, and to add sustainable value to our fisheries, while also<br />
providing for improved environmental performance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to encourage growth and innovation within our fishing industry, and to<br />
ensure fair and sustainable access to our fisheries resources for all. We will encourage all<br />
New Zealanders to work together to protect our fisheries for future generations.<br />
During its last term in office <strong>Labour</strong>:<br />
● Substantially completed the introduction of commercially important aquatic species to<br />
the Quota Management System, and extended coverage of the Quota Management<br />
System to highly migratory species such as tuna beyond New Zealand waters.<br />
● Established a recreational fishing ministerial advisory panel to advise on strategic<br />
issues affecting recreational fishers, and set up a network of regional recreational<br />
fishing forums to provide recreational fishers with knowledge of and input into fisheries<br />
management processes.<br />
● Enacted the Māori Fisheries Act 2004 and settled Māori commercial aquaculture<br />
interests, providing the platform for allocation to iwi of fisheries and aquaculture<br />
assets.<br />
● Focused on stopping the illegal harvest and trade (especially export) of high value<br />
species such as paua and rock lobster, including the creation of a covert special<br />
tactics team within fisheries compliance.<br />
● Facilitated the development of the aquaculture industry strategy <strong>Our</strong> Blue Horizons,<br />
and invested in innovation to develop value added seafood and marine products<br />
through „New Zealand Fast Forward‟ and other initiatives.<br />
● Stepped up initiatives to combat destructive fishing practices and illegal, unregulated<br />
or unreported (IUU) fishing in high seas and shared fisheries.<br />
● Began implementing the Marine Protected Areas (MPA) Policy, which provides for<br />
enhanced marine biodiversity protection.<br />
237
Promoting a successful, sustainable industry<br />
We share with the industry the goal of further developing New Zealand's economy, with<br />
sustainable management of fisheries catchments and growing investment in processing in<br />
New Zealand bringing high value jobs. To achieve this vision, <strong>Labour</strong> will strike a fair<br />
balance between industry cooperation and effective regulatory oversight.<br />
In order to help promote a successful fishing industry, we will provide leadership in the areas<br />
of fisheries management, enforcement and promoting relevant research.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide that leadership by developing a more co-operative relationship<br />
with commercial and recreational fishers, tangata whenua and other stakeholders.<br />
We will facilitate self-management where appropriate and regulate where necessary.<br />
Marine research is essential to better understand the marine environment and humaninduced<br />
impacts on it and provide sound information to underpin the sustainable<br />
management of fish stocks and the marine environment.<br />
Marine research will also help to promote innovation and growth in the industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain and increase investment in marine research.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote innovation in the seafood industry by working alongside industry<br />
groups such as Aquaculture New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will champion sustainable fisheries by:<br />
● Adopting a comprehensive and pro-active approach to managing the<br />
environmental effects of fishing, and do so on an ecosystem basis<br />
● Ensuring that the Fisheries Act makes it clear that sustaining non-harvest<br />
uses and values of fish must be part of fisheries management<br />
● Supporting the honorary fisheries officer network<br />
● Supporting the Ministry of Fisheries‟ advocacy under the Resource<br />
Management Act 1991 to protect inshore fisheries threatened by<br />
sedimentation and pollution from the land.<br />
Recreational fishing<br />
Enjoying the great outdoors is a quintessential Kiwi pastime, and fishing has long been one<br />
of our most popular outdoor recreation pursuits. It is important that we continue to facilitate<br />
recreational fishing, and one way of doing that is by improving information on the nature and<br />
extent of recreational fishers‟ engagement in significant recreational fisheries.<br />
238
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to enhance the quality of recreational fishing including, where<br />
appropriate, managing some recreational species above or significantly above<br />
Maximum Sustainable Yield (the level of fish stock which will allow maximum catch<br />
without compromising sustainability) to ensure better catch rates and larger fish.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the regional forums, the recreational fishing ministerial advisory<br />
panel, and all stakeholders in advancing recreational aims.<br />
Commercial fishing<br />
We must work with the fisheries industry to ensure continued growth and innovation in the<br />
seafood sector. There is work to be done in improving the sustainable economic<br />
performance of the sector, with emphasis on value-added processing for the benefit of New<br />
Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review investment and depreciation provisions for fishing and aquaculture<br />
activities to ensure that they are in line with the useful life of assets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage maximum participation by New Zealanders in our fisheries and<br />
seafood processing, at New Zealand rates of pay and conditions of work, moving<br />
towards:<br />
<br />
<br />
A minimum of 50% New Zealand crew on any vessel fishing within New<br />
Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)<br />
A minimum of 50% of all species harvested in the EEZ to be value-added<br />
processed on shore in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take prompt action to end any exploitation and endangerment of foreign<br />
fishing crews in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone and to ensure New<br />
Zealand fishing crew are not disadvantaged by cheap foreign labour. This will<br />
include consideration of the findings of the Ministerial Inquiry into the use and<br />
operation of foreign charter vessels fishing in New Zealand waters.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to work with industry, local government, industry unions and<br />
other stakeholders to implement the aquaculture reforms and help the aquaculture<br />
industry reach its potential in an environmentally sustainable way consistent with<br />
ecosystem-based management.<br />
Sustainable fishing<br />
<strong>Our</strong> fisheries sector is going nowhere if it is not sustainable. We must put measures in place<br />
to ensure the ongoing viability of commercial fishing and to protect Kiwis‟ recreational fishing<br />
rights.<br />
239
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to establish a network of marine reserves and other protected<br />
areas for the protection of marine biodiversity.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will put measures in place to achieve further reductions in fisheries bycatch of<br />
marine mammals and seabirds, including by mandatory targets and mitigation<br />
measures.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase protection for spawning fish and other critical life cycle stages<br />
(including in freshwater) in order to sustain fish populations.<br />
Given that oceans are essentially a shared worldwide resource, protection of our oceans<br />
must also be a shared international responsibility. <strong>Labour</strong> will take a firm stance on<br />
advocating international protection of marine natural resources.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the development of effective regional fisheries management<br />
organisations (RFMOs) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea<br />
(UNCLOS), including RFMOs for the Tasman Sea and South Pacific, to achieve<br />
sustainable ecosystem-based management of oceans and fisheries and protection of<br />
the marine environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to reduce the environmental pressures caused by subsidies that<br />
promote over-capacity and over-exploitation, and to remove trade barriers to<br />
sustainably produced seafood products.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will advocate the development of a network of marine reserves and other<br />
marine protected areas around Antarctica, especially in the Ross Sea, and the<br />
restriction of fishing activity to levels appropriate for the sensitive nature of the<br />
Antarctic environment and its important intrinsic and wilderness values.<br />
Māori customary rights<br />
Fishing is part of the cultural heritage of Māori. Both recreational and commercial fishing are<br />
important to Māori because they have always fished to feed their whanau, and traditionally<br />
kai moana was traded among iwi, hapū and European settlers.<br />
New Zealand must uphold Māori fishing rights and customs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to implement the Māori customary fishing regulations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will facilitate the development of taiapure and mataitai reserves to enhance<br />
the sustainability of kai moana and to complement marine reserves.<br />
240
Whaling<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> remains committed to an end to whaling and strongly opposes the harvesting of<br />
whales by Japanese vessels under the guise of so-called „scientific whaling‟. We believe prowhaling<br />
countries should cease attempts to undermine the International Whaling<br />
Commission.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not support any measures proposed that would see an end to the 1986<br />
moratorium on commercial whaling.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> stance against commercial whaling is backed by most countries, including Australia and<br />
many of our Pacific neighbours, and a large proportion of the population in whaling<br />
countries.<br />
In 2009, <strong>Labour</strong> led a strong opposition to National‟s flawed proposal to allow a resumption<br />
of commercial whaling that resulted in National backing down.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the rights of indigenous peoples who have traditionally hunted whales for<br />
subsistence to continue doing so.<br />
241
FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT<br />
ASSISTANCE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand prides itself as a country which thinks independently, has strong values and,<br />
notwithstanding our small size, makes a significant contribution to the world community as a<br />
good international citizen. <strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that those longstanding values and our<br />
international reputation have been put at risk by a lack of commitment and a change in focus<br />
from the current Government.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision is of a world which is peaceful, stable and secure, prosperous, democratic and<br />
socially just. We believe the path to achieve this must first and foremost be a multilateral<br />
one, working through and seeking to improve organisations such as the United Nations and<br />
World Trade Organisation.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> aim is to create an international system which is rules-based rather than one where<br />
countries impose their will on others by virtue of their size and power. We are committed to<br />
acting collectively to deal with problems which increasingly transcend national boundaries.<br />
New Zealand in the world<br />
Foreign Affairs is more than trade. It involves complex diplomatic relationships and peopleto-people<br />
interests across global issues such as climate change, environmental degradation,<br />
human rights, security, conflict resolution, disarmament, and democratic representation as<br />
well as trade and overseas development assistance. New Zealand has had a proud tradition<br />
of independence in its foreign policy and <strong>Labour</strong> will continue that tradition. We will continue<br />
to support international multilateral fora such as the United Nations as appropriate vehicles<br />
for the resolution of global issues.<br />
We have for a long time valued deeply those relationships with traditional friends such as<br />
Australia, the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States of America. We share common<br />
values with these countries and derive many of our democratic institutions from the United<br />
Kingdom and Europe in particular. <strong>Our</strong> relationship with Australia will remain our closest of<br />
all, given our shared political, economic and people to people interests.<br />
We look forward to continuing to deepen and strengthen these traditional ties.<br />
It is also true that geographic and political arrangements are changing. The great economies<br />
and cultural centres of the past are being influenced by new, emerging powers such as<br />
China, India and Brazil. New Zealand needs to be relating more deeply and broadly with a<br />
wider range of trading partners and cultures than ever before.<br />
242
We have several points of difference on the international stage:<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has always maintained an independent foreign policy<br />
New Zealand‟s structures and systems are respected for their transparency and lack of<br />
corruption<br />
We have recognised peace-making and peace-keeping skills which we have deployed<br />
in many conflict zones<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is a great respecter of, and contributor to, multilateral systems and decisionmaking<br />
We have a clean, green image which enhances both tourism and trade, our biggest<br />
foreign exchange earners.<br />
We need to protect and enhance these enduring qualities internationally while continuing to<br />
develop close relationships with new trading partners and new alliances with regional<br />
groupings.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will modernise our strategic alliances in keeping with the evolving multipolar<br />
world, strengthening our traditional ones and developing our newer ones.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will engage with other nations on a broad basis, not limiting ourselves to trade<br />
alone.<br />
New Zealand in the Pacific<br />
New Zealand has long-standing ties and a unique set of relationships with our Pacific<br />
neighbours. We have large Pasifika populations in New Zealand and important historical<br />
connections.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> aim in the Pacific is to work collaboratively to maintain peace and democracy, eliminate<br />
poverty and assist the development of sustainable industries for the benefit of Pasifika<br />
peoples.<br />
Pressing issues include trade relationships, immigration, the environment and climate<br />
change, maternal mortality and child health, HIV/AIDS prevention, disaster prevention,<br />
development of infrastructure, and support for civic education, civil society and proper<br />
governance structures.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revisit trade relationships and development assistance with a view to<br />
meeting Millennium Development Goals and creating sustainable industries in Pacific<br />
nations.<br />
243
With respect to Fiji, our commitment to democracy, human rights and the rule of law<br />
will remain undiluted. We will explore ways of working with the regime in Fiji to return<br />
the country to democratic rule.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will integrate our policies in the Pacific across immigration, climate change<br />
and environment, and issues of governance. Each of these policy areas needs to<br />
have a discrete capacity to address the Pacific.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to Overseas Development Assistance<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has long promoted effective overseas development assistance aimed at the<br />
elimination of poverty, the provision of adequate and accessible education and health<br />
services, and the progress of sustainable development in order to achieve those goals<br />
permanently.<br />
The National government‟s approach has been to place primary emphasis on economic<br />
development, taking the focus off poverty elimination except where it can be achieved<br />
through economic development, predominantly in conjunction with the private sector. This<br />
risks undervaluing access to quality education and health services as legitimate, if not<br />
paramount, aid goals. In their enthusiasm to promote economic growth through the aid<br />
programme the National government has failed to ask who benefits from growth: the poor or<br />
the elites.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take this opportunity to reformulate our approach, ensuring proper accountability<br />
and international best practice in our ODA contribution.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will refocus the mandate of the development programme on the elimination of<br />
poverty, together with sustainable economic development, in order to build just,<br />
prosperous and secure societies.<br />
Economic development is an important means to the ultimate goal of poverty elimination.<br />
Having one clear goal (poverty elimination) allows greater accountability.<br />
It is also important that development assistance is seen as a pillar of our foreign policy,<br />
alongside defence, security, trade and diplomacy.<br />
Restoring NZAID<br />
National shut down NZAID as an organisation and moved the aid programme back into<br />
MFAT, with the explicit aim of aligning the aid programme with foreign policy goals. This has<br />
undermined the credibility and legitimacy of the aid programme.<br />
244
The quality of development spending has been compromised by making the aid programme<br />
subservient to diplomatic objectives, with bilateral programmes controlled by heads of<br />
mission.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-establish NZAID as New Zealand‟s international development agency,<br />
committed to the elimination of poverty, implementing a high-impact development<br />
programme, transparent and accountable, and contributing to New Zealand‟s broader<br />
foreign policy goals.<br />
NZAID will have its own Vote: ODA (budget allocation). It will be represented at Cabinet by<br />
the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Overseas Development Assistance. The Minister<br />
will receive a direct line of advice from the Executive Director of NZAID who will be<br />
appointed by the State Services Commission.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that New Zealand has moved away from international best practice in<br />
aid. We need to recommit to impact-driven development with a whole-of-government<br />
approach and a narrow enough geographic scope that we have the resources to actually<br />
make a difference. The Pacific remains our priority.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recommit the NZ development programme to international best practice,<br />
including the Aid Effectiveness principles of ownership, alignment, harmonisation,<br />
results and mutual accountability.<br />
Recent cuts in funding to the NGO community have effectively ended a 30 year history of the<br />
aid programme and the NGOs working in partnership.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-establish a strategic partnership framework for cooperation between<br />
NZAID and New Zealand-based development NGOs with the goal of building the<br />
capacity of the NGOs and working together to get the best development outcomes.<br />
Conflict prevention and resolution<br />
Preventing, resolving and recovering from conflict is one of the big challenges of our time.<br />
New Zealand has developed useful experiences and skills that could be used to shape a<br />
special new role as a promoter and builder of peace in the region. We are a small nonthreatening<br />
honest broker with an independent foreign policy. <strong>Our</strong> reputation in this area is<br />
second to none. We can develop our expertise and reputation further.<br />
In Bougainville, Timor Leste, Afghanistan, Fiji and the Solomons we have built up experience<br />
of conflict resolution, peace mediation, peace keeping, and rebuilding institutions postconflict.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build a specialist capability for New Zealand as a peace-builder in the<br />
Asia-Pacific region. This will draw on New Zealanders‟ experience in mediation and<br />
conflict resolution, peace-keeping, and post-conflict state building.<br />
245
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore the development of a rapid reaction disaster response capability<br />
to be deployed at short notice in the Asia-Pacific region.<br />
Millennium Development Goals<br />
It is important that New Zealand keeps faith with our longstanding international commitment<br />
to the target of 0.7% of GDP allocated to overseas development. It is a core part of our<br />
global citizen commitments.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that New Zealand's development assistance projects are<br />
consistent with our objectives to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.<br />
Disarmament<br />
The UN Conference on Disarmament is not making satisfactory progress. The five-yearly<br />
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review earlier this year renewed the Treaty and<br />
made some gains but it is clear that it is not going to generate any significant movement<br />
towards prohibition of nuclear weapons any time soon.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will join the emerging like-minded group of nations promoting negotiations to<br />
prepare for an Ottawa/Oslo-style treaty to prohibit the threat or use of nuclear<br />
weapons.<br />
The initiative would follow the process used to achieve the successful conventions on<br />
landmines and cluster munitions. The case would build on the International Court of Justice<br />
opinion on the illegality of nuclear weapons, and the work being done by Switzerland on<br />
international humanitarian law.<br />
There are many different nuclear disarmament initiatives underway. In their own ways<br />
success in each helps to build confidence in disarmament, and tie governments into<br />
multilateral agreements limiting or controlling the use of nuclear weapons.<br />
New Zealand can and should contribute to specific disarmament issues when our resources<br />
permit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revive the UN resolution on „Decreasing the operational readiness of<br />
nuclear weapons systems‟ we so successfully promoted in 2008 but which National<br />
shelved in 2009.<br />
The operational readiness of nuclear weapons systems is one of the key steps that can be<br />
taken as part of an incremental nuclear disarmament process. It reduces the risk of<br />
authorised or unauthorised launch of nuclear weapons. The maintenance of nuclear<br />
weapons on high levels of alert is a relic of the Cold War, is not consistent with the<br />
contemporary security environment and does nothing to enhance our security.<br />
246
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the possibility of New Zealand offering to host and co-sponsor<br />
a Southern Hemisphere Nuclear Weapons Free Zone conference emphasizing the<br />
need for nuclear weapon states to sign protocols to the various treaties as a<br />
confidence building measure.<br />
There is now a real possibility that an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) may be concluded by the<br />
end of 2012. Each year one-third of a million people are killed by conventional weapons.<br />
Much of the human suffering is a result of irresponsible and inadequately regulated trade in<br />
conventional arms and weapons.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will be an active supporter and advocate for a global ATT, and will work with<br />
South Pacific nations and civil society to maximise the treaty‟s impact in better<br />
controlling the export and transfer of conventional arms in and around our region, in<br />
particular seeking to prevent such trade into potentially volatile and vulnerable areas<br />
thereof with a view to ensuring that any trade in conventional arms in our region does<br />
not cause or contribute to any form of conflict or political instability.<br />
When last in government, <strong>Labour</strong> together with a coalition of interested citizens, progressed<br />
the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions. In the same vein, <strong>Labour</strong> is keen to reignite the<br />
international momentum for nuclear disarmament, given the UN Secretary-General‟s 5-point<br />
plan and President Obama‟s leadership in this area.<br />
New Zealand must continue to participate in multilateral fora where these issues are debated<br />
with a view to making the world a more secure place.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will participate with vigour in multilateral fora to advance nuclear nonproliferation<br />
and disarmament.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consult with the NGO sector to determine priorities and efforts needed to<br />
achieve our aims.<br />
Human Rights/UN<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that the importance of human rights issues has been diminished over<br />
the past three years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> maintains a strong defence of human rights, both at home and abroad. We must<br />
continue to accept and look after refugees and play our part in the rescue of people who are<br />
fleeing oppressive regimes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also believes that strong multilateral bodies present the best possibility for the<br />
advancement of human rights and the resolution of conflict around the world. Where such<br />
organisations are faulty, they need strengthening and reform in our view, not abandoning.<br />
247
To this end, we wish to engage with the United Nations and other multilateral fora to<br />
advance progressive policies with regard to human rights and conflict resolution.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinvigorate our commitment to multilateralism. Global challenges require<br />
global solutions. <strong>Our</strong> commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals,<br />
especially in the Pacific, remains very strong. Poverty, climate change, water<br />
management, HIV/AIDS, access to safe birthing practices and internationally<br />
experienced gender issues all require multilateral agreements and actions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will participate fully in the reform of multilateral institutions, such as the United<br />
Nations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will press to remove the veto power for the permanent members of the<br />
Security Council.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support closer links between the UN and the G20 countries, and<br />
encourage the UN to take a greater role in economic policies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop an international human rights strategy and provide additional<br />
support to our participation in human rights fora, particularly at a regional level.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will announce our intention to run for a position on the UN Human Rights<br />
Council.<br />
MFAT Reform<br />
We will continue to have a distributed footprint for New Zealand‟s representation overseas<br />
with posts throughout the world. <strong>Labour</strong> is also committed to maximising regional<br />
arrangements such as the South Pacific Forum, ASEAN and the East Asia Forum. We need<br />
to ensure that the structure of MFAT is appropriate to the shifts in regional relationships<br />
which will occur in the foreseeable future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate NZAID as a semi-autonomous crown entity with a focus on<br />
poverty elimination.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that MFAT works closely with other agencies to use international<br />
resources efficiently, including through co-location and improved use of technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support a career foreign service, while encouraging midcareer<br />
recruitment and the ability for staff to take sabbaticals to work in the private<br />
sector and other parts of the public sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support a professional corporate services stream within MFAT, including<br />
in offshore posts.<br />
248
FORESTRY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Given the right mix of involvement, funding and vision, the government has the ability to<br />
drive the transformation of forestry from an industry predominantly reliant on foreign<br />
investment, overseas ownership and the export of commodities, to a world leading optimal<br />
land use, carbon farming, high-end processing, employment-generating super star.<br />
The Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), New Zealand‟s global „clean green‟ brand, the ability<br />
of trees to withstand a range of climatic conditions, growing global markets for sustainably<br />
managed forest products, and the necessity to optimise the country‟s resources, all mean<br />
that the time has come to redefine the role of the government in promoting economic growth<br />
and development in this very important sector of the New Zealand economy.<br />
The timing is right for forestry to come out of the shadow of agriculture and play a very<br />
important part in the sustainable economic development of the nation, as well as contribute<br />
to the „clean green‟ image that is a large part of the country‟s competitive advantage and<br />
which New Zealand uses to promote itself globally.<br />
Increasing the forest estate<br />
Forestry and forest products possess the potential to become one of this country‟s largest<br />
export earners as well as being a possible saviour for many parts of rural New Zealand hit by<br />
the downturn in traditional sheep farming.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commission a review of the nation‟s land stock with the aim of<br />
understanding the total area of „marginal land‟. We will then evaluate the possibility<br />
of purchasing and/or joint venturing large tracts of marginal land in key strategic<br />
areas with the medium-to-long term intention of (re)planting in order to:<br />
Create employment in key rural areas<br />
Plant to mitigate NZ‟s carbon liabilities<br />
Create a resource base large enough to encourage the investment in worldclass<br />
manufacturing facilities in key regions.<br />
The stock take of New Zealand‟s land resource will consider what is potentially suitable for:<br />
The growing of commercial forestry; including:<br />
- land use change from current marginal production to planting<br />
- planting of land currently not in commercial production<br />
249
Replanting for conservation purposes with a carbon farming bias, and<br />
Replanting for a mixture of commercial, cultural and / or conservation purposes.<br />
Once this information has been collated, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries<br />
(„the Ministry‟) will form „land clusters‟. This will allow the development of separate strategic<br />
plans for each regional cluster.<br />
The aim is to better understand regional impacts (positive and negative) of the development<br />
of a significant forest resource, and the likely economic impact on the region in terms of<br />
employment; significant downstream investment potential; industry and roading<br />
infrastructure requirements; impact on current community; social and economic costs and<br />
benefits; and the ability to quickly scale up to implement plans.<br />
It is acknowledged that forestry is only one of a number of land use options that constitute<br />
the optimal sustainable use of productive land. Most farms, for example, contain tracts of<br />
uneconomic pasture from a stock use perspective but not from a forestry use option.<br />
The Ministry will work closely with all interested organisations to ensure that landowners are<br />
well informed about their sustainable land use options. The Ministry will also help guide land<br />
owners towards schemes and grants that assist with the planting of appropriate land.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work in partnership with the relevant organisations (such as the Farm<br />
Forestry Association, Federated Farmers, Institute of Forestry, Forest Owners<br />
Association, Iwi Associations etc) to ensure that opportunities for optimal sustainable<br />
land use options are maximised.<br />
Biosecurity risks<br />
The New Zealand forest industry is taking an enormous biosecurity (and therefore<br />
commercial) risk by concentrating the majority of its research and development on a single<br />
species. For example, from 2000 to 2009, Canada, the world‟s third-most-forested country,<br />
lost over 16,000,000 hectares of pine forest due to a plague of bark-beetles in its temperate<br />
and boreal zones, a record number of which have been surviving the recent mild winters.<br />
However, in the past extensive research was undertaken into various alternative species<br />
suitable for planation forestry. For example, the old Forest Service undertook various<br />
studies into alternatives to radiata pine. This body of work needs to be reviewed, and if<br />
necessary updated with a view to mitigating some of the risks associated with 21 st century<br />
mono-culture forestry.<br />
Other important sources of information and knowledge include, for example, organisations<br />
like the Farm Forestry Association, whose members have carried out extensive trials and<br />
research into alternative species over the years.<br />
250
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that New Zealand does have an extensive history and vast competencies<br />
in managing and growing radiata pine, and this species will form the backbone of the New<br />
Zealand forest industry for many years to come. Therefore, further research needs to be<br />
encouraged and supported into improving the physical properties of the wood as well as<br />
refining the resistance of radiata pine to the new range of pests and pathogens.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review all past research into the feasibility of alternative tree species. We<br />
will also instigate further research into different variations of radiata pine that are<br />
resistant to many of today‟s pathogens and pests.<br />
Carbon credits<br />
Roughly half the dry weight of a tree is made up of stored carbon, most of which is released<br />
when the tree rots or is burned.<br />
Until the 1960s, changes in land use accounted for most historic man-made greenhouse gas<br />
emissions. And its contribution to emissions is still large, at around 15% of the total (more<br />
than the share of all the world‟s ships, cars, trains and planes). However, forests and the soil<br />
beneath them absorb about a quarter of all carbon emissions.<br />
This is all positive for New Zealand because we grow trees better than most. Trees<br />
generate carbon credits, which allow the country to meet its Kyoto obligations. If we grow<br />
enough trees, then we generate surplus carbon credits, which have the potential to be a<br />
large export earner for the country over the coming years.<br />
The reality is that there is significant work already being undertaken in this area and a lot<br />
more work would need to go into the development of sophisticated models for determining<br />
the sequestration of a range of species on a number of sites. However, the point is that<br />
there is huge potential for the development of an export market in carbon credits if we get it<br />
right.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop New Zealand‟s forestry estate to the level where the international<br />
trading of carbon credits becomes a significant export earner.<br />
Off-set planting<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that forestry needs to be considered as part of a whole suite of land-use<br />
options. There are areas of productive land that are better suited to other forms of land use<br />
due to the ability to gain greater economic returns in a sustainable manner.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that under the current Kyoto protocol, pre-1990 forests must be replanted<br />
in the exact location from which they were harvested. This is part of the Kyoto obligations<br />
that <strong>Labour</strong> accepts and recognises.<br />
251
<strong>Labour</strong> will, post Kyoto (2012), instigate a policy of off-set planting in recognition<br />
that, due to technology, market demand or other variables, optimal use of land may<br />
change over the course of a forestry rotation (23-35 years).<br />
While we will still require that harvested pre-1990 forests are replanted, the location to be<br />
replanted may be off-set by replanting land deemed more suitable to forestry. The result is<br />
that more marginal land may be planted in forestry as productive land, once under forest<br />
cover, is converted to a more productive land use.<br />
Biofuels<br />
In September, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Dr Jan Wright,<br />
released a report entitled Some biofuels are better than others. This report addressed the<br />
pros and cons of various biofuels, and the biofuels policy, at a time when climate change is<br />
focusing attention on renewable energy.<br />
Dr Wright concluded that if biofuels are to play a significant role in our energy future then<br />
drop-in biodiesel made from wood looks to be the most practical form. That is because wood<br />
is plentiful and can be made into fuel that can be dropped straight into fuel tanks without<br />
blending.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to working in partnership with key stakeholders to further<br />
investigate the potential for a domestic biofuel industry based on forest products.<br />
The potential is huge and the technology exists, however, the commercialisation implications<br />
re species, processes etc do need to be fully understood.<br />
Employment in forestry<br />
Forestry has the potential to play a significant role in New Zealand‟s economic development.<br />
The Ministry, therefore, has an important role to play in working closely with all industry<br />
training organisations to ensure that educational programmes reflect the diverse roles that<br />
will be needed to ensure the industry reaches its potential.<br />
The Ministry also has a responsibility to ensure that the educational establishments<br />
understand the government‟s vision for forestry, and therefore develop educational<br />
programmes that are relevant.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work closely with all forestry educational institutions in order to maximise<br />
employment opportunities.<br />
With the settlement of Waitangi claims returning land to Māori, there is huge potential to<br />
work in partnership with Māori to optimise the potential arising from forestry investment.<br />
This includes joint venture / partnership investment in employment (both in the forest and,<br />
252
eventually, manufacturing, management and marketing etc roles), infrastructure, carbon<br />
trading opportunities and forests.<br />
The Crown and Māori already work very closely together in forestry management and<br />
Ministry initiatives will further cement the relationship between the two largest land owners in<br />
the country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work in partnership with Māori landowners in order to create sustainable<br />
and appropriate forestry ventures.<br />
Forestry incentive schemes<br />
The Primary Growth Partnership and the Emissions Trading Scheme aside, there are three<br />
major schemes that provide incentives to plant forests. These are the Permanent Forest<br />
Sinks Initiative (PFSI), the Afforestation Grant Scheme and the East Coast Forestry Project.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a comprehensive review of these schemes through wide<br />
ranging consultation with industry, territorial and local authorities as well as interested<br />
stakeholders, evaluating the schemes‟ success against both their own key objectives<br />
and the government‟s wider goals.<br />
Funding to the three schemes will be assessed based on a series of key performance<br />
indicators and, if necessary, support will either be withdrawn and reprioritised, remain the<br />
same, or increased.<br />
Marketing the New Zealand forestry industry<br />
Generally, the forest industry has been particularly poor at marketing itself and its products<br />
to the wider community. It has failed to successfully communicate the value it adds to the<br />
country and the huge benefit it brings to our communities. Worse still are the marketing and<br />
PR activities and strategies undertaken by the manufacturing, engineering, innovation and<br />
science and technology side of the industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop marketing strategies, and create and optimise promotional<br />
opportunities, to educate and inform domestic and international stakeholders about<br />
the significant value and benefits of forestry and its associated industries and<br />
products.<br />
We will ensure that the Ministry has a focus on the following activities:<br />
● Development of strategies that promote the benefits of forestry and wood and wood<br />
products to potential industries both domestically and internationally (building,<br />
architectural, manufacturing etc) as well as a very strong focus on the<br />
commercialisation of any IP that is developed in-house. The Ministry will work very<br />
253
closely with the industry and key stakeholders to ensure that the opportunities for the<br />
use of wood are not only optimised, but created.<br />
● Community engagement, including a much more proactive schools and educational<br />
strategy.<br />
● Stakeholder engagement, ensuring that all potential participants are kept very well<br />
informed and up to date with everything that is going on in all sectors of the forest and<br />
forest products industry.<br />
One of New Zealand‟s competitive advantages is as a grower of sustainably managed<br />
forests. This is one aspect of the branding that will be used to differentiate New Zealand‟s<br />
forest products in overseas markets.<br />
There are a number of international organisations providing certification to sustainably<br />
managed forests and forest products, and it is important to ensure that all Crown and Crownpartnered<br />
forests are certified under the appropriate programme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work closely with international standards to ensure that all New Zealand<br />
logs, lumber and wood products are certified as coming from sustainably managed<br />
forests.<br />
New Zealand must continue to lead the debate and champion the cause of forestry in carbon<br />
sequestration. We were instrumental in getting post 1990 plantation forests included into a<br />
country‟s carbon calculation. Further research must continue on the level of carbon storage<br />
by timber products used in the construction process, and then this data can be used to<br />
further market the benefits of using wood products in the building industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will proactively lead New Zealand‟s forestry advocacy team at any future<br />
carbon negotiation summits / conferences.<br />
We must also be willing to take the lead in promoting the use of sustainable wood products<br />
here at home.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the use of timber in the construction of government buildings. All<br />
government building projects four stories or under will be required to consider the use<br />
of timber as the primary building material. All significant building tenders for<br />
government buildings will be required to include a section that quantifies the carbon<br />
used all along the supply chain during the proposed construction process (and<br />
associated costs and benefits).<br />
The reasons for this are threefold:<br />
● International studies have proven that timber products continue to retain carbon<br />
throughout their life, and only release their full carbon content upon burning. New<br />
254
Zealand should be aggressive in promoting and delivering on its „clean green‟ image<br />
whenever the opportunity arises.<br />
● Certain timber products have the structural and engineering integrity of steel. There is<br />
no reason why timber cannot be used as a clean, green innovative replacement for<br />
traditional construction materials as and when appropriate.<br />
● The government must seek to influence consumer behaviour in this area by „walkingthe-talk‟<br />
in its use of innovative building materials and design techniques. The<br />
government must also take the initiative in promoting New Zealand processing and<br />
design innovation.<br />
New Zealand timber (and more specifically radiata pine) has been used in some amazing<br />
architecturally designed buildings around the world. The rebuilding of Christchurch and<br />
surrounding districts after the Canterbury earthquake is an example of where timber‟s unique<br />
structural, architectural and design qualities can be showcased for current and future<br />
generations.<br />
There is no doubt that there must be a very clear market focus in all activities undertaken in<br />
relation to research, forest management, investment and education. No longer is the<br />
attitude „build it and they will come‟ good enough in this industry.<br />
There are many different ways to analyse domestic and international market demand, trends<br />
and future, and unless the industry embraces a market-driven approach it will continue to<br />
under-perform to the detriment of the nation‟s economy.<br />
255
HEALTH POLICY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision – Healthy Kiwis<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to enhancing the well-being of all New Zealanders, so they can live<br />
longer, healthier lives. To do this we need to shift thinking away from seeing health policy in<br />
isolation, and from seeing healthcare as something that begins in a hospital or doctor‟s<br />
surgery, and ensure that all our policies enhance the well-being and health status of New<br />
Zealanders.<br />
Good health is something that begins in our homes, schools, workplaces and communities.<br />
If a house is overcrowded, cold and damp, then it is hard to stay healthy. If parents lose<br />
their jobs they find it hard to put healthy food on the table or afford a visit to the doctor. If<br />
people do not have adequate income, then they find it hard to afford the basic necessities of<br />
life.<br />
These are examples of what are sometimes called the social determinants of health. We<br />
must address the inequities that are contributing to poor health outcomes. This will require<br />
particular attention to policies in terms of education, income equality, housing, taxation and<br />
social development and how they impact on health.<br />
A focus on addressing the social determinants of health and access to healthcare will not<br />
only improve health outcomes, but will also prove cost-effective and good for economic<br />
growth over time as the need for expensive interventions and treatments reduces. There is<br />
not a bottomless pit for expenditure, but investments now in proven early interventions<br />
should reduce the need for expenditure not only in the health system but in other areas of<br />
government including social development and corrections.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Principles<br />
Prevention and Early Intervention: <strong>Labour</strong> believes in a health system that is as<br />
effective at preventing ill health as it is at treating those in need of care. Prevention<br />
and early intervention lies in the hands of families and communities who must no<br />
longer be seen as the passive recipients of care.<br />
Health in all Policies: We need to ensure that the health impacts of all policies are<br />
considered, and policies that are developed support addressing the social<br />
determinants of poor health and health inequities. This also means addressing a<br />
range of environmental factors that determine health status, for instance, sending<br />
people back into the environments that made them sick in the first place means they<br />
will often get sick again and again.<br />
256
Collaboration across government, non-government agencies and the health sector is<br />
needed to deliver this system. No Government department/Ministry acting alone is as<br />
effective as they could be with real collaboration with each other and other key<br />
stakeholders.<br />
Evidence base: We need a Health system that is based on evidence about what<br />
works – not fixated on manufactured targets or political slogans.<br />
Universal access: <strong>Labour</strong> has a passionate belief in universal access to quality health<br />
care, while meeting the specific needs of vulnerable populations.<br />
Long term approach: We know that inequity will not be erased overnight, but by<br />
making investments now that target well-being and keeping people healthy we will give<br />
all New Zealanders the opportunity for the same life-chances.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> core commitments<br />
A commitment to funding the sector so it can manage changing demographics and<br />
health status of New Zealanders.<br />
Ensuring that innovations and efficiencies within the health system are encouraged by<br />
launching the Health Innovation Project to drive nationwide application of models of<br />
good practice in the delivery of health services.<br />
A re-invigorated Primary Health Care strategy that emphasises accessibility,<br />
affordability and coordinated services.<br />
Agenda for Children - It‟s About <strong>Our</strong> Kids, including extending free access for under<br />
sixes to after-hours medical services, meaning 24 hour, 7 day a week free access for<br />
under 6 year olds.<br />
Develop nationwide tools for elective surgery prioritisation based around timeliness,<br />
equity and quality.<br />
A 10 year plan to increase access to primary oral health care services, beginning with<br />
young people and pregnant mothers.<br />
The development, retention and recruitment of a high quality health workforce that<br />
sees the right skills used in the right place at the right time, with gives enhanced roles<br />
for nurses and community health workers.<br />
Adequate and sustainable funding for aged care that allows “ageing in place” but also<br />
provides safe, properly staffed residential care.<br />
257
A co-ordinated approach to address the obesity epidemic that is costing New Zealand<br />
millions of dollars a year.<br />
Ensuring mental health is restored as a priority for District Health Boards with<br />
appropriate targets to restore and improve mental health services.<br />
Healthy Kiwis, living healthy lives<br />
There is an increasing understanding that more equal societies do better economically and<br />
socially, through research such as Wilkinson and Pickett‟s The Spirit Level. Allowing<br />
inequities to develop in our society drives social exclusion, fuels poverty and crime and leads<br />
to poor health outcomes and life expectancy for vulnerable populations. Conversely,<br />
addressing these issues will improve economic productivity, lower costs associated with<br />
prisons, benefits and improve mental health and well-being.<br />
International research shows that a society‟s health status is closely linked to factors that are<br />
not traditionally seen as being part of health policy, eg income inequality, employment,<br />
housing and transport. Males in the least deprived areas in New Zealand can expect to live<br />
8.8 years longer than males in the most deprived areas (82.1 versus 73.3 years). For<br />
females, the difference is smaller, but still substantial, at 5.9 years (84.6 versus 78.7<br />
years). 31<br />
In New Zealand we also have to acknowledge the importance of ethnicity in health<br />
outcomes. The New Zealand Medical Association have noted that Māori have poorer health<br />
outcomes and therefore have greater health needs than non-Māori as measured in heart<br />
diseases, cancer and mortality. This persists even when other factors such as socioeconomic<br />
status and smoking have been accounted for. Pacific groups and other immigrant<br />
populations as also found to have a low health status. 32<br />
It is through addressing these issues that we will see a more healthy population in New<br />
Zealand. In addition addressing these issues will also start to arrest the ever-increasing cost<br />
of healthcare.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will adopt a whole-of-government approach to reduce and eliminate inequities<br />
in health, including through coordinated policy approaches covering issues such as<br />
fairer taxation, education, housing, employment, poverty eradication and income<br />
inequality.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has already made commitments which include:<br />
Creating a $5,000 tax free zone.<br />
Taking GST off all fresh fruit and vegetables.<br />
31 Social Report 2010, Ministry of Social Development.<br />
32 Health Equity Position Statement, New Zealand Medical Association, April <strong>2011</strong><br />
258
Increasing the minimum wage from $13 to $15 an hour, raising earnings for<br />
the quarter of a million workers who currently earn less than $15.<br />
Committed to increasing and upgrading Housing New Zealand's state<br />
housing stock. <strong>Labour</strong> also remains committed to the policy of income related<br />
rents for state house tenants.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will set a range of nationwide health targets for priority areas such as<br />
immunisation, oral health, elective services, cancer waiting list times, avoidable<br />
hospital admissions, diabetes and mental health, healthier lifestyles, smoking<br />
cessation and efficiency in services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that Health Impact Assessments are undertaken of core policy<br />
initiatives across government, with a particular focus on equity issues.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will adopt a life-course approach to ensure that the causes of poor health<br />
outcomes are addressed, with a particular focus on ensuring children receive the<br />
best start in life.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will address the inequities in health status experienced by Māori, Pasifika<br />
peoples, refugees, migrants and other vulnerable groups.<br />
Population health<br />
The core of a health system that is dedicated to creating healthy populations is good public<br />
health services. Public health focuses on preventing illness and supporting wellness by<br />
providing people with information and support to make healthy decisions about their own<br />
lives.<br />
Under the current government public health funding has been reduced, and there is a plan to<br />
merge together public health services into a stand-alone agency, effectively removing public<br />
health from the Ministry of Health. District Health Boards often do not regard public health as<br />
core business and the last 2 years has seen a significant reduction in staff levels of all public<br />
health units.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote and adequately fund population health at a nationwide and<br />
community level to target core issues including:<br />
Obesity<br />
On-time immunisations<br />
Health conditions related to smoking<br />
The impact of over-crowded and poor quality housing on health<br />
259
Problem gambling and drug and alcohol addiction<br />
Chronic and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, respiratory and<br />
heart disease<br />
Rheumatic Fever eradication<br />
Serious skin infections<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will pass the Public Health Bill into law.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with District Health Boards and other stakeholders to ensure there is<br />
integrated planning and service delivery for preventive healthcare. Such an approach<br />
will have the structure to best deliver public health programmes rather than a<br />
structure driven by a desire to reduce the number of government agencies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support long-term research to deal with the underlying causes of illness<br />
and strategies for the promotion of good health and well-being.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-instate National Administrative Guidelines for schools on the sale of<br />
healthy food.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-establish a new Healthy Eating, Healthy Action programme.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support increased participation in sport and recreation activities, including<br />
through an investigation into school sport participation, including the feasibility of<br />
reintroducing mid-week early finishing nationwide to facilitate mid-week sport.<br />
Sector organisation: Integration and innovation<br />
Information Technology<br />
A major challenge in the health system is to make that there is consistent, accurate data and<br />
information that is easily and readily available to all parts of the health system.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest in information technology so that the flow of health information<br />
between primary, secondary and tertiary health sectors is achieved in a timely and<br />
seamless manner that also safeguards patient privacy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support collaboration across the health sector to take maximum<br />
advantage of new technology and the potential of high speed broadband to deliver<br />
more effective health services for all New Zealanders.<br />
Health Innovation Project<br />
260
In a number of District Health Boards there have been significant productivity and service<br />
delivery improvements over recent years. In many cases these have delivered better and<br />
more timely services, resulting in improved health outcomes for patients, more efficient use<br />
of resources and cost savings. Often these innovative practices are based on process and<br />
system improvements rather than around clinical practice, although both will be the focus of<br />
the project.<br />
The Canterbury Initiative<br />
The Canterbury Initiative encourages health professionals to understand that they function<br />
as one health system, have limited resources to deliver the best possible care, and work<br />
together to make things better. The process aims to agree on consistent evidence based<br />
ways of treating the majority of patients. This reduces waste and duplication and frees up<br />
resources to focus on the most difficult cases.<br />
Urology was one of the first areas to use this approach. They established their own<br />
governance committee to oversee their budget. They have hired a specialist manager to<br />
oversee opportunities for innovation and improvement. They hired a specialist nurse to lead<br />
the pre-admission process. This has reduced no-shows, and increased readiness for<br />
surgery. The nurse position saved 15 hours per week of doctor time and increased<br />
consistency of pre-admission checks. Simple changes such as introducing digital dictation<br />
also saves time and resources. 33<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will launch the Health Innovation Project to be led by the National Health<br />
Board to drive nationwide application of models of good practice in the delivery of<br />
health services.<br />
The project will identify innovative practice in the delivery of healthcare, particularly at the<br />
secondary and tertiary level and support the further development and application of these<br />
practices across District Health Boards. The NHB will work with DHBs to implement the<br />
models of practice as appropriate to the needs of those DHBs.<br />
The project will require some additional investment up front to support the NHB to undertake<br />
the project. Those DHBs who have innovative practice that is considered to have the<br />
potential to be applicable to nationwide application will be given incentives to work with the<br />
NHB to further develop and refine the ideas.<br />
In the medium to long term the project is expected to generate significant savings within the<br />
Health Budget.<br />
District Health Boards<br />
33 Adapted from A Prescription for Change, Gareth Morgan and Geoff Simmons<br />
261
District Health Boards should provide an important channel for community input into decision<br />
making. At the moment there is a limited transparency in the way that many District Health<br />
Boards operate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require District Health Boards to adopt more democratic and transparent<br />
processes, including greater inclusion of the public and community in the decision<br />
making process and a requirement that the budget development process be<br />
undertaken in public session.<br />
Primary health care<br />
“US evidence points to a 4:1 return (in terms of quality adjusted life years gained)from investment in<br />
prevention and primary healthcare, as compared to hospital treatment”- A Prescription for Change. 34<br />
Primary healthcare encompasses the services that Kiwis receive from frontline health<br />
workers in their community. Early and effective access, wellness support, diagnosis and<br />
intervention lead to healthier people and families. In turn this results in less pressure on our<br />
hospitals. It is bad for individuals‟ health and for the society and economy as a whole to wait<br />
and get seriously ill before treatment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is proud of the Primary Healthcare strategy that we put in place in the first decade of<br />
this century. It made significant progress in ensuring that receiving primary healthcare is<br />
more affordable and accessible. Changes by the current government have seen a reduction<br />
in the number of Primary Healthcare Organisations, and a growing role for the private sector<br />
in the delivery of primary healthcare.<br />
The cost of accessing primary healthcare remains a problem for many New Zealanders.<br />
Increasing the cost of seeking care makes health care more expensive for everyone. Sick<br />
people deterred from seeking treatment become sicker and require even more costly<br />
interventions later. Consistent under-funding of the healthcare system by the current<br />
government over the last two years is seeing fees go up, which is reducing accessibility<br />
especially for the most vulnerable populations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-invigorate the primary healthcare strategy to ensure all New<br />
Zealanders have access to affordable primary healthcare, including after-hours care.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the funding formula for primary healthcare to ensure affordable<br />
access for all New Zealanders and that the needs of vulnerable populations are<br />
being met, including a review of rural health funding to ensure access to affordable<br />
and quality services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the development of further genuine collaboration in the<br />
delivery of primary healthcare, refining the PHO model and drawing together GP<br />
services and other allied health professionals.<br />
34 A Prescription for Change, Gareth Morgan and Geoff Simmons<br />
262
<strong>Labour</strong> will facilitate clear communication between primary and secondary care<br />
providers to prevent unnecessary admissions and hospitalisations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop multi-disciplinary primary health teams that work in the<br />
community (including in schools) with families, including through home based visits to<br />
ensure access to primary healthcare services for individuals and families who are not<br />
currently accessing services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the training and greater use of nurse practitioners, community<br />
outreach nurses and dental hygienists to deliver primary care services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will further investigate the DHB salaried General Practitioner option as a way<br />
of ensuring accessible and better integrated primary care, where GP services are not<br />
being provided or are not sufficient to meet the needs of the community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will fully implement the New Zealand Ambulance strategy to ensure<br />
ambulance services continue to be a strong first line of intervention within the health<br />
system.<br />
Agenda for children - It‟s about our kids<br />
“Children matter. Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in our society. Good health and<br />
developmental outcomes for children depend on how well families‟ basic needs are met, the strength<br />
of families‟ social and cultural connections, families‟ access to quality services and facilities, and<br />
families‟ economic security. Young children‟s family environments are so influential that they predict<br />
children‟s cognitive, social and emotional abilities and their subsequent success at school.” – The<br />
Public Health Advisory Committee. 35<br />
The health of our children reflects the complex nature of our society and the interactions they<br />
have within it. The outcomes for today‟s children will determine the future success or failure<br />
of our nation. The period of childhood shapes an individual more than any other time in life.<br />
We must ensure we do everything we can that children enter adulthood as healthy and<br />
happy as they can be.<br />
The true measure of a nation‟s standing is how well it attends to its children – their health<br />
and safety, their material security, their education and socialization, and their sense of being<br />
loved, valued and included in the families and societies into which they are born. 36<br />
35 The Best Start in Life; Achieving Effective Action on Child Health and Wellbeing, Public Health Advisory<br />
Committee, June 2010<br />
36 UNICEF, Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries. Innocenti Report Card<br />
7. 2007, Florence<br />
263
In order to give every child the best start in life it is essential that government focuses on<br />
reducing inequities in the early development of physical and emotional health, and cognitive,<br />
linguistic and social skills.<br />
We need to ensure that there are high quality maternity services, parenting programmes,<br />
childcare and early years education to meet need across all communities.<br />
We need to build the resilience of young children and enable them to control their own lives<br />
and health status. We need to ensure that schools, families and communities work together<br />
to reduce inequities and promote well-being for all children.<br />
We need to strengthen the leadership in the health sector to promote the needs of healthy<br />
children, and ensure there is a whole of government approach for children. This must be<br />
backed by the capture and dissemination of high quality data about the health status and<br />
outcomes of children.<br />
We have seen a number of reports in recent times that the cost of accessing primary<br />
healthcare is meaning that some children are not getting the treatment that they need. This<br />
is particularly so in terms of access to affordable after-hours care.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make child health a priority, and increase the proportion of health sector<br />
spending on services for children aged up to six years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend free access for under sixes to after-hours medical services,<br />
meaning 24 hour, 7 day a week free access for under six year olds.<br />
Extended access will be in place across New Zealand and will be delivered through<br />
mechanisms based on the best evidence from around the country.<br />
The estimated costs for this initiative (in $M) are:<br />
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19<br />
10 10 10 10 10 10 10<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also do everything we can to ensure children are free of or are receiving<br />
quality care for debilitating health conditions when they enter school at 5 years old,<br />
by providing adequate funding of outreach services to reach vulnerable children,<br />
supporting and enhancing B4 School Checks and providing a “mop-up” service at<br />
school to capture those children who start school who have not accessed a B4<br />
School Check.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require District Health Boards to adopt child health implementation plans<br />
with nationally agreed measurable outcomes and targets that are monitored by the<br />
Ministry of Health.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop systems during pregnancy to identify children who are<br />
vulnerable, and then ensure that the relevant levels of support are in place to support<br />
and optimise parenting.<br />
264
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a seamless transition from maternity services to health care<br />
services for infants and young children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the Health in Schools Programme, including social workers,<br />
starting with low decile schools, with the aim of expanding the programme to higher<br />
decile schools as resources allow.<br />
Maternity policy<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that there is a compelling case to ensure that New Zealand is the best place<br />
in the world to raise our children. It is important that all women and babies have equal<br />
opportunity to have optimal maternity outcomes. 63,000 live births were registered in the<br />
year ending December, 2010.<br />
A high quality Maternity Service is necessary to ensure a positive influence on the health<br />
status and social wellbeing of the mother, baby and the community. New Zealand is 6 th of<br />
the top ten countries in the world to be a mother a Save the Children study found in May,<br />
2010 (12 th Annual State of the World‟s Mothers report).<br />
It is understood that implementation of the Maternity Action Plan over the last two years has<br />
focussed on workforce development, quality assurance and maternity new-born information<br />
system development. We support those initiatives as they were identified as being a high<br />
priority in 2008.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the implementation of the 8 principles and 11 goals of the<br />
Maternity Action Plan developed by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2008.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue further alignment of Maternity Service provision with primary<br />
health services and Primary Health Organisations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will give consideration to service access issues for rural women, young<br />
parents and women with mental health disorders.<br />
Primary Family Centres<br />
Increasingly, women are transferred home on average within two days of delivery or take<br />
early discharge from birthing facilities with Lead Maternity Carer support. The percentage of<br />
women having home births has not increased. Services need to be accessible, coordinated<br />
and integrated into the family care services support environment. In some areas Family<br />
Health Units should be available when women need respite care or Lactation Consultant<br />
intervention to maintain breastfeeding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure community based facilities are developed by the District Health<br />
Boards in conjunction with Midwives, GPs, Plunket, La Leche League and Social<br />
Workers.<br />
265
Breastfeeding Support<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> introduced the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and Baby Friendly Community<br />
Initiative (BFHI and BFCI) in the last term in government. Currently 92% of birthing facilities<br />
have achieved accreditation and this initiative needs even more support to help mothers on<br />
discharge home and in the community.<br />
The National Breastfeeding Committee was dis-established by the current government in<br />
2009. NZ is not currently compliant with the Innocenti Declaration promoted by the World<br />
Health Organisation or UNCROC commitments.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-establish the National Breastfeeding Advisory Committee. This<br />
committee will provide leadership on implementation of the Breastfeeding Strategic<br />
Plan launched by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2008. This committee would review the most appropriate<br />
funding mechanism to enable Lactation Consultants to provide both facility and<br />
community based lactation support and education services in the community.<br />
Universal registration with Well Child providers<br />
Well Child services are free to all New Zealand kids from birth to five years. They include<br />
health education and promotion, health protection and clinical assessment, and<br />
family/whānau care and support. Quite simply, if children aren‟t enrolled at all, they‟ll miss all<br />
their Well Child visits, and their parents will miss out on vital support.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure all parents register their baby before birth with a Well Child<br />
provider of their choice, such as Plunket, Tipu Ora, the Pacific Health Service or the<br />
Tongan Health Society.<br />
This measure will require additional resourcing to Well Child providers; this will be funded<br />
within baselines through a rationalisation of existing early intervention initiatives.<br />
At present, New Zealand does not have a comprehensive way of registering babies at birth<br />
and sharing that information with services to monitor a child‟s health.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will accelerate full implementation of the Child Health Information Strategy to<br />
drive progress towards a Universal Child Health Record.<br />
Well Child Handover<br />
As noted above, under <strong>Labour</strong>‟s policy all children will be enrolled with a Well Child provider<br />
before birth. The Midwife or Lead Maternity Carer is contracted to provide visits in the first<br />
six weeks postpartum. Flexibility around transfer will ensure that no gaps in service provision<br />
occur, therefore minimising the risk of family violence, child abuse and neglect.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enable flexibility around the commencement of a needs based Well Child<br />
programme in the first six weeks of life. This must only occur at the agreement of the<br />
266
mother and the Lead Maternity Carer who should remain central to the Post Natal<br />
module of care.<br />
The better the information and the sharing of it with those working with a family the better the<br />
care we can provide for our children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure earlier and more formalised handover between Lead Maternity<br />
Carers and Well Child Providers.<br />
This will assist with the identification of families and children needing special support, and<br />
will help Well Child Providers to begin support (e.g. home visiting) and, where needed, to<br />
intervene earlier.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also make sure children‟s health information is available to the health and<br />
child protection professionals who need it.<br />
Core health and wellbeing information will be linked through health information systems to<br />
ensure it follows the child, and that all services are responding to that child‟s situation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to close the cracks between agencies protecting children.<br />
Youth Pregnancy and Parenting<br />
New Zealand has the second highest teenage pregnancy rate in the developed world.<br />
Although these parents and their babies have increased health and social risks, many do<br />
well and they are a vital part of the future of our country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> developed a „Youth Pregnancy and Parenting Programme of Action‟, which was<br />
approved by Cabinet in 2008. This plan has not been implemented by this government.<br />
A multi-agency wrap around approach is aimed to grow awareness of body safety and<br />
awareness and encourage young women to improve their knowledge of the impact on their<br />
lives of an unintended pregnancy.<br />
The plan also helps young parents to make informed decisions on how to parent and<br />
manage a more complex lifestyle while continuing to access ongoing learning.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement the Youth Pregnancy and Parenting Programme of Action.<br />
This will be a cross-agency/sector initiative lead by the Ministry of Health and involve<br />
the Ministry of Education, Social Development and Youth Affairs.<br />
Hospital services<br />
267
All New Zealanders have the right to accessible, quality public health services. While there<br />
is an increasing focus on primary care and preventive health approaches, hospitals must be<br />
supported to provide secondary and tertiary services and to work in an integrated manner<br />
with other health sectors. This will enable the health sector to work efficiently and effectively<br />
by maximising the utilisation of health resources. New Zealanders should have safe,<br />
sustainable, quality driven clinical services provided as close to home as practicable.<br />
Central to this is the collaboration of DHBs at both regional and national levels. Clinical and<br />
administrative collaboration will remove the variability that can occur as a result of where<br />
someone lives rather than specific needs. This will not impact on a DHBs‟ ability to ensure<br />
services meet the specific health needs of their communities.<br />
Acute Service<br />
Ensuring access to the appropriate level of acute care remains a challenge for the health<br />
sector. DHBs struggle to ensure that hospital emergency department services are available<br />
in a timely manner for those who require hospital level care. Accessing primary care<br />
services from emergency departments is not an effective use of health resource. New<br />
Zealanders need to receive clear messaging about where to go to access the health<br />
services they require, and what these services will cost.<br />
Elective services<br />
Research undertaken by the Auditor-General shows that access to surgery is often a product<br />
of where you live rather than your needs. So-called “post code” access to elective services<br />
is not acceptable for New Zealanders. National guidelines regarding prioritisation, waiting<br />
times and condition treatment pathways will result in consistency and clarity in the delivery of<br />
elective services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the development of strong regional and/or national networks to<br />
make the most efficient use of health resources.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the development of national services, where appropriate, to<br />
deliver specialised care and encourage innovative practice.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the capital charging regime as it applies to public hospitals.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure a coordinated hospital and specialist care system with consistent<br />
access criteria, quality and timeliness across New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop nationwide tools for elective surgery prioritisation based around<br />
timeliness, equity and quality.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a model of care for acute services that encompasses the needs<br />
of patients, primary care and hospital emergency departments.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop sustainable and high quality palliative care services.<br />
268
<strong>Labour</strong> will build and upgrade facilities across New Zealand to support the network of<br />
care across New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the provision of ambulance services by instituting a staged<br />
plan to deal with funding, workforce, crewing and training issues.<br />
Oral health<br />
The 2009 New Zealand Oral Health Survey shows that 44% of New Zealanders are not<br />
receiving any form of dental care. Under the last <strong>Labour</strong> government significant progress<br />
was made in improving the oral health for children, particularly for those up to Year 8 through<br />
the School Dental Service. There are still major issues in accessible treatment, particularly<br />
for teenagers and those aged over 18. A recent Christchurch study found 1/3 rd of the high<br />
school students needed urgent dental treatment. 37<br />
The case for increased attention to oral health is strengthened by the increase in diabetes<br />
and obesity, both of which are linked to an increase in dental health problems. Also the<br />
“baby boomer” generation are the first generation entering their older years with their own<br />
teeth, which will require interventions for a longer period.<br />
As with other areas of health policy, prevention needs to be a major focus in oral health<br />
policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop, in consultation with the sector, a 10 year plan to improve the oral<br />
health of New Zealanders.<br />
The key elements of the plan will be:<br />
Continuation of free dental health care from birth to the age of 18 years, with<br />
an increased focus on ensuring that teenagers are enrolled with a dentist and<br />
are supported to attend check-ups and receive treatment.<br />
Review the framework that funds oral health services for teenagers to ensure<br />
that young people are enrolled, that services are delivered in an accessible<br />
manner and that dentists are appropriately incentivised to undertake the work.<br />
Extend incrementally, as resources allow, the provision of affordable dental<br />
care beginning with pregnant women receiving a package of free dental<br />
services.<br />
Undertake a social marketing campaign around the importance of dental<br />
hygiene, including to new parents to encourage them to enrol children with<br />
school dental service (available from age 2 ½).<br />
37 LANE project, Linwood High School, April <strong>2011</strong><br />
269
Ensure DHBs set targets for access to oral health services and oral health<br />
outcomes in their communities.<br />
Extend the Voluntary Bonding Scheme to dentists and dental hygienists who<br />
agree to work in rural areas and provincial centres which have a shortage of<br />
dentists and dental hygienists.<br />
Hold an independent inquiry into the fluoridation of drinking water, with a view<br />
to developing a national policy on fluoridation as a national dental health<br />
measure.<br />
Setting a target for District Health Boards on oral health care access and<br />
outcomes.<br />
Workforce<br />
A strong and well -resourced health workforce is necessary for a strong public health<br />
system. New Zealanders are rightly concerned that we train and recruit sufficient qualified<br />
staff to ensure that we maintain a high standard of care in our health system. There have<br />
been a large number of stories emerging that indicate many of our health professionals are<br />
being attracted overseas after being trained in New Zealand.<br />
As a country New Zealand also has specific challenges to meet the health needs of isolated<br />
populations, specific populations groups and other vulnerable groups. A focus on developing<br />
the workforce to meet these needs for the long term is essential.<br />
The nature of the medical workforce is changing in the same way that patterns of working life<br />
are changing in other areas. Professional people are more mobile, and less likely to stay in<br />
one place or indeed one line of work for their lifetime. The approach to managing the health<br />
workforce needs to take this into account.<br />
As we move to a more integrated approach to the delivery of healthcare the roles and<br />
responsibilities of those within the health workforce will change. As we drive for healthcare<br />
to be delivered as close to communities as possible, and to deliver a range of services to<br />
meet changing health needs, a more flexible and generalist capability is required to support<br />
the specialist workforce that will continue to operate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to develop the role of Health Workforce New Zealand to provide<br />
a coordinated approach to ensuring New Zealand has a sustainable, flexible and<br />
appropriate health workforce.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the focus of Health Workforce New Zealand encompasses a<br />
wider health focus beyond the medical workforce to a whole-of-health-system<br />
approach that includes nursing and allied healthcare professionals.<br />
270
<strong>Labour</strong> will support enhanced clinical leadership programme to give clinicians voice<br />
in overall health system development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop career planning and monitoring schemes for health workforce<br />
streams, including supporting bonding and advanced fellowship schemes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will further develop the capability of the nursing workforce to provide<br />
leadership and innovation in the health sector, by removing barriers to enhanced<br />
roles for nurses, including through the nurse practitioner role, enrolled nurses,<br />
prescribing by nurses and other nurse led services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support further increase in the number of medical student places as<br />
resources allow.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the outcomes of the GP Training Review, with a view to<br />
implementing recommendations to provide for a future employment model that is<br />
more flexible and is tailored to meet the specific needs of providing primary<br />
healthcare in 21st century New Zealand context.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement the recommendations of the Locum Review Project with a view<br />
to finding cost savings and efficiencies in the provision of locums.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the levels of service support for Lead Maternity Carers to ease the<br />
pressure of current small business reporting and charging and quality requirements.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop training programmes for community care and support workers,<br />
including in the aged care sector.<br />
Palliative care<br />
End of life care is a sensitive subject for many people and health professionals. Ensuring<br />
that there is good information and choices available to people is a vital part of a humane<br />
health system.<br />
Palliative care services have been given more focus in the health system in the last decade,<br />
but there is more to be done to ensure that a holistic approach is taken to the final years,<br />
months and days of life. This includes respecting patient autonomy, including family and<br />
whānau and open and sensitive communication.<br />
In particular in New Zealand there needs to be advanced care planning that recognises<br />
diversity in beliefs and practices.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revise and update the Palliative Care Strategy to ensure that palliative<br />
care is a core component of healthcare provision. This will include a review of<br />
funding of hospices.<br />
271
<strong>Labour</strong> will support an integrated approach to palliative and end of life care that<br />
includes palliative care specialists working alongside other health professionals to<br />
ensure the needs of patients and their families are met, and clear choices are<br />
provided that respect the dying person‟s wishes.<br />
Health of the older person<br />
The best model of care for New Zealanders as they get older is to “age in place”. Where<br />
possible people should be supported to live in their own homes and familiar environments as<br />
this is demonstrably better for their health outcomes. However, it is vital that for those who<br />
do go into residential care there is an environment which provides the highest quality<br />
services that keep people healthy and supported.<br />
The funding and delivery of aged care in New Zealand is coming under increasing strain.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> population is ageing and costs are rising. At the same time the public is increasingly<br />
concerned that the current model of delivery of aged care services is putting money and<br />
profits ahead of patients and their care.<br />
With our older population set to increase dramatically, rates of dementia and chronic<br />
conditions such as diabetes, heart disease and chronic respiratory disease are also set to<br />
rise which will lead to increasing aged care costs and require strategic planning for the<br />
future.<br />
Change should be concerted, with an emphasis on guaranteeing older people‟s rights to<br />
dignity, respect and health. A new, less institutionalised approach to older persons care<br />
would allow for better social outcomes.<br />
The future for aged care in New Zealand needs to be one built on the values of accessibility,<br />
dignity and respect for all older New Zealanders underpinned by transparency and<br />
accountability in the way the services are provided.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Inquiry into Aged Care<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>, with Grey Power, undertook a comprehensive inquiry into aged care and produced a<br />
report entitled What the Future Holds for Older New Zealanders. The overwhelming<br />
impression was of a sector struggling to deliver the standard of care that older New<br />
Zealanders and their families would expect. There were too many stories of neglect, lack of<br />
appropriate care and lack of respect for our older New Zealanders.<br />
The inquiry outlined many challenges we face. According to Grant Thornton‟s Aged<br />
Residential Care Service Review (The Thornton Review), New Zealand has a higher<br />
proportion of people in residential care than most other countries. More than 42,000 people<br />
receive care in around 700 aged residential care facilities every year in New Zealand.<br />
Unfortunately many older people who want to stay in their homes are being forced out by a<br />
lack of home-based care options as a result of funding cuts.<br />
272
Challenges are also being faced in the quality of residential care. Workers are often very<br />
dedicated to providing excellent care to older people. However, they are severely restricted<br />
by staff shortages, low wages, lack of training, and the strict time management requirements<br />
of many providers driven by cost cutting and profit margins.<br />
As one nurse said to the inquiry “registered nurse workloads are so high, and the number of<br />
care givers so low that they do not allow consistently good care to be given.”<br />
The problems for staff have led to issues with care across facilities being utterly inconsistent,<br />
which has led to high rates of neglect and abuse and made it extremely difficult for the public<br />
to judge the quality of care within any facility.<br />
According to recent statistics from the Ministry of Health, around 75,000 people receive<br />
home support at some time each year. But while institutional care is decreasing in most<br />
OECD countries, it remains the norm in New Zealand, and there is a serious shortage of<br />
supported housing for low income older New Zealanders.<br />
The Thornton Review notes that older people have “a growing preference for alternative care<br />
arrangements such as informal care by family or friends, and for support provided in certain<br />
retirement villages.”<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to encourage older people to stay in their homes longer by providing quality<br />
home-based care. To do so, home support provision needs to be more integrated across<br />
health and care providers, as well as across the divide between the community, private<br />
sector and public sector. It is a high priority to investigate alternative community based<br />
models – especially for older people on low incomes.<br />
Many people have compared the aged care sector today with the preschool sector 20 years<br />
ago. At that time, a largely unregulated, untrained workforce was the norm. We deemed the<br />
situation unacceptable for our children, and set about ensuring quality care for preschoolers.<br />
Older people need the same protections.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> to investigate all recommendations of<br />
the report What the Future Holds for Older New Zealanders.<br />
The Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> will provide advice prior to May 2012 on a time-lined<br />
plan to implement the following priorities that will provide a higher quality service for<br />
older people:<br />
Establish a Government-funded national training pathway for all staff in<br />
residential and home-based care that is linked to the National Qualification<br />
Framework and recognised in pay negotiations.<br />
273
Establish regulations for minimum staffing levels for nurses and caregivers in<br />
all residential facilities.<br />
As Budgets allow, implement pay parity between staff working in residential<br />
and home-based care with their equivalents in the public health system.<br />
In July <strong>2011</strong>, the Auditor General released a report entitled Home-based support services for<br />
older people, which discusses how effectively the Ministry of Health and District Health<br />
Boards are ensuring that older people get the care and support they need to remain living<br />
independently at home.<br />
The Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> set up by <strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the recommendations<br />
from the Home-based support services for older people report, including:<br />
Collecting meaningful and reliable information to ensure ongoing service<br />
quality and value for money of home-based services.<br />
Evaluating by 2013 whether the use of a standard approach to assessment<br />
and reassessment is improving the way needs are assessed and homebased<br />
services are allocated.<br />
Considering the introduction of a mandatory standard for the provision of<br />
home-based support services for older people.<br />
Working collaboratively with others in the aged sector to develop a complaints<br />
system.<br />
Strengthening management contracts to ensure home-based support staff<br />
provide high quality services and are well trained and supervised.<br />
A New Model of Service Delivery<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop an Integrated Health of the Older Person Service Delivery Model. This<br />
would include input from local authorities, the NGO sector, district health boards, private<br />
providers and unions. This would include consideration of models such as the Eden<br />
Alternative and Abbeyfield.<br />
We will develop a continuum of care model that puts the older person at the centre of an<br />
individualised plan starting from ageing in place at home to hospital, respite and palliative<br />
care. This model would include the assessment of health and support needs and take into<br />
account social isolation, loneliness and elder abuse.<br />
The inclusion of regional and local authorities would ensure that public transport<br />
requirements, housing and access to health services occur.<br />
This new model will include how the contracts will be provided and costed.<br />
274
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Implementation of the Health of Older Persons Strategy, 2002,<br />
and develop an Aged Care Strategy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the process of engagement ensuring real consultation with older<br />
persons in health planning through a strengthened Community Public Health<br />
Advisory Committee of district health boards.<br />
Elder abuse is a universal problem. It is not limited to any one gender, religious, cultural,<br />
ethnic or income group. Elder abuse may occur in many different settings, including private<br />
homes, residential care and hospitals.<br />
Aged Concern estimates that 20,000 New Zealanders will experience elder abuse and<br />
neglect at some point in their lifetime, therefore it is important to educate those who work<br />
with older people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that there are still eight areas in New Zealand where there is no<br />
contract for Elder Abuse services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the Ministry of Social Development to standardise a nation-wide<br />
contracting model for Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention Services to ensure<br />
consistency of access of service provision across the country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will be proactive about policies to ensure that New Zealanders cope well with the<br />
challenges of ageing and caring in the coming decades. We will work in close partnership<br />
with the not for profit sector to support carers across the aged care sector.<br />
The New Zealand Carers Strategy, published in April 2008 is supported by a Five-year<br />
Action Plan to address some of the issues that impact on the thousands of New Zealanders<br />
who assist friends and family members that need help with everyday living because of ill<br />
health, disability or old age.<br />
The Carers Strategy was developed in a partnership between government agencies and the<br />
New Zealand Carers Alliance, a network of over 40 non-governmental organisations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> plans to build on the New Zealand Carers Strategy to ensure the five year<br />
action plan is being implemented and achieved.<br />
Mental health<br />
Providing services for New Zealanders experiencing poor mental health and working to<br />
maintain mental wellbeing throughout the population are both of heightened significance at<br />
this time. During a period of economic instability coupled with a series of disasters, demand<br />
275
on mental health services inevitably increases. Globally, the incidence of depression and<br />
anxiety is increasing.<br />
Those who experience poor mental health are more likely to experience inequality of access<br />
to health care and are more likely to experience social exclusion in general. This presents<br />
multiple challenges for the individual, their community and often the state.<br />
Like other parts of the health system, there is limited funding and a limited and ageing<br />
workforce. Therefore it is important that we not only focus on delivering services to those<br />
most in need, but also on preventing future demand through early intervention, support for<br />
those with lower acuity illness to be able to self-manage, and a public health approach to<br />
maintaining mental wellbeing.<br />
Putting children at the centre of all policy will have a substantial impact on maintaining good<br />
mental health. There is strong evidence that reducing income inequalities, supporting the<br />
children of those suffering poor mental health and actively working to enhance the social and<br />
emotional development of infants assists and improves overall mental wellbeing.<br />
In general, the social determinants of health also apply to mental health.<br />
It is possible for many people who experience mental illness to recover or self-manage their<br />
illness successfully enough to comprehensively engage with society. Resources should be<br />
directed to achieving this.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will acknowledge the importance of mental health by restoring it as a health<br />
priority for District Health Boards<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require District Health Boards to set appropriate targets for the restoration<br />
and enhancement of mental health services<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-instate the ring-fence for mental health funding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enhance the provision of acute services to those most in need.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to ensure equity of access to health care for those experiencing<br />
mental illness.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support early intervention programmes for those with mild to moderate<br />
mental health issues as a method of providing low cost access to services and<br />
reducing costs in the provision of secondary services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will include good mental wellbeing as an objective of putting children at the<br />
centre of policy making.<br />
276
<strong>Labour</strong> will support those experiencing lower acuity mental illness through to<br />
recovery and/or self-management.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the contracting arrangements for mental health providers with a<br />
view to creating a more consistent and efficient approach to contracting.<br />
Cancer control<br />
Cancer is the number one killer in New Zealand. 8,000 lives a year are lost to cancer, and it<br />
has impacts on the lives of hundreds of thousands of people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-invigorate the Cancer Control Strategy to focus on:<br />
Prevention: Over one-third of cancers are preventable. To deal with them we<br />
need quality public health measures that help reduce tobacco use, deal with<br />
alcohol abuse and poor diet.<br />
Addressing Inequalities: Māori and Pacific peoples have higher rates of<br />
cancer and die more frequently from cancer than Pākehā New Zealanders.<br />
Research: We need more research into treatment for cancer to build on<br />
innovative programmes across New Zealand.<br />
Accessibility of Services: We run the risk that access to cancer services will<br />
be determined by where you live, rather than your level of need. We must<br />
work to stop so-called “postcode access” by ensuring service are accessible<br />
and affordable for all New Zealanders.<br />
Bowel Cancer Screening<br />
Bowel Cancer Screening is an example of an area where there is the opportunity to make a<br />
massive dent in the mortality rates through early intervention. A pilot screening programme<br />
is currently being run through the Waitemata DHB. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that a nationwide<br />
programme should be rolled out on successful completion of that pilot programme.<br />
Disability issues<br />
The New Zealand Disability Strategy sets out the goal of creating long term support systems<br />
centred on the individual. In Health <strong>Labour</strong> will continue to increase the level of flexibility of<br />
support for disabled people in the support services they receive.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the nationwide rollout of Independent Living arrangements.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will study the outcomes of the trial of the local area coordination model and<br />
implement it as appropriate nationwide.<br />
277
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement the recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on<br />
Health and Disability research document, „To Have an Ordinary Life”<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that health services accommodate the needs of deaf and blind<br />
people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the criteria for disability support with a view to ensuring that those<br />
on the Autistic Spectrum are supported through disability support services funding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to reduce the disparities in funding support services between<br />
ACC and non ACC disabled people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work towards providing free annual health checks for people with an<br />
intellectual disability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the funding mechanisms for disability services to achieve that<br />
there is adequate provision of carer support and respite care, including investigating<br />
changes to the funding of close relatives as respite carers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will transfer the funding of vocational services from Vote Health to Vote Social<br />
Development.<br />
PHARMAC and access to medicines<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that the PHARMAC model has delivered to New Zealanders low cost<br />
medicines and have saved the country hundreds of millions of dollars overall through its<br />
negotiations with drug companies. While individual decisions of PHARMAC may cause<br />
concerns to groups of people, the overall model must be protected.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will protect and enhance PHARMAC‟s role, including through making<br />
protection of PHARMAC a bottom line that will not be traded away in trade<br />
negotiations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not intervene in PHARMAC‟s decisions but will review the criteria for<br />
funding highly specialised medicines to ensure that those with rare diseases are<br />
treaty equitably and fairly in decisions about the availability of drugs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to ensure that access to HIV retroviral drugs keeps pace with<br />
international developments.<br />
Alcohol and drugs<br />
Availability, marketing and low cost of alcohol<br />
278
Excessive commercialisation and liberalisation has encouraged harmful misuse of alcohol<br />
and sends inappropriate messages about what constitutes safe use.<br />
The availability, marketing and low cost of alcohol means it remains the drug of choice for<br />
most New Zealanders. Alcohol is virtually a necessity in most social settings and the<br />
commercial environment reinforces this belief.<br />
The treatment of Alcohol as a normal commodity with limited restrictions on its supply sets it<br />
apart from all other recreational drugs and gives the impression that it is a safer than other<br />
substances.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to implement those recommendations contained in the Law<br />
Commission report Alcohol: Curbing the Harm that have not been included in the<br />
Government‟s legislation. These include:<br />
Minimum pricing for alcohol<br />
Restricting alcohol advertising<br />
Lowering the drink-driving tolerance.<br />
Māori and Pacific people are disproportionately affected by alcohol and drug related<br />
problems<br />
Māori are approximately twice as likely to experience problems with alcohol and other drugs.<br />
There is a lack of services specifically designed to support Māori, Pacific or Asian<br />
communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support alcohol and drug interventions that engage local Māori<br />
communities, staffed by people from those communities who have an understanding<br />
of Tikanga and Te Reo Māori.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support greater development of services that cater to the needs of Pacific<br />
and Asian communities. Such services would demonstrate an understanding of<br />
cultural practices and an ability to communicate in patients‟ first languages.<br />
Legal intervention<br />
Legal intervention often reduces the chance of rehabilitation rather than enhancing it.<br />
The legal response to illicit drug possession and use often fails to address the problem itself.<br />
The majority of prison inmates have alcohol and drug problems but programmes to deal with<br />
these are extremely limited.<br />
The fact that possession of illicit drugs is a crime may deter users from making contact with<br />
treatment facilities out of fear of coming to the attention of the police.<br />
279
<strong>Labour</strong> will work towards greater opportunities for diversion from the criminal justice<br />
system into treatment for those found in possession of illicit drugs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the appropriate use of diversion for those committing a minor<br />
offence under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure treatment is provided as an alternative to prosecution or<br />
conviction, integrated with community sentences or imprisonment or as a condition of<br />
parole.<br />
Access to treatment is limited<br />
Serious alcohol and drug misuse and addiction affects around 3.5% of the population yet<br />
there is only enough resource available to treat around 0.5% of the population.<br />
Long waiting times for treatment pose a barrier to addicts taking up treatment as they may<br />
no longer be willing to participate once treatment becomes available.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase treatment capacity – this will require additional treatment<br />
facilities, significant workforce development and improved efficiency of delivery.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work towards reducing waiting times for assessment and treatment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase opportunities for early intervention in primary and emergency<br />
care as well as in the justice system.<br />
Funding for alcohol and other drug treatment is channelled through various<br />
Government agencies<br />
Treatment providers find government funding sources are often disjointed, causing inefficient<br />
service delivery.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, in order to improve the efficiency of service delivery, review funding of<br />
alcohol and drug treatment services and work towards greater integration of different<br />
funding streams into one coordinated funding structure.<br />
The Misuse of Drugs Act is out-dated and the regulation of drugs is poor<br />
The MoDA is a response to the drug environment of the 1970s. Classification of drugs is<br />
often inconsistent and lacks scientific rigour. The current approach to new substances is<br />
slow and cumbersome and may be causing preventable harm.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will give serious consideration to the Law Commission‟s review of the MoDA,<br />
which is taking an evidence-based, and <strong>Labour</strong> will seek to implement the<br />
recommendations of that report.<br />
280
Māori health<br />
Infant Mortality<br />
Infant mortality is regarded internationally as a barometer of social well-being. Rates of<br />
Māori infant mortality are far higher than for non-Māori in New Zealand. This applies to both<br />
neo-natal (0-28 days) and post neo-natal (29-364 days). The total of 330 babies dying is<br />
intolerable, and in addition the rates of Māori death are disproportionate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a plan of action to address infant mortality, with a particular focus<br />
on improving life expectancy for Māori who are disproportionately represented in both<br />
neo-natal and post neo-natal mortality.<br />
Inequities<br />
A range of studies in New Zealand have shown that Māori deaths from treatable illness are<br />
far higher than non- Māori. We also know that Māori are less likely to receive medical<br />
treatment, and when they do, less likely fill prescriptions and complete treatments.<br />
While some of this relates to socio-economic status, that does not explain all of the<br />
inequities in health outcomes and well-being experienced by Māori.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-invigorate He Korowai Oranga to provide a framework for addressing<br />
health inequities affecting Māori. This will include adopting whānau ora approach to<br />
delivery of services that take into account the range of Māori community expressions.<br />
Whānau Ora<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the philosophy and principles behind Whānau Ora. We believe that it is<br />
essential to take into account the wider situation, needs and abilities of families when<br />
providing support. This approach fits with the overall policy of seeing the promotion of good<br />
health and well-being as the bedrock of the health system.<br />
Early feedback from the Whānau Ora pilot programmes being run by the government is<br />
mixed, with concern that administrative costs are high for some projects, and that provision<br />
is not always reaching those most in need.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the continuation of a Whānau Ora approach to health service<br />
provision.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Whānau Ora pilot projects to ensure that they are providing<br />
effective and efficient services to those most in need.<br />
Pasifika health<br />
The major problem areas for Pacific Health are well known and include, child health issues<br />
such as asthma and rheumatic fever, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, drug and alcohol<br />
issues, dental problems and youth mental health, including suicide.<br />
281
Under National the access and affordability of quality healthcare for Pacific people has gone<br />
backwards.<br />
The unemployment rate at nearly double the national average means it is financial challenge<br />
for Pacific people to get the healthcare they require. It is difficult for many Pacific families to<br />
meet the day to day cost of living. As a result their day to day health is suffering.<br />
National is not working in the interests of the day to day and long term health care of Pacific<br />
families.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure all Pacific people have fair access to quality, affordable health<br />
care.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop and support, in consultation with Pacific health and community<br />
leaders, Pacific models for delivery of services that have an integrated approach to<br />
working with Pacific families.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will as part of the wider Pacific policy focus on developing a healthy, strong<br />
and vibrant community now and into the future by:<br />
Reducing inequalities<br />
Target the reduction obesity, diabetes, heart diseases<br />
Smoking cessation amongst Pacific Youth<br />
Mental Health<br />
Halt alcohol abuse<br />
Growing the Pacific health workforce<br />
Ensuring safe and healthy homes<br />
Target the reduction in obesity, diabetes and heart disease<br />
Pacific peoples have by far the largest prevalence of obesity by ethnic group and the pattern<br />
over the last decade or so has shown it is a growing problem 38 .<br />
A real focus on changing the mind-set of eating and lifestyle choices must be made to<br />
address this major and developing issue for Pacific people. Initiatives must be prepared to<br />
challenge norms or sensitivities. The primary focus must be on improving the health of the<br />
community.<br />
38 http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/health/obesity.html<br />
282
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support initiatives working within Pacific communities to<br />
reduce obesity rates and to promote the importance of nutrition while understanding<br />
that food is central to Pacific cultures.<br />
Smoking cessation amongst Pacific Youth<br />
Evidence shows that rates of smoking amongst Pacific youth are significantly higher than<br />
European youth. 39 The consequences of which can be earlier deaths for Pacific people<br />
compared to Māori and Non-Māori. A number of targeted cessation programmes for Pacific<br />
communities are already operating but given the disproportionate negative effects of<br />
smoking and second hand smoke on the Pacific community, more needs to be done.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop and implement a strong and well-resourced Pacific Tobacco<br />
strategy<br />
The benefits from the success of such a strategy will be the reduction in conditions such as<br />
SIDS, cancer, diabetes and asthma. This policy must be a partnership with Non-Government<br />
Organisations that are already taking measures to lessen the harm of tobacco amongst the<br />
wider community. The input of medical experts, the media, social media and high profile<br />
Pacific people must also be sought. Particular attention must be given to targeting the<br />
reduction of smoking rates with Pacific women.<br />
Growing the Pacific health workforce<br />
A strong Pacific health workforce is vital to ensure New Zealand has a healthy Pacific<br />
community. The projected increase in the Pacific population and the increase in the number<br />
of elderly Pacific peoples demands a real focus in this area.<br />
Many Pacific islanders will utilise mainstream services but the ability to have resources,<br />
qualified staff and systems in place to deal with a growing Pacific population will enable the<br />
health system to be more effective and efficient.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recommence a commitment to the Pacific health workforce to maximise<br />
the health system‟s ability to respond to the needs of the Pacific community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to training and investing in a skilled Pacific health workforce that<br />
understands the challenges and opportunities in the Pacific community.<br />
Ensuring safe and healthy homes<br />
Pacific Islanders, like all New Zealanders, have the right to a good home to provide families<br />
with the basics to live the Kiwi dream.<br />
39 www.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1303/3795/content.pdf<br />
283
The last <strong>Labour</strong> Government kick-started work to give all Kiwis the opportunity to live in a<br />
healthy home with the $1 billion home insulation programme.<br />
Housing New Zealand also committed to improving tenant health and delivering energy cost<br />
savings for state house tenants through “retrofitting” state homes so they are warmer, drier<br />
and therefore healthier. Insulation also helps significantly reduce the cost of electricity.<br />
Pacific people make up 25% of state house tenants and directly benefited from that<br />
commitment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to addressing the safety and healthiness of Pacific people in their<br />
homes whether they are owners or private or state tenants.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a pro-active and preventative community based approach to<br />
wider health issues addressed especially given issues around overcrowding in<br />
Pacific homes.<br />
Youth health<br />
New Zealand has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in the world and ranks poorly in<br />
terms of sexual health statistics. Equally, more and more young people are dealing with<br />
anxiety and depression at a younger age which is also linked with increases in drug and<br />
alcohol abuse. Many young people are affected by bullying in schools which is a leading<br />
cause of anxiety and depression.<br />
Mental health provisions for young people are lacking, a point highlighted in Sir Peter<br />
Gluckman‟s recent report Improving the Transition. There is a sporadic approach to the<br />
provision of youth health services in New Zealand.<br />
With <strong>Labour</strong>, this will change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will adopt a mixed model of supporting youth health centres and nurses in<br />
schools to accommodate for various population bases, ensuring nationwide coverage<br />
of youth health services with a focus also on boosting youth mental health services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore Mental Health as a Government health priority, with appropriate<br />
targets, to ensure DHBs prioritise funding for mental health services.<br />
As resources become available, <strong>Labour</strong> will increase the availability of mental health<br />
services and broaden access criteria so that more young people are able to get help when<br />
they need it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore the anti-bullying initiatives it introduced in July 2008 including the<br />
requirement for Education Review Office monitoring that school policies for<br />
programmes to deal with bullying are in place.<br />
284
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the New Zealand Suicide Prevention Action Plan 2008-2012 and<br />
ensure the five year action plan is being implemented and achieved. We will build on<br />
this plan and work together with Ministries of Education, Health, Social Development<br />
and Youth Affairs to create a new action plan.<br />
Women‟s health<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention is of critical importance for<br />
women. Most women in the course of their lives have significant contact with the health<br />
system, not only for their own health needs and when they are sick but also when they are<br />
healthy and having children and caring for others. <strong>Labour</strong> will focus on the social<br />
determinants of health and access to healthcare services. (See also “Maternity Policy”<br />
above.)<br />
Dental Policy for Women<br />
International evidence, including the work of the Sir Peter Gluckman, has shown a direct<br />
linkage between the health and diet of expectant mothers and the health status of their<br />
children. This is particularly the case for oral health. A range of national and international<br />
studies have found a mother‟s oral health was related to that of their children. This includes<br />
a 27-year-long study suggests that mothers with poor oral health are likely to have children<br />
who also have poor oral health when they are adults. (Journal of Dental Research Jan. 19,<br />
<strong>2011</strong>).<br />
Oral health is also a factor in overall health. A 2007 Californian study showed that among<br />
other things that:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
18% of premature births are attributable to poor oral health in mothers.<br />
Pregnant women with poor oral health are seven times more likely to have a<br />
premature and/or low birth-weight delivery.<br />
Children of mothers with poor oral health are five times more likely to have oral<br />
health problems.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce, by the end of our first term in government, a package of free<br />
dental care for pregnant women.<br />
Sexual and Reproductive Health<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all women have access to an affordable and comprehensive<br />
range of sexual and reproductive health services.<br />
Young Women and Migrant Women<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure access to women friendly youth and migrant health services.<br />
285
<strong>Labour</strong> will over time develop nationwide networks of services for women with eating<br />
and associated disorders and develop programmes to address binge drinking by<br />
young women.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the effectiveness of the health and physical wellbeing curriculum<br />
strand in schools to assess the adequacy of resource and training needs to deliver<br />
the curriculum.<br />
Men‟s health<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government initiated a number of programmes to promote and assist men‟s<br />
access to healthcare. The development of a colorectal cancer initiative has seen the training<br />
of technicians and the extension of targeted screening for men which will lead to earlier<br />
intervention and better outcomes.<br />
Through the programmes run by PHOs and Public Health units in workplaces and social<br />
gatherings, growing numbers of men are now actively engaged in greater awareness of<br />
preventative health programmes and earlier intervention.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> investigated the best ways of diagnosing and treating prostate cancer and boosted<br />
resources to ensure the most effective procedures and knowledge are being used by DHBs<br />
and medical professionals to reduce mortality from this cancer. The long running select<br />
committee inquiry initiated by National is unlikely to identify major changes to prostate<br />
diagnosis or treatment that currently uses best international evidence and advice.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will follow up on any recommendations from the prostate cancer report and<br />
continue to promote new initiatives and programmes in the area of men‟s health.<br />
286
HOUSING<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision – A healthy, stable home for every child<br />
Access to appropriate and affordable housing is central to achieving wellbeing and security<br />
for all New Zealanders. A stable and healthy home environment underpins the health and<br />
well-being of our families and children. Without it we will not be able to make the necessary<br />
interventions to ensure that every child is able to reach their full potential.<br />
Housing costs are the largest budget item for many low and middle income families. Housing<br />
policy is absolutely critical when considering how to raise take home incomes and combat<br />
the rising cost of living.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also recognises the need to act urgently to address the critical shortage of housing<br />
supply and housing affordability. There is no single way back to affordability and owning our<br />
own future in housing. But turning current trends around and starting down the right track is<br />
essential.<br />
Supporting social housing to support families<br />
Housing is one area where <strong>Labour</strong> knows we need to intervene to guarantee health and<br />
secure outcomes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to increasing and upgrading Housing New Zealand's state housing<br />
stock. <strong>Labour</strong> also remains committed to the policy of income related rents for state house<br />
tenants.<br />
We need to invest in housing. The last <strong>Labour</strong> Government spent nine years repairing the<br />
damage caused by a National Government that oversaw a fire-sale of nearly 13,000 state<br />
houses, carried out no modernisation whatsoever, and introduced market rents plunging<br />
tens of thousands of families into poverty overnight.<br />
Despite the gains made by the last <strong>Labour</strong> Government, we are still playing catch-up.<br />
The Housing New Zealand waiting list remains under pressure. Yet the government's<br />
approach has been to make it harder for applicants to get on the waiting list, or to remove<br />
them from the waiting list altogether.<br />
Reforms in social housing and restructuring of Housing New Zealand have been hastily<br />
pushed through with little or no consultation. The changes are already causing enormous<br />
distress for tenants, and increased uncertainty for families. Restructuring will see local<br />
Housing New Zealand offices closed, frontline staff fired, and existing staff made to work out<br />
of their cars. Housing New Zealand is also pulling back from providing any pastoral care for<br />
tenants, many of whom have high and complex needs.<br />
287
<strong>Labour</strong> will reaffirm Housing New Zealand's role as a social housing provider<br />
providing security and support for those most in need. Housing New Zealand will<br />
provide assistance for tenants with high and complex needs, ensuring that they are<br />
connected with the necessary support to help them sustain their tenancies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to invest in the acquisition and maintenance of state houses and<br />
is committed to income-related rents for state house tenants.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will abolish the bureaucratic 'one size fits all' policy of reviewable tenancies,<br />
and instead allow tenancy managers to work on a case by case basis with tenants to<br />
move them on if their situation improves.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that every client who comes into Housing New Zealand has a<br />
needs assessment before being offered the 'options and advice' service. Category C<br />
and D clients will not be denied access to the state house waiting list but will continue<br />
to be offered advice on alternative accommodation options.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure there is a tenants advocate representing their interests on the<br />
board of Housing New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will empower Housing New Zealand to be more proactive at a regional level,<br />
both in asset and tenancy management, allowing them to operate in a way which<br />
more efficiently and effectively meets the specific needs of their local community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will cease the selling down of the state housing stock in order to keep up the<br />
stock of state housing and to enable the quality integrated renewal of state housing<br />
communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that where Housing New Zealand tenants are displaced because<br />
of urban renewal projects, or major rebuilds such as in Christchurch, that they are<br />
given the option of moving back to their communities when they are rebuilt.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will focus on new builds for any state house acquisitions, rather than<br />
purchasing existing properties, to increase the overall housing stock. Where possible<br />
new state houses will be built in accordance with the disability sector approved<br />
Lifemark standard for accessible, adaptable lifetime design.<br />
Security for those who rent<br />
A stable healthy home is crucial for the wellbeing of all children, whether a family rents or<br />
owns their own home. However the New Zealand rental property market is not set up to<br />
deliver long term rental arrangements, despite such arrangements often benefitting both<br />
tenant and landlord. <strong>Labour</strong> will work with landlord and tenant representative groups to<br />
investigate options for increasing security of tenure in the private sector.<br />
While most landlords maintain their properties to appropriate healthy standards,<br />
unfortunately some do not. An EECA survey of landlords reported that 40% of landlords<br />
288
surveyed said they would only insulate their properties if they were forced to do so. Cold<br />
unhealthy rental properties result in high power costs and poor health outcomes for families.<br />
The recently updated residential tenancy legislation which was developed under the last<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> Government appears to be working well, and <strong>Labour</strong> will continue to monitor its<br />
progress. However we disagree with some elements of the new legislation which have<br />
disadvantaged tenants, and will amend the Act accordingly. These include the charging of<br />
letting fees to tenants, representation for tenants in the tenancy tribunal, and the issue of<br />
joint and several liability.<br />
The accommodation supplement is a large housing cost to Government that has not<br />
improved affordability. <strong>Labour</strong> will review the effectiveness of this subsidy, and it's synergy<br />
with the income-related rent subsidy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require all rental properties to be insulated to meet the NZ standard for<br />
insulation by 2016.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will begin work on developing a building 'warrant of fitness' for energy<br />
efficiency in residential properties.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with landlord and tenant representative groups to investigate option<br />
for providing greater security of tenure for those who rent, and to promote<br />
professionalisation of the landlord sector by supporting groups such as the Property<br />
Investors Federation to increase their membership and activity in the sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Residential Tenancies Amendment Act to better balance the<br />
rights of tenants and landlords.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Accommodation Supplement and its effectiveness in improving<br />
affordability and housing outcomes.<br />
Building community housing sector capability and partnership<br />
Re-establishing a solid base of state housing was an important achievement of the Fifth<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> Government. From that base, we can consider how to move on, into solutions which<br />
will impact further on the enormous need for social housing.<br />
Currently, New Zealand continues to manage its social rental stock primarily from a central<br />
government organisation and secondarily, to a much smaller extent, from local authorities.<br />
Housing need has changed dramatically over the decades. While Housing New Zealand<br />
continues to house our lowest income families, housing need has begun to spread well into<br />
the middle classes with home ownership and affordable private rentals out of reach for many<br />
families who now need assistance. One area we see potential in is a greater involvement for<br />
the 'third' or community sector.<br />
289
In New Zealand the community housing sector, although fledgling, has already proved its<br />
strength in building communities with a mix of tenure arrangements and partners including<br />
government-owned state housing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes the community housing sector has a pivotal role to play in the provision of<br />
social and affordable housing in New Zealand. We see this role as complementing continued<br />
Government investment in social housing, not replacing it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the community housing sector to develop it in ways that will see<br />
it complementing an increase in HNZC social housing stock through access to capital<br />
or land. See our „Housing affordability‟ policy for more details.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with third sector organisations who can assist tenants to sustain<br />
tenancies in both the public and private sector. Housing New Zealand will be directed<br />
to develop relationships with NGOs that can better support tenants with special<br />
needs eg disabled, elderly, mental health clients, homeless, youth etc.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as finances allow, devolve the income related rent subsidy to not for<br />
profit community housing organisations which provide social housing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will act swiftly to restore charitable status to the community housing sector<br />
under the Charities Act.<br />
Housing affordability<br />
New Zealand is facing a national housing crisis. The Housing Shareholders Advisory Report<br />
released in 2010 highlighted an existing shortage of 70,000 dwellings across the country<br />
with the situation predicted to worsen significantly, particularly in Auckland. The Department<br />
of Building and Housing has also produced a report warning the Government of an expected<br />
further shortage of 25,000 dwellings over the next decade.<br />
Home ownership has been declining in New Zealand with increasing numbers of households<br />
forced to rent as the housing market became increasingly unaffordable.<br />
For Māori and Pacific Island households the level of home ownership is much lower than for<br />
other households. When considering the broader issue of housing affordability specific<br />
regard needs to be given to increasing home ownership rates in these communities.<br />
For these reasons there is an urgent need to develop effective social housing solutions that<br />
enable both home ownership and rental housing that are affordable for low and middle<br />
income households.<br />
Planning for our future: a New Zealand Housing Strategy<br />
Part of the reason that we face the current challenges in housing is because historically New<br />
Zealand has not planned well for changing housing needs.<br />
290
<strong>Labour</strong> will partner with local government in planning for current and future housing needs.<br />
Housing is essential core infrastructure and we must work together to ensure a consistent<br />
focus and strategy across New Zealand. The National Government‟s decision to omit<br />
housing from the list of core functions of local government is another step in the wrong<br />
direction.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with local government, iwi and key stakeholders to develop a New<br />
Zealand Housing Strategy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recognise housing as core infrastructure which provides an economic as<br />
well as a social benefit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate a National Policy statement for Housing under the RMA.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require government departments to consider the impact on housing need<br />
in any decisions they make.<br />
A Māori housing strategy is also needed as part of this, drafted in close consultation with iwi<br />
and key stakeholders, so that Māori can inform central and local government of their own<br />
housing needs and aspirations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with iwi to develop a Māori housing strategy and investigate bringing<br />
back programmes which were successful in assisting families into home ownership<br />
such as the Low Deposit Rural Lending scheme.<br />
In doing so <strong>Labour</strong> will give consideration to the recommendations of the recently released<br />
Controller and Auditor-General's report into Government planning and support for housing<br />
on Māori land.<br />
Urgent action on housing<br />
National has sat back while our residential building sector has slipped into deeper and<br />
deeper recession. The numbers of consents issued are at historic lows and skilled<br />
tradespeople are leaving New Zealand in droves. <strong>Labour</strong> will act with urgency to stem the<br />
loss of much needed tradespeople and start to add to the stock of social and affordable<br />
housing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will carry out an urgent review of Crown land which could be made available<br />
for affordable and social housing in areas of extreme shortage.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Crown‟s capital allocation in order to prioritise funding for<br />
building social and affordable houses, with a focus on Auckland, within the existing<br />
funding envelope.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will hold an emergency summit on housing bringing together key<br />
stakeholders to develop a plan to get New Zealand back on the road to housing<br />
affordability.<br />
291
The road back to housing affordability<br />
Getting the New Zealand housing market back on the path to affordability will take time and<br />
structural change in our economy. Only a <strong>Labour</strong> government has the plan to do this.<br />
Construction costs<br />
A 2008 DPMC report on house price increases showed that from 2001 to 2007 the cost of<br />
construction increased more than 83%, including a 52% jump in the cost of materials, 88%<br />
increase in the cost of labour and a 115% increase in the cost of land. Local Government<br />
fees and levies also add to the overall build cost. Any reductions in the cost of housing<br />
construction improve affordability.<br />
Cost of building materials<br />
One relatively unexplored area of housing affordability is the relatively high cost of building<br />
materials in New Zealand. Increasingly developers are finding it cheaper, sometimes<br />
significantly so, to source product from overseas. Concerns have also been raised about the<br />
difficulty of getting new/cheaper/more innovative products approved for use in New Zealand,<br />
even where these products have been used for decades in similar conditions overseas. This<br />
restriction on available products may also drive up prices.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ask the Commerce Commission to carry out an inquiry into the relatively<br />
high cost of building materials in New Zealand.<br />
Council Infrastructure/Development levies<br />
Under the Local Government Act and Resource Management Act, territorial authorities are<br />
able to charge developers infrastructure levies during the development process. The ability<br />
to require a contribution rests on territorial authorities being able to reasonably link the<br />
infrastructure contribution to increases in infrastructure requirements flowing directly from a<br />
development attracting the charges. Developers have expressed concerns that the:<br />
Contributions are not applied consistently between territorial authorities<br />
Cost of infrastructure contributions is increasing the cost of sections and new<br />
dwellings, and<br />
Contributions are levied on new housing when benefits also accrue to the rest of the<br />
community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review council infrastructure levies to ensure they appropriately price<br />
infrastructure provided in housing developments.<br />
In particular, the review will establish practical means to ensure that these charges are set<br />
appropriately to reflect the costs of development and necessary steps are put in place to<br />
improve the transparency of charging.<br />
292
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with local authorities to ensure that new housing developments are<br />
closely connected with other core infrastructure to reduce the costs of the<br />
development.<br />
Inclusionary Zoning<br />
Regulatory policies are often neglected as potential tools for an affordable housing policy<br />
because they do not directly subsidise either housing units or households.<br />
There are several ways to encourage housing affordability through zoning. One of these is<br />
inclusionary zoning which allows local authorities to require a proportion of land or housing in<br />
a development to be set-aside for social or affordable housing, or an equivalent payment<br />
made that can then be used for affordable housing initiatives.<br />
This provides an effective and low-cost way for local authorities to encourage affordable<br />
housing production.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with local government to develop legislation which gives them the<br />
ability to increase the amount of social and affordable housing in new housing<br />
developments.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all developments on Crown land such as Hobsonville include<br />
a percentage of social and affordable housing.<br />
Improving access to home ownership<br />
Part of the affordability problem is assisting those into first home ownership who struggle to<br />
meet lending criteria, whether it be because they cannot save the required deposit or more<br />
complex issues such as building on Māori multiply owned land. If housing affordability was a<br />
cyclical problem then such initiatives would be all that was needed. However as we will<br />
discuss later, the problem is structural, so while these initiatives to improve access are<br />
important, they are not the whole solution.<br />
Welcome Home Loan Package<br />
The Welcome Home loan package introduced by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2003 and allows moderateincome<br />
families the ability to apply for publicly-funded mortgage insurance with a Welcome<br />
Home loan.<br />
This reduces the deposit a first-home buyer needs. It means eligible Kiwis can borrow up to<br />
$200,000 without needing a deposit and if they do have one, up to either $280,000 or<br />
$350,000 depending on where you will be buying.<br />
Welcome Home loans have already helped over 5,402 families into their first home. In the<br />
<strong>2011</strong>/12 financial year the Welcome Home loan is expected to cost $9.1 million, with 1,900<br />
loans being accessed.<br />
293
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue with the Welcome Home Loan scheme and will investigate other<br />
tools to assist first home buyers into home ownership both through Housing New<br />
Zealand and in partnership with Community Housing Sector providers.<br />
KiwiSaver Housing Deposit Subsidy<br />
The KiwiSaver scheme aims at making home ownership more achievable. After three years<br />
of saving, first-home buyers may be entitled to a first-home deposit subsidy of $1,000 for<br />
each year they have saved, up to a maximum of $5,000 (or $10,000 for a couple). There are<br />
also provisions for KiwiSaver first-home buyers to withdraw their savings for use as a deposit<br />
or divert up to half of their KiwiSaver contributions towards mortgage repayments.<br />
The original funding for the KiwiSaver Housing Deposit Subsidy in the 2010/11 financial year<br />
was reduced from $4.2 million to $2.1 million due to lower than expected demand for the<br />
subsidy. However a substantial increase in demand due to more people becoming eligible<br />
and greater public awareness from April <strong>2011</strong> has resulted in current expectations of full<br />
year funding requirements of around $3 million for 2010/11 with 1,000 applications being<br />
approved.<br />
The appropriation for <strong>2011</strong>/12 is $5.2 million, reflecting anticipated demand for the deposit<br />
subsidy. HNZC forecasts that approximately 2,300 are expected to be approved for the<br />
KiwiSaver Deposit Subsidy this financial year.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the eligibility criteria of the KiwiSaver deposit subsidy and consider<br />
whether more first-home buyers should be eligible to access the scheme.<br />
Shared-equity scheme<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> set up a two year shared-equity pilot scheme in July 2008 which allowed Housing<br />
New Zealand to provide an interest free loan on a home to eligible households. The loan<br />
acted as a second mortgage over the home. It attracted no interest costs, and required no<br />
repayments until either the house is sold or until the loan term ended after 30 years. At that<br />
point, the household would need to repay the loan to Housing New Zealand.<br />
The scheme aimed to provide 700 loans with $35 million budgeted and was available in<br />
Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch and Queenstown. Despite the initial optimism<br />
the uptake on the scheme was not very high. This was because only a few months into the<br />
24 month pilot Housing New Zealand (under the directions of Phil Heatley) stopped<br />
promoting the scheme. The National Government did not renew the pilot scheme when it<br />
expired in July 2010.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will look at reintroducing a shared equity pilot, once resources permit; it will<br />
then be reviewed after two years (as originally intended) and expanded if successful.<br />
Addressing ongoing affordability<br />
Home ownership rates have been declining in New Zealand over the last 10 to 15 years,<br />
bucking international trends. While some of this is due to New Zealand starting with a<br />
294
elatively high level of home ownership compared to other countries, what has become clear<br />
is that the issue of housing affordability in New Zealand is structural not cyclical.<br />
While products that improve access such as those discussed earlier are important, they will<br />
not address the ongoing issue of affordability.<br />
Housing affordability is often measured by comparing household income to house prices.<br />
This is the measurement used by the Demographia annual index which has in recent years<br />
consistently described New Zealand as “severely unaffordable”. While this gives a snapshot<br />
of affordability at the time of purchase, it is not an accurate measure of ongoing ability to<br />
meet mortgage repayments.<br />
For this reason the better measurement of housing affordability is the Debt Service Ratio<br />
(DSR). Internationally a DSR of 30% is deemed to be the upper limit for affordability. Yet<br />
most households go into home ownership with DSR's between 40 and 50%.<br />
Those moving into home ownership should have the security of knowing that the largest<br />
mortgage payment they will ever have to make will be their first. Home ownership used to<br />
bring certainty to household budgets, and an incentive for people to move from renting to<br />
home ownership, but it is now one of the most unpredictable elements of a household<br />
budget.<br />
New Zealand's 2 and 5 year mortgage rates are almost double those in other comparable<br />
countries.<br />
What this means is that if you take a family on $70,000 household income with a $350,000<br />
mortgage, in the UK this would mean annual repayments of $23,112 and a DSR of 33%. In<br />
New Zealand the same family would face annual repayments of $31,860 and a DSR of 46%.<br />
With two year rates the disparity is even worse with New Zealand being at least 77% more<br />
expensive than the UK, USA and Canada.<br />
This is despite the OCR being at historically low levels due to the global financial crisis. As<br />
the OCR is only likely to rise from here, it is clear that current fixed term interest rates are not<br />
going to drop any further if we carry on with business as usual.<br />
If interest rates could be reduced and stabilised a large part of the affordability problem<br />
would be addressed.<br />
Addressing housing affordability sustainably will require a structural change in the way our<br />
economy operates. High fixed mortgage interest rates are driven by our current account<br />
deficit and our need to borrow significantly offshore due to a lack of investment capital<br />
available in New Zealand. <strong>Labour</strong>'s savings and taxation plans are designed to address<br />
these issues and are therefore pivotal in getting us on the path back to housing affordability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will expand KiwiSaver to provide the basis for a significantly higher private<br />
saving rate and additional security in retirement:<br />
KiwiSaver will be compulsory for every employee aged 18 to 65 from 2014<br />
295
Employer contributions will gradually increase at a rate of 0.5 per cent a year,<br />
from 3 per cent to 7 per cent, over 9 years<br />
The current minimum employee contribution of 2 per cent will be retained; the<br />
$1,000 kick-start will be spread over 5 years; and <strong>Labour</strong> will not make any more<br />
changes to the member tax credit.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Savings policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a 15% Capital Gains Tax to bring New Zealand in line with the<br />
rest of the OECD:<br />
<br />
<br />
The capital gains tax will never apply to the family home.<br />
It will apply only to the gains made on the sale of shares, investment properties,<br />
companies etc., and only to gains made after the law is passed.<br />
Fewer than 10% of New Zealanders in any one year will be affected by this tax.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Finance policy.<br />
Lack of long term mortgage products<br />
New Zealand offers no long-term mortgage products beyond 5 years. This contrasts with<br />
many other countries where fixed rates of 4-6.5% for periods of 10-20 years are common.<br />
Such mortgage products provide certainty for households while the reduced rates improve<br />
ongoing affordability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate ways of introducing long-term fixed interest mortgage products<br />
into the New Zealand market.<br />
Building community housing sector capability and partnership<br />
Currently, New Zealand continues to manage its social rental stock primarily from a central<br />
government organisation and, to a much smaller extent, from local authorities.<br />
Housing New Zealand continues to house our lowest income families, but in recent years<br />
housing need has spread well into the middle classes. Home ownership and affordable<br />
private rentals are now out of reach for many families who now look to Government for<br />
assistance. We see potential for meeting this need in a greater involvement for the 'third' or<br />
community sector.<br />
We see this role as complementing continued Government investment in social housing, not<br />
replacing it. We see particular potential for the sector in the area of affordable home<br />
ownership for first time buyers and mixed tenure developments.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the community housing sector to develop it in ways that will see<br />
it complementing an increase in HNZC social housing stock through access to capital<br />
or land.<br />
296
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with third sector organisations who can assist tenants to sustain<br />
tenancies in both the public and private sector. Housing New Zealand will be directed<br />
to develop relationships with NGOs that can better support tenants with special<br />
needs e.g. disabled, elderly, mental health clients, homeless, youth etc.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as finances allow, devolve the income related rent subsidy to not for<br />
profit community housing organisations which provide social housing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will act swiftly to restore charitable status to the community housing sector<br />
under the Charities Act.<br />
Improved Urban Planning<br />
Cities are where many of us spend most of our lives. At best, they can be exciting,<br />
accessible places, with high amenity, quality public spaces, and affordable, quality living<br />
environments. At worst, they are the places where shonky developers build nasty<br />
apartments and poorer neighbourhoods become ghettoes where landlords alone prosper:<br />
while public spaces and amenities are run down, ugly, deserted, and ordinary people are<br />
squeezed out of homeownership and quality rental accommodation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will champion high quality urban design. We will give local government the<br />
tools to drive better design of our built environment, not only downtown but in every<br />
suburb and neighbourhood.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will find new ways to work together with housing sector actors, and leadership<br />
to improve urban planning and regulating. <strong>Labour</strong> will provide that leadership,<br />
listening to stakeholders, making their Kiwi dream more possible.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to the Tamaki Transformation programme and Housing New<br />
Zealand's community renewal programmes.<br />
Canterbury housing<br />
Following the devastating Canterbury earthquakes, housing has become one of the major<br />
issues for residents.<br />
Access to affordable land is critical if Cantabrians from the red zone are to rebuild their lives.<br />
National‟s buyout deal has put an extra 6,000 new home buyers into the market but done<br />
nothing to ensure there are affordable options available. The resulting increases in property<br />
prices are leaving many homeowners unable to afford to re-purchase property.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will purchase land sufficient for an initial tranche of 1,500 affordable<br />
properties to be made available for on-selling, at cost, to red zone homeowners. If<br />
there is excess demand, <strong>Labour</strong> will look to ballot the available land parcels.<br />
There is no obligation on the current 6,000 red zone residents to take up this offer. However,<br />
the offer will benefit all residents by taking excessive developers‟ margins out of the equation<br />
and directly moderating property prices across the market.<br />
297
This deal may still leave some homeowners out of pocket, but not to the extent that they<br />
would be if purchasing privately where developers are charging their own profit margins.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will honour the existing buyout package for homeowners with affected properties in<br />
the “red zones” based on the rateable value (RV). This includes compensation for consented<br />
changes that increase the foot-print of the home.<br />
In addition to this, <strong>Labour</strong> will also compensate homeowners in the red zone for home<br />
improvements (e.g. a new kitchen or bathroom) above $5,000, up to a maximum of $50,000<br />
which are not currently covered by the Government‟s offer.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ring-fence a maximum of $100 million from the Canterbury Recovery<br />
Fund as compensation for home improvements, made after the valuation date, not<br />
currently covered by the Government‟s offer. Compensation will be set at a maximum<br />
of $50,000 with a minimum of $5,000 and require proof of the amount spent on the<br />
improvement.<br />
The Government is currently withholding all of the geological and geotechnical information<br />
on individual properties that decisions on land zoning are being based upon. They have said<br />
they will only release the information once the entire affected region is colour-zoned.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately release all of the available geotechnical information together<br />
with a plain English explanation for individual properties in the green and red zones.<br />
Further information will be released progressively as the land analysis and colour<br />
zoning is completed.<br />
The reluctance of large insurance providers to issue new policies is delaying the ability of<br />
Cantabrians to rebuild. Without new insurance residents are unable to access the finance<br />
they need to build a new home.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the private insurance sector to explore all options to kick-start<br />
the industry and resolve the existing gridlock. As a last resort, <strong>Labour</strong> reserves the<br />
right to intervene in the insurance market as a short term measure where there is<br />
market failure to give the confidence required to get the market functioning properly<br />
again.<br />
For more information refer to <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Plan.<br />
Eradicating and preventing homelessness in New Zealand<br />
Homelessness in New Zealand ranges from the visible homeless who sleep rough to those<br />
who couch surf or are living in temporary or insecure accommodation such as boarding<br />
houses or hostels, and people in unfit or overcrowded housing. If someone is living in these<br />
circumstances, and has no other options available to them, they are considered homeless.<br />
Homelessness is not a lifestyle choice. It is a complex problem involving significant social<br />
detachment. It is likely to cost taxpayers millions of dollars a year. A case study estimated<br />
that a single homeless man cost taxpayers a conservative $200,000 a year in emergency<br />
298
department visits alone. 40 Therefore there is an economic imperative, as well as a moral<br />
imperative, to address homelessness.<br />
Homelessness remains largely misunderstood. The stereotype is that it is a choice, and that<br />
mental illness and drug or alcohol addiction are the main causes. Yet international evidence<br />
shows that one of the most common pathways into homelessness is as a young person, and<br />
that unless early intervention is provided, they risk remaining homeless their entire lives.<br />
Homelessness is traditionally seen as being a problem for single men. However<br />
homelessness affects women, young people, victims of domestic violence, mental health<br />
consumers, people released from prison and families experiencing financial crisis. Māori are<br />
over-represented among the homeless.<br />
Despite this growing problem the Government has largely ignored the issue. There is no<br />
single agency responsible for dealing with homelessness policy and this shows in the<br />
disjointed and inadequate response so far.<br />
The current restructuring at Housing New Zealand which has seen the corporation withdraw<br />
from supporting a tenant‟s wider social needs is only exacerbating the problem and resulting<br />
in more evictions and more homelessness.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will initiate a Ministerial inquiry to ascertain the extent and nature of<br />
homelessness in New Zealand. Terms of reference for the inquiry will be developed<br />
in consultation with key stakeholders including iwi, local government and NGOs<br />
working to prevent and eradicate homelessness. The outcome of this inquiry will form<br />
the basis of an inter-departmental New Zealand Homelessness Strategy with a focus<br />
on prevention and early intervention.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reaffirm Housing New Zealand's role as a social housing provider.<br />
Tenancy managers will once again be empowered to assist with their tenant's<br />
broader social needs and connect them with the appropriate assistance from<br />
government or community organisations which support tenants with high and<br />
complex needs to sustain tenancies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that one single agency has responsibility for leading policy to deal<br />
with homelessness and emergency and transitional accommodation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the provision of emergency and transitional accommodation<br />
around New Zealand and identify gaps and areas of need.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate what legislative or regulatory measures can be implemented<br />
to ensure minimum standards are enforced for boarding houses and hostels,<br />
including a mandatory register for boarding houses in New Zealand.<br />
40 http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/local-papers/the-wellingtonian/3528960/One-man-state-ofemergency.<br />
299
DIGITAL NATION: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS<br />
TECHNOLOGY POLICY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would like to see New Zealand become a leader in the use of digital technology, to<br />
help transform New Zealand economically and socially.<br />
A strong and vibrant information and communications technology (ICT) sector is a platform<br />
which will help improve New Zealand‟s economy and society. It is core infrastructure for New<br />
Zealand. <strong>Our</strong> ability to develop world class new technology and creative content capacities<br />
will be enhanced through a converged approach to both the ICT and broadcasting (content<br />
creating) industries.<br />
The convergence of technology across the telecommunications, ICT and broadcasting<br />
sectors require a converged policy framework to deal with them effectively and efficiently.<br />
This policy sets out <strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to the ICT sector. It should be read in conjunction<br />
with <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Broadcasting policy.<br />
Convergence between broadcasting and telecommunications<br />
Convergence means that content types that used to be available only on separate networks<br />
are seeping across into each other. Audio-visual material can be carried over the Internet as<br />
it can over broadcast TV; voice works over the copper phone network, over the Internet and<br />
over cellular mobile networks. This trend is accelerating, and isn‟t going to reverse.<br />
That is why <strong>Labour</strong> wants to see a shared policy, regulatory and legislative framework for the<br />
broadcasting, telecommunications and Internet realms. Many other countries including the<br />
United Kingdom and Australia have already taken this approach. As the technologies<br />
converge a number of issues arise around the networks that will be needed to carry both<br />
content produced inside New Zealand and that which comes from outside the country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes a single network regulator for Telecommunications and Broadcasting has<br />
merit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will prepare a proposal for public consultation within six months of taking<br />
office setting out the path towards a single powerful regulator for telecommunications<br />
and broadcasting.<br />
It is our expectation that the converged regulator will be located within the Commerce<br />
Commission and would obtain any additional resources required by means of an industry<br />
300
levy system. The legislation would be modelled on the way the Telecommunications Act<br />
currently works.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would have particular regard to addressing the impact of monopolies in both the<br />
telecommunications and broadcasting marketplaces.<br />
The consultation will also consider the regulatory mechanisms for content that is carried on<br />
broadcasting and telecommunications networks. It may be that the functions of the<br />
Broadcasting Standards Authority, the Press Council and the Advertising Standards<br />
Authority could be brought together.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take note of the outcomes of the Commerce Commission study into demand-side<br />
barriers to uptake of Ultra-Fast Broadband including content, which may have implications<br />
for regulatory change.<br />
In parallel with these regulatory changes, the policy arm of government dealing with these<br />
issues may be able to be done more efficiently if brought together. Current policy is spread<br />
across a range of agencies including Ministry of Economic Development, Department of<br />
Internal Affairs, Ministry of Culture and Heritage, State Services Commission and others.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate creating a Ministry of Communications and IT, based in the<br />
Ministry of Economic Development, to bring together all policy involving<br />
broadcasting, communications and information technology issues.<br />
Among the tasks for the new Ministry would be to create and oversee a digital strategy for<br />
New Zealand (with specific focus on improving the government‟s use of ICT), to fund<br />
research, to ensure that regulatory frameworks were consistent, to focus on open access,<br />
open interconnection and network efficiencies, to support innovation and to consider<br />
expanding the Nga Pu Waea model for more user governance.<br />
Information technology issues often get left to ICT departments, which means that the<br />
transformations that ICT can allow for public and private sector growth happen slowly or not<br />
at all. Increasing the visibility of ICT issues across the government is an important step that<br />
can help drive change faster.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would appoint a Chief Technical Advisor, who would have responsibility for<br />
producing technology roadmaps for New Zealand, for overseeing NZ‟s national digital<br />
architecture driving the uptake of ICT across society.<br />
This would be a strategic, not operational position, much like the Chief Science Advisor, but<br />
would provide strategic and operational advice on technology policy issues. The position<br />
would sit within the new Ministry, but would report directly to the Prime Minister. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
would consider modelling the position along the lines of The Chief Technology Officer of the<br />
United States (CTO).<br />
301
One final concern is that, compared with other countries, the consumer voice is largely<br />
missing in both the telecommunications and broadcasting markets. The Australian<br />
Consumer Communications Action Network provides a model.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate ways to ensure there is a strong mechanism for New<br />
Zealanders to voice their issues, concerns and vision with regards to<br />
telecommunications, broadcasting content and the digital environment.<br />
Faster broadband everywhere: networks and infrastructure<br />
New Zealand needs high speed broadband across urban and rural areas. <strong>Our</strong> future<br />
networks will rely on fibre, either straight to the home or by using wireless backhaul where<br />
the normal route is unavailable, but we also need to ensure that the whole population has<br />
access to high speed Internet access through wireless or satellite, where fibre is not able to<br />
be laid.<br />
Broadband: sorting out the mess<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to an ultrafast broadband scheme across New Zealand and to closing<br />
the digital divide. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s broadband plan is technology neutral (i.e. the provision of Internet<br />
without government oversight of its use or content) , with fibre access the priority in urban<br />
areas. In all networks, open access and fair regulation will support a pro-competitive<br />
environment that brings significant benefits to users.<br />
Plans are already under way to invest in new infrastructure in urban and rural areas. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
would have approached the fibre rollout in urban areas differently. We would have had a<br />
concern with closing the digital divide as a key component in developing both rural and<br />
urban broadband rollout plans. We would have run a transparent process that honestly<br />
accounted for the true costs of the plans.<br />
The consequence of the Government‟s failures in this area is that <strong>Labour</strong> will require<br />
significant changes to be made.<br />
Competition between the new fibre network and the old copper network has been limited<br />
through relaxing the regulations around Telecom, and allowing the new Chorus infrastructure<br />
company to do deals with other Local Fibre Companies (LFCs) that will not be good for<br />
competition.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will conduct an independent review of the rollout by an international expert,<br />
including a full assessment of the true costs of the choices that have been made. The<br />
review will be completed by 30 June 2012, and will be published to allow for full and<br />
transparent scrutiny.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> anticipates that this review will lead to significant changes for Ultra-Fast Broadband<br />
partners and for Chorus in tackling the digital divide concerns set out elsewhere in this<br />
policy. We recognise that the Ultra-Fast Broadband partners have invested in good faith.<br />
302
The same principle will apply to any changes to the roll-out. We do however remain<br />
committed to delivering on the vision of fibre to the home for most Kiwis:<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will complete the fibre rollout in urban areas within the limit of the $1.35bn of<br />
funds available for investment by Crown Fibre Holdings.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has concerns with the broader policy framework that applies to urban and rural<br />
broadband, and with the amendments to the Telecommunications Act passed in <strong>2011</strong>. It is<br />
good for the industry that the idea of giving a regulatory holiday to fibre investors was<br />
dropped, however other problems remain.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will conduct a quick review of the policy framework, and expects to propose changes<br />
to tackle at least the following matters:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
restore to the Commerce Commission the ability to set prices for the copper local<br />
loop, instead of dictating a single New Zealand-wide price (i.e. end forced national<br />
averaging).<br />
establish whether mass market urban fibre can be unbundled as it is rolled out, and<br />
whether the fibre network can operate on the principle of the “equivalence of inputs”<br />
(EOI) standard from build, rather than from 2020. This would mean Telecom and the<br />
other service providers have to provide access to the network on the same terms to<br />
all retailers, preventing Telecom Retail from gaining an advantage.<br />
ensure that the Commerce Commission has full power to examine the contractual<br />
arrangements between the Crown and private investors.<br />
review the role of Crown Fibre Holdings in the urban rollout and MED in the rural<br />
rollout – it may be possible to run both programmes in one agency.<br />
consider the role of state owned enterprise Kordia in broadband.<br />
assess the implications for the Kiwishare Obligations 41 in the legislation and<br />
contractual arrangements. <strong>Labour</strong> will make sure that the recent changes do not<br />
impede New Zealanders‟ ability to access the telecommunications services they<br />
need to participate fully in the information society.<br />
Broadband: next steps<br />
The changes set out above will give the industry and consumers confidence that a level<br />
playing field is in place for the future. It is a priority for <strong>Labour</strong> to make sure that broadband<br />
is available to all Kiwis; this hasn‟t been a feature of the rollout so far. That will change.<br />
41 The National Government’s Telecommunications Amendment Act <strong>2011</strong> amended the Kiwi Share Obligations<br />
(KSOs). The KSOs form part of Telecom’s constitution and require them to act in a socially responsible manner.<br />
The obligations include, among other matters, duties regarding the supply of the local residential telephone<br />
service.<br />
303
<strong>Labour</strong> will as an underlying principle do as much as it can, within the limit of the<br />
$1.35bn of funds available for investment by Crown Fibre Holdings, to bring forward<br />
the time at which consumers, schools and businesses can experience unconstrained<br />
Ultra-Fast Broadband, in order to get the economic benefits of the fibre we have<br />
helped pay for.<br />
There is no reason in principle that rollout of fibre to urban areas should be limited to 75% of<br />
New Zealanders. Any extension to the Ultra-Fast Broadband programme to broaden fibre<br />
access will be paid for by extending the timeline for return of the money to Crown Fibre<br />
Holdings by the Local Fibre Companies (LFCs), or extending the repayment of funds loaned<br />
to or invested in Chorus.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, within the limit of the $1.35bn of funds available for investment by Crown<br />
Fibre Holdings, extend the Ultra-Fast Broadband to other areas of New Zealand<br />
where it can be deployed at similar costs to the existing planned rollout, and remove<br />
any legislative impediments to doing so.<br />
We accept there are parts of New Zealand that will struggle to get access to fibre in the near<br />
future because of geographical isolation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure such remote areas are given priority under the Rural Broadband<br />
Initiative for access via satellite, wireless or other means.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> remains concerned that the Ultra Fast Broadband and Rural Broadband initiatives<br />
will not result in government-funded fibre roll out competing with existing fibre provision,<br />
particularly in built up urban centres.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned with ensuring that fibre is laid as a priority to the parts of New Zealand<br />
where the market is not drawn by demand. This includes Maraes, training institutions,<br />
hospitals and medical centres, as well as schools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will closely monitor the roll-out of ultrafast broadband and the Rural<br />
Broadband Initiative, to ensure that the infrastructure being built with public funding is<br />
deployed promptly to parts of urban and rural New Zealand in a way that will<br />
significantly lessen the digital divide.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with local authorities to identify and remove barriers to the fastest<br />
possible fibre roll-out and to support local digital strategies.<br />
Making the most of access to the global Internet requires better connectivity between New<br />
Zealand and the rest of the world. Several market initiatives are underway to build new<br />
undersea cables to Asia and the Americas. <strong>Labour</strong> wishes these initiatives every success,<br />
as they would increase the security and capacity of New Zealand‟s links to the world.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in Government would be supportive of these initiatives and would consider other<br />
options to deliver new cables if required.<br />
304
Finally, more can be done to improve school access to the new infrastructure being rolled<br />
out in urban areas. Giving schools unconstrained broadband opens up huge opportunities<br />
for them to collaborate, and to giving students access to specialist teaching and expertise<br />
from anywhere they choose to get it. While the government is currently providing assistance<br />
to physically connect schools to ultrafast broadband, schools are expected to absorb most of<br />
the costs of upgrading internal infrastructure from their existing operations budgets. There is<br />
no assistance provided for increased usage costs within schools which will grow significantly<br />
with increased data consumption.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that in order for schools to benefit from ultrafast broadband these issues<br />
need closer scrutiny and that wherever possible bulk rates for schools should be made<br />
available structured in a way that schools do not lose their choice of supplier.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will combine the government‟s spending on broadband for schools under the<br />
Ultra Fast Broadband initiative to provide unconstrained access for schools at<br />
affordable rates.<br />
Radio Spectrum<br />
Prime radio spectrum rights are expected to be auctioned in 2012 to support fourthgeneration<br />
(4G) super-fast mobile networks freed up by the closure of analogue television in<br />
2013. This spectrum is best used for the provision of new mobile communications and<br />
broadband technologies, and can be used to reduce the digital divide between rural and<br />
urban New Zealanders. <strong>Labour</strong> is concerned with reducing this divide and so would aim to<br />
see the spectrum used to close it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will conduct a public discussion about the objectives and the process for the<br />
spectrum auction, and how the proceeds from the auction should be spent in New<br />
Zealand, before the auction occurs.<br />
Attention will particularly be paid to Māori involvement in information and communications<br />
technology. <strong>Labour</strong> will also conduct a review of interests who currently own spectrum rights<br />
but do not use them with a view to setting a deadline for a “use it or lose it” approach.<br />
Closing the digital divide<br />
Understanding the digital divide<br />
New Zealand‟s economic future lies in weightless exports. The future of the nation relies on<br />
Kiwi children becoming digital Kiwis.<br />
The country must not have a digital divide. <strong>Labour</strong> believes some of our greatest innovation<br />
can come out of our most deprived areas. The new broadband network must not be a tool to<br />
entrench the divide between the haves and the have nots.<br />
305
Around 20% of New Zealand households currently do not have a computer. These<br />
unconnected homes are predominantly in lower socio-economic areas and are often home<br />
to Pasifika and Māori families. While programs such as Computers in Homes, Computer<br />
Clubhouse and Aotearoa People‟s Network do great work in increasing digital literacy, their<br />
success is sporadic because of limited funding.<br />
A key way to increase the connectedness and literacy for many New Zealand households is<br />
to leverage the education system by ensuring every child has access to a device.<br />
Computers in Homes (2020 Communications Trust) has estimated that there are 100,000<br />
families with dependent children who do not have access to a computer at home. They are<br />
more likely to be one-parent households and from Māori and Pasifika backgrounds where<br />
children are unable to participate equitably in digital learning and using technology.<br />
The effects of this absence, given the growing importance of Internet access, needs to be<br />
understood. Clear evidence of harm could justify further interventions to ensure all families<br />
have a path towards access that is fair.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will fund systematic research, monitoring and public reporting into impacts of<br />
the digital age on New Zealanders and how investment can make a difference<br />
socially and economically.<br />
Digital Kiwis: Improving access to technology<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that all New Zealanders, regardless of income and<br />
background are able to access, afford and get the best use from technology. <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
continue to fund and prioritise free or low-cost Internet access through programmes such as<br />
Aotearoa People‟s Network, School-based ICT, Network of Aotearoa Clubhouses (NOAC),<br />
Computers in Homes, and the Kiwi Advanced Research and Education Network (KAREN).<br />
Computer Clubhouses provide a free, out-of-school learning programme for young people<br />
aged 10-18 years of age. Members have access to high-end technology and industrystandard<br />
software, allowing them to develop advanced information and technology skills.<br />
The Clubhouse is proactively creating a socially and digitally connected community of<br />
learners of over 40,000 young people and their families who are digitally fluent and have<br />
advanced high tech skills to mobilise new ideas, actions, careers, entrepreneurial and higher<br />
learning opportunities. Research shows Clubhouse members remain engaged in school.<br />
Clubhouses are located in low socio-economic areas, meaning the young people from these<br />
areas might not otherwise have access to technology.<br />
The 2020 Communications Trust connects families with school-aged children to the internet<br />
in their homes and provides parents with basic digital literacy skills. Statistics NZ estimates<br />
there are 100,000 homes with school-aged children without access to the internet.<br />
Computers in Homes are currently funded to support 1,500 families each year.<br />
306
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase funding to Computer Clubhouses for the most vulnerable<br />
communities in NZ. <strong>Labour</strong> will also increase funding to Computers in Homes in<br />
order to make more rapid progress in bridging the digital gap. (We have allocated up<br />
to $2.7 million a year for the expansion of these two initiatives.)<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to progressing and implementing proper achievement standards in ICT<br />
in schools and notes the progress that has been made subsequent to the recommendations<br />
made by the Digital Technology Experts Panel, which include a range of new achievement<br />
standards that are built on a new body of knowledge.<br />
Digital Kiwis: Skills training for the digital economy<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support a range of actions designed to address the current skills shortage in the<br />
ICT sector and wider community by promoting digital careers, matching tertiary courses to<br />
industry needs and attracting more skilled ICT practitioners to New Zealand.<br />
Internships are highly successful at driving R&D within primarily small, innovative tech<br />
companies which often can't afford to run those types of R&D projects otherwise, and they<br />
also provide excellent and much needed experience and engagement for participating<br />
students.<br />
There are 200 places available for interns working on strictly R&D projects within companies<br />
at the undergraduate level per year across the country in all science, technology and<br />
engineering fields, plus postgraduate. This is not enough.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will lift the number of interns to 1000 nationwide, which is the basis for a solid<br />
programme of innovative R&D across the country. This will be paid for by reallocating<br />
$5.1 million from Technology Development Grants funding.<br />
It is important to accelerate skills development in every sector, and ICT is central to a<br />
transition to a highly-skilled country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the broad based coverage of the ICT industry by an ITO, and<br />
include ICT training in the Modern Apprenticeships Scheme.<br />
Digital copyright for the 21st century<br />
Digital technology offers many new opportunities. The creators of content should be<br />
compensated for their work and consumers should have freedom for personal use of digital<br />
content they rightfully possess. A vibrant, creative market for digital productions where<br />
consumers can easily find and buy the material they want is something <strong>Labour</strong> wants to see<br />
develop in New Zealand.<br />
In the past it was not easy to copy and share video cassettes, but the Internet has made<br />
copying cheap and easy. In this new world, people still want and are willing to pay for<br />
307
creative content. They simply want to be able to get what they want, when they want it, and<br />
easily.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not stand for the protection of industrial or business models whose time has<br />
passed, and it welcomes the radical innovation the Internet has given rise to. <strong>Labour</strong> does<br />
support a vibrant New Zealand content industry, and the role of intellectual property law in<br />
helping to achieve that.<br />
Internet access is not just a utility or essential service. It enables the provision of social and<br />
family connections across distances and time zones, education and work opportunities.<br />
Therefore all New Zealanders should have the ability to access the Internet and <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
work to ensure they do. People rightfully expect that such access won‟t be removed in<br />
arbitrary ways or for no reason.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> affirms that the fundamental human right to impart and receive information<br />
and opinion necessarily includes the ability to access the Internet in order to give<br />
practical effect to the right in today‟s world.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> does not believe today‟s Copyright Act provides the right framework to see New<br />
Zealand‟s information economy thrive. It does not handle convergence well. Its adaptations<br />
to the Internet are half-hearted. The Act needs to be fundamentally reviewed and made fit<br />
for the Internet era.<br />
As is recently referred to in a UK independent report Digital Opportunities, the businesses<br />
that create content for the public need to change, in the form of more open, contestable and<br />
effective global markets in digital content and a setting in which enforcement of copyright<br />
becomes effective once more.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a full review of the Copyright Act, with the aim of introducing a<br />
new Copyright Bill within 18 months that updates and extends the framework for<br />
digital copyright in New Zealand.<br />
The first phase of the review will be to commission an independent analysis of the problems<br />
with the status quo from an eminent expert, such as the review Professor Hargreaves has<br />
recently conducted for the UK Prime Minister, and then further consult on a draft Bill before it<br />
is introduced.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has carefully paid attention to the community‟s concerns with the recent<br />
amendments to the Act, as well as the earlier debate in 2009 which led to the most recent<br />
set of changes. We have heard the community‟s concerns.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a bill within 90 days of taking office to remove from the<br />
Copyright Act the ability to introduce account suspension for infringing file sharing as<br />
a remedy the District Court can impose.<br />
308
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider expanding the role of NZ Onscreen as a broader online content storage<br />
facility and will actively encourage new business models where NZ creative content can be<br />
distributed online in an affordable and accessible way.<br />
To be able to do these things requires protecting the ability of the New Zealand parliament to<br />
make copyright law. Retaining sovereignty over our intellectual property is critical to the<br />
development of our creative industries, as well as the protection of the public good in some<br />
instances.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not compromise our ability to trade on our intellectual property,<br />
recognising our international obligations under the Trade-Related Aspects of<br />
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. It is imperative that we find new<br />
ways of negotiating trade agreements which recognise new industries and<br />
opportunities arising from new technologies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also investigate the viability of a small copyright levy on Internet access, which<br />
would develop the digital platform for accessing Kiwi content mentioned above. Funds raised<br />
could go to content creators through an arms length collecting and distribution arrangement.<br />
Excluding software from patent law<br />
The Patents Bill proposes excluding computer software from being patentable, on the basis<br />
of it being, like books or movies or music, based on a concept and receiving protection under<br />
copyright. For software, copyright is the appropriate form of intellectual property protection.<br />
At present software can be patented so long as it produces a "commercially useful effect".<br />
This means software developers don‟t need to show any inventive step in order to get a<br />
patent; they merely need to show they can make money off their software.<br />
Parliament‟s Commerce select committee, which examined this issue, said that it accepted<br />
that software invariably built on existing software and that software patents were often<br />
granted for "trivial or existing techniques." <strong>Labour</strong> supports the select committee stance that<br />
using intellectual property in a fair and reasonable manner would promote innovation and<br />
build advanced industries.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enact and implement the draft Patent Bill currently before Parliament that<br />
excludes computer software.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> notes the select committee recommendation that the Intellectual Property Office<br />
develop guidelines for inventions that involve „embedded software‟ - software that is built into<br />
a physical device. <strong>Labour</strong> believes the Patents Bill deals with this issue adequately, but will<br />
seek further advice on this as part of the review of digital copyright.<br />
309
Open Software: revolutionising government software purchasing<br />
Open Software in government<br />
There are many huge, costly IT projects inside government, and these often go badly and<br />
lead to vast sums of money going offshore. Departments are secretive about their<br />
technology projects, and don't share them, even with other departments.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that smarter government means departments sharing their technology. This<br />
will save money inside government, and provide a competitive advantage for New Zealand<br />
businesses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will issue a binding instruction to government agencies to implement a whole<br />
of government approach to open software.<br />
The instruction will be made under the Public Finance Act 1989, and will include the<br />
following components:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Prevent vendors double-dipping. Require that when the government pays for<br />
software to be created, it will be owned by the government, and will be shared<br />
within government and with the public using an open source license.<br />
Stop the secrecy. Investigate obliging agencies to disclose on their websites the<br />
cost and usage of each software product used (where doing so does not increase<br />
costs).<br />
Stop silo thinking. Require that agencies evaluate the costs at a whole-ofgovernment<br />
level when deciding whether to develop and freely share software or<br />
instead to license it.<br />
Free the code. Require all software developed under Crown Copyright to be<br />
made available to the public on an open source license.<br />
Allow systems to join up. Require that new agencies only purchase new<br />
computer applications that inter-operate using published, open standards.<br />
Encourage smarter decisions. Require agencies considering new technology<br />
purchases over $2 million to first evaluate whether existing publicly available<br />
technology substantially meets their business requirements, and the cost of<br />
changing their processes to adapt to the existing technology.<br />
Other Open software initiatives<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a government „App store‟<br />
A government-run „app store‟ could provide a short circuit for fledgling NZ software<br />
developers to get to market. The „app store‟ would be open for any local developers to<br />
submit their software where it could be purchased and used by government agencies. .<br />
310
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure “Informed Neutrality” in software purchasing<br />
Purchasers in government agencies and their suppliers must consider all types of available<br />
software (open source, mixed and proprietary) during procurement procedures.<br />
Aspire to wide use of open source software<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will set an aspirational target of 2/3 of government agencies using some form of open<br />
source software for a reasonable proportion of their software needs by 2015.<br />
Greater diversity in suppliers<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will engage in active government engagement with the local open source community<br />
to devise ICT solutions rather than just talking to the large, dominant suppliers.<br />
Open Source Software Centre of Excellence<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with New Zealand tertiary education institutions to establish a „Centre of<br />
Excellence‟ for open source software development. Based upon the 2006 initiative of the<br />
French Government, such a centre would be designed to help develop a strong exportcreating<br />
software industry for New Zealand.<br />
Cyber security: Protecting New Zealanders from attack<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports New Zealand‟s Cyber Security Strategy and would ensure it is<br />
implemented. We support the general thrust of the strategy but will ensure that it is<br />
strengthened.<br />
The strategy focuses on:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Increasing Awareness and Online Security – the Government is partnering with<br />
industry and non-government organisations to improve access to cyber security<br />
information, raise awareness and address other cyber security awareness issues.<br />
Protecting Government Systems and Information – the Government is establishing a<br />
National Cyber Security Centre and implementing steps to improve cyber security<br />
practices across government.<br />
Incident Response and Planning – the Government is reviewing how it responds to,<br />
and plans for, cyber incidents.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure there is real engagement with industry on cyber security.<br />
311
<strong>Labour</strong> notes the strategy includes a commitment to work with industry to establish the need<br />
for a Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT). There has been a clear need<br />
articulated for a CERT for a long time.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Computer Emergency Response Team for New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that cyber security expertise is developed within New Zealand education<br />
at the tertiary level and via the certification of professionals.<br />
312
IMMIGRATION<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to a world-class immigration system designed to contribute to our<br />
economic growth, recognise New Zealand‟s international commitments to resettle refugees,<br />
acknowledge our special role in the Pacific, and commit to positive settlement and<br />
resettlement outcomes for the benefit of all.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government introduced the New Zealand Immigration Programme, with its<br />
emphasis on increasing New Zealand‟s talent and skill base through a separate stream for<br />
skilled and business migrants making up 60% of the programme. Family reunion and the<br />
International/humanitarian streams make up the balance. Ten years on, this approach has<br />
stood the test of time. However as in any area of policy, it would be worth reviewing the<br />
Programme to ensure that it is still meeting the needs of New Zealand and the migrants and<br />
refugees, who make New Zealand home.<br />
New Zealand has a strong and proud history of a special relationship with the other Pacific<br />
nations and our immigration policy recognises that relationship. Migrants bring social as well<br />
as economic benefits. They broaden and enrich our cultural diversity and understanding.<br />
Family migration strengthens families and assists with positive settlement and resettlement<br />
outcomes.<br />
Temporary entry visas provide the opportunity to support the tourism industry, to meet<br />
shortages in the labour market and to support reciprocal working holidays for young people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government spearheaded the concept of work-to-residence through Talent Visas<br />
and the Skilled Migrant category.<br />
Immigration New Zealand has an extensive international network of offices and faces<br />
significant demands as it seeks to facilitate entry to New Zealand of those qualified to do so,<br />
while managing risks of irregular migration and non-compliance.<br />
Strengthening our economy through immigration<br />
Migrants enhance our economy. Not only does our migrant population contribute billions of<br />
dollars to our economy each year, but it also reminds us to think and act globally, drives<br />
innovation, gives our businesses international connections and provides a range of skills to<br />
transform our economic landscape.<br />
It is vital that New Zealand continues to attract the migrants it needs. We will conduct a<br />
review of the Skilled and Business Migrant stream of the New Zealand Immigration<br />
Programme.<br />
313
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Skilled Migrant Category to ensure that it is still meeting our<br />
needs and that it is not posing unnecessary barriers to skilled migrants that are<br />
needed to grow our economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the business migrant categories, with an emphasis on the investor<br />
category providing an option for active investment and allowing flexibility in the<br />
requirements for different levels of investor migrant.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also investigate changes to the Entrepreneur categories to increase<br />
opportunities for young entrepreneurs to migrate to New Zealand or remain here at<br />
the completion of their studies. We plan to enable joint ventures or taking equity in<br />
an existing high growth potential company to support the application.<br />
It is vital that immigration policies reflect current local labour market conditions. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
believes recent policy changes making it easier for overseas for actors and others in the<br />
entertainment industry to work in New Zealand temporarily are out of touch and signal job<br />
losses in our local industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reverse the policy changes to entry visas for temporary entertainment<br />
industry workers that are due to come into operational effect in March 2012.<br />
Addressing labour shortages and attracting skilled migrants<br />
Given the dramatically changed labour market over the last three years, where New Zealand<br />
has gone from record low unemployment rates to comparatively high unemployment rates,<br />
we must have policies which have the flexibility to allow us to respond quickly to changes in<br />
the labour market situation. We need to be aware of the needs of people caught in the workto-residence<br />
timeframe and we will investigate temporary solutions to enable people to<br />
remain and complete their residence in due course in such cases.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build on existing policies to ensure that we are continuing to attract the<br />
skills and talent we need and helping to fill labour gaps, while maintaining a firm<br />
focus on New Zealand‟s labour market, mindful of the needs of skilled migrants who<br />
have entered the work-to-residence path.<br />
We know that there is fierce competition amongst countries to attract and retain skilled<br />
migrants. We need to ensure that our message is reflected in people‟s experience.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the Immigration Service, in conjunction with other relevant<br />
agencies, continues to market New Zealand overseas as a great place to live, work<br />
and raise a family, targeting people with the skills needed to grow our economy.<br />
314
<strong>Our</strong> special relationship with the Pacific<br />
New Zealand has long-standing ties and a unique set of relationships with our Pacific<br />
neighbours. We have large Pasifika populations in New Zealand and important historical<br />
connections. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure our immigration policies continue to recognise the special<br />
relationship between New Zealand and the Pacific.<br />
Too many of our Pacific new arrivals are forced to wait an unacceptably long time before a<br />
final decision is made on a permanent residency. This waiting time must be reduced.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is also concerned that there are young Pacific people who are, through no fault of<br />
their own, missing out on education, medical and hospital care as a result of their parents‟<br />
irregular status.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the reasons why there are a continuing number of Pacific<br />
people with irregular immigration status in order to curtail the increase in immigration<br />
scams, and to encourage Pacific people living illegally in New Zealand to regularise<br />
their status.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a review of the Pacific Access and Samoan Quota systems<br />
and criteria to better align job offer requirements with the current market.<br />
The Recognised Seasonal Employment Scheme enables the horticulture and viticulture<br />
industries to recruit workers, primarily from Pacific countries, to fill labour gaps. This<br />
scheme is designed to fill labour gaps, not to displace New Zealand workers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enhance the Recognised Seasonal Employment scheme through:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
improved pre-departure information being provided to workers so that they<br />
are better prepared upon arrival in New Zealand<br />
further improvements to pastoral care so that workers are looked after while<br />
they are here<br />
more flexible working arrangements<br />
ensuring workers are able to change between employers during the scheme,<br />
recognising the need for flexibility for both employers and workers<br />
requiring the wages for workers on this scheme to be paid at the rate of at<br />
least the minimum wage and with accommodation provided in addition to the<br />
wages.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain close relationships with the Pacific region in terms of immigration<br />
policies.<br />
Recognising migrants‟ needs<br />
315
If we expect migrants to New Zealand to fully contribute to our society, we must ensure that<br />
we are meeting their essential needs. That means having robust family migration policies,<br />
because that can strengthen families and assist with good settlement outcomes. It also<br />
means ensuring that our policies protect the most vulnerable of our new migrants postarrival.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to extend the New Zealand settlement strategy into regions<br />
throughout the country in partnership with local authorities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the domestic violence policy to ensure it is meeting the needs of<br />
those it is designed to protect.<br />
The ethnic community relies on responsive immigration policies to facilitate their aspirations<br />
for family reunification and family visitation. There is a balance to be achieved between<br />
these and New Zealand‟s need for an appropriately qualified and competent work force.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, in consultation with ethnic communities and their representatives, ensure<br />
that immigration policies are responsive to the family and communal aspects of<br />
settlement (for example the need for priests, language teachers).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that policies and practices do not place undue restrictions and<br />
impose demands that effectively bar families from being together periodically for the<br />
celebration of particular religious and cultural events.<br />
Refugees – meeting our international obligations<br />
New Zealanders pride themselves on being a nation that is willing to make a stand on the<br />
international stage on matters of humanitarian concern. <strong>Labour</strong> believes our attitude towards<br />
refugees is an important aspect of that.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s vision for New Zealand is a country that is committed to ensuring that refugees and<br />
their families resettle well; a country which welcomes newcomers and provides a safe and<br />
peaceful place to live, especially for those who have experienced difficult times in their own<br />
countries; a country that is strong and inclusive.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports a National Refugee Resettlement Strategy to ensure consistency across<br />
New Zealand and across all government departments and agencies, with the Strategy being<br />
developed in partnership with the refugee community in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop an integrated national plan for refugee resettlement in<br />
collaboration with leaders in the refugee community and from refugee led agencies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that refugees continue to receive the support they need through<br />
government agencies and by working closely with relevant community groups,<br />
including through the expansion of our resettlement support programme.<br />
316
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen mental health services for refugees. It will review refugee<br />
entitlements for consistency. <strong>Labour</strong> will also review refugee family reunification<br />
policies to ensure families are reunited wherever possible and desirable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the options for better support for tertiary education for<br />
refugees, to ensure that both New Zealand and the refugee themselves is able to<br />
take the best opportunity for future contribution to our nation.<br />
Advocacy, checks and balances<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes in a „firm but fair‟ approach to immigration, and this means having adequate<br />
protections for migrants as well as for New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a specialist Immigration Ombudsman within the office of the<br />
Ombudsman, with extensive powers of inquiry enabling him/her to investigate<br />
systemic issues, individual complaints from onshore and family sponsored applicants<br />
without other appeal rights, immigration detention issues and protected disclosures<br />
from immigration staff.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Residence Review Panel as an advisory board to make<br />
recommendations on exceptions to policy to the Minister.<br />
Managing Immigration Risks<br />
New Zealanders need to have confidence that, while we are encouraging the people that we<br />
need in New Zealand to come here, we are also minimising and managing risks.<br />
The best way of protecting our borders is by stopping those who pose a risk to New Zealand<br />
before they even reach our border. The Advanced Passenger Processing system,<br />
introduced by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2003, was designed for this purpose and has shown success.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to improve information technology and processing capability at<br />
Immigration New Zealand to help protect our borders and the integrity of the service.<br />
317
INTERFAITH DIALOGUE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
For the first time in New Zealand‟s political history the <strong>Labour</strong> <strong>Party</strong> has established the<br />
portfolio of Interfaith Dialogue in recognition of the unprecedented plurality of faiths and<br />
religious beliefs that exist today, and the significant role faith plays in the lives of many New<br />
Zealanders. This paper manifests <strong>Labour</strong>„s commitment to building peace and the<br />
promotion of harmonious relations amongst diverse groups and greater appreciation<br />
between faith communities and all New Zealanders.<br />
There have been a variety of faith groups that have been active in different parts of New<br />
Zealand over the past 20 years. These regional groups hold regular meetings to promote<br />
and foster appreciation, understanding and cooperation between all faiths in Aotearoa New<br />
Zealand. Moreover, these groups have evolved to form the New Zealand Interfaith Group<br />
which convenes as a national body at an annual National Interfaith Forum that encourages<br />
people of all faiths to engage with one another and with all New Zealanders.<br />
Background<br />
From the Statement of Religious Diversity in New Zealand we find that, “At the signing of the<br />
Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, Governor Hobson affirmed, in response to a question from<br />
Catholic Bishop Pompallier, "the several faiths (beliefs) of England, of the Wesleyans, of<br />
Rome, and also Māori custom shall alike be protected". This foundation creates the<br />
opportunity to reaffirm an acknowledgement of the diversity of beliefs in New Zealand.<br />
Today New Zealand has become a country of many faiths and its increasing religious<br />
diversity (with a significant number who profess no practicing religion) has become a<br />
common feature of public life.<br />
According to the 2006 Census there are a total of more than 2 million Christians in New<br />
Zealand or 53.6% of the total population, 204,000 non-Christians or 5.4%, and 1.3 million<br />
people with no religion or 34.3%, with the remaining 7% of people either not stating, or<br />
refusing to answer, or declare their status on religion.<br />
Religion continues to play an important part in the lives of many New Zealanders today.<br />
Christianity has played and continues to play a formative role in the development of New<br />
Zealand in terms of the nation‟s identity, culture, beliefs, institutions and values.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the importance of preserving the heritage of Christianity in New Zealand<br />
and acknowledges this as an important part of New Zealand‟s cultural identity.<br />
New settlers have enhanced New Zealand‟s religious diversity, and only recently have the<br />
numbers of some of their faith communities grown significantly as a result of migration from<br />
318
Asia, Africa, Central Europe, the Pacific and the Middle East. These communities have a<br />
positive role to play in our society.<br />
The Temples, Mosques, Chapels, and places of worship for many faiths have become the<br />
focal point for a range of religious, educational and community events. These facilities also<br />
serve as villages where cultural ceremonies and special celebrations take place, and where<br />
information is disseminated and support provided to those in need amongst their<br />
membership.<br />
International treaties including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the<br />
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights uphold the right to freedom of religion<br />
and belief - the right to hold a belief; the right to change one's religion or belief; the right to<br />
express one's religion or belief; and the right not to hold a belief. 42<br />
These rights are reflected in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act and Human Rights Act. The<br />
right to religion entails affording this right to others and not infringing their human rights.<br />
It is in this context that <strong>Labour</strong> recognises the right to religion and the responsibilities of faith<br />
communities.<br />
Religion and the State<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that Religion and the State are two separate and different structures that<br />
serve the wider community.<br />
The freedom of religion and belief requires allowing other people to think about God in ways<br />
that you do not think are true and extending to all people the same privilege to worship how,<br />
where, or what they may in accordance with the dictates of their own conscience.<br />
The challenge the State has in New Zealand is to promote the rights and freedom of religion,<br />
recognise the diversity of faiths, and commit to fostering understanding, maintaining peace,<br />
respect, tolerance, and the promotion of harmonious human relations through open dialogue<br />
between the faith communities and with the rest of New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> respects and upholds the non-political nature of the faith communities and this<br />
principle will serve as the basis for <strong>Labour</strong>‟s on-going community engagement with the<br />
Interfaith community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build strong relations with the Interfaith community and institutions by<br />
celebrating the rich diversity and vitality of the multi-faith profile that make up New<br />
Zealand today.<br />
42 Most recently New Zealand has ratified the UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples wherein Article<br />
12 part 1 says, "Indigenous peoples have the right to manifest, practise, develop and teach their spiritual and<br />
religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the right to maintain, protect, and have access in privacy to their<br />
religious and cultural sites; the right to the use and control of their ceremonial objects; and the right to the<br />
repatriation of their human remains.<br />
319
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to building harmonious relationships between communities of<br />
different faiths as intrinsic to ensuring strong, healthy and safe communities of<br />
understanding and tolerance in Aotearoa, New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish on-going relationships with the Interfaith community through<br />
regular and open dialogue and the sharing of expertise that can assist in the<br />
development of policy that benefits all people in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will contribute to the on-going discussion of the Religious Diversity in New<br />
Zealand - Statement on Religious Diversity and support the work of the NZ Interfaith<br />
Group in building understanding and appreciation between the faith communities and<br />
the rest of New Zealand.<br />
The pursuit of peace & conflict resolution<br />
The maintenance of peace is fundamental to the building of a thriving and prosperous<br />
society and country. Yet, the sudden riots and violence that spread through several cities<br />
and towns in England from 6-10 August <strong>2011</strong>, sparked by a peaceful march responding to<br />
the Metropolitan Police Service attempt to arrest a 29 year old black man whom police shot<br />
and killed in the process, shows just how quickly emotions can re-ignite tensions between<br />
different communities and cultures and lead to widespread violence, deaths and destruction<br />
of property.<br />
This is only one example of how the pursuit of peace and the maintenance of harmonious<br />
relationships amongst diverse groups don‟t just happen by themselves. Serious levels of<br />
violence continue in our society and in the world today. Peace, respect, tolerance and the<br />
maintenance of harmonious relationships must be pursued, fostered, nurtured, protected<br />
and promoted. Many believe that the greatest challenge of our time is the non-violent<br />
resolution of conflict. Yet, very little is being done to study peace and conflict resolution, and<br />
very little is done to recognise the need for developing peace and conflict resolution courses<br />
and programmes of study.<br />
Despite New Zealand having a rich heritage of peace initiatives drawing from its indigenous<br />
and other cultures, its continuing recourse to violence presents a challenge to the<br />
development of a peaceful society.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to the pursuit and maintenance of peace, respect, tolerance and<br />
maintaining harmonious relationships for all New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work collaboratively across all government sectors to ensure that New<br />
Zealand‟s diverse cultures and communities of faiths will be protected from racism,<br />
discrimination, prejudice and injustices.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the education sector to establish sustainable peace and conflict<br />
resolution courses and programmes of study, and support the work of existing<br />
Centres for Peace and Conflict Studies in Aotearoa, New Zealand.<br />
320
JOBS AND SKILLS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
We know that employment is vital to the health of people and our society, that‟s why, as we<br />
recover from the recession, job growth must be one of our most important goals. The<br />
government must actively support the private sector to boost jobs and employ New<br />
Zealanders.<br />
Providing our workforce with the right skills is essential in matching people with jobs, it‟s<br />
absurd that we are facing skill shortages while unemployment is so high.<br />
Job security no longer exists in the 21st century economy, but by providing people with<br />
meaningful skills and qualifications we can give them wider employment security.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to supporting New Zealanders into work and providing everyone with<br />
the opportunity to up-skill and realise their full potential. To do this we need a world class<br />
skills training system that meets the needs of workers, employers and our economy.<br />
Training pathways need to be made clearer and the quality of training must be improved.<br />
Actively supporting job creation<br />
Currently 157,000 kiwis who want a job can‟t find one; that‟s 50,000 more than three years<br />
ago. While the recession may technically be over, unemployment continues to rise and is<br />
predicted to remain high for the next few years. With little hope for jobs, record numbers of<br />
New Zealanders have been heading across the Tasman for work, taking with them valuable<br />
skills and earning potential.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has an economic policy that will put in place the right elements to encourage growth<br />
and job creation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reform monetary policy to ensure our exporters are not undermined by<br />
extreme exchange fluctuations, including by broadening the objectives of the<br />
Reserve Bank Act. Currently its sole focus is on the maintenance of price stability –<br />
or inflation. We agree with the approach taken by Australia that recognises that along<br />
with inflation control, employment, economic prosperity, and the health of the export<br />
sector are at least as important.<br />
Along with <strong>Labour</strong>‟s 15% Capital Gains Tax (excluding the family home), this will help<br />
encourage investment in the productive exporting businesses New Zealand needs to grow<br />
the economy and create jobs.<br />
321
<strong>Labour</strong> will boost research and development with a 12.5% tax credit, encouraging<br />
businesses to research and innovate.<br />
This will grow the economy and create highly skilled, high income jobs for New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the role of New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE) as a<br />
one-stop shop for business development support, with a particular focus on high<br />
growth „green‟ industries.<br />
We will maintain sound macroeconomic policy settings that provide a stable environment for<br />
innovation, increased investment in training and modernised workplaces.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will intervene where possible to support New Zealand jobs and businesses in an<br />
increasingly competitive and unstable global economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use major government contracts to back New Zealand firms instead of<br />
exporting jobs offshore like we are seeing under National.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop an integrated programme to support workplace productivity<br />
improvements, building on experience with the Partnership Resource Centre and the<br />
High Performance Work Initiative.<br />
These positive initiatives between government, unions and employers lift workplace<br />
performance through improved work organisation, upskilling and worker engagement.<br />
The successful PACE (Pathways to Arts and Cultural Employment) programme was<br />
introduced by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government to assist job seekers interested in pursuing a<br />
career in the arts and creative industries to move towards sustainable employment and selfsufficiency.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will again invest in training and skills by introducing a revised and modern<br />
Creative Industries Apprenticeship, as part of the Modern Apprenticeships Scheme.<br />
This will build on current initiatives around sector clusters being developed by the<br />
sector ITOs and will have links to other tertiary providers.<br />
It is vital that immigration policies reflect current local labour market conditions. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
believes recent policy changes making it easier for overseas actors and others in the<br />
entertainment industry to work in New Zealand temporarily are out of touch and signal job<br />
losses in our local industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reverse the policy changes to entry visas for temporary entertainment<br />
industry workers that are due to come into operational effect in March 2012.<br />
322
A highly skilled workforce driving a more productive economy<br />
New Zealand‟s labour productivity is one of the lowest in the Western world – we work<br />
longer for less than nearly every other advanced country. Substituting investment in<br />
productivity growth, including innovation and skills, with low wages and longer hours is not<br />
the way forward. It is not about working longer, it is about working smarter.<br />
Shifting to a more productive workforce will require a comprehensive strategy to boost skills<br />
where industry needs them as well as promoting the voice of workers in their workplaces.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a New Zealand Employment and Skills Strategy in tandem with<br />
employer groups and unions to ensure that we have a plan to meet the changing<br />
demands on skills and employment in the 21st Century.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will match the ambitious target set by the state of Queensland, and aim to<br />
have three out of four adult New Zealanders (i.e. aged between 25 and 64) holding<br />
trade, training or tertiary qualifications at Level 3 or above, by 2020.<br />
Setting a target will help drive investment in skills and keep providers focused on improving<br />
completion rates.<br />
In order to successfully implement this strategy and achieve our skills target, it will be<br />
necessary to ensure that our training system is „fit for purpose‟.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will carry out a review of the entire range of vocational training (including both<br />
industry training and provider-based programmes), to consider whether it remains<br />
world-leading and adopt new best practises where appropriate. The review will cover:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
the quality of training<br />
the extent to which training is available across all sectors of the economy<br />
barriers to participation and how these can be removed<br />
whether the funding models (and the way they interact) are appropriate<br />
the extent to which duplication is a problem<br />
the quality and independence of ITO advice to businesses<br />
accountability mechanisms<br />
ITO governance arrangements, and<br />
whether there needs to be some consolidation of ITOs and how this should<br />
be achieved.<br />
323
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the training of managers and supervisors by removing limits<br />
on Industry Training above level 4.<br />
This will help drive better management practise and help employers to utilise the skills of<br />
their workforce more productively.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure unions are represented on ITO boards so workers have a voice in<br />
the development of industries skills strategies.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, the government as employer will be committed to the training and up-skilling<br />
of staff, in order to develop skilled workers for the economy and set an example of positive<br />
training investment. As part of its own „good employer‟ requirements, the Government will<br />
also provide comprehensive training opportunities throughout its own workforce.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require companies providing goods and services to the government to<br />
have an apprenticeship/internship programme in place for New Zealand workers.<br />
Skill shortages threaten growth<br />
New Zealand currently faces skills shortages in a number of sectors, for instance the<br />
building and construction industry will require 77,000 new workers over the next five years. A<br />
lack of skilled staff will hold back businesses and our economy.<br />
That this is occurring at the same time as high unemployment is absurd. We lack essential<br />
knowledge about the challenges facing the New Zealand labour market and a coherent<br />
strategy to provide for the skills we need across all industries now and in the future.<br />
Not only do we need to invest upfront in skills training to avoid shortages but we need to<br />
improve communication between employers, training organisations, unions and young<br />
people to ensure that people are learning the right skills for the future needs of our economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, through the New Zealand Employment and Skills Strategy, capture new<br />
areas of high employment/skills demand, and ensure we are prepared to meet these<br />
needs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the spread of apprentices across all relevant sectors of the<br />
economy and increase the number of successful completions of apprenticeships.<br />
This includes promoting the advantages of apprenticeships, assistance in finding<br />
apprentices and apprenticeships, and mentoring and support (pastoral care) for apprentices.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage more women into apprenticeships in the traditional trades<br />
sector and the development of more apprenticeships in non-trade sectors such as<br />
aged care.<br />
324
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate options for assisting apprentices made redundant during their<br />
training into another job so they can continue their training and finish their<br />
qualification.<br />
One option for this is more group and shared apprentices (see the Youth Skills and<br />
Employment package).<br />
Life-long learning opportunities<br />
Life-long learning opportunities are being eroded under the current government‟s policies.<br />
This needs to change, as life-long learning opportunities are vital to keep pace with the<br />
rapidly changing job scene and to provide individuals with opportunities to achieve better<br />
jobs and higher incomes.<br />
Nearly 80% of the workforce we‟ll have in 10 years‟ time is already working today, so in<br />
order to ensure the future workforce has the skills we need we must provide current workers<br />
with continued opportunities to train.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $13 million cut from Adult and Community Education<br />
(ACE) funding to improve access to adult and community education.<br />
Training for the current workforce will have an important role to play in meeting our target of<br />
having three out of four adult New Zealanders holding trade, training or tertiary qualifications<br />
at Level 3 or above, by 2020.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage workers and employers to engage in full apprenticeship training (i.e.<br />
multi-year programmes aimed at achieving a full Level 4 national certificate or a national<br />
diploma), rather than just the odd industry training standard. Apprenticeships can be<br />
undertaken by workers of all ages, not just young people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the roll-out of Learning Representatives in workplaces on a wider<br />
scale.<br />
Learning Representatives are nominated workers in major workplaces who receive training<br />
and provide other workers with independent and easily accessible advice on training<br />
opportunities.<br />
Every young New Zealander should be earning or learning<br />
Not enough has been done to ensure there are sufficient jobs and training opportunities<br />
open to young New Zealanders. Almost 24,000 under 20 year olds are not in employment,<br />
education or training and are in need of urgent attention.<br />
325
These young New Zealanders are most at risk. They have little to no experience or<br />
qualifications, they are no longer in school or training and don‟t have a job. Action must be<br />
taken now to ensure jobs, training and the right support are available to them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that every at-risk 15-19 year old will be either<br />
learning or earning by the end of our first term. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s comprehensive youth<br />
employment package of 12 initiatives develops a pathway from secondary school to<br />
employment.<br />
For details of this package refer to <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Youth Skills and Employment package.<br />
Creating a quality skills training system with clear pathways<br />
Currently a young person leaving school for university study has a straightforward choice –<br />
which one, and what to study. A young person interested in the trades faces a confusing set<br />
of options, and no clear pathway.<br />
Too many of our young people are not succeeding in their apprenticeship schemes, or are<br />
struggling to find placements because small businesses don‟t want the hassle or expense of<br />
an apprentice. The quality of industry training and apprenticeships must be improved to<br />
ensure more people complete their workplace training and gain the skills and qualifications<br />
necessary to be productive and achieve employment security.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will address the maze young people face when interested in a trade by<br />
working with the Industry Training Federation to build coherent vocational pathways<br />
in schools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a nation-wide network of Youth Transition providers which will<br />
provide school-leavers with information about training and employment opportunities<br />
within their community so they don‟t fall through the cracks to unemployment.<br />
This will provide a link between local industries and young people so that school-leavers can<br />
choose a career path aligned to industries‟ skill demands, thus addressing skill shortages<br />
and improving chances of employment.<br />
326
JUSTICE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
All New Zealanders deserve the opportunity to live in safe communities. A safe community is<br />
one in which crime levels are low and people have access to an equitable and credible<br />
justice system that is responsive to local need.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> system of justice should be open, fair, swift, and accessible. It should enhance public<br />
safety, protect liberty, and encourage participation and accountability.<br />
Changes to it should be based on evidence and address the causes of injustice, not merely<br />
their symptoms, and be enacted openly and only after consultation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to reducing crime, helping victims, supporting those who genuinely<br />
want to turn their lives around, and enhancing public safety.<br />
Modernising the constitution<br />
A review of constitutional questions is underway. Its work is neither well-known nor wellpublicised,<br />
and its mandate and terms of reference are unsatisfactory. It is unclear how it is<br />
to reach its recommendations, whether they will be made public, and how – if at all – they<br />
are to be implemented.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue the present constitutional review, but reconstitute it so that its<br />
membership is representative, its terms of reference publicised, and its work<br />
conducted openly and with wide public consultation. We will widen its terms of<br />
reference to include questions associated with the identity of the head of state after<br />
the reign of the present Sovereign.<br />
The recommendations from the constitutional review will be subject to a referendum.<br />
Making the electoral system fairer<br />
The <strong>2011</strong> General Election will be accompanied by a referendum on the future of the<br />
electoral system.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will honour the outcome of the <strong>2011</strong> referendum. If New Zealanders vote to<br />
change the electoral system, we will hold the 2014 referendum.<br />
Regardless of the results of the <strong>2011</strong> referendum, the Electoral Commission will conduct an<br />
independent review of the MMP system (including consideration of the voting age) and<br />
327
ecommend improvements. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that the provision that allows the party vote<br />
threshold to be waived for a party that holds an electorate seat is inappropriate and<br />
particularly requires review.<br />
Improving the quality of the work of the House of Representatives<br />
Under the Fourth <strong>Labour</strong> Government, both the Standing Orders of the House of<br />
Representatives and the statutory and other provisions affecting the work of the House were<br />
re-written and modernised. The House was required to sit within a specified time after a<br />
general <strong>election</strong>; sitting hours were regularised, and a range of standing committees, to<br />
which nearly every bill is now sent for public input, were established.<br />
This is the essential framework under which the House operates today, but the system<br />
needs better protection, especially when urgency is used to deprive the House of public<br />
input into important legislation. It can function more effectively, in light of the experience of<br />
the past 25 years, and given new technologies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will initiate a review of the Standing Orders of the House of Representatives,<br />
and of associated statutory and other provisions. Specifically, the Review will:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Strengthen the requirement for a robust, publicly-available regulatory impact<br />
statement to be published by way of justification for a legislative intervention<br />
Provide for better consideration by the House of reports from the Law<br />
Commission that contain draft bills<br />
Promote the use of plain language in legislative and other public documents<br />
Consider ways in which the time of the House can be used more effectively<br />
Examine the number, terms of reference, powers, and resourcing of<br />
parliamentary committees, with a view to ensuring they work more effectively to<br />
assist the House to scrutinise legislation and the performance of the Executive<br />
End the practice of Ministers sitting on or chairing subject committees<br />
Consider more effective means to obtain public input into the legislative process,<br />
including through the use of new technologies; and<br />
Restrict recourse to urgency.<br />
Protecting liberty<br />
In New Zealand, certain provisions of our electoral law may be changed only by a special<br />
majority, or by referendum. This recognises the need to put them beyond amendment at the<br />
whim of the Government of the day. Yet even at a time of great strain on our liberties,<br />
328
anging from the demands of the response to terrorism and organised crime through to the<br />
potential of new technologies, few other fundamentals lie beyond the reach of an ordinary<br />
parliamentary majority in our single-chamber legislature.<br />
If changes to fundamental rights and freedoms are warranted, more than a bare majority of<br />
MPs should agree.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will entrench the Constitution Act 1986 and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act<br />
1990.<br />
Enhancing accountability<br />
New Zealand is well-served by its independent parliamentary officers – the Ombudsman, the<br />
Controller and Auditor-General and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment –<br />
in assisting the House and the public to hold the Executive to account. Other bodies have a<br />
wider purpose, while also helping to serve this function.<br />
It is important that these bodies continue to exercise their functions effectively, despite the<br />
blurring of lines between government and private functions, and without undue resource<br />
constraints.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the resourcing, functions and powers of statutory bodies that exist<br />
to hold the Government to account, and that facilitate or enforce the rights of<br />
individuals, with a view to strengthening those bodies. Specifically:<br />
<br />
<br />
The jurisdiction of the Ombudsman (including in respect of the Official Information<br />
Act) and the Controller and Auditor-General will automatically extend to bodies in<br />
which the Crown has a shareholding, and to public/private partnerships; and<br />
The Privacy Commissioner will have a power of decision and remedy as to<br />
complaints concerning privacy breaches.<br />
Affirming equality<br />
All New Zealanders are entitled to freedom from unjust discrimination. Reviews have been<br />
conducted from time to time in the past of statutory provisions that offend this<br />
principle. These reviews should continue and their results should be actioned.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review laws and practices that offend s19 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act<br />
1990. Specifically, we will:<br />
<br />
<br />
Modernise the law relating to the care of children to ensure that the widest pool of<br />
suitable adults is lawfully available to provide care to children in need<br />
Review and update relationship and relationship property law<br />
329
Implement the 2007 Report of the Human Rights Commission Report, To Be<br />
Who I Am; and<br />
Amend s3 Family Protection Act 1955 to end discrimination against children of an<br />
earlier relationship raised as a child of the family but not formally adopted or still<br />
of dependent age.<br />
Requiring evidence-based law-making<br />
Reforms to our laws should be based on the evidence, and address causes of injustice, not<br />
their symptoms.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the ill-considered and ineffective aspects of National‟s criminal<br />
justice legislation passed during the term of the present Parliament.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will identify weaknesses in existing legislation and policy. Those areas are the law<br />
concerning the sale of second-hand goods, the law regulating loan-sharks, current alcohol<br />
law reform proposals, and sentencing and parole law.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review and close the consumer protection loopholes in the law relating to<br />
the sale of second-hand goods.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will end the current benign regulatory environment enjoyed by loan-sharks.<br />
See <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Consumer Affairs policy<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to implement those recommendations contained in the Law<br />
Commission report Alcohol: Curbing the Harm that have not been included in the<br />
Government‟s legislation. These include:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Minimum pricing for alcohol<br />
Restricting alcohol advertising<br />
Lowering the drink-driving tolerance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will keep the appropriateness of rules concerning bail, parole and sentencing<br />
under review.<br />
Promoting access to justice<br />
Access to justice is being eroded in New Zealand through contradictory and ill-thought-out<br />
legislative half-measures; denying resources to those who cannot afford to take or defend a<br />
court case; an antiquated and disjointed approach to the delivery of services; a slowness to<br />
take up available technology; and the failure of the Executive to identify where the needs of<br />
New Zealanders are not being met by the system, and to address these failures. A system<br />
that is responsive to need; based on modern, workable statutory provisions; robust, wellresourced;<br />
independent; and accountable, is needed.<br />
330
<strong>Labour</strong> will enact reforms to promote access to a rational system that delivers<br />
uniform justice to all New Zealanders. Specifically, we will:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Place a 12 month moratorium on the implementation of National‟s cuts to<br />
legal aid, the introduction of contestability in the funding of community legal<br />
services, and related changes<br />
During that moratorium, work to create a nationwide level of quality service to<br />
support those who need to participate in the justice system, but who cannot<br />
finance all or part of that participation<br />
Update and implement the work undertaken by the Law Commission in its<br />
2004 report, Delivering Justice for All: A Vision for New Zealand Courts and<br />
Tribunals<br />
As part of this implementation exercise, revise the jurisdiction thresholds for<br />
civil courts to take proper account of contemporary circumstances; rationalise<br />
the existing system of tribunals, with a view to providing swifter and more<br />
cost-effective justice at this tier of the system; make available at first instance<br />
a form of alternative dispute resolution in all civil litigation; and maximise the<br />
efficiencies offered by new technologies<br />
Implement evidence-based interventions, such as neighbourhood justice<br />
centres, therapeutic courts, and restorative justice, where community support<br />
exists for these interventions<br />
Enhance the transparency and independence of the operation of New<br />
Zealand‟s courts, ensuring that judicial officers have sufficient information<br />
available to promote a consistent approach to the administration of justice to<br />
be taken nationwide, including by reconstituting the Sentencing Council<br />
abolished by National in 2009.<br />
Rationalising the purchase of Government legal services<br />
The State spends significant resource every year on its own legal services. Many hundreds<br />
of millions of dollars every year fund the work of the Crown Law Office and the counsel it<br />
briefs under the Cabinet Directions for the Conduct of Crown Legal Business, the work of<br />
Police prosecutors, the work of warranted crown solicitors and their staff, and the spending<br />
by departments and crown entities on legal services not covered by the Cabinet<br />
Directions. Reviews are currently underway into procurement by departments generally, and<br />
into the work of crown solicitors. But no general overview of the efficiency and effectiveness<br />
of the overall spend by the state on legal services exists.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review total public expenditure on the procurement of legal services. We<br />
will ascertain whether there are efficiencies and other public benefits that can be<br />
331
derived from rationalising this expenditure. Providers of any significant volume of<br />
legal services to the state may fairly be expected to offer:<br />
<br />
<br />
a discounted fee; and<br />
pro bono services such as assistance with the operations of a community law<br />
centre.<br />
332
LOCAL GOVERNMENT<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes in local democracy and the right of communities to have a say on major<br />
decisions affecting them. We believe local decisions are best made locally.<br />
We are committed to a close and collaborative working relationship with local government to<br />
ensure it is empowered and resourced to meet the needs of its communities.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision is to ensure local government is responsive and accountable to local<br />
communities, affordable for its residents and ratepayers and effective in dealing with local<br />
issues.<br />
Local decisions by local people<br />
Local government has a vital role in our overall system of government and we believe that<br />
role should be respected. We are concerned that the role of local government has been<br />
undermined by decisions that the current Government has made, such as the forced<br />
amalgamation imposed on Auckland without giving people a say, and the sacking of<br />
Canterbury Regional Council and suspended <strong>election</strong>s.<br />
Local governments need clearly mandated areas wherein they are responsible to local<br />
people for the decisions they make about local services. They need access to adequate<br />
resources to fulfil these mandates and deliver the outcomes they are responsible for.<br />
Agreements on the scope of these mandates must be forged between central and local<br />
government, but local voices must have a say as to what services and outcomes they want<br />
delivered, and who they want to be delivering them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will carry out a parliamentary inquiry into the role of local authorities in our<br />
system of government, with the aim of establishing a clearer schedule of mandates,<br />
roles and responsibilities, and related funding flows for effective and responsive local<br />
government. We will enshrine the key principles aligning mandates, functional<br />
responsibilities, and adequate budget resourcing for these in a schedule to the Local<br />
Government Act.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not impose any forced amalgamations (like Auckland) without giving<br />
citizens final say in a referendum as set out in the Local Government Act.<br />
333
Restoring the democracy in Auckland and Christchurch<br />
Local communities have lost their voice under the super city laws. Too much power is<br />
centralised in the Auckland Council, and 75 per cent of local government activities have<br />
been transferred to council-controlled organisations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will fix the undemocratic aspects of the Super City.<br />
We will do a review two years after the establishment of the Auckland Council. We will<br />
repeal the legislation that imposes a corporatised transport agency. We will guarantee in law<br />
real powers for local boards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work at the highest levels to ensure central government works hand in<br />
hand with Auckland Council to make the new Auckland a success: on transport, high<br />
quality jobs, urban renewal, and the goals of the Auckland plan, which prioritises the<br />
needs of children, and the need to reduce the effects of inequality.<br />
The provisions of the Royal Commission around monitoring of social issues and outcomes<br />
will be re-examined for how they can contribute to better, more accountable policy and<br />
budget resource allocation affecting Auckland.<br />
The sacking of Environment Canterbury was a hit on local democracy in the region. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
believes that residents in the region need a democratic voice, especially given the<br />
importance of getting reconstruction right following the Canterbury earthquakes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore Environment Canterbury and hold <strong>election</strong>s as soon as possible.<br />
In recent years there have been a number of moves to reduce the number of elected<br />
councillors in the interests of efficient governance. There is a risk that fewer elected<br />
representatives reduce citizens‟ access to their councillors.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in Government will investigate the size of local authority wards, including the<br />
possibility of a maximum Councillor to voter ratio.<br />
Responsive and affordable local government<br />
Consents and user fees have become too expensive, and Councils often are too slow in<br />
processing them.<br />
The effect of litigation in relation to leaky homes and resource management has made<br />
Councils risk-averse and bureaucratic.<br />
Local government legislation is highly prescriptive. The result is that citizens find their<br />
Councils to be too slow and too expensive.<br />
334
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore whether compliance requirements in local government legislation<br />
can be made less prescriptive and onerous, and whether the Resource Management<br />
Act can be reformed to reduce Councils‟ exposure to legal action.<br />
Rates are a burden for New Zealanders especially for people on low incomes. Rates as a<br />
percentage of GDP have been static but in many cases have increased at or beyond the rate<br />
of inflation, making life difficult for low and fixed-income Kiwis.<br />
Councils rely heavily on rates, and struggle to meet legislative and community expectations<br />
with their limited resources.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revisit the rates rebate scheme to identify how it could better meet<br />
people‟s needs.<br />
We will also change the law to ensure that residents of „license to occupy‟ retirement villages<br />
become eligible for the rates rebate.<br />
Smaller rural councils also lack the rating base to invest in infrastructure. This is particularly<br />
acute in the area of water and wastewater where too many rural communities have<br />
unacceptably poor quality of drinking water.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with councils facing infrastructure challenges to explore whether<br />
amalgamations or shared services agreements can make it easier to meet<br />
infrastructure challenges.<br />
Local people owning local assets<br />
In Auckland, National repealed the right to a binding referendum on whether the ports should<br />
be privatised. The current government has also repealed the right of communities to be<br />
consulted before services are contracted out, or assets transferred to a council-controlled<br />
organisation. This opens the door to increasing private sector involvement in the delivery of<br />
services and control of assets without giving the community a say.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore the right of communities to be consulted before services are<br />
contracted out or privatised, and will give citizens the right to decide in a referendum<br />
before a strategic asset can be privatised.<br />
335
KAUPAPAA MĀORI O TE ROOPU REIPA <strong>2011</strong><br />
<strong>Labour</strong> Māori Policy <strong>2011</strong><br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Māori are experiencing a period of dramatic change. The Māori population is undergoing a<br />
demographic shift. The Māori economy is experiencing significant structural change, yet<br />
significant social issues challenge our ability to fully realise Māori potential.<br />
Māori are a young population and this is growing. Recent research suggests that only half of<br />
Māori school leavers will have the skills and capacity to find a job or study at tertiary level.<br />
The challenge is to equip rangatahi with skills to enter the workforce or higher education.<br />
The Māori economy is diversifying, moving from primary production to investing in new<br />
industries. Iwi are beginning to turn to financial markets and growth and innovation<br />
industries. <strong>Labour</strong> will support this change so iwi, and by extension Māori, can take<br />
advantage of emerging economic opportunities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is supportive of and will put resources and effort into the Constitutional Review.<br />
There is a need to ensure Māori retain aspects of our culture which may be at risk. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
recognises that cultural institutions such as Te Kōhanga Reo, Whare Wānanga, Kapahaka<br />
festivals and tribal sports festivals are vital to the retention and further development of our<br />
language and culture.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the growth and development of Māori and is committed to building positive<br />
pathways to success for Māori. <strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the Māori Wardens, Hauora,<br />
Māori Women‟s Welfare League and other groups and organisations committed to Māori<br />
advancement. <strong>Labour</strong> is ready to find innovative ways to respond to the growing challenges<br />
Māori are facing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to improving the standard of living of all Māori. This policy is focused on<br />
providing Māori with better opportunities for economic and personal growth. This can be<br />
achieved through an integrated or holistic approach with key issues being:<br />
Whai Oranga Cost of living<br />
Tamariki Ora Putting kids first<br />
Manaaki Rangatahi Youth development<br />
336
Mahi Tahi Jobs and skills<br />
Umanga/Pakihi Growing the Māori economy<br />
As well as:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Te Whenua me te Taiao – Land, Natural Resources and the Environment<br />
Te Ao Māori – Customs, Culture and Language<br />
Te Ture – Justice, Representation and the Treaty of Waitangi<br />
Whai Oranga – Cost of living<br />
New Zealand is experiencing an unprecedented increase in the cost of living. Māori<br />
Whānau in rural towns and cities feel those impacts more than some. The Government has<br />
presided over a brutal increase in GST and other excise taxes. The price of everyday<br />
commodities has also risen over and above high levels of inflation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> realises Māori are hit hardest by increases in the cost of living and will therefore<br />
prioritise the cost of living and launch strategies that create greater fairness for everyone.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also ensure everyone pays their fair share of tax, and that the priorities, for<br />
investing those returns, creates greater fairness for everyone.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the first $5,000 of income is tax free.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will remove GST from fresh fruit and veggies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a fairer tax system.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the minimum wage to $15 so low income Māori whānau see an<br />
increase in purchasing power.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain income related rents in state homes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure state-owned electricity generators are not over-charging.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support KiwiSaver and Iwi savings and investment schemes.<br />
Tamariki Ora – Putting kids first<br />
Tamariki are the foundation of our whānau. If we look after our children we are looking after<br />
the future of Aotearoa/ New Zealand.<br />
337
<strong>Labour</strong> believes in an evidence based approach to child policy, an approach that<br />
incorporates the whānau and takes into account the realities of raising a child in the 21 st<br />
Century. Too many Māori children are living in benefit dependent households that are<br />
suffering the effects of poverty.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide support and encourage participation in Positive Parenting<br />
programmes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make going to the doctor more accessible and affordable, especially for<br />
children. See our Health policy for more details.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to offer 20 hours free early childhood education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the 20 hours free early childhood payment covers Te Kōhanga<br />
reo.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide free or subsidised training for Te Kōhanga Reo staff to ensure Te<br />
Kōhanga Reo have the capacity to deal with demand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all tamariki have had their dental, hearing and eyesight<br />
checks before or upon entry into primary school.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $2 million to the Training Incentive Allowance and<br />
commit to further increases over time so people on social welfare benefits can obtain<br />
qualifications that give greater opportunity for themselves and their children.<br />
Manaaki Rangatahi – Youth development<br />
If we look after our young people we are looking after our future. Rangatahi are the<br />
foundation of our hapu, iwi and community. The Māori population is overwhelmingly young.<br />
At the 2006 Census almost half of all Māori were under the age of 23. Statistically speaking<br />
rangatahi are a more significant bloc than most other age groups in the Māori population.<br />
However, government policy does not seem to reflect this. Policy directed towards rangatahi<br />
is inadequate. Contemporary youth policy tends to focus on response rather than prevention.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to preventing problems among rangatahi by addressing the structural<br />
causes. If the underlying causes are not addressed then the same problems will manifest<br />
with each new generation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to correcting the social and economic problems rangatahi face. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
is dedicated to finding innovative solutions as well as continuing successful initiatives<br />
already in place. <strong>Labour</strong> believes if we invest in our rangatahi we are investing in our future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> aims to produce enough Māori leaders to meet future needs.<br />
338
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to ensure that finance is not a barrier to Rangatahi participating in<br />
extra-curricular activities such as sports and the arts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support drug and alcohol abuse programmes being available in schools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support community based partnership between schools, whānau, hapū,<br />
Iwi and local business to provide work experience for rangatahi.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support and encourage the further development of transition programmes<br />
to support students moving from school into employment or training.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, over time as resources permit, work to ensure that every kura kaupapa<br />
has access to a school nurse.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage restorative justice and community sentences for rangatahi.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide on-going support for marae hearings for matters before the<br />
Family and Youth Courts.<br />
Mahi Tahi – Jobs and skills<br />
The Māori unemployment rate currently stands at over 16%. This is unacceptable. <strong>Labour</strong> is<br />
committed to providing jobs for Māori and bringing the unemployment rate down to pre-2008<br />
levels. This will involve growing the Māori economy and equipping rangatahi with the skills<br />
they need to secure a job.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the establishment of regional training opportunities in specialist<br />
fields relevant to Māori enterprise, for example horticultural training in Tauranga and<br />
the Hawkes Bay.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will redevelop Māori trade training schemes in partnership with iwi and<br />
expand apprenticeship programmes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage collaboration between trade training providers and the armed<br />
forces.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that registers are maintained to connect beneficiaries and<br />
employers for part-time jobs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the unfair 90 Day Trial Period amendment passed by the current<br />
government.<br />
339
<strong>Labour</strong> will reintroduce intensive case management for unemployment beneficiaries<br />
to ensure that programmes are tailored to their needs including career development,<br />
budgeting and recognition of voluntary work.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the unemployed to address underlying health issues and<br />
impediments to employment such as addiction and abuse.<br />
Umanga/Pakihi – Growing the Māori economy<br />
The most effective way to ensure the wellbeing of Māori is to grow the position of Māori in<br />
the economy. Māori are no longer passive bystanders in the New Zealand economy – Māori<br />
are active participants. Estimates of the size of the Māori economy range from $16b to $25b.<br />
The challenge for <strong>Labour</strong> is to grow this figure for the benefit of all Māori.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the establishment of economic development hubs that provide<br />
for iwi collaboration with private investors and public agencies focusing on boosting<br />
productivity and the integration of Māori export industries.<br />
Such hubs would follow the multi-faceted strategy of engagement with Māori.<br />
The Māori tourism industry is under-developed and the potential for growth is huge. There is<br />
a need for business mentoring and business analysis available to help Māori Tourism<br />
become the thriving industry it should be.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase funding for Māori tourism by $1.5 million a year. We will invest in<br />
skills and training initiatives and work to increase business mentoring to assist with<br />
the analysis of business plans and the development of strategies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make greater use of industry targeting and clustering sectors in economic<br />
development policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop mentoring programme to develop better Māori governance and<br />
executive strategies which span obligations between community and commerce.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the development of programmes such as Be Your<br />
Own Boss, and business facilitation services.<br />
Māori will also be targeted for appointments to increase expertise across fields including<br />
trade.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review Ture Whenua land legislation to simplify the development options<br />
for multiply owned land.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support and encourage research and development initiatives.<br />
340
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider fit-for-purpose financial arrangements to promote growth among<br />
businesses operating in Māori communities where those businesses offer<br />
employment and generate economic growth.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore with iwi leadership the possibility of working together to establish<br />
a Māori development fund, as resources permit, to support iwi, hapū and whānau<br />
business growth.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support and encourage Māori business export participation in high-growth<br />
economies such as China and India.<br />
Some of the other key areas <strong>Labour</strong> will focus on are:<br />
Te Whenua me te Taiao – Land, Natural Resources and the Environment<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the special relationship that exists between Māori and the environment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to investigate models of co-governance and co-management of<br />
Crown lands.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review, alongside Local and Regional Councils, pollution management<br />
strategies and processes for granting resource consents.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a resource rental mechanism and seek expert advice on its<br />
design parameters, with details to be developed in partnership with Māori and other<br />
relevant stakeholders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure there is a statutory requirement to adequately consult with iwi with<br />
regard to all mineral exploration and extraction.<br />
Te Ao Māori – Customs, Culture and Language<br />
<strong>Our</strong> culture defines us as Māori. <strong>Labour</strong> is serious about supporting the growth of Māori<br />
culture for the benefit of Māori and New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to fund Te Matatini and support National Kapahaka competitions<br />
at all levels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to fund Māori Television and iwi radio and review the strategic<br />
contribution these mediums make to raising proficiency levels of Te Reo Māori.<br />
Te Ture – Justice, Representation and the Treaty of Waitangi<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to a fair and equitable justice system which serves the interests of<br />
Māori and all New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will incorporate Māori notions of justice into the current justice framework.<br />
341
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage restorative justice and community sentences for rangatahi.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide on-going support for marae hearings for matters before the<br />
Family and Youth Courts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the regulation of loan sharks and finance companies.<br />
If Māori are to be heard we must have fair representation. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to helping<br />
Māori achieve fair representation across government, and in the appointment of Māori to<br />
Government agencies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the Māori electorate seats.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review, alongside Local and Regional Councils, pollution management<br />
strategies and processes for granting resource consents.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the benefits of just and durable historical Treaty settlements.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all historical Treaty settlements are completed by 2020.<br />
342
MAKING MONETARY POLICY WORK FOR EXPORTERS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to see a step change in our export performance. Changing our monetary<br />
policy is one way we can help encourage investment in the productive exporting businesses<br />
New Zealand needs to grow the economy and create jobs.<br />
What is wrong with current monetary policy?<br />
A volatile New Zealand dollar and persistently high interest rates are causing structural<br />
problems for our economy.<br />
Currently, the New Zealand dollar is one of the ten most traded currencies in the world. 43 In<br />
fact the NZ dollar was traded more than currencies from economies much larger than ours,<br />
including the Indian rupee, the Brazilian real and the Chinese renminbi.<br />
This heavy trading is reflected in a highly volatile currency which makes doing business<br />
more difficult for our exporters. <strong>Our</strong> exporters have to plan for the value of the dollar<br />
changing at great speed and little predictability. When our exchange rate surges, it<br />
undermines the competitiveness of our prices in destination markets. When the exchange<br />
rate falls, the price of inputs like fuel can soar unexpectedly.<br />
The current policy also skews investment away from the productive areas of the economy<br />
through supporting internationally high interest rates. Higher interest rates put New Zealand<br />
exporters at a disadvantage against overseas competitors who are able to fund their<br />
activities at a lower cost. Foreign investors with access to cheaper capital also have a<br />
distinct advantage over any New Zealand party forced to borrow at higher rates when<br />
bidding for a New Zealand business.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> current policy is not well designed to produce a stable and competitive exchange rate,<br />
nor to keep interest rates as low as possible. In fact, it often operates the other way round.<br />
When there is a surge in domestic demand, the policy response is to increase interest rates.<br />
Ironically, higher interest rates attract even more inflows of foreign capital, which then gets<br />
lent out and sometimes causes even stronger domestic demand.<br />
This cycle increases New Zealand‟s overseas debt at the same time as punishing our most<br />
productive businesses and first home-buyers; the two sectors that we least want to affect.<br />
43 Bank for International Settlements, Triennial Central Bank Survey: Report on global foreign exchange market<br />
activity in 2010, December 2010, p 12<br />
343
<strong>Labour</strong> believes we must have monetary policy that supports the long and medium term<br />
ambitions of New Zealand, not just the short term advantage of the currency traders.<br />
The limits of the Reserve Bank Act<br />
At the time the Reserve Bank Act was enacted New Zealand had been suffering from high<br />
and erratic inflation averaging between 10 and 15 per cent for close to two decades. By the<br />
early 1990s low inflation had been achieved and, as the Reserve Bank observes, “has since<br />
become a well-entrenched feature of the economic landscape”. 44<br />
While double-digit inflation has been curbed, the side effects have included a large and<br />
persistent current account deficit and rising overseas debt. Other nations, which have curbed<br />
inflation without the same side effects, have broader objective and tools. New Zealand<br />
needs settings that maintain control of inflation whilst helping our export economy to grow.<br />
While the success of the Reserve Bank Act is clear we need to recognise its limits and<br />
ensure it is equipped to deal with the economic challenges of the day. This was the<br />
approach endorsed by the IMF in 2010 when it observed the limits of the current policy. 45<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure monetary policy does not undermine our exporters<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reform monetary policy to ensure our exporters are not undermined by<br />
extreme exchange fluctuations, including by:<br />
Introducing a 15 per cent capital gains tax;<br />
Broadening the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act;<br />
Ensure the interests of exporters are represented on the Reserve Bank<br />
Board;<br />
Taking pressure off the official cash rate through complementary monetary<br />
and prudential policy tools; and<br />
Encouraging more aggressive Reserve Bank interventions to impose costs on<br />
currency speculation.<br />
Introducing a Capital Gains Tax<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a 15 per cent capital gains tax. The Reserve Bank favours the<br />
introduction of a capital gains tax as an aid to monetary policy because it reduces the bank‟s<br />
reliance on higher interest rates to control asset bubbles and the related consumption driven<br />
inflationary pressures. A capital gains tax will moderate interest rates and this in turn will<br />
44 RBNZ, The Reserve Bank and New Zealand’s Economic History, 2007, p 23<br />
45 Blanchard O, Dell’Ariccia G, Mauro P, IMF Staff Position Note: Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy,<br />
International Monetary Fund, 12 February 2010<br />
344
educe demand for the New Zealand dollar. Both of these are advantageous for our<br />
exporters and will lead to more exports and a wealthier New Zealand.<br />
Broadening the Reserve Bank Objectives<br />
We believe the objectives of the Reserve Bank should be broadened. Currently its sole focus<br />
is on the maintenance of price stability – or inflation. We agree with the approach taken by<br />
Australia that recognises that along with inflation control, employment, economic prosperity,<br />
and the health of the export sector are at least as important.<br />
Exporters Representation on the Reserve Bank Board<br />
We will ensure the interests of exporters are represented on the Reserve Bank Board. How<br />
the Reserve Bank implements its policies is determined by the Board and the Governor of<br />
the Reserve Bank. <strong>Labour</strong> believes better outcomes will be achieved if a number of board<br />
members with exporting backgrounds are on the board.<br />
Monetary Policy Needs Friends: Complementary tools<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> welcomes the changes, flowing from Basel II, that have seen the Reserve Bank<br />
make greater use of prudential supervision tools to support monetary policy. However, the<br />
positive effect of Basel II on monetary policy is almost accidental. The role of prudential<br />
ratios is important and needs clearer legislative authority. <strong>Labour</strong> will clarify the Reserve<br />
Bank Act to ensure the Bank is able to use such tools primarily for the purpose of supporting<br />
Monetary Policy. Allowing the Reserve Bank to use prudential tools such capital ratios will<br />
control liquidity growth and therefore inflation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also change the Policy Targets Agreement to include a requirement to explicitly<br />
consider the effects of monetary policy on exports. In practice we believe that, faced with<br />
rapid credit expansion, this change would allow the bank to use prudential ratios rather than<br />
rely solely on interest rates.<br />
More Aggressive Reserve Bank Interventions<br />
We think the interventions by the Reserve Bank which started in 2004 can and should be<br />
pushed harder. While this does carry some extra risk for the Crown, we believe this will be<br />
modest. By increasing the risk for speculators that the Bank will catch them out, volatility will<br />
be reduced.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to controlling inflation<br />
The importance of controlling inflation is a lesson of history well understood. We are<br />
committed to retaining the Reserve Banks‟s current 1-3% inflation target. We will also<br />
maintain the Bank‟s operational independence and ensure it continues to manage financial<br />
stability and price stability.<br />
345
OPEN GOVERNMENT<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision - Transparency and engagement with Kiwis<br />
Government is a significant influence in the day to day lives of many New Zealanders.<br />
People rightly expect that it should behave in a predictable, open and transparent way<br />
wherever it can. In a democracy, public confidence relies on citizens knowing what<br />
government is doing and why, and being able to take part in debates knowing that the<br />
government is listening. Greater public confidence in government through more open<br />
government is <strong>Labour</strong>‟s goal.<br />
Achieving this goal requires improvements in the transparency and openness of<br />
government. It also requires public pressure to demand it: the institutions of government and<br />
politics would otherwise continue behaving as they have always done.<br />
New Zealanders also need to have confidence that there is sound democratic process in<br />
law-making and the parliamentary process.<br />
They need to have confidence in the public sector being more open and transparent; and<br />
that the political parties are committed to engaging with the public in a more open and<br />
transparent way.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to more open and transparent government to take us into the future.<br />
Governments have to be able to understand the issues and debates and acknowledge that<br />
old ways are being replaced by new ones.<br />
In 2010 <strong>Labour</strong> trialled Open<strong>Labour</strong>NZ, a new way of <strong>Labour</strong> engaging with communities to<br />
seek their input by using new technologies and methods to increase participation, drawing<br />
on similar processes used in Australia, the US and the UK. This policy is the distilled<br />
outcome of Open<strong>Labour</strong>NZ.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to trying new ways of engaging with the public that are aligned to our<br />
values and strengthen our democracy. Open<strong>Labour</strong>NZ is about involving and evolving<br />
public participation in policy discussions.<br />
While the technology is new, Open<strong>Labour</strong>NZ is a natural progression of <strong>Labour</strong>‟s values of<br />
democracy, a fair go for everyone, and governing for the many not the few.<br />
Open Government: draft principles<br />
Draft principles underpinning open government policy are set out below, with some detail<br />
under each. In adopting such principles there is a balance to be struck between<br />
346
transparency and accountability, on the one hand, and the need for the provision of “free<br />
and frank advice” to the government to guide effective government and to protect the<br />
security and commercially sensitive aspects of advice as set out in the Official Information<br />
Act, on the other.<br />
Transparency in political offices<br />
● Government works better when the public is involved and informed<br />
●<br />
●<br />
Government is more effective and efficient when its operations are open and<br />
accountable<br />
People have a right to be informed about the operations of their government<br />
Open public sector data and information<br />
● Any works funded through government should be released in a timely manner with<br />
minimal possible restrictions, under Creative Commons licences allowing use, reuse<br />
and repurposing for commercial and non-commercial purposes and in a manner and<br />
with systems in place that allow citizen scrutiny and feedback.<br />
●<br />
Exceptions to open access should be made for private data provided by third parties<br />
and data that could cause possible injury to New Zealand, create issues of privacy,<br />
or where premature release could cause damage to the New Zealand economy.<br />
Opening up the public sector<br />
● Online engagement by public servants should be enabled and encouraged. Robust<br />
professional engagement with the public benefits government agencies, public<br />
servants‟ own professional development, and the New Zealand public.<br />
●<br />
Public servants should be able to use social media in their professional role, and the<br />
government should provide protection and guidance/advice around how to do so<br />
effectively.<br />
Collaborative and participative policy development<br />
● More consultative, participatory and transparent processes for making policy will<br />
contribute to more representative and higher quality policy. It will also help the public<br />
collaborate on policy, and then hold their elected representatives accountable for its<br />
implementation.<br />
●<br />
●<br />
Government practice needs to respond to both the changing expectations of greater<br />
openness, and the changing technology landscape which allows such openness.<br />
Collaborative and participative policy development requires resources and<br />
leadership, but it is an important investment in better policy outcomes, more efficient<br />
and effective decision making in the future, and efficiencies in service design and<br />
delivery.<br />
347
●<br />
Engaging citizens directly in policy development will assist in establishing both<br />
legitimacy and adoption of new policy.<br />
Citizen-centric services<br />
● Government should develop online services that make it easy for citizens to engage<br />
with government on day to day tasks, in a way that cuts across the internal<br />
complexities of government.<br />
Open infrastructure<br />
● Affordable access to broadband needs to be expanded, so all citizens can equitably<br />
access online government services. (<strong>Labour</strong>‟s ICT policy expands on this point.)<br />
●<br />
Commitments to openness need to apply to the tools being used and the way they<br />
are funded, purchased and produced.<br />
Open Government: implementation<br />
The draft principles set out above are an ideal-world and ambitious charter for driving<br />
change in the practices of government at all levels.<br />
Implementing policy that gives effect to such principles can only happen incrementally over<br />
time. Even so, <strong>Labour</strong> acknowledges that the changes this policy sets out are challenging to<br />
some parts of government, and to the existing operational approach of the public sector.<br />
That is why a carefully considered implementation is important, with ample time for public<br />
debate on the principles, and consultation and reflection before any changes are made.<br />
The balance that needs to be struck in advancing the open government agenda is a balance<br />
between principles like those set out here, and the realities and constraints of day to day<br />
political and public service activity.<br />
This balance must be arrived at through the sort of open debate and discussion the whole<br />
Open Government approach is designed to create.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will produce a comprehensive “Open Government Charter”, based on the<br />
draft principles set out above, and seek public consultation and discussion to inform<br />
future decisions about how to open up government.<br />
The Charter will include as matters for consultation the following specific suggestions, most<br />
of which emerged from the Open<strong>Labour</strong>NZ process:<br />
Transparency in political offices<br />
● Establish as default practice Ministers and government agencies releasing all Cabinet<br />
papers and other relevant papers onto a dedicated website, in line with the Official<br />
Information Act (the Act), once a decision is announced by government. Exceptions<br />
will apply for security or commercially sensitive information and other areas already set<br />
348
out in the Act, with the usual request and appeal processes continuing to apply where<br />
the government does not release papers by default.<br />
Open public sector data and information<br />
●<br />
Publish the Hansard in a standard, open, parsable, format, so that it can easily be reused<br />
and republished by anybody for any purpose.<br />
●<br />
●<br />
Release appropriate public sector data and information free of charge, in line with the<br />
current Declaration on Open and Transparent Government and NZ Data and<br />
Information Management Principles.<br />
Consider developing Public Information legislation that creates positive obligations on<br />
the public service to make information available in an accessible and timely manner.<br />
Government information and data releases will occur under licenses that allow<br />
people to reuse and profit from it without charge.<br />
Opening up the public sector<br />
●<br />
Allow and encourage public servants to use social media in connection with their role<br />
as public servants.<br />
●<br />
●<br />
●<br />
Work towards publishing or broadcasting all public Parliamentary proceedings (such<br />
as Select Committees) over the Internet and digital television.<br />
Explore ways to expand the use that government makes of the Internet in engaging<br />
the public to feed into policy discussion and government direction.<br />
Consider the regular use of formal citizen assemblies to help develop policy in areas<br />
where public input and consideration can assist in tackling very difficult and complex<br />
problems and building public support for long term, credible ways of tackling them.<br />
Citizen-centric services<br />
●<br />
Strengthen civics programmes as part of the New Zealand Curriculum, giving our<br />
young people the tools to participate as citizens.<br />
●<br />
●<br />
Develop a trial of online voting in local government and general <strong>election</strong>s.<br />
Consider the degree to which other public services can be made available online<br />
through an easy-to-use one stop website.<br />
Open infrastructure<br />
●<br />
Procurement reform – looking at the impact of procurement rules on the costs of<br />
software change in Government to systems that enable openness.<br />
●<br />
Strengthen the focus on using free and open source software (FLOSS) in all areas of<br />
Government (central and local).<br />
349
Improving the quality of the work of the House of Representatives<br />
Under the Fourth <strong>Labour</strong> Government, both the Standing Orders of the House of<br />
Representatives and the statutory and other provisions affecting the work of the House were<br />
re-written and modernised. The House was required to sit within a specified time after a<br />
general <strong>election</strong>; sitting hours were regularised, and a range of standing committees, to<br />
which nearly every bill is now sent for public input, were established.<br />
This is the essential framework under which the House operates today, but the system<br />
needs better protection, especially when urgency is used to deprive the House of public<br />
input into important legislation. It can function more effectively, in light of the experience of<br />
the past 25 years, and given new technologies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will initiate a review of the Standing Orders of the House of Representatives,<br />
and of associated statutory and other provisions. Specifically, the Review will:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Strengthen the requirement for a robust, publicly-available regulatory impact<br />
statement to be published by way of justification for a legislative intervention<br />
Provide for better consideration by the House of reports from the Law<br />
Commission that contain draft bills<br />
Promote the use of plain language in legislative and other public documents<br />
Consider ways in which the time of the House can be used more effectively<br />
Examine the number, terms of reference, powers, and resourcing of<br />
parliamentary committees, with a view to ensuring they work more effectively to<br />
assist the House to scrutinise legislation and the performance of the Executive<br />
End the practice of Ministers sitting on or chairing subject committees<br />
Consider more effective means to obtain public input into the legislative process,<br />
including through the use of new technologies; and<br />
Restrict recourse to urgency.<br />
350
PACIFIC ISLAND AFFAIRS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s vision for Pacific people and their families is to succeed and prosper in an inclusive<br />
New Zealand society.<br />
With an ageing population, New Zealand will become increasingly reliant on the youthful<br />
Pacific population in years to come. <strong>Labour</strong> believes New Zealand‟s future is inextricably<br />
connected to Pacific people‟s socio-economic well-being, achievement, leadership and<br />
strength.<br />
To achieve this vision, <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to investing long term in the economic, cultural,<br />
political and social wellbeing of Pacific communities in New Zealand and in the region.<br />
Pacific people‟s journey<br />
Pacific people left their homes in the Pacific Islands and travelled to New Zealand with<br />
dreams and aspirations for a better future, to achieve success through educational & skills<br />
development opportunities, to work hard and earn high incomes that will provide for their<br />
families and support village projects in the islands, and provide a thriving future for their<br />
children.<br />
Pacific people in New Zealand are a rapidly growing and changing population. They have<br />
grown from a small migrant community of just 2,200 people in 1945 to a population of<br />
266,000 in the 2006 Census count. At 6.9 per cent of the total New Zealand population, it is<br />
estimated Pacific peoples in New Zealand will reach 10 per cent by the year 2025.<br />
The Pacific population today is increasingly New Zealand born, predominantly young, highly<br />
urbanised, educated, bilingual, with a strong presence in the arts, music and sports. Strong<br />
cultural bonds, religious participation, family connections and inter-marriages with other<br />
cultures mean the thriving presence of Pacific people in Aotearoa is now a permanent and<br />
enduring feature of the New Zealand landscape in all levels.<br />
However, there remains a proportion of Pacific people who, alongside low income New<br />
Zealanders, still face ongoing challenges with educational opportunities, housing, health,<br />
income earnings, poverty, the scarcity of job market opportunities, and who struggle to attain<br />
the original dreams and aspirations for a prosperous and thriving future.<br />
Because the Pacific (and Māori) population is relatively young compared with the total<br />
population, it is clearly expected that the Pacific and Māori youth will play a significant role in<br />
New Zealand‟s future labour force. It is therefore imperative that their specific educational,<br />
351
training and social needs are met and that we recognise this as an investment for the sake<br />
of all New Zealanders‟ futures.<br />
The fundamental areas where priority, greater attention, and investment is required long<br />
term in order to lift success and achievement for the Pacific community are in Education,<br />
Training, Skills Development, Health, Housing, and Economic Development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also continue to support Pacific people‟s aspiration to shine in the areas of<br />
language, culture, film and in the creative industries on the national and international stage.<br />
Education<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s vision is „Children and young people are our future: their skills and confidence in<br />
engaging the world will determine our quality of life in years to come. Investment in<br />
education is vital if we are going to own our future‟.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to supporting Pacific people‟s dreams and aspiration for a successful<br />
future through growing an educated, skilled, qualified and more prosperous Pacific<br />
community from Early Childhood Education (ECE) through to tertiary level opportunities.<br />
The last <strong>Labour</strong> Government saw improved levels of education for Pasifika people across<br />
the education system: more children participating in quality ECE; more students leaving<br />
school with a qualification; and participation in tertiary education growing faster for Pasifika<br />
people than any other group.<br />
Pasifika Participation & Achievement<br />
Pasifika children are concentrated in schools in low-decile areas and have achievement<br />
rates that are substantially below average. Many of <strong>Labour</strong>‟s general initiatives will have a<br />
positive impact on Pasifika education, and in particular, <strong>Labour</strong> is determined to boost<br />
Pasifika children‟s rate of participation in ECE.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to lift Pasifika achievement and increase Pasifika participation rates,<br />
particularly in ECE.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work alongside Pacific providers and their organisations, parents, and<br />
educational institutions to define and develop a Pacific model with strategies that will<br />
drive greater, successful, and enduring participation rates in early childhood<br />
education for Pacific communities.<br />
Pasifika Languages<br />
We must remember that New Zealand is a Pacific Island, with our Pasifika cultures and<br />
languages increasingly important in the way New Zealanders see themselves. We want the<br />
number of New Zealanders able to speak an additional language, particularly their native<br />
tongue, to increase.<br />
352
The National Government last year halted the provision of Pacific language publications that<br />
were designed to aid the learning of Pasifika students. The Tupu and Folauga series of<br />
reading books and journals were popular with parents, teachers and students. It has been<br />
argued that withdrawing these publications breaches Pasifika children‟s rights to learn in in<br />
their own language. This decision undermines the value of bilingual education and further<br />
imperils the future of Pasifika languages.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will resume the publication of the Tupu and Folauga series of reading books<br />
and journals.<br />
The National Government has removed Pacific bilingual education from the Pacific<br />
Education Plan.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate the goals for Pacific literacy, research, and bilingualism in the<br />
Pacific Education Plan (PEP) which were removed by the National Government in<br />
2009.<br />
Given the large and growing population of Pasifika people in New Zealand, governments<br />
have a special responsibility for the future of the languages of the Pacific Islands. Ensuring<br />
that the next generation of Pasifika people have a strong command of their languages is<br />
essential. To achieve this, we need to make sure our teachers are well-equipped to pass on<br />
their languages to Pasifika children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate teacher exchanges with Pacific countries.<br />
Through these exchanges, teachers based in New Zealand could travel to countries in the<br />
Pacific to enhance their language skills. At the same time, New Zealand would play host to<br />
teachers from the Pacific Islands, who could improve their English, while enhancing their<br />
teaching skills.<br />
Pasifika Culture in <strong>Our</strong> Schools<br />
The number of Pasifika children in our schools has increased by 33% over the last decade<br />
according to Ministry of Education statistics. The government must meet the needs of this<br />
population within our school system. In order to lift the performance of Pasifika students, it is<br />
important that schools meet their cultural needs, creating an environment supportive of and<br />
conducive to learning.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the Education Review Office to ensure that schools and teachers<br />
are taking into consideration the cultural needs of Pasifika students.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Education policy.<br />
353
Jobs and skills<br />
New Zealand will become increasingly reliant on the youthful Pacific population as the<br />
general New Zealand population ages. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises the importance of Pacific people<br />
becoming highly skilled, qualified and participating completely in an innovative workforce and<br />
having transferable skills required in a diverse job market.<br />
Currently, Pacific people are over-represented in the unemployment statistics. <strong>Labour</strong> is<br />
committed to supporting our Pacific population into work and providing opportunities for<br />
Pacific people to up-skill and realise their full potential.<br />
Over 40% of Pasifika 15-19 year olds are unemployed as measured by the Household<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> Force Survey. That‟s simply unacceptable. To get more of our Pasifika youth into<br />
training <strong>Labour</strong> will provide an additional 5,000 fees-free training places for 16 and 17 year<br />
olds over 3 years, including 1,000 that have a dedicated Pasifika mentoring and pastoral<br />
element. This will operate in a similar style to the Māori Trades Training initiative, by bringing<br />
Pasifika community groups, the ITOs and tertiary providers together to provide a training<br />
environment that encourages young Pasifika people to succeed.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide an additional 5,000 fees-free training places for 16 and 17 year<br />
olds over 3 years, including 1,000 that have a Pasifika mentoring element.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that every at-risk 15-19 year old will be either learning or<br />
earning by the end of our first term. We plan to ensure every school leaver has a plan for<br />
further training, education or work.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide $87m for getting 9,000 unemployed young New Zealanders off<br />
the unemployment benefit and into apprenticeships with a $8,727 (the equivalent of<br />
the dole payment) subsidy to employers willing to offer a permanent full-time job.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide an additional 1,000 places over the next three years allocated to<br />
group apprenticeships, shared apprenticeships and public service cadets.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Youth Skills policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has an economic policy that will put in place the right elements to encourage growth<br />
and job creation.<br />
Small Business<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will utilise the Pacific Business Trust to continue seeking to increase the<br />
number of Pacific people succeeding in business through the provision of business<br />
mentoring and practical business educational programmes, and encouraging<br />
business learnings through participating in business competitions, governance<br />
training, and value-added networking.<br />
354
Wages<br />
Pacific people make up 6 per cent of people on the minimum wage. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that all<br />
New Zealand workers are entitled to a living wage, and the current minimum wage does not<br />
achieve that.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour in our first year in<br />
government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to closing the income gap and improving our productivity track record.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> plan will tackle this long-standing problem with a new labour law framework for New<br />
Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Employment Relations Act 2000 to implement the Industry<br />
Standard Agreements framework, as set out in our Work and Wages policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work in collaboration with employers, educational institutions and trade<br />
unions to increase the numbers of Pacific peoples (particularly women) in workplace<br />
training programmes, to provide them with health & safety training and develop their<br />
skills and career pathways.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Work and Wages policy.<br />
Pacific culture and languages<br />
With each new Pacific generation being born in New Zealand, there is a gradual rise in the<br />
numbers of Pacific people not using Pacific languages. The potential loss of a Pacific<br />
language will have greater ramifications on the maintenance of genealogical connections,<br />
historical links, cultural identity and intellectual property.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to preserving and promoting our Pacific languages, culture, traditions,<br />
arts and music. These are part of New Zealand's national identity and reflect our close links<br />
with the Pacific region.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the preservation and protection of Pacific languages within New<br />
Zealand through a whole-of-government Pacific Languages Strategy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate the goals for Pacific literacy, research, and bilingualism in the<br />
Pacific Education Plan (PEP) which were removed by the National Government in<br />
2009.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the Pacific community and others to develop a strategy that<br />
gives mana to the five main Pacific languages in New Zealand as community<br />
355
languages so Pacific children have the right to grow up speaking, reading and writing<br />
in their own heritage language(s) from a young age.<br />
Health<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to enhancing the well-being of all New Zealanders, so they can live<br />
longer, healthier lives – including Pacific people and their families. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure all<br />
Pacific people have fair access to quality, affordable health care.<br />
Factors such as income, occupation and housing affect and influence health. Improvements<br />
in these areas, and increased access to primary health care, will lead to better health<br />
outcomes for the Pacific population and all New Zealanders.<br />
A positive and preventative approach to the wellbeing of our pacific population is essential to<br />
their success. Through their link to their cultures Pacific peoples face unique health<br />
challenges. But their culture and networks also offer treatment paths in which to combat<br />
those challenges.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as part of the wider Pacific policy, focus on developing a healthy, strong<br />
and vibrant community now and into the future through:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Reducing inequalities<br />
Targeting the reduction of obesity, diabetes and heart diseases<br />
Smoking cessation amongst Pacific Youth<br />
Mental Health<br />
Halting alcohol abuse<br />
Growing the Pacific health workforce, and<br />
Ensuring safe and healthy homes<br />
Reducing inequalities<br />
Over the decade of the last <strong>Labour</strong> Government access to affordable healthcare became<br />
easier for Pacific families. <strong>Labour</strong> ensured the cost of seeing a doctor and obtaining<br />
prescriptions was made affordable. Other initiatives made available to all New Zealanders,<br />
such as B4 School Checks, free health care for under 6‟s and fruit in schools, also had<br />
positive outcomes for Pacific peoples.<br />
Under National the access and affordability of quality healthcare for Pacific people has gone<br />
backwards.<br />
356
The unemployment rate at nearly double the national average means it is a financial<br />
challenge for Pacific people to get the healthcare they require. It is difficult for many Pacific<br />
families to meet the day to day cost of living. As a result their day to day health is suffering.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make a commitment to ensure that Pacific peoples get the full advantage of our<br />
wider economic, job creation, skills training, housing, and education policies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop and support, in consultation with Pacific health and community<br />
leaders, Pacific models for delivery of services that have an integrated approach to<br />
working with Pacific families.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend free access for under sixes to after-hours medical services,<br />
meaning 24 hour, 7 day a week free access for under six year olds.<br />
Targeting the reduction in obesity, diabetes and heart disease<br />
Pacific peoples have by far the largest prevalence of obesity by ethnic group and the pattern<br />
over the last decade or so has shown it is a growing problem 46 . Obesity can also lead to<br />
diabetes. A report from Diabetes New Zealand in November 2010 stated:<br />
“Pacific people are two and a half times more likely to be obese than the general<br />
population. Obesity often leads to Type 2 diabetes, and with obesity numbers rising<br />
along with the numbers developing Type 2 diabetes in the Pacific community.” 47<br />
A real focus on changing the mind-set of eating and lifestyle choices must be made to<br />
address this major and developing issue for Pacific people. Initiatives must be prepared to<br />
challenge norms or sensitivities. The primary focus must be on improving the health of the<br />
community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support initiatives working within Pacific communities to<br />
reduce obesity rates and to promote the importance of nutrition while understanding<br />
that food is central to Pacific cultures.<br />
Removing the GST from fresh fruit and vegetables will make healthy eating more affordable<br />
and also encourage healthy lifestyle choices for all New Zealanders.<br />
Smoking cessation amongst Pacific Youth<br />
Evidence shows that rates of smoking amongst Pacific youth are significantly higher than<br />
European youth. 48 A number of targeted cessation programmes for Pacific communities are<br />
already operating but given the disproportionate negative effects of smoking and second<br />
hand smoke on the Pacific community, more needs to be done.<br />
46 http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/health/obesity.html<br />
47 http://www.diabetes.org.nz/news/pacific_new_zealanders_battel_against_obesity<br />
48 www.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1303/3795/content.pdf<br />
357
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop and implement a strong and well-resourced Pacific Tobacco<br />
strategy.<br />
The benefits from the success of such a strategy will be the reduction in conditions such as<br />
SIDS, cancer, diabetes and asthma. This policy must be a partnership with Non-Government<br />
Organisations that are already taking measures to lessen the harm of tobacco amongst the<br />
wider community. The input of medical experts, the media, social media and high profile<br />
Pacific people must also be sought. Particular attention must be given to targeting the<br />
reduction of smoking rates with Pacific women.<br />
Mental Health<br />
Mental Health issues affecting Pacific young people have worsened during the difficult<br />
economic times. More Pacific youth are struggling to find employment. Sadly, rates of<br />
suicide are increasing for Pacific youth.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage research into suicide by young people and will formulate<br />
programmes that will address youth mental health, including through schools,<br />
churches and Pacific health providers.<br />
Halting alcohol abuse<br />
Compared to the general population there are fewer Pacific non-drinkers and those who do<br />
drink tend to drink heavily and do themself more harm. As well as the adverse health effects,<br />
alcohol abuse causes major social harm in Pacific communities. Alcohol abuse<br />
disproportionately affects the Pacific population.<br />
A two pronged approach is needed to address the wider issue of ending the culture of heavy<br />
drinking with younger Pacific Islanders and address the heavy drinking that is occurring.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to working alongside Pacific communities to educate, resource<br />
and lift awareness of the harm that alcohol can cause.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to achieve a culture change where non-drinking or drinking in<br />
moderation is the norm in the Pacific community. A partnership between Pacific role<br />
models, community organisations and leaders will be vital to ensure the success of<br />
this initiative.<br />
Growing the Pacific health workforce<br />
A strong Pacific health workforce is vital to ensure New Zealand has a healthy Pacific<br />
community. The projected increase in the Pacific population and the increase in the number<br />
of elderly Pacific peoples demands a real focus in this area.<br />
Many Pacific Islanders will utilise mainstream services but the ability to have resources,<br />
qualified staff and systems in place to deal with a growing Pacific population will enable the<br />
health system to be more effective and efficient.<br />
358
<strong>Labour</strong> will recommence a commitment to the Pacific health workforce to maximise<br />
the health system‟s ability to respond to the needs of the Pacific community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to training and investing in a skilled Pacific health workforce that<br />
understands the challenges and opportunities in the Pacific community.<br />
Housing<br />
Pacific Islanders, like all New Zealanders, have the right to a good home to provide families<br />
with the basics to live the Kiwi dream. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to addressing the safety and<br />
healthiness of Pacific people in their homes whether they are owners or private or state<br />
tenants.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a pro-active and preventative community-based approach to<br />
wider health issues, especially given issues around overcrowding in Pacific homes.<br />
Pacific people make up 25% of state house tenants, and any improvements to the state<br />
housing scheme will directly benefit them. The last <strong>Labour</strong> Government improved tenant<br />
health and delivered energy cost savings for state house tenants through “retrofitting” state<br />
homes. The next <strong>Labour</strong> Government will reaffirm Housing New Zealand's role as a social<br />
housing provider providing security and support for those most in need.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to invest in the acquisition and maintenance of state houses and<br />
is committed to income-related rents for state house tenants.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that every client who comes into Housing New Zealand has a<br />
needs assessment before being offered the 'options and advice' service. Category C<br />
and D clients will not be denied access to the state house waiting list but will continue<br />
to be offered advice on alternative accommodation options.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will cease the selling down of the state housing stock in order to keep up the<br />
stock of state housing and to enable the quality integrated renewal of state housing<br />
communities.<br />
A stable, healthy home is also crucial for those Pacific families who rent privately. The<br />
private rental property market in New Zealand is not set up to deliver long term rental<br />
arrangements, despite such arrangements often benefitting both tenant and landlord.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with landlord and tenant representative groups to investigate options<br />
for increasing security of tenure in the private sector.<br />
While most landlords maintain their properties to appropriate healthy standards,<br />
unfortunately some do not. Cold unhealthy rental properties result in high power costs and<br />
poor health outcomes for Pacific families.<br />
359
<strong>Labour</strong> will require all rental properties to be insulated to meet the NZ standard for<br />
insulation by 2016.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will begin work on developing a building 'warrant of fitness' for energy<br />
efficiency in residential properties.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would also like to see more Pacific families able to achieve home ownership. We will<br />
work with Pacific communities including church groups and other stakeholders towards that<br />
goal.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Housing policy.<br />
South Pacific region<br />
New Zealand is a Pacific nation with unique relationships with the Cook Islands, Niue and<br />
Tokelau who are self-governing with free association with New Zealand and have New<br />
Zealand citizenship. Additionally, New Zealand has special relationships with Samoa<br />
through its Treaty of Friendship, and long-standing ties with the Kingdom of Tonga and other<br />
Pacific nations.<br />
We have large Pacific populations in New Zealand and important historical, family, business<br />
and educational links with almost all Pacific Island nations.<br />
Indeed, after the devastating tsunami that hit Samoa, Tonga, and American Samoa in 2009,<br />
Samoa‟s Head of State, His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Taisi Efi responded to New<br />
Zealand‟s overwhelming support by saying, “…he who comes to my aid in times of need are<br />
my family.”<br />
Therefore, not only is it in New Zealand‟s interest that there is a stable South Pacific region<br />
of peace, harmony, security and economic prosperity, but New Zealand has an obligation to<br />
ensure this for the sake of its strongly connected Pacific population of New Zealand<br />
citizenry.<br />
Thus, New Zealand‟s aim in the Pacific is to work collaboratively to maintain peace and<br />
democracy, eliminate poverty and assist the development of sustainable industries for the<br />
benefit of Pasifika peoples.<br />
Pressing issues include trade relationships, immigration, the environment and climate<br />
change, maternal mortality and child health, HIV/AIDS prevention, disaster prevention,<br />
development of infrastructure, and support for civic education, civil society and proper<br />
governance structures.<br />
360
In March 2006, <strong>Labour</strong> initiated an inquiry into New Zealand‟s relationship with South Pacific<br />
countries through the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade select committee. This report was<br />
tabled in parliament on December 2010 but to date remains in abeyance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government will host Pacific parliamentarians and non-government<br />
agencies in a forum on Pacific issues with a focus on the recommendations of the<br />
report on New Zealand‟s relationship with South Pacific countries and develop a<br />
framework for delivery where appropriate.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Foreign Affairs policy.<br />
Immigration<br />
New Zealand has long-standing ties and a unique set of relationships with our Pacific<br />
neighbours. We have large Pasifika populations in New Zealand and important historical<br />
connections. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure our immigration policies continue to recognise the special<br />
relationship between New Zealand and the Pacific.<br />
Too many of our Pacific new arrivals are forced to wait an unacceptably long time before a<br />
final decision is made on a permanent residency. This waiting time must be reduced.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is also concerned that there are young Pacific people who are, through no fault of<br />
their own, missing out on education, medical and hospital care as a result of their parents‟<br />
irregular status.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the reasons why there are a continuing number of Pacific<br />
people with irregular immigration status in order to curtail the increase in immigration<br />
scams, and to encourage Pacific people living illegally in New Zealand to regularise<br />
their status.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a review of the Pacific Access and Samoan Quota systems<br />
and criteria to better align job offer requirements with the current market.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a specialist Immigration Ombudsman within the office of the<br />
Ombudsman, with extensive powers of inquiry enabling him/her to investigate<br />
systemic issues, individual complaints from onshore and family sponsored applicants<br />
without other appeal rights, immigration detention issues and protected disclosures<br />
from immigration staff.<br />
The Recognised Seasonal Employment Scheme enables the horticulture and viticulture<br />
industries to recruit workers, primarily from Pacific countries, to fill labour gaps. This scheme<br />
is designed to fill labour gaps, not to displace New Zealand workers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enhance the Recognised Seasonal Employment scheme through:<br />
361
improved pre-departure information being provided to workers so that they<br />
are better prepared upon arrival in New Zealand<br />
further improvements to pastoral care so that workers are looked after while<br />
they are here<br />
more flexible working arrangements<br />
ensuring workers are able to change between employers during the scheme,<br />
recognising the need for flexibility for both employers and workers<br />
requiring the wages for workers on this scheme to be paid at the rate of at<br />
least the minimum wage and with accommodation provided in addition to the<br />
wages.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain close relationships with the Pacific region in terms of immigration<br />
policies.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Immigration policy.<br />
Arts, culture and heritage<br />
The creative and artistic potential of the Pacific artists and crafts-people have not yet been<br />
fully explored and released for all to enjoy. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises that Pacific arts, language<br />
and culture significantly enhance the building of thriving and progressive communities.<br />
We are committed to promoting the richness and diversity of our Pacific cultures through the<br />
arts. We will also promote career pathways available in the creative sector, and support our<br />
Pacific peoples in their artistic and economic development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports continued investment in the arts within Pacific communities, and will<br />
promote the career pathways available in the creative sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain Te Waka Toi and the Pacific Arts Committee as part of the<br />
governance structure of Toi Aotearoa Creative New Zealand.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Arts, Culture and Heritage policy.<br />
Broadcasting and ICT<br />
The country must not have a digital divide. <strong>Labour</strong> believes some of our greatest innovation<br />
can come out of our most deprived areas. The new broadband network must not be a tool to<br />
entrench the divide between the haves and the have nots.<br />
362
Around 20% of New Zealand households currently do not have a computer. These<br />
unconnected homes are predominantly in lower socio-economic areas and are often home<br />
to Pasifika and Māori families.<br />
A key way to increase the connectedness and literacy for many New Zealand households is<br />
to leverage the education system by ensuring every child has access to a device.<br />
Computers in Homes (2020 Communications Trust) has estimated that there are 100,000<br />
families with dependent children who do not have access to a computer at home. They are<br />
more likely to be one-parent households and from Māori and Pasifika backgrounds where<br />
children are unable to participate equitably in digital learning and using technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that all New Zealanders, regardless of income and<br />
background are able to access, afford and get the best use from technology.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase funding to Computer Clubhouses for the most vulnerable<br />
communities in NZ. <strong>Labour</strong> will also increase funding to Computers in Homes in order<br />
to make more rapid progress in bridging the digital gap. (We have allocated up to<br />
$2.7 million a year for the expansion of these two initiatives.)<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ICT policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest $75 million over four years in „e-learning‟ for low-decile schools,<br />
with priority going to schools with year 7 -13 students and the capability to deliver an<br />
effective programme. This includes Government funding for students to have<br />
individual use of a mobile device.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Education policy.<br />
Broadcasting is a vital component of the fabric of any nation. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that all New<br />
Zealanders should be represented by and be able to receive public broadcasting content,<br />
including news and current affairs across radio, TV and the Internet. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to<br />
investing in public broadcasting in order to meet the needs of a diverse society and to<br />
ensure all New Zealanders, including the Pacific population, are represented.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a dedicated fund for Pacific broadcast and film media production<br />
within existing funding for New Zealand on Air. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises the need to work<br />
towards a dedicated broadcasting capability for Pacific communities, and will do so<br />
as resources allow.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Broadcasting policy.<br />
363
Pacific leadership<br />
Since the first arrivals into Aotearoa from 1945 onwards, Pacific people have firmly<br />
established themselves as an integral characteristic of the modern New Zealand. Pacific<br />
communities have a desire to take stock of their journey thus far and to create a new vision<br />
for the way forward for the next generation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to working with the Pacific community to create that vision for Pacific<br />
peoples in New Zealand and for the next generations of leaders to pursue. We will ensure it<br />
receives whole of government recognition, attention, priority and appropriate action and<br />
resourcing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish an annual Pacific forum for the purposes of supporting the<br />
Pacific community to create and build a new collective vision for Pacific people in<br />
New Zealand.<br />
Pacific women<br />
Pacific communities recognise that the unique role of bearing and raising children more often<br />
falls heavily on women. In some families the role of providing care to the sick, a disabled<br />
member of the family, or elderly are additional responsibilities carried by Pacific women, and<br />
sometimes carried alone and without recognition, support, or remuneration.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that these roles and responsibilities are important for the building up of a<br />
strong, healthy and inclusive society, and should be given recognition.<br />
We will encourage increasing participation rates of women accessing tertiary and community<br />
education opportunities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $13 million cut from ACE funding to improve access<br />
to adult and community education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $2 million to the Training Incentive Allowance and<br />
commit to further increases over time so women on social welfare benefits can obtain<br />
qualifications that give greater opportunity for themselves and their children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will remove barriers to women‟s participation in post-compulsory education<br />
for women of all ages.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will actively work towards eliminating barriers that prevent women from<br />
entering male dominated apprenticeships and industries.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recognise the care of young children as valuable work, and an important stage in<br />
both parents‟ and children‟s lives. <strong>Labour</strong> wants to enable parents who choose to stay at<br />
home and care for very young children to do just that.<br />
364
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that government policies recognise and support women who stay<br />
home to raise children, or care for disabled or elderly family members.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a review of the differences in government assistance provided<br />
to foster carers and to kin carers (including grandparents) with a view to ensuring that<br />
both groups are treated equitably.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend the period of Paid Parental Leave to cover the first 6 months of a<br />
child‟s development, in two steps:<br />
In Budget 2013 Paid Parental Leave eligibility will increase from 14 weeks to<br />
18 weeks (commencing from April 2014); and<br />
In Budget 2014 Paid Parental Leave eligibility will increase from 18 weeks to<br />
26 weeks (six months) (commencing from April 2015).<br />
Women in New Zealand still, on average, earn less than men and continue to be underrepresented<br />
in workplace leadership roles. <strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the legislative and policy<br />
framework to address the issue of persistent gender pay gap and promote equal<br />
employment opportunity.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support Pacific women in leadership development and encourage their<br />
full participation with equal rewards in the economy, law, health, education, business<br />
and politics.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Women‟s Policy.<br />
Police and Corrections<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will aim to create a police force which is representative of the New Zealand<br />
population that it serves so that it can effectively engage with and protect the community. To<br />
that end, we will aim to increase the opportunities for Pacific peoples to pursue a career<br />
pathway in the police force.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the Pacific Focus Unit programmes in prisons to increase the<br />
potential for reducing recidivism.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage rehabilitation efforts for Pacific prisoners that have valueadded<br />
community engagement.<br />
Consumer issues<br />
Predatory lending is a major problem for the Pacific community and one which continues to<br />
grow as families feel the pressure of increases to the cost of living. Consumer finance<br />
365
ecomes predatory when it‟s carried out unethically by „loan sharks‟, pay day lenders, mobile<br />
shops, and used car dealers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will conclude the review of the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act<br />
and introduce legislation to implement the review‟s findings.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will pass legislation within twelve months that deals with issues around loan<br />
sharks including exorbitant interest rates, irresponsible lending provisions, celebrity<br />
endorsements, and disclosure by lenders of the fees, charges and interest rates that<br />
make up the costs of loans.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate what role the government can play in the development of<br />
social lending schemes.<br />
Some consumers may be more vulnerable than others due to a number of factors, including<br />
poverty, low literacy or language difficulties, age, and disability. Vulnerable consumers are<br />
at risk from rip-offs or poor decision making.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will recognise the special needs of vulnerable consumers by requiring useful<br />
information be provided in alternative languages to such groups.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase access to advice and advocacy (in taking up<br />
complaints/disputes). Consideration will be given to whether this should be provided<br />
by existing NGOs or the Ministry of Consumer Affairs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend the provision of accessible education about budgeting, financial<br />
literacy and consumer rights.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the efforts of community budgeting services, citizens advice bureaux,<br />
community law centres, and others to improve the financial literacy and awareness of Pacific<br />
communities, and access to more sustainable financial and credit options.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Consumer Affairs policy.<br />
Interfaith<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has established the portfolio of Interfaith Dialogue in recognition of the<br />
unprecedented plurality of faiths and religious beliefs that exist today, and the significant role<br />
faith plays in the lives of many New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to building peace and the promotion of harmonious relations amongst<br />
diverse groups and greater appreciation between faith communities and all New Zealanders.<br />
366
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish on-going relationships with the Interfaith community through<br />
regular and open dialogue and the sharing of expertise that can assist in the<br />
development of policy that benefits all people in New Zealand.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Interfaith policy.<br />
367
MAKING GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT WORK FOR OUR<br />
ECONOMY<br />
What is government procurement and why is it important?<br />
Every year the New Zealand government spends billions of dollars of taxpayer funds to<br />
deliver public services and infrastructure. The government awards contracts across a wide<br />
range of areas including IT development and support, and railway carriage construction. The<br />
way government chooses to spend that money can make a real difference to the prospects<br />
of Kiwi firms.<br />
While some aspects of government procurement are helpful to Kiwi firms, in many ways<br />
government procurement policy is inadequate and doesn‟t meet the needs of Kiwi firms or<br />
the New Zealand economy. This sets New Zealand apart from many countries we are often<br />
compared with.<br />
For instance, the US altered procurement policy to assist economic recovery after the global<br />
financial crisis; Singapore‟s policy has a number of elements that are mandatory; Australia<br />
has strong policy at the Federal level, augmented by additional policy at the state level. All<br />
such policies are consistent with WTO rules.<br />
If New Zealand is to achieve its goal of closing the gap in wages and economic growth with<br />
Australia, we need policies that demonstrate a commitment to our economic development.<br />
Under the current government, New Zealand‟s procurement policy has worsened because it<br />
has specifically signalled that its agencies should pay attention to cost (and quality) alone.<br />
In other words, New Zealand does not officially acknowledge wider economic<br />
considerations.<br />
It is also the case that there are other benefits to New Zealand which offset the final cost of a<br />
product or service. These include the maintenance of a core capability in engineering, ICT<br />
and other services.<br />
For example rail engineering skills that translate into the fire fighting industry, and software<br />
development that has enormous potential to provide efficiencies and innovation across<br />
government agencies, providing better services to New Zealanders and with strong export<br />
potential.<br />
What‟s wrong with the current policy?<br />
<br />
In the past, Government procurement policy has tended to be focussed on defence<br />
contracts (eg the ANZAC frigates) where economic development is concerned. That<br />
needs to change and government departments and agencies need to be sufficiently<br />
attuned to the abilities of Kiwi firms.<br />
368
Accessing government contracts needs to be less complex and costly.<br />
These are avoidable and unnecessary barriers caused by Government contracts<br />
being constructed or bundled in such a way that Kiwi firms can neither contract nor<br />
sub-contract.<br />
Government contracts often omit whole-of-life cost analyses, which would otherwise<br />
ensure that the services of the Kiwi firm as maintenance provider are properly<br />
valued. Similarly the economic flow-on effects of a local contract to the wider<br />
economy cannot be under-estimated and should be taken into account.<br />
Opportunities to directly enhance industry capability and skills development through<br />
wise procurement decisions are often forgone.<br />
Procurement decisions made by the government are not the same as those made in<br />
the private sector. When government procures within New Zealand it then collects<br />
income tax on wages, GST and so on. What makes sense in the private sector may<br />
not reflect the situation in the public sector, which is why 40 skilled tradespeople<br />
recently lost their jobs at the Hillside railway workshops in Dunedin.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s solution<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to implementing a modern, sustainable, WTO-compliant, procurement<br />
regime.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the existing components of government procurement to ensure<br />
they are fit for purpose, accessible and practicable. We will ensure they operate<br />
equitably with respect to access for Kiwi firms, in line with Australian Federal and<br />
State contracts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require government departments and agencies to undertake a wider<br />
(economic) analysis of the impact of its preferred provider on the domestic economy,<br />
rather than a narrower (financial) analysis when making procurement decisions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require companies providing goods and services to the government to<br />
have an apprenticeship/internship programme in place for NZ workers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require government departments and agencies to consider the design,<br />
size, sequencing of contracts to ensure they do not unnecessarily disadvantage Kiwi<br />
firms.<br />
Government departments and agencies will be expected to manage this policy within<br />
their existing base lines with no additional funding being allocated.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, in the case of procurement contracts over $50m, require the production<br />
of an Industry Participation Plan (IPP), which sets out how Kiwi companies can play a<br />
bigger role.<br />
369
All IPPs must be approved by a newly established Industry Participation Group (IPG),<br />
which will be comprised of mostly private sector individuals. The IPG may also offer<br />
advice to parties in respect of any complaints and may also advise the Minister of<br />
Economic Development on any aspect of policy or implementation as they see fit.<br />
SOEs<br />
The important role of energy State Owned Enterprises in the development of our energy<br />
sector will be dealt with in a separate policy release. The procurement and growth potential<br />
of our energy SOEs would be undermined if, as National plans, the shares in these SOEs<br />
are sold off.<br />
370
RACING<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Racing is a skilled, vibrant industry with a high profile in New Zealand. It contributes<br />
significantly to the domestic economy in terms of primary production, as a gaming sport and<br />
in entertainment. It has an extremely high value in the export of bloodstock, particularly in<br />
new markets such as Hong Kong.<br />
Racing offers employment directly and indirectly to many people across a wide spectrum of<br />
society. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to working in partnership with the industry to achieve better<br />
outcomes in all areas of the racing industry.<br />
When in government, we worked hard to build a good environment for the industry. The<br />
income tax liability was removed on offshore stake money, and the GST liability due on<br />
horses sold for export was addressed.<br />
The Racing Act 2003 better equipped the industry to address the challenges it faces. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
delivered a reduction in taxation to align with other forms of gambling, enabling the industry<br />
to have increased funds for stakes, assets and other activities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the need for the industry to achieve sustainable growth through<br />
maximising strengths and opportunities, and will continue to work closely with the sector to<br />
facilitate this.<br />
Value to economy<br />
The racing industry makes a significant contribution to New Zealand‟s GDP, and creates<br />
employment and export opportunities. A study by the Melbourne-based economic<br />
consultancy IER Pty Ltd (IER) found that in 2008/09 the industry had a significant economic<br />
impact on New Zealand‟s GDP, employment and exports. They reported that, in 2008/09:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Racing made a direct contribution of $464 million to GDP, and generated more than<br />
$1,635 million (0.9 per cent of GDP) if the indirect impact of expenditure in the racing<br />
industry is taken into account.<br />
Racing directly sustained 8,877 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs, and when the indirect<br />
impact of racing is taken into account, the total employment increased to 16,934 FTE<br />
jobs. More than 52,000 people participated in the racing industry (this figure included<br />
volunteers and owners).<br />
The racing industry generated more than $167 million in export sales of thoroughbred<br />
and standard bred horses.<br />
371
A prosperous and dynamic sector with huge potential<br />
The racing industry is currently in decline, primarily through having to compete with many<br />
other forms of gambling. So changes are needed. When in Government, <strong>Labour</strong> will be<br />
instrumental in allowing all parts of the industry to be involved in reviewing the current status<br />
of the industry, and to establish what is the best way forward.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to building on the good partnership we had developed with the racing<br />
industry, and will continue to work closely with the industry to strengthen racing‟s<br />
contribution to economic growth. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all additional funding to racing<br />
contributes to real economic growth to be enjoyed by all stakeholders, through appropriate<br />
industry strategies.<br />
Recognising that change must come from within, <strong>Labour</strong> will convene a round-table<br />
discussion of major stakeholders in the industry with a view to strengthening and<br />
enhancing the economic viability of racing in New Zealand. We will ensure that a<br />
strategic direction is developed and implemented.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that some racing clubs might use revenue from pokie machines for<br />
purposes other than for the social good. There are also proposals to establish pokie<br />
machines on racing club premises, and we are concerned this may be done without<br />
sufficiently-wide consultation. <strong>Labour</strong> will bring together industry stakeholders to develop<br />
policy on these issues.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the robustness of the Integrity Unit, meaning that those appointed to it are<br />
of the highest calibre, in order to maintain the integrity of the unit and the industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government will assist in establishing a Code of Practice for the racing industry,<br />
which will be drawn up and agreed upon by all major stakeholders and will link with the<br />
current set-up of the Integrity Unit.<br />
We will also uphold the position of the New Zealand Racing Board to hold the exclusive<br />
rights to racing and sports betting in New Zealand, and for the net proceeds to be returned to<br />
sustain New Zealand racing.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the New Zealand Racing Board, the racing code bodies,<br />
governments and international racing bodies to ensure that New Zealand is wellplaced<br />
to respond to any threats to racing‟s revenue and integrity.<br />
Racing is inherently a dangerous occupation. But with the right tools, the risks can be<br />
managed and mitigated. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to working with the sector to ensure that<br />
jockeys ride in the safest environment possible. A reduction of injuries and safer practices<br />
will result in a reduction in ACC levies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the industry to reduce injuries, promote safe practices<br />
and provide safe amenities.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> thoroughbred stock is a precious resource, and in New Zealand we are lucky our<br />
industry is free from diseases such as Equine Influenza. But the scare in Australia reinforces<br />
372
the need for vigilance in biosecurity measures to protect the industry. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the<br />
racing sector and the government have the necessary measures and tools in place to<br />
identify and manage biosecurity risks to protect the industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support appropriate biosecurity measures to protect the racing industry in<br />
all its activities.<br />
Skills development and training is as important in the racing sector as any other sector. We<br />
want to see the industry continue to move towards being a high-technology, high-skilled<br />
driver of growth. <strong>Labour</strong> will continue to work with the sector to identify areas for<br />
improvement in industry training and education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the racing sector to further its industry training and education<br />
goals.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises the difficulties faced by the racing industry in modernising itself for the<br />
21st century. We will work with all major stakeholders to ensure the revitalisation of a strong<br />
economic performer which can do even better.<br />
373
RAINBOW ISSUES<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that all New Zealanders have the same basic rights, regardless of sexual<br />
orientation.<br />
Since homosexual law reform in 1986, great progress has been made, particularly under<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> Governments, to bring about formal legal equality for GLBTI New Zealanders.<br />
Future <strong>Labour</strong> Governments will continue this work, both to remedy the few outstanding<br />
areas of the law where discrimination persists, and to ensure that GLBTI New Zealanders<br />
can live in safety and with dignity.<br />
Bringing about formal equality before the law<br />
New Zealanders in a same-sex relationship may enter into civil unions, which are not fully<br />
equivalent in a legal sense to marriage, and they may not enter into marriage. They may not<br />
offer themselves as the adoptive carers for children. Transsexual and Intersex New<br />
Zealanders face numerous barriers to full participation in society.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review laws and practices that offend s19 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act<br />
1990. Specifically, we will:<br />
Modernise the law relating to the care of children to ensure that the widest<br />
pool of suitable adults is lawfully available to provide care to children in need;<br />
Review and update relationship and relationship property law; and<br />
Implement the 2007 Human Rights Commission Report, “To Be Who I Am”.<br />
Promoting safety and dignity for all New Zealanders<br />
Every New Zealander should be able to live a life of safety and dignity. Many GLBTI New<br />
Zealanders continue to be subject to insult, verbal and physical abuse, and to be made to<br />
feel inferior, most damagingly in schools. Too often, this results in high rates of self-harm<br />
and suicide amongst young GLBTI New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support safety and dignity for all, including in schools.<br />
In order to support safety in schools, <strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the establishment of<br />
Queer Straight Alliances and other diversity groups in secondary schools.<br />
374
<strong>Labour</strong> will require schools to operate policies that prevent anti-GLBTI bullying, and<br />
will audit and report publicly on the success of such policies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will assist organisations that support young GLBTI New Zealanders, such as<br />
Rainbow Youth and UNIQ.<br />
The 5 th <strong>Labour</strong> Government established a Rainbow Desk within the Ministry of Social<br />
Development to facilitate the planning and delivery of public services in a way that took<br />
account of the needs of GLBTI New Zealanders. This must continue.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the planning and delivery of public services continue to take<br />
account of the needs of GLBTI New Zealanders. This includes the needs of an<br />
ageing population.<br />
Promoting safety and dignity internationally<br />
Discrimination against GLBTI people worldwide continues. The worst manifestation of this is<br />
the criminalisation of consensual adult same-sex activity, and its punishment as a capital<br />
offence. As part of the broader family of progressive nations, <strong>Labour</strong> believes that New<br />
Zealand should raise its voice on these issues, including as an advocate on individual cases.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain and grow a strong New Zealand participation in international<br />
bodies dealing with Human Rights, especially at UN level. Specifically, <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
oppose the criminalisation of consensual adult same-sex activity, and other instances<br />
of discrimination against GLBTI people.<br />
375
RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
We want New Zealand to become – and be recognised as – not only clean and green but a<br />
country with cool, smart ideas that leverages the inherent talents of its people to produce an<br />
export-led economy that is highly productive and innovative.<br />
While we are blessed with natural advantages of a good climate and soils, our future relies<br />
on our talent and brains.<br />
We must invest in the talent and resourcefulness of our people both in agriculture and the<br />
high-tech, green sector – building on our internationally recognised clean green brand – to<br />
become a wealthy prosperous country.<br />
We have no alternative. We know we can‟t multiply our dairy industry five times or more to<br />
catch Australia‟s economy. Nor can we multiply our tourist industry substantially. Yet we<br />
know our economy is slowly declining in relation to others. Just over 40 years ago meat<br />
exports paid our pharmaceutical bill 18 times over – today, it pays for them just four times<br />
over.<br />
National‟s „strategy‟ goes something like this: as China and Asia grows richer they will<br />
demand a higher protein diet. We grow protein, therefore we‟re ideally positioned. That‟s not<br />
a strategy, it‟s a hope. They hope that it changes out there, so we won‟t have to change here<br />
– so we can continue doing more or less the same thing as we‟ve done since the 1960s.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> knows that we need to shape our own future, not simply rely on the prosperity of<br />
others. We are an inventive people but we have relied on a number 8 wire mentality to see<br />
us through. Great ideas, but too often we fail to commercialise them. We need to capture the<br />
innovative, out-of-the-box thinking that is part of our psyche and make money from it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that the role of government is to lay the foundations to establish the<br />
environment in which science, innovation and great design will flourish. It means acting<br />
quickly and collaboratively as a country, across our businesses and public institutions, to<br />
seize opportunities and eliminate obstacles to innovation and growth.<br />
Creating a culture of science and innovation<br />
If we are to develop a vibrant science, engineering and design sector to power our<br />
productive, innovative industries they need to attract our smartest. Unfortunately, there is<br />
limited awareness of the value of science and the opportunities it offers.<br />
376
While bachelor level enrolments over the past decade have grown in business administration<br />
and accountancy, they have dropped or flat-lined in areas such as computer science,<br />
engineering, mathematics and chemistry. That needs to be reversed.<br />
Creating a culture of science and innovation has to start young – the next generation of<br />
Kiwis will have to be smarter and more innovative to compete in a fast-changing and<br />
technologically driven global economy. <strong>Our</strong> schools need the resources and support to<br />
teach science in a way which excites and engages students. Clear pathways for young<br />
people interested in a career in science need to be further developed. New Zealand has<br />
seen an increase in students wanting to take commerce and law degrees whereas<br />
engineering and science are either flat-lining or declining.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build on existing programmes to create a long running and<br />
comprehensive awareness campaign to promote science in schools.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate options for creating a Gateway programme for science,<br />
whereby year 12 and 13 students taking science subjects and interested in a further<br />
career can get science based work experience at local CRI‟s and participating private<br />
businesses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reform the Voluntary Bonding Scheme to allow teachers in the hardest to<br />
fill science subjects and schools to be eligible for Voluntary Bonding Scheme<br />
payments in their first year of work.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support science teachers in making science learning exciting and reengaging<br />
and increasing the number of science advisors in schools (primary and<br />
secondary) and making practical links through the science curriculum with science<br />
institutions and R&D companies that undertake scientific research such as the<br />
Liggins Institute.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will target university funding towards engineering, science and design which<br />
are essential for New Zealand‟s economic success.<br />
For science and innovation to succeed it needs support at the highest level to create greater<br />
consensus – to seize and act on key opportunities open to New Zealand and overcome<br />
impediments that inhibit innovation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create an Innovation Council that will advise on policy at the highest level<br />
of government and business. It will be chaired by the Prime Minister and bring<br />
together the Ministers for Science, Finance, Economic Development as well as key<br />
industry players and research institutions. It will ensure that opportunities and<br />
priorities are recognised and resources allocated to act on them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the role of the position of Chief Scientist with appropriate<br />
resources within the Government to provide advice to the Prime Minister and<br />
377
Ministers on science and innovation issues. This position will be appointed by the<br />
Royal Society of New Zealand, rather than the Prime Minister as it is currently.<br />
A healthy science sector relies on a solid foundation of primary research. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises<br />
that fundamental science and public good science are essential to New Zealand‟s well-being<br />
and an underlying driver of innovation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as resources become available, prioritise an increase in our public<br />
science spend to link New Zealand to the OECD average.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will maintain a robust public science sector through universities and Crown<br />
Research Institutes that lead our fundamental science effort.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support research and science in our key agriculture, fisheries<br />
and aquaculture industries.<br />
Supporting our world beating scientists and providing them the resources to blossom in their<br />
field will attract other top talent to New Zealand that will build areas of research excellence<br />
for which New Zealand will become world renowned.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a scheme for better funding „brilliant‟ scientists. Funding would<br />
be portable to allow scientists to take it to the most appropriate institution, purchase<br />
equipment, recruit staff and attract other world leaders in the field to New Zealand to<br />
create nodes of international expertise.<br />
The years immediately following graduation are critical to consolidate the careers of<br />
scientists. With the removal of post-doctoral scholarships in 2010, New Zealand has lost<br />
hundreds of our best brains overseas.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate post-doctoral fellowships for recent PhD graduates so they are<br />
supported into research careers in New Zealand instead of being lost overseas.<br />
Being strategic<br />
In addition to our expertise in agricultural science and research, New Zealand is in a unique<br />
position to capitalise on our clean, green image. We need to be strategic. Yet at present we<br />
are failing to recognise the real opportunities. We generate more of our energy from<br />
renewable sources than almost any other country. <strong>Our</strong> 100% Pure NZ brand provides a<br />
great platform for clean, „weightless‟, high value exports. But other areas of our economy risk<br />
sabotaging one of the world‟s most recognised and valuable brands.<br />
The high-tech sector – which is largely green or low carbon manufacturing – is currently<br />
worth $6.5 billion to New Zealand‟s economy and growing at close to 5% a year. With further<br />
stimulus and the right environment for growth that could increase further. Price Waterhouse<br />
378
Coopers estimates, for example, that clean-tech industries represent a $9 - 22 billion<br />
opportunity for New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that enhancing New Zealand‟s natural environment in order to improve our<br />
competitive positioning in the global shift to green growth represents a huge opportunity for<br />
all Kiwis to prosper.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with key industry and research partners to develop a strategy that<br />
will provide an overarching blueprint to match our research, exports and international<br />
branding.<br />
Too often our Crown Research Institutes, universities and businesses are disconnected from<br />
each other, despite there being clear national advantage from collaboration. Some public<br />
institutions hold on to intellectual property developed with taxpayer money with the result<br />
that good ideas are not commercialised as successfully as they would be in the private<br />
sector.<br />
Businesses are often reluctant or face obstacles to access and use research expertise in<br />
CRIs and universities, which inhibits high quality R&D that might have been undertaken.<br />
There are a number of areas where closer collaboration – or clustering – may generate<br />
benefits. New Zealand companies are highly specialised in some areas of health technology<br />
as are leading universities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore how better collaboration between CRIs, universities and<br />
businesses might be encouraged without imposing artificial coordination that wastes<br />
time.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will hold open positions for CRI scientists to encourage those who choose to<br />
follow new discoveries into the private sector to develop them for commercial use.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use the concept of the Centres of Research Excellence to further<br />
evaluate areas where a combination of research expertise can cluster and extend<br />
into areas of business to give a better NZ Inc approach around areas where NZ has<br />
significant advantage.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the clean and green technology sector as a source of<br />
environmental-economic advantage for New Zealand.<br />
New Zealand, for example, can make a leading contribution in reducing carbon output from<br />
pastoral farming. It should be a world leader, in the combination of science and farm<br />
management techniques to reduce carbon emissions.<br />
New Zealand stands to benefit in the development of technologies and manufacturing in<br />
areas of alternative energy, such as geothermal areas. It should build collaborations<br />
379
etween our leading scientists in universities, Crown Research Institutes and our major<br />
power companies.<br />
Boosting innovation<br />
If we are serious about growing export businesses in New Zealand over the next ten years,<br />
then we need to think and act boldly. While the primary sector is the cornerstone of our<br />
economy, our technology companies, both within and outside the primary sector are<br />
becoming increasingly significant.<br />
Too often our environment is seen as a loser of economic development. In New Zealand we<br />
need our environment to champion our economy and our economy to champion our<br />
environment.<br />
The hallmark of technology companies is their high productivity and export-focus – two<br />
elements crucial to lifting New Zealand‟s overall economic performance. We need to unlock<br />
the constraints that obstruct the growth of more innovative companies. And we need to do<br />
all we can to help them remain in New Zealand, so New Zealand can share the benefits of<br />
their success.<br />
An innovative economy and a highly skilled workforce are both essential for economic<br />
growth. Research from the World Economic Forum and the OECD shows that innovation<br />
performance is the key driver of the productivity of advanced economies.<br />
New Zealand cannot – and should not – compete on the basis of cheap labour.<br />
Research and Development<br />
<strong>Our</strong> research and development spend is too low. Overall we spend about 1.3% of GDP on<br />
R&D – half of what Singapore and Denmark invest. R&D in the business sector is<br />
particularly low – just 0.51% of GDP or one-third of the OECD average.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that funding for science needs to grow and particularly within the private<br />
sector. Two areas are critically important: tax credits and capital.<br />
1. R&D Tax Credits<br />
Countries similar in size to New Zealand like Finland, Singapore, Denmark and Israel put<br />
substantial emphasis on increasing R&D done by businesses. They receive significant<br />
government support.<br />
Although Kiwis are an inventive people, our low level of business expenditure is a drag on<br />
New Zealand‟s ability to innovate and grow. Treasury had previously argued that the tax<br />
credit was a more effective means of incentivising business R&D than discretionary grants,<br />
380
as they are more driven by business and reach many more firms. Yet National axed the<br />
policy and introduced a system of grants less than half the value of a tax credit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a Research & Development (R&D) tax credit at the rate of<br />
12.5%, to lift New Zealand‟s lagging R&D expenditure by encouraging businesses to<br />
research and innovate.<br />
This policy is estimated to stimulate approximately $1.5 billion p.a. of additional research and<br />
development spending by industry. This will assist the growth of our export sector and bring<br />
new jobs and export earnings for New Zealand.<br />
Just as important, a tax credit policy, unlike a government handout, will promote a shift in<br />
business culture to think and plan strategically to the R&D spend.<br />
Funding will be provided through the savings through charging the agricultural sector 10% of<br />
their agricultural emissions, a move that will also stimulate innovative changes in the wider<br />
export economy as well as encourage innovation and productivity increases in the<br />
agricultural sector.<br />
We will also cancel any further grants through National‟s three programmes, although those<br />
grants that have already been awarded will continue to be paid.<br />
New Zealand firms that conduct eligible R&D activities in New Zealand will qualify for a tax<br />
credit on all eligible R&D expenditure. To qualify for the R&D tax credit, a firm will need to<br />
control the R&D project, bear the financial risk of it, and have effective ownership over the<br />
project results.<br />
2. Capital<br />
Capital is the lifeblood of young companies. There is a relatively vibrant „angel‟ or early<br />
investor sector in New Zealand willing to put in the region of $250,000 – $2 million into<br />
businesses with exciting ideas. The Venture Investment Fund (VIF) has been an<br />
instrumental player in assisting with funding for these new companies.<br />
But business growth beyond this early stage is often constrained by a lack of capital in the<br />
$2 to $10 million range. Opportunities are often lost through the sale of ideas to foreign<br />
investors that recognise their value if later stage capital is not available to our new<br />
companies.<br />
At the same time, New Zealand households are limited in the range of investments open to<br />
them – particularly those that will drive the productive parts of our economy. Encouraging<br />
saving is an essential part of <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan to stimulate our economic recovery.<br />
NZ Venture Investment Fund (NZVIF)<br />
381
The government should continue to support the NZVIF programme through further<br />
underwriting. This will enable NZVIF to reinvest returns as the funds it has invested exit their<br />
investment companies and distribute returns to investors.<br />
In August 2010, the government provided a $40 million underwrite for the Venture Capital<br />
programme to leverage more private investment. This underwrite enables NZVIF to make<br />
new investment commitments up to a total of $200m. Officials have advised that it is unlikely<br />
that the $40m will be drawn upon.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support NZVIF with a view to providing additional underwriting<br />
as the pool of ventures expands.<br />
Involving the Superfund<br />
Currently the New Zealand Superannuation Fund makes investment decisions solely on<br />
returns to its investors but its investments are concentrated largely off-shore.<br />
The experience of many young companies is that international investment is more<br />
forthcoming if there is a commitment from New Zealand investors, including from<br />
government-backed funds and institutions. International co-investment can also bring with it<br />
networks and contacts which assist our companies developing new offshore markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> would invite the Guardians of the NZ Superfund to consider making a small<br />
percentage of its investments in the longer term, high-growth area.<br />
Investments would be in the region of $20 - $50 million a year and could be invested through<br />
NZVIF or through the direct investment into a company.<br />
382
RURAL AFFAIRS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a proud record of delivering to our rural communities. The last <strong>Labour</strong><br />
Government appointed a Minister for Rural Affairs and undertook many initiatives that<br />
acknowledged and promoted the importance of strong rural communities in a country<br />
dependent on primary production for its export earnings.<br />
The investment and coordination in core government services and infrastructure through<br />
roading, telecommunications, health and education allowed strong growth and a renewal of<br />
purpose for many rural towns. The establishment of Heartland Service Centres and<br />
broadband to rural schools opened the way for new opportunities to grow communities. The<br />
Rural Proofing Policy introduced by <strong>Labour</strong> requires all government policymakers to consider<br />
the effects of policy implementation on rural people. It is being slowly taken up across core<br />
government agencies, reducing the anomalies often created by well-meaning but difficult-todeliver<br />
mainstream policies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to work with all primary and rural industry sectors to provide support and<br />
infrastructure where needed. Healthy vibrant rural communities are at the heart of rural<br />
productivity, and government policies that give confidence to the people living in the regions<br />
is essential.<br />
Appointment of a Minister for Rural Affairs<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> appointed a Minister for Rural Affairs in its last term of government. Issues such as<br />
Walking Access, establishment of Heartland Centres and the implementation of a Rural<br />
Proofing policy for government policy makers were tasks that required a broad rural focus.<br />
National on becoming government eliminated the portfolio and as a result rural advocacy in<br />
Cabinet has failed on many occasions. Most countries with a strong rural population focus<br />
understand the need for advocacy and representation at Ministerial level.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reappoint a Minister for Rural Affairs who will cover a wide range of rural<br />
and provincial issues.<br />
Rural infrastructure<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government significantly boosted funding in the provision of rural services.<br />
Coordination of services through the development of Heartland Service Centres supported<br />
the revitalization of many small communities.<br />
383
Those same people are now having to travel to receive support as health services, elder<br />
care, IRD, and other government agencies face funding cuts and jobs are centralised.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider the employment effects on regional New Zealand of any planned<br />
centralisation of government services.<br />
The rollout of Ultra Fast Broadband has excluded many rural New Zealanders from access<br />
and once again isolated the hard working productive communities and families from many<br />
important opportunities. <strong>Labour</strong> does not believe that the coverage of the UFB should be<br />
limited to 75% of New Zealanders. Any extension will be paid for by extending the timeline<br />
for and/or using the money that will be returned to Crown Fibre Holdings by the Local Fibre<br />
Companies (LFCs) and Chorus.<br />
New Zealand needs high speed broadband across urban and rural areas. <strong>Our</strong> future<br />
networks will rely primarily on fibre, but we accept there are parts of New Zealand that will<br />
struggle to get access to fibre in the near future because of geographical isolation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure such remote areas are given priority under the Rural Broadband<br />
Initiative for access via satellite, wireless or other means.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ICT policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> understands the importance of quality roading in provincial areas and believes that<br />
local roads are being short-changed by the current regime. This part of the infrastructure is<br />
essential in terms of regional development. Much of the nation‟s exports originate in the<br />
regions and require infrastructure which allows for safe and efficient movement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the funding for local roads is not further undermined by the<br />
excessive focus on Roads of National Significance.<br />
Adverse events<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in government reintroduced support from central government for farmers and<br />
communities severely affected by droughts and floods. Policy was then developed to<br />
establish clear guidelines to assess and act in times of adverse events affecting rural New<br />
Zealanders where previously none had existed. Support to enable farmers to clean up flood<br />
affected properties and drought stricken farms to purchase feed for animals is both humane<br />
and a smart investment in the productive sectors.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to provide support for farmers affected by Adverse Climatic<br />
Events using the policy criteria established when in Government.<br />
384
Rural health<br />
The development of new pathways for rural health practitioners by the last <strong>Labour</strong><br />
Government has helped alleviate some of the pressure in rural New Zealand to attract and<br />
retain enthusiastic and competent health professionals. In a rural environment of relative<br />
isolation and constant demand many young doctors and nurses opted to prefer urban<br />
positions. Through the introduction of Rural Nurse Practitioner scholarships and training,<br />
along with both pre- and post-graduate training for General Practitioners, a new wave of<br />
enthusiastic professionals is now working across rural New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop multi-disciplinary primary health teams that work in the<br />
community (including in schools) with families, including through home based visits to<br />
ensure access to primary healthcare services for individuals and families who are not<br />
currently accessing services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the training and greater use of nurse practitioners, community<br />
outreach nurses and dental hygienists to deliver primary care services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the funding formula for primary healthcare to ensure affordable<br />
access for all New Zealanders and that the needs of vulnerable populations are being<br />
met, including a review of rural health funding to ensure access to affordable and<br />
quality services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will further investigate the DHB salaried General Practitioner option as a way<br />
of ensuring accessible and better integrated primary care, where GP services are not<br />
being provided or are not sufficient to meet the needs of the community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend the Voluntary Bonding Scheme to dentists and dental hygienists<br />
who agree to work in rural areas and provincial centres which have a shortage of<br />
dentists and dental hygienists.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will give consideration to maternity service access issues for rural women.<br />
The funding and delivery of aged care in New Zealand is coming under increasing strain,<br />
including in rural communities. <strong>Labour</strong> will develop an Integrated Health of the Older Person<br />
Service Delivery Model, which would include consideration of concepts such as the Eden<br />
Alternative and Abbeyfield. In developing this Model, health and support needs of elderly in<br />
provincial areas will be considered, and we will work with regional and local authorities to<br />
ensure that public transport requirements, housing and access to health services occur.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Health policy and Aged Care policy.<br />
Rural education<br />
385
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that quality education is a basic human right that must be accessible and<br />
affordable for all New Zealanders. That includes early childhood education, schooling,<br />
tertiary education and adult and community education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to adequately resourcing education opportunities for rural communities,<br />
including transport options and supporting providers to operate in rural areas.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the provision of safe transport options for all school<br />
children.<br />
School buses must operate in a manner that guarantees the safety of children who use the<br />
service, however currently there is no requirement for all school buses to be fitted with<br />
seatbelts. There is also no requirement for students to be seated on a bus. <strong>Labour</strong> believes<br />
the safety of our school children is of paramount importance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the Ministry of Education to specify in its contracts with bus<br />
operators that all buses must be fitted with seatbelts, starting with those buses that<br />
use the open road. Further, we will require the Ministry to ensure enough buses are<br />
provided that all students can be seated if they are travelling on the open road.<br />
Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics play a key role in ensuring that labour market<br />
needs are met at a regional and national level. In the recent past not enough attention has<br />
been paid to supporting the development of trade and skill training. We need to actively<br />
encourage young New Zealanders, including those in rural areas, into trades training.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that there is a network of regional institutions dedicated to meeting<br />
the labour market and skill needs of our regions. In some cases this may require<br />
additional support to enable institutions to operate where there are not the student<br />
numbers to support them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that Adult and Community Education (ACE) provides important<br />
opportunities for learning and training. The 2008 PricewaterhouseCoopers study into Adult<br />
Education revealed that the return on investment of ACE courses exceeded $50 to every<br />
one dollar spent. Benefits were identified not just in re-skilling, but community cohesion as<br />
well as health and social benefits.<br />
Rural communities were some of the major losers from National‟s cuts to ACE, as it had<br />
been through ACE providers that many rural New Zealanders were able to access tertiary<br />
education opportunities closer to home.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $13 million cut from ACE funding to improve access<br />
to adult and community education. Further funding will be restored over time as<br />
resources permit.<br />
386
We believe that secondary schools should play a role in the delivery of ACE, alongside other<br />
providers, particularly in light of the waste of resources from not using schools outside of<br />
normal school hours.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the adult and community education sector on a plan to ensure there is<br />
a range of quality, relevant programmes available in all regions of New Zealand.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Education policy and Tertiary Education policy.<br />
Sustainable Farming Fund<br />
The Sustainable Farming Fund (SFF) was established by the <strong>Labour</strong>-led Government in<br />
2000. It contributes to community-driven projects that enhance the economic, social, and<br />
environmental sustainability of rural communities. The Fund has assisted around 800<br />
projects led by farmers, growers and foresters.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to the ongoing viability of the Fund so that it can continue to support<br />
and develop our rural communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit $16 million to the Sustainable Farming Fund, to be funded by<br />
reprioritisation from the Primary Growth Partnership, and maintain its wider funding<br />
criteria.<br />
For more information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Agriculture policy.<br />
Safety in rural communities<br />
The relative isolation of some rural communities means they have particular policing needs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to having a sufficiently resourced Police force so that all communities<br />
can feel safe and secure in the knowledge that their local Police are ready and responsive to<br />
their needs.<br />
We are also committed to the safety of our Police officers and one way of protecting our<br />
officers is through safety in numbers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase all one-officer police stations to at least two officer stations.<br />
This is a safety initiative both for the police and for the small communities they serve around<br />
the country.<br />
In the last years of the previous <strong>Labour</strong> government we budgeted for an extra 1250 police<br />
staff, 1000 of whom were sworn staff. Those extra numbers significantly boosted police<br />
morale and safety. Since National came to office, however, police numbers have actually<br />
been raided in almost every district to pay for National‟s <strong>election</strong> promise to put 300 extra<br />
police into South Auckland.<br />
387
<strong>Labour</strong> will leave those extra police in South Auckland, but we will restore police staffing<br />
numbers in other districts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will bring all Police districts back up to the strength funded in 2008, and will<br />
ensure that any allocation changes benefit all Districts. This will require additional<br />
funding for approximately 145 constables at a cost of $24 million a year, phased in<br />
over four years.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Safer Society policy.<br />
388
CREATING A SAFER AND FAIRER SOCIETY<br />
Police and Corrections Policy<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
For decades now, the law and order debate in New Zealand has been driven by “getting<br />
tough on crime”. Although general crime rates have trended downward since the 1990s, the<br />
public policy response has been to introduce more punitive sentences, to build more jails,<br />
and to spend more money on dealing with crime than ever before. This means that<br />
something in the prescription is clearly not working.<br />
Doing things differently doesn‟t mean being soft on crime, it means being smarter in dealing<br />
effectively with it.<br />
Few disagree that the best way to make all our communities safer is to prevent crime<br />
happening in the first place. But it has been more difficult for governments to develop longterm<br />
programmes that prioritise prevention in the law and order agenda, and that endure<br />
across changes of government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will step up to the plate and focus on real and enduring ways to make society safer –<br />
by preventing crime happening in the first place, and by investing in early change to the<br />
behaviour of offenders.<br />
This policy works hand in hand with our Social Development policy, which puts children at<br />
the centre and invests in the early years to reduce the likelihood that the next generation will<br />
end up in our criminal justice system.<br />
Police<br />
Sweating the small stuff<br />
The most serious crime captures the headlines, and causes the most harm to individual<br />
victims. But it is crime at the lower end of the criminal scale that actually affects the vast<br />
majority of the population.<br />
In 2010/<strong>2011</strong> there were 59,361 recorded instances of unlawful entry with<br />
intent/burglary/breaking and entering, with only a 15.2% resolution rate achieved. There<br />
were 136,524 recorded theft and related offences, with only a 23.8% resolution rate.<br />
These crimes are often considered „minor‟, but their low resolution rates leave the public<br />
feeling unsafe. A highly damaging consequence of appearing to fail to treat these crimes<br />
seriously is the perception created that they can be committed with little or no consequence.<br />
389
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that focusing resources on pursuing “petty” crime, and the offenders who<br />
commit it, would help prevent many such offenders graduating to more serious offending.<br />
This will require a rethink of how we deploy Police resources.<br />
For example, in the case of a burglary where the offender has fled, no immediate threat to<br />
personal safety remains. The initial interviewing of victims, fingerprinting of the premises<br />
and preliminary investigative tasks could well be undertaken by non-sworn Police staff, with<br />
further action such as investigation and arrest to be then taken by a constable.<br />
This would provide a more rapid response for the victim of the crime, as well as removing<br />
some of the administrative burden from our sworn Police so that they can better focus on<br />
crime prevention and resolution.<br />
Police do not at present produce measures of average waiting time for Police response in<br />
non-urgent cases (such as those where the perpetrator has already fled the scene of the<br />
crime). Such information is needed to measure the extent and the kind of additional Police<br />
support that would be necessary to ensure rapid response in every instance.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the current protocols for „scene of crime officers‟, with a view to<br />
increasing the use of non-sworn Police staff to conduct on-site preliminary<br />
administrative tasks where there is no immediate threat to personal safety.<br />
The Single Non-Emergency Number project, now known as the Crime Reporting Line, has<br />
been deployed to three Police Districts – Auckland City; Counties Manukau; and Bay of<br />
Plenty Districts. At the moment the Police response procedure is a scaled response, and<br />
depends on the information provided by the caller. The Police have set criteria in deciding<br />
the level of priority to be accorded to the call, ranging from immediate response; timely<br />
response; managed response; through to incidents where no Police response is required.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate whether lower-level crimes are being responded to in a way<br />
that meets the standard of response that the public expects from the Police.<br />
Providing decent administrative support<br />
Administrative tasks, like paper-work for low level offences, take constables off the streets<br />
for far too long. The back office / front office divide promoted by National leads to fewer<br />
Police on the beat. Instead, officers „two finger type‟ their way through the legal requirements<br />
of offender processing and other administrative tasks that could be better dealt with by<br />
specialist clerical staff and then signed off by constables. Support like this should be<br />
provided to constables in a targeted fashion. In doing so, we will ensure that frontline<br />
resources are directed where they are needed most – protecting the public.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine the role of sworn Police to make sure that their talent and skills<br />
are used effectively in order to protect the public.<br />
390
Resourcing Police adequately<br />
If we expect Police to do a better job of keeping society safe, we need to resource them<br />
adequately to do so. The current National Government has funded significantly fewer new<br />
Police Officers than <strong>Labour</strong> did when we were last in office. In fact, in order to fulfil its 2008<br />
<strong>election</strong> promise to put more Police into the Counties Manukau District, the National<br />
Government has reduced Police numbers in other districts to below the number that <strong>Labour</strong><br />
had funded. Overall, the National Government has added only 30 additional constables<br />
nationwide since coming into office.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will bring all Police districts back up to the strength funded in 2008, and will<br />
ensure that any allocation changes benefit all Districts. This will require additional<br />
funding for approximately 145 constables at a cost of $24 million a year, phased in<br />
over four years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will look to further increase the number of Police as the fiscal situation improves, with<br />
the short-term aim of keeping pace with population growth and the long-term aim of<br />
increasing the Police:Population ratio.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, as resources allow, also fund more Police staff to extend the community<br />
policing model we implemented when in Government. This will involve working with<br />
communities to determine the programmes they need so as to target particular crime<br />
hot spots such as youth crime, burglary and family violence.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to the safety of our Police officers and we will endeavour to minimise<br />
risk wherever possible. One way of protecting our officers is through safety in numbers. As<br />
at 30 April <strong>2011</strong> there were 62 one-person Police stations across the country. Making each<br />
of those a two-person station would require an additional 62 Police. The increase in<br />
constables <strong>Labour</strong> is committing to will allow this challenge to be solved.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase all one-officer Police stations to at least two officer stations.<br />
Ensuring Police have the other tools they need<br />
As technology improves, we must ensure that Police can take advantage of it to protect the<br />
community and themselves. Technology should be utilised not just for day-to-day crime<br />
fighting but to increase administrative efficiency across the board. This should include a<br />
commitment to a Police vehicle optimization programme, which ensures Police have the<br />
appropriate frontline vehicles to maximise patrol capabilities and avoid shift delays.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-equip the Police with the technology and vehicles they need in order to<br />
efficiently and effectively keep our communities safe.<br />
391
Dealing effectively with organised crime<br />
Organised criminal groups include domestic and international associations whose sole<br />
objective is to acquire income through criminal conduct. Organised crime contributes to<br />
drug-related crime, costs to the justice system, domestic violence including child abuse,<br />
costs to the health system, and costs to the welfare system. Organised crime<br />
affects families, communities, businesses and individuals.<br />
New Zealand has a growing problem with organised crime that needs to be dealt with<br />
effectively. Organisations that a represent a risk to public safety need to be dealt with by<br />
strengthening existing laws, and by providing sufficient resources to the Police and the<br />
Courts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to evaluate the various alternative approaches to dealing with<br />
organised crime, and implement a tougher set of measures that effectively target<br />
members of organisations who associate for the purpose of organising, planning,<br />
facilitating, supporting or engaging in serious criminal activity.<br />
Under the previous <strong>Labour</strong> Government, extensive work was done to combat money<br />
laundering and financing of terrorism. There needs to be greater collaboration between<br />
international and domestic agencies that deal with the enforcement of anti-money laundering<br />
and international networks that facilitate criminal acts in New Zealand. To guarantee the<br />
quality of investigation, the way information is gathered needs to be reviewed frequently to<br />
ensure that the most up to date methods and resources are available to the various<br />
agencies.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to evaluate the adequacy of existing legislation in dealing with<br />
the different types of offences related to organised crime and the adequacy of the<br />
tools and remedies available to Police, other enforcement agencies, and the Courts<br />
in order to effectively address organised criminal activity in any shape or form.<br />
Combatting domestic violence and sexual violence<br />
Dealing with family violence and sexual violence will continue to be a top priority for <strong>Labour</strong>.<br />
We want a society where all members of a family feel safe and secure and where all children<br />
get a good start in life. We believe in working proactively with high-risk families earlier, to<br />
provide the assistance they need before they reach crisis point. <strong>Our</strong> Children‟s policy and<br />
Women‟s policy contain detailed information on the initiatives <strong>Labour</strong> will take to tackle<br />
domestic and sexual violence.<br />
392
Corrections<br />
Promoting safety: Inside the wire<br />
<strong>Our</strong> prisons must keep society safe from criminals. They must also achieve behaviour<br />
change in criminals so that reoffending is reduced. That latter function currently receives<br />
inadequate resourcing and insufficient attention.<br />
Virtually all of our prison population will eventually leave prison. The State fails in its duty if it<br />
does not do everything reasonable in its power to minimise the risk of re-offending. This<br />
requires programmes in every prison that promote behaviour change by addressing mental<br />
health, substance abuse, illiteracy and innumeracy, and a basic lack of skills.<br />
International evidence indicates that this approach can work. Given that 6,708 prisoners are<br />
serving custodial sentences in New Zealand prisons in October <strong>2011</strong> and each prisoner<br />
costs taxpayers $91,615 per year, we simply cannot let New Zealand prisons continue to<br />
grow.<br />
84% of prisoners released in the 2010/11 year had served a sentence of fewer than 24<br />
months, with 59% serving sentences of fewer than 6 months. Prisoners serving sentences<br />
of up to 12 months receive little or no assistance in respect of skills training, behaviour<br />
change, drug and alcohol programmes, and mental health treatment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will operate a “nip it in the bud” approach in New Zealand prisons.<br />
Programmes to address issues of mental health, substance abuse, illiteracy,<br />
innumeracy and a basic lack of skills amongst inmates will operate in all prisons with<br />
the objective of „rewiring and reprogramming‟ offender behaviour. The overarching<br />
aim will be to prevent a return to prison and this criterion will replace sentence length<br />
as the determinant of whether an inmate is eligible for such programmes.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> prison officers are confronted on a daily basis with violence yet, as one officer has put it,<br />
“all we have to protect ourselves with, in the case of an immediate attack, is our cotton shirt”.<br />
Prison officers are entitled to a safe working environment. National has recently made some<br />
protective equipment available to prison officers, such as stab proof vests and spit hoods.<br />
But these are limited in number, and are not always readily available to prevent injuries.<br />
Appropriate basic procedures, and the use and deployment of protective equipment, need to<br />
be standard across all prisons. Appropriate training should also be available.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review standard operating procedures, training, and the use and<br />
deployment of protective equipment in prisons to ensure that corrections staff are<br />
adequately equipped to deal with adverse situations.<br />
393
Promoting safety: Outside the wire<br />
The transition out of prison needs to be better managed so as to prevent re-offending. As<br />
long ago as 1989, Sir Clinton Roper warned that an offender re-entering the community with<br />
no skills; nowhere to live; who is illiterate or innumerate; who has unaddressed mental health<br />
or substance issues; or no robust mentoring, monitoring or employment opportunities is<br />
more likely than not to reoffend, and to create another victim of crime.<br />
Canada has had great success in implementing a modified halfway house concept. The goal<br />
must be managed integration back into our communities to ensure non-reoffending.<br />
Community safety has to be a central purpose of any program to re-introduce prisoners to<br />
society. Research done by Victoria University Scholar Dr Opie shows that most of those who<br />
leave prison do so with “extremely limited resources” and many do not have a support<br />
system outside of prison.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will resource transitions from prison that minimise the likelihood of reoffending.<br />
Corrections cannot be allowed to become our largest Government department. <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
take a long-term approach to reducing our prison population.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine the merits of National‟s quick-fix slick political decisions and<br />
where they provide no value, reverse them as resources allow.<br />
The State bearing its appropriate responsibilities<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that the responsibility for running our prisons lies with the state because<br />
corrections is one of the core functions of government. The Government has a moral and<br />
fiscal responsibility to taxpayers to rehabilitate prisoners because the safety of the<br />
community depends on it. It is inappropriate to delegate this responsibility to an entity that is<br />
driven by profit and which therefore benefits from an increased prison population. The<br />
international research indicates that there is very little evidence that private prisons are more<br />
cost effective for the tax payers making it an ideological rather than evidence-based policy.<br />
Moreover, while decisions by the Government are subject to public review, the operations of<br />
private prisons are not open to the same level of public scrutiny. <strong>Labour</strong> believes this is<br />
inappropriate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the Corrections (Contract Management of Prisons) Amendment<br />
Act. No prison will be privatised under <strong>Labour</strong>, and those institutions which are<br />
currently under private management will be returned to public administration as<br />
contracts expire.<br />
394
SAVINGS POLICY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will give everyone a secure retirement by making workplace saving universal,<br />
guaranteeing New Zealand Super and setting aside money for our ageing population.<br />
This package of 3 policies tackles the tough issues to deliver a lasting solution to the<br />
problems of high debt and low savings. It includes:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Universal KiwiSaver<br />
Raising the Eligibility Age for NZ Super<br />
Resuming Contributions to the NZ Super Fund<br />
Universal KiwiSaver<br />
Scope<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan will make KiwiSaver compulsory for every employee aged 18 to 65 from 2014.<br />
This will include full-time, part-time and casual workers. Self-employed can opt in but will not<br />
be required to participate. This is the same as occurs in Australia.<br />
A minimum annual income threshold will apply (i.e. those on income below the threshold will<br />
not be required to enrol in KiwiSaver).<br />
Beneficiaries and students not in the workforce will not be required to join KiwiSaver.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is aiming to get as many New Zealanders into KiwiSaver as possible. The details<br />
about the coverage of the scheme and the minimum income threshold will be subject to the<br />
tripartite consultation process. This will include an assessment of whether contractors and<br />
temporary residents/migrant workers should be included in the scheme.<br />
Employer Contribution<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will gradually increase employer contributions from 3 per cent to 7 per cent, over 9<br />
years.<br />
Currently the minimum employer contribution is 2 per cent. National increased this to 3 per<br />
cent as part of Budget <strong>2011</strong>. This is due to take effect from 1 April 2013 and will continue.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce universal savings starting in 2014 with the first increase in the employer<br />
contribution a year later. Contributions will increase at just 0.5 per cent annually and take 9<br />
years to fully phase in. The increase in contributions will be fully phased in by 2022.<br />
395
We recognise that the 0.5 per cent annual increase in the employer contribution could be<br />
taken into account as part of wage negotiations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the employer contribution in 2020 to examine whether further increases in<br />
the employer contribution are feasible and desirable. This review will include consultation<br />
with business, and employer and employee representatives.<br />
Employee Contribution<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the current minimum employee contribution of 2 per cent. This is a more<br />
affordable option for low-income New Zealanders.<br />
National set an increase to the employee rate to 3 per cent in Budget <strong>2011</strong>. This is due to<br />
take effect 1 April 2013. We will reverse this change. KiwiSaver members will still be able to<br />
select a higher contribution rate if they want to.<br />
Government Incentives: Kick-start and Member Tax Credit<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to retaining these incentives to help New Zealanders save.<br />
The only change will be the way the kick-start payment is paid into KiwiSaver accounts.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan the $1,000 kick-start will be spread over 5 years. This will make the<br />
scheme more affordable to the Crown.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not make any further changes to the member tax credit.<br />
Accessing and Withdrawing KiwiSaver Funds<br />
Universal KiwiSaver is a long-term policy that makes it simpler for New Zealanders to build<br />
secure retirement savings, builds New Zealand‟s investment base and helps deal with our<br />
private debt problem. However, there may be circumstances where an early withdrawal from<br />
KiwiSaver is justified.<br />
Opt-out<br />
While there will be no general ability to opt-out under this scheme, <strong>Labour</strong> will retain the<br />
withdrawal and hardship provisions as set out below.<br />
Age of Withdrawal<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the current 65 eligibility age to access KiwiSaver savings.<br />
Hardship<br />
New Zealanders will continue to be able to access their KiwiSaver funds on the grounds of<br />
hardship. This includes situations relating to economic hardship or hardship as the result of<br />
ill-health.<br />
Hardship grounds will also be applied to allow the suspension of contributions. This will take<br />
the place of the current provisions around contributions holidays. The detail around the<br />
operation of these new provisions will be dealt with through the tripartite consultation.<br />
First time home buyers<br />
396
First home buyers will still be able to access their KiwiSaver savings to put towards their first<br />
home.<br />
Helping New Zealanders into their first home is a priority for <strong>Labour</strong>. The first home<br />
withdrawal of KiwiSaver started in July 2010. In the 9 months since then there have been<br />
nearly 1,300 withdrawals totalling $12 million, with average value of a withdrawal of $9,640.<br />
This is an important mechanism to help New Zealanders into their first home.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also retain the first-home deposit subsidy of up to $5,000 per person. We will<br />
review the future affordability of enhancing this assistance, fiscal conditions permitting.<br />
Permanent Emigration<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the provisions around migration as part of the tripartite consultation. We<br />
will look towards greater alignment with the Australian scheme.<br />
Relationship Property or Bankruptcy<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine the details and implications for relationship property and bankruptcy as<br />
part of the tripartite consultation process. These are complex areas and ones that would<br />
benefit from specialist advice.<br />
Non-KiwiSaver Schemes<br />
New Zealanders will not have to change their investment scheme, provided the scheme<br />
becomes KiwiSaver compliant. If the scheme meets the minimum standards of KiwiSaver<br />
this will require some minor changes to the trust deed.<br />
Tripartite Consultation Process<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a tripartite consultation process involving government and social<br />
partners, i.e. employer and union representatives. Bringing together the key parties to settle<br />
the policy detail will ensure KiwiSaver endures over the long-term. The consultation process<br />
will include other key stakeholders where appropriate. This will give New Zealanders the<br />
confidence and certainty they need to plan for their future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to an enduring KiwiSaver. The tripartite consultations are critical in<br />
ensuring the detail of the scheme works for all employers and employees.<br />
The consultation will cover aspects including:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The coverage of KiwiSaver in terms of contractors and temporary residents/migrant<br />
workers.<br />
The minimum income threshold.<br />
The effect of universal KiwiSaver on gender equity.<br />
The detail of the hardship provisions.<br />
The operation of migration withdrawal.<br />
397
The implications for relationship property and bankruptcy.<br />
Ensure the regulation of the KiwiSaver scheme is adequate and suitable for a<br />
universal scheme.<br />
Examine the impact of this proposal on small businesses to ensure compliance costs<br />
are manageable.<br />
Scheme Structure<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain other key aspects of the scheme. KiwiSavers will still be able to choose<br />
their provider and the risk profile of their investment. This includes the wide availability of a<br />
number of low risk investment options.<br />
As with the current scheme, KiwiSaver funds will not be guaranteed by the Crown.<br />
A review of the current default provider scheme will be completed prior to the expiry of<br />
current contracts in 2014. <strong>Labour</strong> will examine the default provider arrangements, including<br />
their charges, in advance of that review. <strong>Labour</strong> will also take into account the<br />
recommendations of the Savings Working Group on the issues of disclosure of terms, fees<br />
and other charges.<br />
Raising the eligibility age for NZ Super<br />
Age of Eligibility<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will gradually lift the age of NZ Super eligibility from 65 to 67 starting in 1 April 2020<br />
and taking 12 years to phase in.<br />
Phase-in Timetable<br />
There will be no change for the next 9 years. The age will be lifted 2 months each year<br />
starting in 2020. The table below summaries the proposed schedule for raising the age:<br />
Key points:<br />
<br />
<br />
No change for anyone born before 1955. This includes everyone currently receiving<br />
NZ Super or those close to retirement.<br />
Those 45 years or younger will have at least 22 years to plan for this change in the<br />
eligibility age.<br />
For those 46 to 56, the eligibility age will increase at 2 months a year starting in 2020.<br />
Those currently aged 51 will become eligible for NZ Super at 66, giving them 15<br />
years to plan for the extra year.<br />
398
Year born Current Age at 1 April <strong>2011</strong> Age of Eligibility for NZ Super<br />
Before 1955 57+ 65 years<br />
1955 56 65 years and 2 months<br />
1956 55 65 years and 4 months<br />
1957 54 65 years and 6 months<br />
1958 53 65 years and 8 months<br />
1959 52 65 years and 10 months<br />
1960 51 66 years<br />
1961 50 66 years and 2 months<br />
1962 49 66 years and 4 months<br />
1963 48 66 years and 6 months<br />
1964 47 66 years and 8 months<br />
1965 46 66 years and 10 months<br />
1966 or later 45 or younger 67 years<br />
Transitional Assistance<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring the transition to a NZ Super eligibility age of 67 is done<br />
fairly. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure there is transitional assistance for those who can‟t readily keep<br />
working in their normal occupation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> realises that for some people working another two years is simply not an option. For<br />
some in manual labour an additional 2 years may not be physically possible.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong> those aged 65 or 66 who are not readily able to keep working in an<br />
occupation of the same kind, and unable to support themselves, would qualify for a NZ<br />
Super Transition payment. This payment would be set at the same level of NZ Super.<br />
Further details around this payment will be developed as part of the tripartite consultation<br />
process.<br />
As part of our commitment to ensuring the transition is fair, <strong>Labour</strong> will also explore options<br />
for the introduction of further flexibility in the access of NZ Super. These options will be<br />
considered as part of the tripartite negotiation process.<br />
Rate of NZ Super<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will guarantee no changes to the rate of NZ Super. We are committed to retaining the<br />
current rate for a couple of 66 per cent of the average wage. NZ Super is a vital safety net<br />
that provides every New Zealander with a guaranteed minimum level of income during their<br />
retirement. This must be protected for this generation and the next.<br />
399
We know that for the great majority of retirees NZ Super is their main source of income.<br />
Research by the Retirement Commissioner shows that for 60 per cent of superannuitants NZ<br />
Super is the only or a very substantial form of income. Making these changes now will<br />
ensure that future generations are able to rely on it when it comes time for them to retire.<br />
Tripartite Consultation Process<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s tripartite consultation will also deal with changes in the NZ Super eligibility age<br />
including:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Details of the transitional NZ Super payment<br />
Exploring options for the introduction of further flexibility in the draw-down of NZ<br />
Super.<br />
The implications of raising the eligibility age on ACC compensation<br />
ACC payments<br />
Currently the eligibility age effects the entitlement of ACC claimants to weekly compensation.<br />
The implications of raising the eligibility age on this will be included in the tripartite<br />
consultation.<br />
Resuming contributions to the NZ Super Fund<br />
Level of Contributions<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restart contributions to the New Zealand Super Fund in our first budget rather<br />
than waiting until 2017/18 as National plans to do.<br />
Contributions will be increased every year, starting with $750 million in 2012/13, and then<br />
ramping up by $750 million a year until we reach the legislated contribution rate in 2015/16.<br />
Over the course of thirteen years, <strong>Labour</strong> will contribute $5.5 billion more than National<br />
resulting in an estimated $12.8 billion more in the Fund at the end of that period.<br />
Over time, our higher capital cost from contributing earlier is more than offset by the higher<br />
tax revenue that results from increased New Zealand Superannuation Fund investments. As<br />
a result, the Crown will actually be $4.6 billion better off by 2024/25 under <strong>Labour</strong>‟s<br />
approach, and have more money to meet the future cost of NZ Superannuation.<br />
400
SENIOR CITIZENS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that older New Zealanders built this county and therefore deserve our<br />
respect. We also recognise and value the skills, knowledge and experience older people<br />
contribute to their families and communities.<br />
In the coming decades, the proportion of older people in the population will increase and<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes they will have an increasingly important role to play in our society. The best<br />
way to own our future is to support older New Zealanders to be fit and able, not only to<br />
contribute to the workforce where they choose to, but importantly to enjoy their well-earned<br />
retirement in good health.<br />
Concerns around aged care health services, elder abuse and cost of living pressures are<br />
really mounting for older New Zealanders. We need a new long-term coordinated national<br />
strategy and action plan that establishes better systems and care across the aged care<br />
sector, as well as greater transparency, accountability and monitoring. <strong>Labour</strong> will commit to<br />
achieving this.<br />
NZ Super<br />
NZ Super is a vital safety net that provides every New Zealander with a guaranteed<br />
minimum level of income during their retirement. This must be protected for this generation<br />
and the next.<br />
We know that for the great majority of retirees NZ Super is their main source of income.<br />
Research by the Retirement Commissioner shows that for 60 per cent of superannuitants NZ<br />
Super is the only or a very substantial form of income.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will guarantee no changes to the rate of NZ Super. We are committed to<br />
retaining the current rate for a couple of 66 per cent of the average wage.<br />
In order to maintain the rate of NZ Super and also ensure the future viability of the scheme,<br />
other changes are needed. <strong>Labour</strong> wants to give everyone a secure retirement by making<br />
workplace saving universal, guaranteeing New Zealand Super and setting aside money for<br />
our ageing population. By making these changes now we can ensure that future<br />
generations are able to rely on NZ Super when it comes time for them to retire.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restart contributions to the Super Fund, starting with $750 million in<br />
2012/13 rising by $750 million a year until we reach the legislated contribution rate in<br />
2015/16.<br />
401
<strong>Labour</strong> will gradually lift the age of NZ Super eligibility from 65 to 67 starting in 1 April<br />
2020 and taking 12 years to phase in.<br />
There will be no change for the next 9 years. The age will be lifted 2 months each year<br />
starting in 2020. This means:<br />
No change for anyone born before 1955. This includes everyone currently receiving<br />
NZ Super or those close to retirement.<br />
Those 45 years or younger will have at least 22 years to plan for this change in the<br />
eligibility age.<br />
For those aged 46 to 56, the eligibility age will increase at 2 months a year starting in<br />
2020. Those currently aged 51 will become eligible for NZ Super at 66, giving them 15<br />
years to plan for the extra year.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring the transition to a NZ Super eligibility age of 67 is done<br />
fairly. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure there is transitional assistance for those who can‟t keep working.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also plans to make KiwiSaver compulsory for every employee aged 18 to 65 from<br />
2014. We will gradually increase employer contributions at a rate of 0.5 per cent a year, from<br />
3 per cent to 7 per cent over 9 years, and we will retain the current minimum employee<br />
contribution of 2 per cent.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Savings policy.<br />
Superannuation portability<br />
An increasingly mobile society, including in retirement, raises complex issues as to how<br />
pensions are paid between countries. The current pension portability arrangements aim to<br />
ensure that all New Zealand residents receive an equitable level of pension and that costs of<br />
pensions are shared between countries. But the unique nature of New Zealand<br />
Superannuation presents a number of policy and administration issues, including real or<br />
perceived inequity in the treatment of overseas pensions.<br />
Over time a number of adjustments have been made to New Zealand Superannuation<br />
portability arrangements in order to overcome these issues but there may be more that can<br />
be done to ensure that all people are treated fairly. In particular, given the introduction of<br />
KiwiSaver as an additional means for people to provide for their retirement over and above<br />
their income from New Zealand Superannuation and <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan to make KiwiSaver<br />
universal from 2014, it is important to ensure that we treat people from countries with<br />
arrangements similar to KiwiSaver in a fair and equitable fashion.<br />
402
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the current New Zealand Superannuation portability arrangements<br />
to identify any further policy changes that might be made to ensure people from<br />
countries with arrangements similar to KiwiSaver are treated fairly.<br />
Health care<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a passionate belief in universal access to quality health care, while meeting the<br />
specific needs of vulnerable populations. We are committed to funding the sector so it can<br />
manage changing demographics and health status of New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop an Integrated Health of the Older Person Service Delivery Model. This<br />
would include input from local authorities, the NGO sector, district health boards, private<br />
providers and unions. This would include consideration of models such as the Eden<br />
Alternative and Abbeyfield.<br />
We will develop a continuum of care model that puts the older person at the centre of an<br />
individualised plan starting from ageing in place at home to hospital, respite and palliative<br />
care. This model would include the assessment of health and support needs and take into<br />
account social isolation, loneliness and elder abuse.<br />
The inclusion of regional and local authorities would ensure that public transport<br />
requirements, housing and access to health services occur.<br />
This new model will include how the contracts will be provided and costed.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Implementation of the Health of Older Persons Strategy, 2002,<br />
and develop an Aged Care Strategy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the process of engagement ensuring real consultation with older<br />
persons in health planning through a strengthened Community Public Health<br />
Advisory Committee of district health boards.<br />
Ensuring access to the appropriate level of acute care remains a challenge for the health<br />
sector. DHBs struggle to ensure that hospital emergency department services are available<br />
in a timely manner for those who require hospital level care.<br />
Research undertaken by the Auditor-General shows that access to surgery is often a product<br />
of where you live rather than your needs. So-called “post code” access to elective services<br />
is not acceptable for New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure a coordinated hospital and specialist care system with consistent<br />
access criteria, quality and timeliness across New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a model of care for acute services that encompasses the needs<br />
of patients, primary care and hospital emergency departments.<br />
403
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop sustainable and high quality palliative care services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build and upgrade facilities across New Zealand to support the network of<br />
care across New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the provision of ambulance services by instituting a staged<br />
plan to deal with funding, workforce, crewing and training issues.<br />
A strong and well -resourced health workforce is necessary for a strong public health<br />
system. <strong>Labour</strong> will have a coordinated approach to ensuring New Zealand has a<br />
sustainable, flexible and appropriate health workforce.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop training programmes for community care and support workers,<br />
including in the aged care sector.<br />
Palliative care<br />
End of life care is a sensitive subject for many people and health professionals. Ensuring<br />
that there is good information and choices available to people is a vital part of a humane<br />
health system.<br />
Palliative care services have been given more focus in the health system in the last decade,<br />
but there is more to be done to ensure that a holistic approach is taken to the final years,<br />
months and days of life. This includes respecting patient autonomy, including family and<br />
whānau and open and sensitive communication.<br />
In particular in New Zealand there needs to be advanced care planning that recognises<br />
diversity in beliefs and practices.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revise and update the Palliative Care Strategy to ensure that palliative<br />
care is a core component of healthcare provision. This will include a review of<br />
funding of hospices.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support an integrated approach to palliative and end of life care that<br />
includes palliative care specialists working alongside other health professionals to<br />
ensure the needs of patients and their families are met, and clear choices are<br />
provided that respect the dying person‟s wishes.<br />
Aged care<br />
The best model of care for New Zealanders as they get older is to “age in place”. Where<br />
possible people should be supported to live in their own homes and familiar environments as<br />
this is demonstrably better for their health outcomes. However, it is vital that for those who<br />
404
do go into residential care there is an environment which provides the highest quality<br />
services that keep people healthy and supported.<br />
The funding and delivery of aged care in New Zealand is coming under increasing strain.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> population is ageing and costs are rising. A new, less institutionalised approach to older<br />
persons care would allow for better social outcomes.<br />
The future for aged care in New Zealand needs to be one built on the values of accessibility,<br />
dignity and respect for all older New Zealanders underpinned by transparency and<br />
accountability in the way the services are provided.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Inquiry into Aged Care<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>, with Grey Power, undertook a comprehensive inquiry into aged care and produced a<br />
report entitled What the Future Holds for Older New Zealanders. The overwhelming<br />
impression was of a sector struggling to deliver the standard of care that older New<br />
Zealanders and their families would expect. There were too many stories of neglect, lack of<br />
appropriate care and lack of respect for our older New Zealanders.<br />
More than 42,000 people receive care in around 700 aged residential care facilities every<br />
year in New Zealand. Unfortunately many older people who want to stay in their homes are<br />
being forced out by a lack of home-based care options as a result of funding cuts.<br />
Challenges are also being faced in the quality of residential care. Workers are often very<br />
dedicated to providing excellent care to older people. However, they are severely restricted<br />
by staff shortages, low wages, lack of training, and the strict time management requirements<br />
of many providers driven by cost cutting and profit margins.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to encourage older people to stay in their homes longer by providing quality<br />
home-based care. To do so, home support provision needs to be more integrated across<br />
health and care providers, as well as across the divide between the community, private<br />
sector and public sector. It is a high priority to investigate alternative community based<br />
models – especially for older people on low incomes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> to investigate all recommendations of<br />
the report What the Future Holds for Older New Zealanders.<br />
The Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> will provide advice prior to May 2012 on a time-lined<br />
plan to implement the following priorities that will provide a higher quality service for<br />
older people:<br />
Establish a Government-funded national training pathway for all staff in<br />
residential and home-based care that is linked to the National Qualification<br />
Framework and recognised in pay negotiations.<br />
405
Establish regulations for minimum staffing levels for nurses and caregivers in<br />
all residential facilities.<br />
As Budgets allow, implement pay parity between staff working in residential<br />
and home-based care with their equivalents in the public health system.<br />
In July <strong>2011</strong>, the Auditor General released a report entitled Home-based support services for<br />
older people, which discusses how effectively the Ministry of Health and District Health<br />
Boards are ensuring that older people get the care and support they need to remain living<br />
independently at home.<br />
The Technical Working <strong>Party</strong> set up by <strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the recommendations<br />
from the Home-based support services for older people report, including:<br />
Collecting meaningful and reliable information to ensure ongoing service<br />
quality and value for money of home-based services.<br />
Evaluating by 2013 whether the use of a standard approach to assessment<br />
and reassessment is improving the way needs are assessed and homebased<br />
services are allocated.<br />
Considering the introduction of a mandatory standard for the provision of<br />
home-based support services for older people.<br />
Working collaboratively with others in the aged sector to develop a complaints<br />
system.<br />
Strengthening management contracts to ensure home-based support staff<br />
provide high quality services and are well trained and supervised.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will be proactive about policies to ensure that New Zealanders cope well with the<br />
challenges of ageing and caring in the coming decades. We will work in close partnership<br />
with the not for profit sector to support carers across the aged care sector.<br />
The New Zealand Carers Strategy, published in April 2008 is supported by a Five-year<br />
Action Plan to address some of the issues that impact on the thousands of New Zealanders<br />
who assist friends and family members that need help with everyday living because of ill<br />
health, disability or old age.<br />
The Carers Strategy was developed in a partnership between government agencies and the<br />
New Zealand Carers Alliance, a network of over 40 non-governmental organisations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> plans to build on the New Zealand Carers Strategy to ensure the five year action<br />
plan is being implemented and achieved.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Aged Care policy.<br />
406
Elder abuse<br />
Elder abuse is a universal problem. It is not limited to any one gender, religious, cultural,<br />
ethnic or income group. Elder abuse may occur in many different settings, including private<br />
homes, residential care and hospitals.<br />
Aged Concern estimates that 20,000 New Zealanders will experience elder abuse and<br />
neglect at some point in their lifetime, therefore it is important to educate those who work<br />
with older people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that there are still eight areas in New Zealand where there is no<br />
contract for Elder Abuse services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the Ministry of Social Development to standardise a nation-wide<br />
contracting model for Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention Services to ensure<br />
consistency of access of service provision across the country.<br />
Grandparents raising grandchildren<br />
Increasingly, grandparents are taking over the full-time care of their grandchildren. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
recognises this. Under <strong>Labour</strong>, grandparents will be treated in the same way as people who<br />
undertake foster care.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a review of the differences in government assistance provided<br />
to foster carers and to kin carers (including grandparents) with a view to ensuring that<br />
both groups are treated equitably.<br />
A comprehensive, universal and public ACC<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to an ACC that is owned by New Zealanders and that has the best<br />
interests of Kiwis at heart, not profits for multinationals. <strong>Labour</strong> is strongly opposed to<br />
privatisation of ACC. It has been publicly owned and operated for three decades, it is<br />
financially sound, and independent studies show its levies are already substantially lower<br />
than in Australia and other countries.<br />
In Government, the National <strong>Party</strong> has deliberately talked up a crisis in ACC and done its<br />
very best to erode public confidence in what should be a world-leading scheme. Its agenda<br />
all along has been to soften Kiwis up to privatising ACC. The only winners out of this will be<br />
the big Australian insurance companies and law firms who will make hundreds of millions of<br />
dollars at the expense of hardworking New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports maintaining ACC as a publicly administered and delivered social insurance<br />
scheme which provides comprehensive and universal coverage for all New Zealanders.<br />
407
<strong>Labour</strong> believes the ACC operational culture is currently at odds with the scheme‟s original<br />
intent. The Government has encouraged ACC to become ever tougher in its decisions. A<br />
greater number of claims are being declined unnecessarily and cover is being cut back.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will return to fairer administration of the scheme. Those who are entitled to<br />
cover will get it, with a special focus on those with serious long-term injuries.<br />
Over the last couple of years the Government implemented a raft of changes to the ACC<br />
scheme which has severely impacted the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. For<br />
instance, changes have impacted on those with moderate hearing loss, counselling and<br />
support services for sensitive claims and seasonal and part-time workers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will improve the medical assessment and vocational independence processes<br />
so there is a fair, balanced and consistent approach to assessing claims.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review National‟s changes to the ACC scheme.<br />
Injury prevention is one of the fundamental aspects of our comprehensive accident<br />
compensation scheme. National has cut the level of funding for injury prevention<br />
programmes, such as falls prevention programmes for older persons.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase, as resources allow, funding for health and safety programmes<br />
and long term injury prevention strategies.<br />
Over the last couple of years the ACC levies for the Motor Vehicle Account have increased<br />
substantially. At present the bulk of vehicle registration costs relates to ACC levies.<br />
Motorcyclists have been particularly penalised by ACC levy increases.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is concerned that increased vehicle registration costs are penalising those who own<br />
more than one vehicle, are placing undue financial pressure on those who only travel short<br />
distances, such as older persons, and may be leading to an increase in the number of<br />
unregistered vehicles on the road.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate transferring a greater portion of the ACC motor vehicle annual<br />
licensing fee onto the petrol levy so that everyone pays a fairer share of the Motor<br />
Vehicle Account and no one group is heavily burdened.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ACC policy.<br />
Adult and Community Education<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> firmly believes in providing life-long opportunities for education. Adult and<br />
Community Education (ACE) has allowed many New Zealanders, especially older New<br />
408
Zealanders, second-chance learners and new migrants, to access education where they<br />
may otherwise have missed out.<br />
With an ageing population, an expectation that a working life may be extended, and the<br />
rapidly changing nature of the job scene, opportunities for adults to re-train and up-skill are<br />
essential. The benefits from ACE are not just in re-skilling, but community cohesion as well<br />
as health and social benefits.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> opposed the funding cuts that National has made to ACE and will make it a priority to<br />
reverse them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $13 million cut from ACE funding to improve access<br />
to adult and community education. Further funding will be restored over time as<br />
resources permit.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Tertiary Education policy.<br />
Veterans Affairs<br />
Veterans hold a special place in New Zealand society, and rightly so. <strong>Labour</strong> will continue to<br />
honour our veteran community by ensuring that we provide them with the standard of care<br />
and level of respect they deserve.<br />
The Law Commission produced a report on 1 June 2010 that identified a number of<br />
deficiencies with our current War Pensions Act. To date there has been no response from<br />
the National Government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will issue a timely response to the Law Commission report and implement<br />
that response by legislating.<br />
The portability of the Veteran‟s Pension has been a vexed issue with the veteran community<br />
for some time as it is linked to the conditions of National Superannuation. The purpose of the<br />
Veteran‟s Pension is clearly different to National Superannuation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will untie the linkage between the two, ensuring that the Veteran‟s Pension<br />
stands on its own criteria with specific rules for entitlements particular to the<br />
Veteran‟s Pension and ensuring that it is portable.<br />
When in office, <strong>Labour</strong> provided financial support to two of the three remaining veterans‟<br />
homes, Monticello and Rannerdale, by way of loans with conditions. It is now apparent that<br />
the requirements of this financial support are restricting the ability of these homes to provide<br />
care in the long term for veterans.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with both rest homes to explore all avenues to resolve this issue<br />
favourably for both Rannerdale and Monticello Rest Homes.<br />
409
Also, these loans are contingent on WWII veterans using their services and given that there<br />
are cohorts of Korean, Malayan, and Vietnam veterans who may wish to use these facilities<br />
in future, <strong>Labour</strong> will remove this restriction.<br />
For further information, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Veterans Affairs policy.<br />
410
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Kiwis are at their best when they are self-reliant, when they can celebrate their skills and<br />
talents, and when they are able to lend a helping hand in tough times for others.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that social development is more than just the passive payment of benefits.<br />
Public policies in this area should ensure a contract with the community for social inclusion<br />
of all New Zealanders for everyone to reach their full potential and participate positively in<br />
society now and in the future.<br />
Social development should ensure that the lives of New Zealanders are better in the future<br />
while ensuring a long-term and inclusive approach is undertaken to address the difficulties<br />
faced by the country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to social development reflects all of this and takes a multi-faceted and<br />
whole-of-Government approach rather than a fragmented and exclusionary approach to<br />
social development.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> goal is to ensure that every person in New Zealand has the best start in life, adequate<br />
assistance when needed, and the tools to be productive members of our society.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that New Zealand‟s success as a good place to raise children and build a<br />
better life depends on ensuring that government invests in people. <strong>Our</strong> Children‟s policy<br />
goes hand-in-hand with our social development policy.<br />
Better income from work and fairer tax arrangements<br />
The <strong>Labour</strong> <strong>Party</strong> was built on the philosophy that the best route out of poverty is paid work.<br />
Sustainable employment is crucial to self-esteem, to achieving a good standard of living for<br />
the whole family, and to providing a foundation for the success of current and future<br />
generations.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> fair tax and wages policies are designed to ensure that New Zealanders can secure a<br />
job, afford a decent place to live, build a better life for their children and participate in their<br />
communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has already outlined policies to raise family incomes especially for those families on<br />
low incomes.<br />
411
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a $5,000 tax free zone. This means the first $5,000 you make in<br />
personal income a year – whether you are a worker, a beneficiary, or retired on New<br />
Zealand superannuation – will be tax free.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take GST off all fresh fruit and vegetables. That gives the average<br />
household an extra $160 a year to put back into groceries – and makes the healthiest<br />
choices more affordable.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the minimum wage from $13 to $15 an hour, raising earnings for<br />
the quarter of a million workers who currently earn less than $15. For someone<br />
currently on $13 an hour, this means an extra $66 a week in the pocket.<br />
A Fair Tax System<br />
We want a country where everyone gets a fair go and pays their fair share. <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
rebalance the tax system so that everyone pays their fair share, and build a country where<br />
everyone can prosper – not a country divided by the growing gap between rich and poor.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce a 15% Capital Gains Tax to bring New Zealand in line with the<br />
rest of the OECD. The capital gains tax will never apply to the family home. It will<br />
apply only to the gains made on the sale of shares, investment properties,<br />
companies etc., and only to gains made after the law is passed.<br />
Fewer than 10% of New Zealanders in any one year will be affected by this tax.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will put the top tax rate for high-earners (over $150,000) back to 39%.<br />
The new top tax bracket will affect only the top 2% of earners. And everyone on an income<br />
below $158,750 will receive a larger tax cut from the tax free zone than they pay from the<br />
increase to the $150,000+ bracket.<br />
Employment assistance<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that sustainable employment is the best way for individuals to achieve social<br />
and economic independence. It also helps industries and businesses to grow, prosper and in<br />
turn assist more workers to develop greater skills.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, the unemployment rate fell and we introduced significant increases in the<br />
minimum wage to boost incomes for those at the bottom of the labour market. We ensured<br />
that Work and Income was better connected to the needs of employers to identify their<br />
workforce needs. We introduced industry partnerships as an effective way for industry and<br />
government to work together to minimise skill and labour shortages, and maximise job<br />
opportunities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-establish Work and Income‟s primary focus as finding sustainable<br />
employment for those ready to work, rather than make-work schemes or punitive<br />
412
sanctions against those who have genuine barriers to employment or important<br />
childcare responsibilities.<br />
Every youth earning or learning<br />
Youth unemployment has gone unaddressed for too long. Not enough has been done to<br />
ensure there are sufficient jobs and training opportunities open to young New Zealanders.<br />
Almost 24,000 under 20 year olds are not in employment, education or training and are in<br />
need of urgent attention.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that every at-risk 15-19 year old will be either learning or<br />
earning by the end of our first term, through our comprehensive youth employment package.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will get young New Zealanders off the unemployment benefit and into<br />
apprenticeships with an $8,727 (the equivalent of the dole payment) subsidy to<br />
employers willing to offer a permanent full-time job.<br />
There will also be 5,000 new training places for 16 and 17 year olds and 1,000 extra group<br />
and shared apprenticeships. See our Youth Employment Package for further details.<br />
Fairness at work<br />
We will continue to focus on improving the working lives of the most vulnerable members of<br />
the labour force and to strengthen protections available to workers.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> comprehensive Work and Wages policy sets out the ways we will commit to building a<br />
modern, fair and flexible employment relations system based on a skilled workforce, secure<br />
employment, decent wages and increased productivity as part of increased prosperity for all<br />
New Zealanders. Along with raising the minimum wage to ensure a decent living wage,<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also ensure that working people have adequate support.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Employment Relations Act 2000 to implement the Industry<br />
Standard Agreements framework, as set out in our Work and Wages policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the National Government‟s unfair laws where workers can be fired<br />
without cause in their first 90 days of employment, and the restrictions on the access<br />
for workers to their unions in the workplace.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will amend the Holidays Act to 2008 settings to protect the rights of workers<br />
to time off for rest and recreation, and ensure that all NZ workers have access to 11<br />
days off on pay for recognised public holidays, including Anzac and Waitangi Day.<br />
413
Personalised support for those who need it<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises there are some New Zealanders who are unable to work, either in the<br />
short or in the long term. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to understanding and responding to people‟s<br />
individual circumstances.<br />
On the other hand, more people receiving sickness benefits and invalid‟s benefits are saying<br />
they would like the opportunity to participate in paid work, training or other activities. We<br />
want to engage with these individuals to help them fulfill their potential.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will focus on increasing the proportion of disabled people who are supported<br />
into paid work.<br />
We remain committed to offering those who are sick or disabled, or who have caring<br />
responsibilities, the support and services they need to live active and fulfilling lives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the Invalid‟s Benefit is named more appropriately and<br />
continues to be paid at a higher level than short term benefits, and that that the<br />
Disability Allowance is available to continue to meet direct additional costs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> also believes that care is work, and that parenting is some of the most crucial work<br />
ever done. We don‟t believe the only good parent is a parent in paid work, or that raising<br />
children is just a handicap parents need to escape from in order to be productive.<br />
We are fundamentally opposed to the National Government‟s Future Focus legislation and<br />
have serious concerns about the changes to the Sickness and Invalid‟s benefit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that welfare reform should ensure that help is made available to<br />
those who need it and that an intensive case management system exists to ensure<br />
that the different needs of individuals are taken into account.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong> the number of people on the unemployment benefit was significantly reduced<br />
and that was because people had jobs to go to. In times of economic instability the<br />
government has a role to ensure that jobs are created and that, where jobs are not available,<br />
support is available to those who need it.<br />
414
.<br />
There has been an increase of 60,000 people on the benefit in the last three years and<br />
32,000 of those were on the unemployment benefit. These are people who want to work and<br />
are actively looking for a job. There needs to be specialised assistance to match their skills<br />
with the appropriate jobs. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Jobs and Skills policy and the use of dole payments for<br />
apprenticeships (see above) will see New Zealanders gaining skills that will be suitable to<br />
the changed landscape of the labour market.<br />
Most people want the opportunity to work and take care of their families. Evidence shows<br />
that with assistance and training, people on the benefit can get into employment.<br />
Assistance such as the Training Incentive Allowance which was cut by National needs to be<br />
restored to give those on the Domestic Purpose Benefit or the Invalid's Benefit more<br />
resources to be able to join the workforce.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $2 million to the Training Incentive Allowance and<br />
commit to further increases over time so people on social welfare benefits can obtain<br />
qualifications that give greater opportunity for themselves and their children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will expand access to PATHS (Providing Access to Health Solutions), as<br />
resources permit, to help those on the sickness benefit and partnering with<br />
employers to provide supported employment for people with disabilities.<br />
Recognising unpaid work<br />
For some people, voluntary work is a pathway back to paid employment. For others, where<br />
the prospect of paid work proves impossible, voluntary work is an important way to<br />
participate in the community and make a contribution.<br />
415
<strong>Labour</strong> will treat voluntary work with a recognised non-government organisation<br />
(NGO) as providing a service to the community because without the voluntary sector,<br />
much work would not be done in New Zealand.<br />
Grandparents raising grandchildren<br />
Increasingly, grandparents are taking over the full-time care of their grandchildren. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
recognises this. Under <strong>Labour</strong>, grandparents will be treated in the same way as people who<br />
undertake foster care.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a review of the differences in government assistance provided<br />
to foster carers and to kin carers (including grandparents) with a view to ensuring that<br />
both groups are treated equitably.<br />
Superannuation portability<br />
An increasingly mobile society, including in retirement, raises complex issues as to how<br />
pensions are paid between countries. The current pension portability arrangements aim to<br />
ensure that all New Zealand residents receive an equitable level of pension and that costs of<br />
pensions are shared between countries. But the unique nature of New Zealand<br />
Superannuation presents a number of policy and administration issues, including real or<br />
perceived inequity in the treatment of overseas pensions.<br />
Over time a number of adjustments have been made to New Zealand Superannuation<br />
portability arrangements in order to overcome these issues but there may be more that can<br />
be done to ensure that all people are treated fairly. In particular, given the introduction of<br />
KiwiSaver as an additional means for people to provide for their retirement over and above<br />
their income from New Zealand Superannuation and <strong>Labour</strong>‟s plan to make KiwiSaver<br />
universal from 2014, it is important to ensure that we treat people from countries with<br />
arrangements similar to KiwiSaver in a fair and equitable fashion.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the current New Zealand Superannuation portability arrangements<br />
to identify any further policy changes that might be made to ensure people from<br />
countries with arrangements similar to KiwiSaver are treated fairly.<br />
Giving all children the best start<br />
We want all of our children to have the opportunity to reach their full potential, and<br />
participate positively in society now and in the future. We know that this can only be<br />
achieved by giving New Zealand families the support and resources they need to give their<br />
children the best start in life.<br />
We want to build families and whānau that are strong and connected with their communities,<br />
and able to support their members‟ wellbeing, sense of identity, participation and<br />
interdependence. We value the skills, knowledge and experience older New Zealanders<br />
contribute to their families and communities.<br />
416
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s policy for children is at the heart of our social policy which sets out a 6 year<br />
Agenda for Change. <strong>Labour</strong> believes the long-term investment in our children is key<br />
to achieving real social development.<br />
For further information see our full Children‟s policy.<br />
Engaging with the Community: A Social Inclusion Approach<br />
The Fifth <strong>Labour</strong> Government made a commitment to a new way of working with<br />
communities based in partnership in social development. New relationships and a deeper<br />
understanding of government and community roles did emerge from the partnership<br />
approach; but overall the partnerships didn‟t achieve the kinds of potential and produce the<br />
results they might have.<br />
Community sector and government relationships remain quite fragmented. <strong>Labour</strong> is not<br />
convinced New Zealanders are getting all the benefits of cooperation, prevention, smart<br />
community knowledge on where the problems are, who is involved, and how to fix them.<br />
While we have seen some real innovation in areas including Māori social services (which<br />
Whānau Ora has built upon), there are many other areas where we still haven‟t got the<br />
machinery in place for bringing that knowledge and expertise into the heart of policy and<br />
programming processes.<br />
Where this really matters is in areas where no single agency, government or community can<br />
fix the problem on its own. These are areas where people are experiencing multiple<br />
challenges, or making transitions in their lives that can see them falling between the cracks<br />
because no one agency has the job of looking after them. Homelessness and rough sleeping<br />
for example, often involve people with challenges in housing, work and income, mental<br />
health, substance abuse and more, and need input from health, housing, local government,<br />
and social development agencies. Without well led, strongly coordinated efforts, these<br />
people end up being dealt with by the police. Young people considering leaving school early<br />
face different hurdles: but can easily end up neither in work, nor school, nor training.<br />
A social inclusion approach puts coordination around complex issues and needs at the top of<br />
the agenda. It appoints a „social inclusion commissioner‟ (or equivalent) with the power to<br />
identify issues, see what works and require coordination between government agencies, with<br />
identified counterparts in the leader and ministers‟ offices. It monitors outcomes, and refocuses<br />
efforts which are not working. It finds international experience, investigates how it<br />
has been evaluated, and what evidence there is for its success. It cements the best<br />
approaches into place with public service agreements at central level, complemented with<br />
better coordination at local level. Under <strong>Labour</strong> in New Zealand, it will also need to forge the<br />
best possible working relationships with community groups and agencies, and, where<br />
appropriate, local government.<br />
417
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Social Inclusion approach will be a new way of working together with<br />
communities in the areas where that way of working can make the most difference. It<br />
is an approach we have seen working well elsewhere: but that we want to develop<br />
here in our own, can-do Kiwi version.<br />
Internationally there have been a number of areas where this approach has yielded real<br />
benefits, both in terms of problems and opportunities. The problems have included:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Homelessness and rough sleeping<br />
School retention and the transition to work<br />
Young offenders, and mental health in the prison system<br />
Disability<br />
Domestic violence, and wider violence against women<br />
Child abuse<br />
The opportunities have been in areas such as supporting to older workers and workers with<br />
disabilities volunteering or otherwise making a contribution.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Social Inclusion approach will be based in a shared community/government<br />
commitment to shared high level goals, and on identifying and tackling difficult<br />
problems and development opportunities, and learning how to work together to the<br />
point where accountability for local outcomes can be genuinely shared.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s Social Inclusion approach is not about more meetings or „consultation‟: it is an<br />
invitation to a working partnership, not just a contracting relationship. It will involve enabling<br />
the community to work with government on problem and opportunity identification. In other<br />
words, taking time to identify where there is a need or a better way of working together.<br />
Local information and long practical experience needs to be able to be brought to the table,<br />
alongside the best international evidence, and enter into a wider and deeper policy dialogue.<br />
The complexity of some tough issues will have to get framed and debated from the outset,<br />
and obstacles to real working together discussed up front.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will respect and seek to build existing community capacity to act as real partners for<br />
government, not just sites for short term pilot projects or rapid rollout of programmes to<br />
national scale. An important aim will be identifying and supporting community and local<br />
government partners who can bring effective coordination, in-depth knowledge of local<br />
situations, practical experience and active policy capability to the table.<br />
On this basis, respectful and equal partnership between government and community<br />
becomes a real possibility, not just a „cover‟ for a top down contracting relationship, or a<br />
418
ationale for more meetings which don‟t produce durable programming and budget<br />
commitments. On this basis, accountabilities for local outcomes can be shared, rather than<br />
dumped on communities or retained by risk-averse central government agencies. Local<br />
capabilities, funding for particular functions, and responsibilities for outcomes can be durably<br />
aligned. Genuine commitments to strengthening communities can be forged.<br />
The Social Inclusion approach:<br />
How it works in South Australia<br />
.<br />
The Social Inclusion Board is a Board of independent social policy thinkers reporting directly to and<br />
working with a mandate from the Head of Government.<br />
The independent Commissioner for Social Inclusion, also Chair of the Board, is in charge of<br />
monitoring the government‟s progress on social reform and making sure it stays on track.<br />
The Social Inclusion Unit is a unit of social policy experts embedded in the Department of Premier<br />
and Cabinet that provides support to the Board and the Commissioner. It conducts research of worldwide<br />
best practice and consults with local communities.<br />
A Social Inclusion Committee of Cabinet Ministers, chaired by the Premier and with the Social<br />
Inclusion Commissioner always in attendance, meets to provide the highest level of accountability.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take into account the South Australian model, along with other international examples, in<br />
designing a Social Inclusion approach for New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take a rigorous approach to identifying and calculating the benefits of<br />
working together under a social inclusion framework.<br />
The social inclusion approach creates new efficiencies by making existing resources and<br />
programmes more effective. It is not a substitute for wider social development policy and<br />
approaches to jobs, income or care; and isn‟t the approach that will work best in every area.<br />
419
It will take time and commitment to develop, sector by sector, issue by issue. Not all<br />
opportunities will be able to be developed or funded: but those that are will have a real<br />
possibility of moving ahead. Where devolved funding can create greater efficiencies and<br />
effectiveness, <strong>Labour</strong> will explore this possibility. Where the social inclusion approach can<br />
make a real difference, we need to let it do its work.<br />
Protecting the vulnerable<br />
Currently, the Children, Young Persons and their Families Act 1989 determines how the<br />
state intervenes to protect children from abuse and neglect, and to prevent and address<br />
child and youth offending. Time and constant reinterpretation of this once ground-breaking<br />
Act means it is no longer working as it should for many families today. The previous <strong>Labour</strong><br />
Government began the process of updating this Act, however, that bill which made minor<br />
changes to clarify its intentions languished at the bottom of the Order Paper under the<br />
National Government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will direct the Ministry of Social Development along with the Ministry of<br />
Justice to conduct a review of the Children, Young Persons and their Families Act<br />
1989 with the view rewriting the law to better reflect the needs of children and<br />
families in the 21st Century.<br />
This will allow <strong>Labour</strong> to examine the evidence of what methods and approaches work for<br />
dealing with children and adopting those to have an efficient system.<br />
Combating violence against women<br />
New Zealand has a serious and worrying problem with family violence and the<br />
consequences of this violence are huge. There are costs to individuals, families and the<br />
community. These include depression, the loss of confidence and other consequences that<br />
remain long after the physical injuries have healed. Children are also hurt by this violence in<br />
many ways, including fear and trauma from seeing their mother hurt.<br />
Just to give a sense of scale – in 2008 the Police responded to 82,692 incidents involving<br />
some form of domestic violence. We must do something real to change the violence that<br />
pervades our culture. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises that the response to violence requires action in the<br />
criminal justice system as well as in public health and education.<br />
A comprehensive approach is required to deal with the consequences of violence against<br />
women and to change the culture that leads to such violence. <strong>Labour</strong> believes this will<br />
require a long term unified commitment by politicians, women‟s and community<br />
organisations, government agencies and New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that policies to deal with family and sexual violence recognise the<br />
gender perspective.<br />
420
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all of our policies recognise the needs and issues of all<br />
women; for example, the particular needs of disabled women and the particular<br />
needs of ethnic/migrant women.<br />
In the short term, <strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Establish a Commission on Sexual and Family Violence which will draw on<br />
the work of the Taskforce on Sexual Violence and the Taskforce on Family<br />
Violence and will provide ongoing evidence based advice to Government.<br />
This will include advice on building a consensus on a long term unified and<br />
adequately resourced plan which has cross party support to eliminate<br />
violence against women.<br />
Complete the passage of all matters contained in the Domestic Violence Bill.<br />
Review the impact of the Whānau Ora funding model on services dealing with<br />
violence against women and girls and respond to any problems and unmet<br />
needs this has created by once again establishing an ongoing funding<br />
mechanism to ensure security of service provision.<br />
Support organisations like Women‟s Refuge, Rape Crisis and Girls‟ Self<br />
Defence who play both an advocacy and service delivery role focussed on the<br />
needs of women and children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wishes to see restoration of the $700,000 cut in funding that Women‟s<br />
Refuge was using to support crisis refuges. We will commit additional funding<br />
accordingly and work with MSD and Women‟s Refuge to ensure a fair and<br />
transparent process for the allocation of funding for this purpose.<br />
In the medium term, <strong>Labour</strong> will work to build a consensus on a long term unified and<br />
adequately resourced plan which has cross party support to eliminate violence<br />
against women. In doing so, we will consider the 12 year, multi-million dollar crossparty<br />
approach announced in Australia in <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
421
SPORT AND RECREATION<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Sport and recreation is an ingrained part of the Kiwi psyche. At the grassroots level,<br />
participation in sport and recreation helps to bind our communities and our country. At the<br />
top level of sport, New Zealanders achieving on the world sporting stage lifts our national<br />
pride.<br />
The sport and recreation sector is a vibrant and constantly changing area that holds<br />
immense potential for New Zealand as a country. That is why it is vital we aim high and<br />
work to improve the way we do things - both in the way our sports are organised and<br />
managed, and in the way we encourage people to get active and participate in sport.<br />
Physical activity is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that the<br />
Government can and should play a leadership role in encouraging people to be physically<br />
active, because of the benefits that brings at an individual level and the health dollars it will<br />
save at a national level.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises that New Zealand faces many challenges to keep sport and recreation<br />
relevant to our communities. <strong>Our</strong> biggest challenge is ensuring that sport and recreation<br />
continue to have a central role in people‟s lives from both participation and performance<br />
perspectives. To rise to this challenge, <strong>Labour</strong> believes we must build capability and<br />
capacity in the sector.<br />
Sport and recreation must be accessible for all New Zealanders, including those with<br />
disabilities. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring New Zealanders with disabilities have<br />
opportunities to participate and excel in their chosen sport and recreation activities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to fostering a competent, connected sport and recreation sector and a<br />
healthy, active nation.<br />
Grassroots sport<br />
An investment in sport at the grassroots level will pay dividends. It will pay dividends at the<br />
community level because of the health, social and economic benefits that a high level of<br />
participation in sport and recreation activities provides. It will also pay dividends on the<br />
international sporting stage, because an investment in community sport is an investment in<br />
our elite sportspeople of the future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to invest in community sport and recreation to encourage<br />
widespread participation and to help our local clubs thrive.<br />
422
Many young people first become involved in sport through their school, however we lose too<br />
many of them from organised sport when they move from primary to secondary school or<br />
when they leave school.<br />
It is important that we work to retain as many of those young people in sport for as long as<br />
possible. <strong>Labour</strong> believes there is potential for stronger partnerships between sports clubs<br />
and schools sports, so that when students leave or move between schools it is less likely<br />
that they discontinue their sport participation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage more collaboration between sports clubs and school sport to<br />
help bridge the transitions between primary, secondary and tertiary education.<br />
While keeping fit is an important benefit of exercise, sport participation at the school-age<br />
level is about more than just getting active - it's about having fun and learning important<br />
values such as commitment, teamwork, leadership and self-belief. The values, skills and<br />
teamwork learnt in through sport are beneficial in many other areas of learning and<br />
development, and the health benefits are significant. For these reasons, <strong>Labour</strong> will have a<br />
particular focus on increasing youth participation in sport.<br />
We reject the National <strong>Party</strong>‟s assumption that simply giving more bats and balls to schools,<br />
without any real support or capability development, will result in more participation in sport.<br />
We are all in favour of more resources for schools, but National‟s simplistic policy fails to<br />
recognise that these days there are many competing influences for young people‟s<br />
recreation time and simply providing sports equipment is not enough. We also need to<br />
support schools and sports clubs with resources and training so that they know how to<br />
persuade young people into physical activity and how to keep them interested.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will set up an investigation into school sport participation, including the<br />
feasibility of reintroducing mid-week early finishing nationwide to facilitate mid-week<br />
sport.<br />
Regional Sports Trusts (RSTs) play a vital role in grassroots sport in New Zealand. The<br />
relationships that they have with local and national sports organisations, local councils,<br />
schools, clubs, health agencies, and local businesses are invaluable. The vast majority of<br />
RSTs are doing an excellent job and are often attracting good community funding, which<br />
leads to a feeling of „ownership‟ from the local community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support the work of Regional Sports Trusts, including the<br />
sharing of best practice and assistance with training.<br />
Grassroots sport in New Zealand would not be possible without the dedication of sports<br />
volunteers. These people are all part of what keeps the heart of sport and recreation<br />
beating. But there are challenges. There are changing working patterns, such as more<br />
423
young people working after school or on weekends, and the discretionary time of New<br />
Zealanders is under increasing pressure from other commitments.<br />
We need to ensure that volunteering in sport is an attractive and worthwhile proposition.<br />
One way of achieving that is by investing in developing the skills of sports volunteers – skills<br />
which are also applicable in other areas of their lives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will commit to supporting volunteers in the sport and recreation sector by<br />
providing resources to assist them in their roles and giving them opportunities to<br />
upskill. We will build off the Rugby World Cup volunteer base.<br />
High performance sport<br />
New Zealand consistently punches above its weight on the international sporting stage. <strong>Our</strong><br />
sports achievements are intrinsically intertwined with our national pride.<br />
Achieving in international sport is also good from a marketing perspective because our<br />
athletes‟ international successes help to promote New Zealand and to enhance our image<br />
overseas.<br />
The hosting of the Rugby World Cup this year has put the importance of sport to our selfpride<br />
and our image overseas firmly in the spotlight.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has long been committed to supporting the development of world-class athletes and<br />
coaches. That commitment paid off when we were last in government and New Zealand‟s<br />
Olympic medal tally rose from a near all-time low in Sydney in 2000 to a 20 year high in<br />
Beijing in 2008.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support specialised training for our top athletes, and will also<br />
increase the focus on pre-elite athlete identification so that our pool of high<br />
performance athletes can grow.<br />
National has set up a separate High Performance Board within Sparc, which is overly<br />
bureaucratic and unnecessary.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undo excessively complicated board arrangements at Sparc and ensure<br />
that High Performance sport is given an appropriate focus within Sparc‟s overall<br />
governance responsibilities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also ensure that sports funding decisions are made by the Sparc board,<br />
not the Minister, to prevent them from being politicised and open to appeal.<br />
424
Outdoor recreation<br />
Outdoor recreation offers significant benefits to New Zealand through national identity,<br />
health and fitness and the environment. The opportunities for outdoor recreation in New<br />
Zealand are huge. <strong>Our</strong> landscape is an outdoor recreation-lover‟s paradise, but that doesn‟t<br />
mean that we do not still need to foster participation.<br />
We must work with the sector to improve coordination, strategic direction and to enhance<br />
leadership. However, we must also recognise that the vast majority of outdoor recreation<br />
activity takes place outside of any formal organisation. Accessibility and affordability of<br />
outdoor recreation activities are therefore central to a thriving sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work closely with territorial authorities to ensure that outdoor recreation<br />
opportunities are available to all New Zealanders and visitors to New Zealand at a<br />
low cost but of first-rate quality.<br />
The network of huts and tracks across public conservation land was significantly upgraded<br />
by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government, and forms the backbone of our „outdoors infrastructure‟.<br />
There are new lodges in place of old huts, more places to go to, tracks repaired, and new<br />
ones to explore either by foot or bike.<br />
This network is a significant asset. Not only is it valued by Kiwis, but our tourism sector<br />
depends on it. And Kiwis expect their government to protect the quality of outdoor<br />
recreational experiences – including walking, tramping, skiing, climbing, angling, swimming,<br />
rafting, boating and mountain biking.<br />
That does not mean only putting resources into „front country‟ facilities or huts on the Great<br />
Walks, where many of the users are international visitors. The existing network of „back<br />
country‟ huts and tracks is vital as well and should remain. A bivvy in the right place, for<br />
example, can save lives.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to upgrade the outdoors infrastructure of huts, tracks and other<br />
visitor facilities, including those in the back country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the development of new outdoor recreational opportunities, for<br />
example, walking and cycling trails on former railways land.<br />
Health through sport and recreation<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in Government put a priority on programmes and campaigns to reduce obesity,<br />
improve nutrition and increase physical activity. National has undone much of that work,<br />
which is to the detriment of the overall health of New Zealanders.<br />
There are large parts of our communities that are not sufficiently active to maintain basic<br />
good health, and <strong>Labour</strong> believes that government can and should play a role in reversing<br />
that situation. We need to involve our big budget organisations such as Health and<br />
425
Education, and use Sparc as a catalyst for ensuring there is an emphasis on physical activity<br />
in government policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will bring back a focus on physical activity as part of our Health policy.<br />
426
STATE SERVICES<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Public services that are of high quality, efficient, responsive and effective are a vital<br />
foundation for the ongoing economic, social and cultural development of New Zealand.<br />
Without such a service our future is at risk: policies and programmes cannot be implemented<br />
properly, citizens and businesses suffer second-rate services, and the public sector<br />
workforce will end up disengaged, fragmented and under-valued.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to the development of a high quality public service working in the<br />
interests of all. <strong>Our</strong> policies will rebuild front line services so that all New Zealanders,<br />
regardless of where they live, are able to access information and support.<br />
Innovation in the public sector<br />
To build dynamic, effective and efficient public services requires innovation – the chance for<br />
public servants to experiment with new approaches and to drive change within their<br />
agencies and across Government.<br />
With innovation comes risk: sometimes things do not work out as planned, and sometimes<br />
things go wrong. We can minimise that risk by ensuring decisions to change direction or try a<br />
new approach are evidence-based, however we should not stymie new thinking and fresh<br />
ideas by being overly risk-averse.<br />
We need to create an environment in the public sector where public servants feel confident<br />
and inspired to offer new ideas. It is impossible to innovate if we are too risk-averse, and<br />
Kiwis miss out. The current policy of a sinking lid policy on staff also hurts the prospects of<br />
innovation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the public sector develops a continuous feedback loop between<br />
frontline and policy staff, so innovation can be driven by real experience of services<br />
on the front line.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will extend support for innovation brokers/social entrepreneurs embedded in<br />
government agencies.<br />
It is also the case that not all innovation can or should be driven solely from within public<br />
services. There are lessons to be learned from the business sector and from the non-profit<br />
sector on how agencies can be more effective, can listen to the public better, and can<br />
communicate their role, priorities and ways of helping people better.<br />
427
<strong>Labour</strong> will organise planned and deliberate engagement with business and<br />
community sector on new approaches for services.<br />
Ministers or the Cabinet cannot create innovation from the central level, but there does need<br />
to be support for agencies to drive innovation – and to defend agencies from the<br />
occasionally unfair criticism they can receive when innovative ideas don‟t turn out to be<br />
successful.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop, within existing baselines, new roles for the State Services<br />
Commission as a quality manager and innovation supporter.<br />
Breaking down silos<br />
The current structure of New Zealand‟s public service sets up independent agencies that<br />
may not integrate to meet complex needs of individuals and families. In addition, it is too<br />
often the case that public service agencies are not pursuing a clearly defined set of goals. A<br />
range of approaches are required to tackle these issues.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will undertake a review of legislative framework (State Sector Act and aspects<br />
of Public Finance Act) with a view to enhancing collaboration and outcomes focus,<br />
across the public sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, on taking government, require the development of core government<br />
goals – by geographical and population groups.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the public sector develops coordination mechanisms for<br />
implementing goals that ensure agencies work together.<br />
Public services need to be accessible and open to the public. In the Internet age, there is no<br />
excuse for the silos between agencies behind the scenes giving difficulty to the public in<br />
accessing services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will mandate the development of “no wrong door” and single entry websites<br />
for government agencies.<br />
Defend public services<br />
The current government‟s indiscriminate cuts to services and the public service are hurting<br />
lots of New Zealanders. They are also demoralising and stripping capability from a group of<br />
people who have a huge amount to contribute to building a better New Zealand.<br />
Stripping away „backroom‟ or other capability regardless of the task to be done is<br />
irresponsible. This is a story which can be told in many other core areas: not least<br />
environment and conservation, and health. Weakening public health capability in the Ministry<br />
of Health has lowered that Ministry‟s ability to prevent illness and disease before they get<br />
428
established, and has lowered accountability for outcomes by lowering reporting capability<br />
and the ability to respond strategically to reporting results.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the public service core capacity is rebuilt to enable it to be<br />
able to do the job its needs to: with quality, with resources, with ability to draw on<br />
whatever expertise is needed.<br />
Making public services more responsive<br />
These days, citizens expect services of all sorts to be responsive to their needs. When they<br />
have ideas or suggestions for change in most areas of their lives, they expect to be listened<br />
to.<br />
Yet, many people have no sense of the value of public services and do not think they have<br />
any ownership of them, or ability to influence them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will expand meaningful community involvement in the development,<br />
management and evaluation of public services, with responsiveness a key<br />
requirement for all agencies.<br />
Readers should also refer to <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ICT policy, which includes a range of Open<br />
Government and Open Data commitments that will help make public services more<br />
responsive.<br />
Building a career public service<br />
Working in public service should be an exciting, satisfying and rewarding experience that<br />
attracts the best and brightest young New Zealanders, giving them a way of expressing their<br />
support for and belief in New Zealand and its people.<br />
In too many parts of the public service though, this is not currently the case. Given the<br />
importance of public services to the community and to building New Zealand‟s future, this<br />
needs to be turned around.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with public service leadership, workers and unions to facilitate<br />
career path development both within and across agencies, including encouraging<br />
secondments, sabbaticals and so on.<br />
Part of developing a quality, career public service is making sure that working conditions are<br />
at a suitable level to retain skilled people and give them the chance to develop successful<br />
careers.<br />
The Partnership for Quality, negotiated between the PSA and the Government last decade,<br />
recognised the leadership role that the public service has to offer in terms of quality of<br />
employment, in quality of community and public services, in health and safety employment<br />
429
practices, in family friendly workplace practices, in procurement and contracting practices. It<br />
also recognised that this leadership role can only be exercised if there is a genuine<br />
commitment to partnership between the government and the Public Service Association.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will negotiate a new tri-partite approach, between the Government, State<br />
Services Commission and Public Service Association, to improve the career public<br />
service.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will put in place a comprehensive programme to address the gender pay gap<br />
including within the state sector.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that adequate investment is made in training and lifelong learning<br />
for those working in the public service and recognise the leadership role the<br />
Government as employer has in this area.<br />
Disaster recovery<br />
The Christchurch earthquake has highlighted the challenges disaster response efforts pose<br />
for the public services. Such emergencies cannot be foreseen and planned for and they<br />
present complex and uncertain challenges. The public services must therefore take a more<br />
innovative and adaptive approach to preparing and responding to disasters. In particular<br />
they must build public resilience so the people and communities themselves have the ability<br />
to cope with disasters and recovery well.<br />
Community engagement, integrated planning and timely access to information are crucial in<br />
disaster response and recovery. The fundamental principles that should underpin the public<br />
service approach to disaster response and recovery are those of accountability and<br />
transparency.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the Canterbury Recovery effort puts trust and faith in local people<br />
who know their communities and ensures there is open communication with them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the Canterbury Recovery effort involves local communities in joint<br />
learning and public decision-making.<br />
Responsible contracting<br />
State agencies have a role in setting the example of good practice, not just with their own<br />
employees, but also with those organisations they contract for services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require that all state agencies ensure that all organisations bidding for<br />
service contracts comply with good employer practices, including a history of<br />
adhering to employment legislation, paying fair wages and respecting the right of<br />
their employees to join a union and bargain collectively.<br />
430
<strong>Labour</strong> will also require state agencies to consider other benefits such as health and<br />
safety systems and training opportunities when comparing tenders.<br />
ICT sector<br />
A strong and vibrant ICT sector is a platform which will help improve New Zealand‟s<br />
economy and society. It is core infrastructure increasingly important to the provision of<br />
quality public services to New Zealanders now and in the future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that smarter government means departments sharing their technology. This<br />
will save money inside government, and provide a competitive advantage for New Zealand<br />
businesses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, within 100 days of entering Government, issue an instruction to<br />
government agencies under the Public Finance Act 1989, which will prevent vendors<br />
double-dipping, stop silo thinking and allow systems to join up.<br />
For full information on <strong>Labour</strong>‟s ICT policy including how <strong>Labour</strong> will manage government<br />
software purchasing refer to the „Open Software: revolutionising government software<br />
purchasing‟ section of the ICT policy.<br />
Procurement policy<br />
New Zealand firms deserve the right to bid for large government contracts without locking<br />
them out on the basis of lowest price in favour of overseas companies. The benefits of<br />
keeping New Zealanders in work include the fact they pay income tax, GST, contribute to<br />
our skill base and the community as a whole. It shouldn‟t just be about looking at the bottom<br />
line.<br />
We must own our own future by keeping Kiwis in work instead of favouring offshore firms.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to implementing a modern, sustainable, WTO-compliant,<br />
procurement regime.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require government departments and agencies to undertake a wider<br />
(economic) analysis of the impact of its preferred provider on the domestic economy,<br />
rather than a narrower (financial) analysis when making procurement decisions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require government departments and agencies to consider the design,<br />
size, sequencing of contracts to ensure they do not unnecessarily disadvantage Kiwi<br />
firms.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, in the case of procurement contracts over $50m, require the production<br />
of an Industry Participation Plan (IPP), which sets out how Kiwi companies can play a<br />
bigger role.<br />
431
For more information see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Procurement policy.<br />
Fairer wages<br />
While the current Government has been cutting public services and staff numbers public<br />
service chief executives have been enjoying record pay-outs. Since 1997 state sector chief<br />
executive salaries have increased by an average of 90 per cent. That‟s over eight per cent a<br />
year – or more than twice the rate of inflation.<br />
When the rest of the public service is facing cut backs and wage freezes that‟s not fair.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong> no public service chief executive will be paid more than the base<br />
salary for the Prime Minister. <strong>Labour</strong> won‟t cut existing salaries, but we will introduce<br />
a cap on new salaries at the top.<br />
432
TERTIARY EDUCATION<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
The quality of our tertiary sector underpins our economic success as a country. It enhances<br />
our ability to innovate and grow, enables individuals to reach their potential and lifts both<br />
individual prosperity and the overall health of our society. Importantly, it also encourages<br />
participation in our country‟s future through healthy well-informed debate and policy being<br />
developed that is based on evidence.<br />
A workforce with greater educational and skill levels is directly linked to higher worker<br />
productivity that is critical to the growth of the NZ economy which suffers from one of the<br />
lowest levels of labour productivity in the OECD.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> education system is world class but, unless it receives sustained investment in both<br />
research and teaching, it is likely to fall behind. Like-sized developed countries, such as<br />
Finland, Denmark and Singapore, have experienced high levels of economic growth by<br />
focussing on excellent research, innovation and maintaining a high quality of graduates and<br />
a skilled workforce. We need to lift our sights and better translate the high quality of our<br />
schools into the tertiary sector.<br />
The global recession has highlighted education as an essential investment to respond to the<br />
changes in technology and employment. We do not know exactly the make-up of the future<br />
workforce. But we do know that our rapidly changing economy and society will demand not<br />
only that a higher proportion of our young people hold a tertiary qualification but that our<br />
entire workforce has the opportunity to continually up-skill and retrain. Access to quality<br />
tertiary education for all New Zealanders, throughout their working life, therefore, is at heart<br />
of <strong>Labour</strong>‟s vision for our future.<br />
A collaborative sector<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that as a small country with limited resources we need to ensure that the<br />
money we spend on tertiary education is targeted towards clear outcomes in terms of<br />
teaching and research.<br />
We need to encourage a culture of collaboration among our tertiary providers. While<br />
competition among institutions can support innovation and raise standards of research, in<br />
our country of 4.4 million people left unfettered it can also lead to unnecessary and costly<br />
duplication.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will, through the Tertiary Education Commission, develop a more<br />
collaborative approach to tertiary education in New Zealand by reviewing and reinvigorating<br />
the network of provision approach to funding, and direct funding through<br />
433
fully developed, consulted and negotiated investment plans for each tertiary<br />
education organisation and within each sub-sector of the tertiary sector.<br />
We will build on the approach first implemented by the fifth <strong>Labour</strong> Government and also<br />
look to international examples such as the University of California system to ensure there is<br />
real collaboration.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the development of regional tertiary education strategies that will<br />
include a particular focus on ensuring that regional labour market needs, research<br />
and development and social and community needs are being met by tertiary<br />
institutions.<br />
This will include a collaborative approach to ensuring secondary school students are<br />
informed and supported in their decisions as to their options for further study after school.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the cap on enrolments in tertiary institutions, with a view to<br />
providing flexibility in its implementation, particularly in times of high unemployment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop benchmarking and performance indicators for the sector, as a<br />
management tool, not as an accountability mechanism. Making these indicators part<br />
of an accountability mechanism encourages institutions to “game” statistics. Rather,<br />
robust data should be part of the process for investing and planning for each<br />
institution and the system as a whole.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-establish the Tripartite Forum with institutions, staff and government<br />
representatives to address issues of effectiveness and sustainability in universities<br />
and ITPs.<br />
Governance structures<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that the governance structures for tertiary institutions need to reflect their<br />
key role in developing the economy, society and community. They also need to reflect the<br />
importance of collaboration and cooperation to achieving the best outcomes from tertiary<br />
education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement legislation for Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics that<br />
will allow for tertiary councils of up to 12 people, to enable the institution to ensure<br />
there is representation from students, staff, Māori and other communities of interest<br />
where appropriate.<br />
Tuition fees<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that tuition fees must be kept affordable and reasonable so students of all<br />
backgrounds can study to their full ability without facing cost barriers or excessive debt.<br />
434
<strong>Labour</strong> will retain the Fee Maxima system and keep the annual maximum fee<br />
movement at its current rate of 4%. This will ensure tuition fee increases are kept<br />
under control and students aren‟t over-burdened with debt.<br />
Universities<br />
<strong>Our</strong> eight universities are key elements in the future development of our society and<br />
economy. We need to invest in them, and the staff in them, to provide quality education and<br />
research that will make a positive difference to our future as a country. Each of our<br />
universities already plays a key role in driving innovation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest in our universities to ensure they are internationally competitive<br />
through maintaining the real value of funding rates and support capital investment.<br />
We will support the integration of the skills and knowledge within our universities into our<br />
business, government and community sectors at the regional, national and international<br />
level.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Performance Based Research Fund after the completion of the<br />
2012 round, to ensure it is working to enhance the development and of high quality<br />
research, retaining our best researchers, particularly those younger emerging<br />
scientists, and minimising compliance costs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a scheme for better funding „brilliant‟ scientists. Funding would<br />
be portable to allow scientists to take it to the most appropriate institution, purchase<br />
equipment, recruit staff and attract other world leaders in the field to NZ.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure career pathways of graduates are funded, particularly those at<br />
post-doctoral stage, to encourage our researchers to develop their careers and<br />
contribute to NZ.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine where future centres of excellence might be established to<br />
maximise collaboration in key areas where high quality expertise exists and where<br />
NZ can provide significant added value.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage closer association between business and university<br />
commercialisation centres to ensure „discoveries‟ within the universities are most<br />
effectively brought to market and have the best chance for success.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will target funding to key subject areas that are necessary for New Zealand‟s<br />
economic success, in particular to increase the number of graduates in the sciencerelated,<br />
engineering, design fields in addition to others.<br />
Targeting will ensure that government funds go towards courses where New Zealand can<br />
create wealth and lessen investment into job areas where surplus expertise already exists.<br />
435
Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics<br />
Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics play a key role in ensuring that labour market<br />
needs are met at a regional and national level. They represent a significant public<br />
investment in developing a skilled and innovative workforce.<br />
In the recent past not enough attention has been paid to supporting the development of<br />
trade and skill training. An emphasis on degree qualifications and attending university<br />
diminished an interest in trade training undermining our ability to grow the economy. We<br />
need to actively encourage young New Zealanders into trades training, and support others to<br />
re-train.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide an additional 5,000 fees-free training places over 3 years for 16<br />
and 17 year olds at risk of disengaging from education. These will include 1,000 that<br />
have a Māori mentoring element and 1,000 with a Pasifika mentoring element.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that there is a network of regional institutions dedicated to meeting<br />
the labour market and skill needs of our regions. In some cases this may require<br />
additional support to enable institutions to operate where there are not the student<br />
numbers to support them.<br />
ITPs need to work closely with the businesses and organisations in their regions to identify<br />
and meet needs. They need to work closely with industry training organisations to ensure<br />
that training is provided in a relevant and quality manner.<br />
Through ITPs we need to ensure that we are developing a workforce with high quality skills.<br />
This will require individual ITPs to develop areas where they have speciality and can attract<br />
high quality staff and support from industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will improve the way that ITPs and ITOs work together including through joint<br />
curriculum development, clearer qualifications and more flexible learning pathways.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support ITPs to develop specialist capability in key skill need areas where<br />
they can play a national leadership role.<br />
ITPs also have a key role in supporting the transition of young people from the compulsory<br />
sector. This will require them to demonstrate flexibility through working with secondary<br />
schools and establishing programmes and means of delivery that cater to a range of<br />
students.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the development by ITPs, in collaboration with others, of flexible<br />
models of training including trades academies and tertiary high schools.<br />
436
Further information about <strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach to industry training can be found in <strong>Labour</strong>‟s<br />
Skills and Employment policy.<br />
Tertiary training and skills<br />
The number of young students who are leaving school at age 16 with no qualifications and<br />
little prospect of a job have increased. Without further qualifications, those who are<br />
employed at that age invariably move into unskilled, low paid jobs.<br />
To generate the highly skilled workforce that NZ needs to grow its wealth, the transition from<br />
school must be to move into further tertiary education.<br />
Research shows that young people who do not pass on into further tertiary education – or<br />
find work – are highly unlikely to go back into training later. It is critical, therefore, that we<br />
bridge the gap between secondary school and other tertiary training or study – whether it is<br />
within a polytechnic, trade training or apprenticeship.<br />
In the past nearly 20 years various governments have grappled with this school – tertiary<br />
transition. Numerous different programmes have been put forward. None have tackled the<br />
issue comprehensively.<br />
Without a comprehensive overview that focuses on the medium-long term, there is little<br />
likelihood that the numbers of young people moving directly into further education will<br />
increase. This critical issue needs to be elevated above quick-fix projects put forward by<br />
political parties.<br />
Careers advice plays a crucial role in ensuring young New Zealanders develop the right<br />
skills in school, and leave school for the right training, or with a plan of how to get a job.<br />
Currently this does not happen. <strong>Labour</strong> made progress in this area beginning with „Designing<br />
Careers‟ and moving towards an integrated school-wide approach to career education. This<br />
programme was abandoned by National. In fact <strong>Labour</strong> introduced legislation to ensure<br />
schools provided quality careers advice, however National did away with this change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Review the current state of career information and guidance within the<br />
schools with a view to a significant overhaul.<br />
Include in the review how to achieve greater involvement from people outside<br />
the school system, including employers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase the potential of the career advice provided in secondary schools<br />
to ensure that students have a clearer understanding of the type of career they want<br />
and can tailor their senior school years as most appropriate.<br />
437
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure a focus on the needs of each student so each can move easily<br />
from a school or through a skills pathway to a polytechnic or through a combination<br />
of both, or some other skills-training opportunity.<br />
Adult and Community Education<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that Adult and Community Education (ACE) provides important<br />
opportunities for learning and training, especially for second-chance learners and new<br />
migrants.<br />
The 2008 PricewaterhouseCoopers study into Adult Education revealed that the return on<br />
investment of ACE courses exceeded $50 to every one dollar spent. Benefits were identified<br />
not just in re-skilling, but community cohesion as well as health and social benefits.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $13 million cut from ACE funding to improve access<br />
to adult and community education.<br />
Further funding will be restored over time as resources permit.<br />
The re-introduction of the Adult Education funding will be accompanied by a review of the<br />
sector. It is clear that many of the „soft‟ courses that were once offered have encouraged<br />
second chance students, particularly those who left school early without qualifications, to reenter<br />
learning. Many have then gone on to take more career focussed courses.<br />
A future ACE sector would focus on offering a staircase to more formal subject areas.<br />
With an ageing population, an expectation that a working life may be extended, and the<br />
rapidly changing nature of the job scene, opportunities for adults to re-train and up-skill are<br />
essential.<br />
We believe that secondary schools should play a role in the delivery of ACE, alongside other<br />
providers, particularly in light of the waste of resources from not using schools outside of<br />
normal school hours.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the adult and community education sector on a plan to ensure<br />
there is a range of quality, relevant programmes available in all regions of New<br />
Zealand.<br />
Refugee and migrant study grants<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that we must support refugees and new migrants to develop skills that will<br />
help them integrate into New Zealand, find work and contribute to New Zealand society to<br />
their full potential.<br />
438
<strong>Labour</strong> will therefore reinstate the Refugee and Migrant Study Grants, both worth $1<br />
million per annum.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also allocate additional funding for English for Speakers of Other<br />
Languages (ESOL) provision to enable all refugees and migrants to achieve a good<br />
level of English literacy.<br />
Private Training Establishments<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> acknowledges and supports the role that quality private training establishments<br />
(PTEs) can play in the provision of tertiary education. Public institutions cannot always meet<br />
the needs of particular students or groups of students, and often PTEs can respond more<br />
flexibly to these needs.<br />
We are concerned about poor quality programmes and courses that are provided by some<br />
private training establishments that undermine the reputation of many excellent PTEs.<br />
Importantly, the dubious activities of a few risk damaging New Zealand‟s reputation<br />
internationally and have profound impacts on the international education industry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support PTEs where they are providing quality programmes<br />
that are meeting skill, training or education needs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the PTE sector to develop more rigorous quality assurance<br />
measures, particularly in relation to courses targeted at international students.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to increase collaboration between PTEs, Industry Training<br />
Organisations and our public tertiary institutions towards meeting the needs of<br />
employers and the future workforce.<br />
Teacher education<br />
Over recent years teacher education has been absorbed into university settings. This has<br />
enhanced linkages with research and academic disciplines and provided significant cost<br />
efficiencies.<br />
However, there are concerns about the quality of teacher education, the amount of contact<br />
time that trainees have with teaching specialists and whether there has been a loss of focus<br />
on teaching practice.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider the recommendations of the recent review of initial teacher<br />
training for implementation.<br />
Teacher shortages exist in some more challenging, usually decile 1 and 2 or rural schools,<br />
while other schools are spoiled for choice. <strong>Labour</strong> proposes to examine incentives to<br />
439
encourage young and energetic teachers to those less-sought-after schools including<br />
assistance with payment of student loans, and the opportunity for accelerated promotion.<br />
International education<br />
International education contributes $2.3 billion to the New Zealand economy each year. In<br />
addition it has spill-over benefits in terms of tourism, foreign investment and cultural<br />
development.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support Education New Zealand, with an emphasis on promoting a high<br />
quality experience for overseas students with an appropriate emphasis on pastoral<br />
care and eliminating those providers not up to a high standard.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a coordinated marketing strategy for New Zealand education<br />
internationally to ensure the best value for money.<br />
Student support<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is proud of its record in government to provide greatly improved student support. In<br />
the fifth <strong>Labour</strong> Government we removed interest on student loans while studying, before<br />
later removing interest altogether. We also significantly widened access to student<br />
allowances by increasing the parental income threshold, increased the availability of<br />
scholarships, and capped fees through the fee maxima policy.<br />
These policies have combined to increase the number of students receiving allowances by<br />
30,000 in recent years and have reduced the median time taken to repay student loans<br />
down to 5 years.<br />
Despite this, the level of debt that students are accruing is still very high. Students remain<br />
the only group in society that are required to borrow for basic costs such as food and rent.<br />
National has now introduced changes designed to reduce access to the student loan<br />
scheme through putting limits on the number of years students can borrow for, and including<br />
a passing requirement. There are significant concerns about the impact of this on Māori and<br />
Pacific students.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will keep interest free student loans for all borrowers who remain in New<br />
Zealand, and for those students continuing to study overseas, or who are working for<br />
New Zealand government agencies overseas.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with other countries to ensure that borrowers who leave New<br />
Zealand and do not continue to make payments on their loans are identified and<br />
payment arrangements made. Measures will include establishing reciprocal tax<br />
agreements with countries, such as Australia and the UK where significant numbers<br />
of students with loans are working.<br />
440
<strong>Labour</strong> will make the first $5,000 of income tax-free, whether that be from a student<br />
allowance or part-time work. This will mean students will be $500 a year better off as<br />
well as not having to pay GST on fresh fruit and vegetables.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the impact of National‟s changes to student loan scheme eligibility,<br />
and reverse or alter those changes if it is shown that they have had a negative impact<br />
on completing post-graduate courses or on the participation of those from underrepresented<br />
groups such as Māori and Pacific students.<br />
Over the longer-term, once economic conditions improve, <strong>Labour</strong> will resume<br />
expanding eligibility to the student allowance scheme, as resources allow, by<br />
increasing the parental income threshold.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue and refine scholarships targeted to support those from lowincome<br />
backgrounds into high cost courses, as well as investigating bonded<br />
scholarship schemes for study in key areas such as health sciences.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $2 million to the Training Incentive Allowance and<br />
commit to further increases over time so people on social welfare benefits can obtain<br />
qualifications that give greater opportunity for themselves and their children.<br />
The years immediately following graduation are critical to consolidate the careers of<br />
scientists. With the removal of post-doctoral scholarships in 2010, New Zealand has lost<br />
hundreds of our best brains overseas.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate post-doctoral fellowships for recent PhD graduates, scaling up to<br />
a cost of $6 million a year, so they are supported into research careers in New<br />
Zealand instead of overseas.<br />
Student Associations<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that student associations play a critical role in the success of students in<br />
tertiary institutions, including through direct welfare and pastoral support, advocacy with<br />
tertiary institutions, government departments and other agencies, and the provision of<br />
sporting, cultural, entertainment, media and other services. These services are generally<br />
provided in a very cost-effective way, and are run by students for students.<br />
Over the years student associations have been behind the creation and development of<br />
some of the major initiatives that have supported students such as Student Job Search,<br />
University Games, student newspapers and radio, student health and counselling services,<br />
hardship funds, subsidised bus transport, gym and recreation facilities, clubs and societies<br />
facilities, bookshops and much more.<br />
441
National and ACT have enacted legislation that would make membership of student<br />
associations voluntary from the beginning of next year if they win the <strong>election</strong>. We know from<br />
experience in Australia that such a move will destroy many student associations, significantly<br />
reduce the services and advocacy that they provide and lead to a loss of control by students<br />
of student affairs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will repeal the changes put in place as a result of the Education (Freedom of<br />
Association) Amendment Bill and replace it with enduring legislation that will secure<br />
the critical role student associations play, based on the amendments <strong>Labour</strong> has put<br />
forward during the debate.<br />
442
TOURISM<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand‟s relative isolation to the rest of the world is part of our attraction to tourists,<br />
however it is also a major challenge to our tourism industry. New Zealand does not have the<br />
option of being a stopover, we must market ourselves as a destination.<br />
International tourist expenditure accounted for $9.7 billion or 16.8% of New Zealand‟s total<br />
export earnings in <strong>2011</strong>. Tourism directly and indirectly contributes $15.7 billion (8.7%) of<br />
New Zealand‟s GDP. It employs 92,000 direct jobs and 88,000 indirect jobs, making up 9.4%<br />
of our total workforce. It is clear, therefore, that a thriving tourism industry is vital to New<br />
Zealand‟s economic wellbeing.<br />
In a challenging international economic environment, where commodity prices such as<br />
aviation fuel are high and concerns over the environmental impact of long haul flights will<br />
increase, the tourism industry faces uncertainty. In response to this, <strong>Labour</strong> will work to<br />
ensure sustainable and continued growth in international visitor numbers, bed nights and<br />
yield. We will strengthen our focus on sustainable eco-tourism and mitigation of the effect of<br />
tourism on the environment.<br />
Marketing our brand overseas<br />
New Zealand‟s “brand” is the most crucial factor in successfully marketing ourselves as a<br />
destination overseas. Any damage to our brand can translate to significant disruption to our<br />
tourism industry, so it is essential that we both protect and promote the New Zealand brand.<br />
One of our most successful marketing campaigns has been the 100% Pure New Zealand.<br />
However that brand has been put at threat recently with international media questioning our<br />
green credentials. That is why <strong>Labour</strong> in Government will walk the talk and ensure New<br />
Zealand is the clean, green destination it promotes itself to be.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that policy in other areas does not undermine our clean, green<br />
brand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to market New Zealand as a 100% eco-tourism destination<br />
through innovative overseas campaigns.<br />
Also vital to New Zealand‟s brand is our Māori heritage. Māori is what makes New Zealand a<br />
unique destination. The Māori tourism industry is under-developed and the potential for<br />
growth is huge.<br />
443
There is a need for business mentoring and business analysis available to help Māori<br />
Tourism become the thriving industry it should be.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will increase funding for Māori tourism by $1.5 million a year. We will invest in<br />
skills and training initiatives and work to increase business mentoring to assist with<br />
the analysis of business plans and the development of strategies.<br />
Funding overseas marketing campaigns to attract international visitors is a vital investment<br />
in our economy. For every dollar spent in key markets, the New Zealand economy benefits<br />
by a factor of between 11 and 26.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will use the Tourism New Zealand marketing budget to actively promote<br />
marketing campaigns in key and emerging overseas markets.<br />
Air New Zealand plays a key role in promoting New Zealand. We will investigate the<br />
possibility of mutually beneficial joint marketing ventures with Air New Zealand to attract<br />
business from our key markets.<br />
Domestic tourism<br />
Domestic tourism is sometimes neglected in favour of international tourism, however it<br />
accounts for 51 per cent of New Zealand‟s tourism so should receive the support from<br />
Government that it deserves.<br />
Central government needs to take more of a leadership role in this area. Regional Tourist<br />
Organisations (RTOs) are responsible for the promotion and co-ordination or regional<br />
tourism events and promotions. RTOs are supported by local body rates, income from iSites<br />
and industry levies and membership. These organisations often end up competing for the<br />
same tourist spend by offering the same experience.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage Regional Tourist Organisations to work more closely together<br />
and across local government boundaries to identify and promote the unique factors<br />
of each region/district.<br />
The Tourism industry would also be encouraged to work with local government.<br />
Supporting the tourism industry<br />
Due to the significance of tourism to New Zealand‟s economy, it is vital for the industry that<br />
there is high level recognition and support from the government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will give serious consideration to the re-establishment of a dedicated Ministry<br />
of Tourism if the subsuming of the old Ministry of Tourism into the Ministry of<br />
Economic Development does not meet the needs of the sector.<br />
444
<strong>Labour</strong> will work alongside the tourism industry to ensure a strong working<br />
relationship that is mutually beneficial.<br />
New Zealand‟s evidence-based tourism planning, with pioneering public good science has<br />
been the envy of the world and has been replicated overseas. New Zealand has provided<br />
global science leadership for tourism and climate change policy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support tourism-focussed research in order to make the best policy<br />
decisions for the industry.<br />
Some tourism operators have difficulty attracting New Zealand workers. The immigration<br />
working visa scheme, while useful, also makes it difficult for operators to plan and train staff<br />
over a long period given the scheme only allows visiting staff to be employed for 12 months.<br />
As well as imposing additional costs for retraining new staff, tourism operators also face<br />
disruption and uncertainty to continuity and uneven standards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine whether changes to the working visa system are needed to<br />
make it easier for tourism operators to retain good staff. In many cases these are<br />
jobs that operators have difficulty attracting New Zealand staff to, and any changes<br />
will apply only when New Zealanders cannot be found to fill these jobs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to lobby against Air Passenger Duty from the UK.<br />
We need to remove obstacles to people traveling to New Zealand therefore immigration<br />
processes need to be efficient and streamlined while still maintaining border security.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the Australian Government to expand Smartgate into more<br />
Australian cities. We will also consider whether there are other international markets<br />
and governments we should try and work with, keeping biosecurity risks at the<br />
forefront of any such considerations.<br />
Another issue for some tourism operators is compliance. While requirements can generally<br />
be individually justified, taken in total they represent a burden for providers. Some of the<br />
typical compliance matters include: bar licensing, hotel vehicle inspection, fire inspection,<br />
gas inspection, water backflow inspection, balcony rail inspection.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work to streamline as many of these compliance processes as possible,<br />
moving towards a “one-stop-shop” approach for inspections where practical and<br />
reasonable. This may include grouping, or clustering inspection services. There will<br />
need to be a strong focus on maintaining standards throughout this process.<br />
Training for tourism staff<br />
Providing a total quality experience for every tourist, by everyone in the tourism industry is<br />
essential if tourists‟ needs are to be met. We need to continue to work to ensure that better<br />
445
training opportunities are available to tourism staff. Allowing secondary school students to<br />
gain expertise in this area is a possibility worth exploring, given the average young age of<br />
people in the hospitality and tourism industry. Raising the standards and levels of training is<br />
critical in ensuring that every interaction is a quality interaction.<br />
A key part in this should be educating workers in the industry about how to treat different<br />
cultures. They should recognise that while delivering a “New Zealand” experience they have<br />
to do so in a way that is culturally appropriate to the tourist. Efforts to upskill providers in<br />
anticipation for the Rugby World Cup should be adapted and made more permanent.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review and rationalise the numbers of tourism-related courses to ensure<br />
that they are providing the quality of training that we require.<br />
The status of low paid workers in the industry also needs to be raised as they are the „face‟<br />
of the industry.<br />
Tourism infrastructure<br />
For a successful tourism sector, there is a need for quality infrastructure at all levels – from<br />
base infrastructure such as roads, ports and airports, to mid-range infrastructure such as<br />
accommodation and facilities, and high-end infrastructure such as tourism activities, events<br />
and experiences<br />
High speed reliable broadband is essential to all tourism businesses, research and visitor<br />
information and booking.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop broadband and mobile services to allow ease of research and<br />
communication.<br />
Efficient and effective travel is an essential element of the visitor experience<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure travel around New Zealand is safe and efficient by improving<br />
travel links and infrastructure across a range of modes of transport (roads, rail, ferry,<br />
walking tracks, cycleways and air services).<br />
Relationships between Kiwis and visitors are essential to a great visitor experience.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore ways of ensuring behavioural expectations of Kiwis towards<br />
visitors and visitors towards Kiwis and our environment are communicated.<br />
Business Tourism is essential to New Zealand but we lack facilities to cater for large<br />
conferences. If we want to be a true business tourism destination, we need to have a world<br />
class conference centre and Auckland is the most practical place for it.<br />
446
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the concept of a world class Conference Centre and will work with<br />
Auckland Council in progressing such a project.<br />
Cruises are a rapidly growing market but our cruise facilities are substandard. The Auckland<br />
Regional Council has been investigating Queens Wharf as a potential site for a cruise ship<br />
terminal. Its research estimates a cruise ship terminal on Queens Wharf could generate an<br />
additional $713 million in direct spending to the New Zealand economy over the next 10<br />
years.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports local government in Auckland with its plans to construct an<br />
international standard cruise terminal. We are also supportive of the upgrading of a<br />
number of regional terminal facilities.<br />
Tourism research is essential for New Zealand to maintain a competitive edge.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the industry to develop a body of research around tourist<br />
expectations, experiences of New Zealand, where they go and information about<br />
tourist spending habits.<br />
As famous as New Zealand is for its attractions and scenery we are equally infamous for the<br />
poor quality of our public facilities and conveniences.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with the tourism and local government sectors to develop a network<br />
of safe, clean and hygenic public facilities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will assist Local Government to develop amenities for freedom campers.<br />
Education<br />
There are a myriad of Tourism Qualifications that need to be streamlined, and also Tourism<br />
is not on the approved subject list for University Entrance. Because tourism is a job rich<br />
industry it makes sense for schools to provide pathways into the industry and for there to be<br />
focussed and relevant tertiary courses.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the Ministry of Education and the Tourism sector work with<br />
schools to provide pathways for students into the industry, particularly in regions<br />
such as Northland where there is high unemployment but many tourism<br />
opportunities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the provision of tertiary courses alongside the sector to ensure<br />
quality courses prevail.<br />
447
TRADE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
We are a country that is heavily reliant on exporting. Growing our trade-dependent economy<br />
is essential to create new jobs and ultimately, higher living standards for all New Zealanders.<br />
Beyond our reliance on export of traditional commodities we also need to ensure that we<br />
have innovative firms with the capability to adjust to the new international challenges and to<br />
seize opportunities that exist in a rapidly globalising market.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support and press for a rules-based, multilateral global trading<br />
system which is accessible, fair and transparent.<br />
Expanding our market opportunities<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> recognises how important it is for New Zealand to continue pursuing strategic trade<br />
relationships with other countries and regions. We will seek to develop those opportunities in<br />
government.<br />
We remain committed to multilateral trade arrangements through the World Trade<br />
Organisation (WTO) and the Doha round. We also recognise that high quality regional free<br />
trade agreements (FTAs) are beneficial and can be used to complement multilateral<br />
initiatives. Any future bilateral agreements must be harmonised with the best of our<br />
multilateral and regional agreements.<br />
We have seen how successful our free trade agreement with China has been, with the value<br />
of our exports increasing by 50% from its start date in October 2008 to the end of June <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
We need now to ensure that all FTAs in the region are of a similar and consistently high<br />
quality.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore stronger strategic trade relationships with other groupings of<br />
countries or regions, where they enhance our interests and maximise security and<br />
stability in any region.<br />
We will pursue initiatives in South America, perhaps including joint ventures (country<br />
to country) or public-private partnerships, in order to maximise a southern<br />
hemisphere pitch into northern hemisphere markets for commodities, and combined<br />
research and development for sustainable technologies year round.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revisit our trade relationships and development assistance in the Pacific<br />
with a view to creating sustainable industries in Pacific nations appropriate to those<br />
nations within the context of the rules of the WTO.<br />
448
We will continue to pursue trade agreements already in train with the Gulf<br />
Cooperation Council, India and Russia.<br />
We will continue to participate in Trans-Pacific Partnership talks but reiterate our<br />
commitment to retaining Pharmac in particular as a bottom line item which must not<br />
be traded away. We feel similarly strongly about intellectual property provisions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not accede to conditions which undermine our sovereign status, subject<br />
New Zealand to litigation by multinational corporations, or compromise our ability to<br />
make determinations in the interests of New Zealand's future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is opposed to the sale of land, state-owned enterprises and infrastructure<br />
being permitted through trade agreements.<br />
We maintain that other opportunities for foreign direct investment can be encouraged without<br />
undermining our sovereignty. We will defend these issues in any trade talks.<br />
Greater engagement with civil society over trade talks<br />
A broader civil society debate around our trading relationships needs to be built if we are to<br />
avoid unnecessary social conflict, both within New Zealand and beyond.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> can build this engagement on principles of openness, greater transparency, and the<br />
virtue of contestable advice. We will also strengthen the quantitative analysis contained in<br />
the National Interest Analyses required for Parliamentary Treaty ratification to ensure that<br />
best estimates of positive and negative impacts of any trade agreements are made.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will establish a Trade Advisory Commission, with the following purposes:<br />
To provide independent advice on the implications of any free trade<br />
agreement under negotiation for any particular sector of the NZ economy<br />
To take into account the nature of labour and environment clauses and<br />
assess them against NZ‟s international reputation, climate change<br />
commitments and other treaty obligations<br />
To conduct public hearings in the preparation of this independent advice and<br />
produce publicly available reports on the results of those hearings<br />
To consider the advancement of ethical trade criteria and the impact of such<br />
criteria on NZ‟s trading position<br />
To consider any human rights implications of FTAs<br />
To conduct its own enquiries into sectors of the economy and their<br />
performance under existing and potential FTAs<br />
449
To promote opportunities to leverage New Zealand‟s exports<br />
To report to the Minister of Trade with this independent advice.<br />
The Commission will comprise an academic representative, two New Zealand Council of<br />
Trade Unions representatives, a Business NZ representative, an Export NZ representative,<br />
an Employers and Manufacturers Association representative, Māori and Pasifika business<br />
and academic interests, NGO representatives and representatives of tradable financial and<br />
service sectors.<br />
It would provide advice at arm‟s-length from government and would not have a policymaking<br />
function.<br />
Readying our exporters to maximise international market opportunities<br />
There is much work to do to assist our exporters to take advantage of the increasing number<br />
of Free Trade Agreements we have signed.<br />
Many are not ready to move into overseas markets because of a lack of investment capital,<br />
a lack of knowledge of the markets into which they are exporting or a lack of confidence and<br />
skills.<br />
More can and should be done to address these deficits and allow New Zealand exporters<br />
better opportunity to maximise their gains in new markets.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will better focus New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE) on accessing<br />
export opportunities for New Zealand firms.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consult with exporting industries to see what they require to be<br />
successful.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will make mentors and advisors available through government-assisted<br />
secondments in New Zealand and offshore to guide new exporters into new markets.<br />
Playing to our strengths – opening up public services, crown entities<br />
and arts and culture to trading their Intellectual property, structures,<br />
advice and technologies<br />
We have enormous potential for generating foreign exchange through systems and<br />
knowledge that we take for granted, for example, education (of students and teachers),<br />
accountability and transparency mechanisms (Office of the Auditor-General, Office of the<br />
Ombudsman, Select Committee procedures, social policy development, etc), our unique arts<br />
and culture, intellectual property, new technologies and research and development.<br />
450
We excel in many different areas of technology, from earthquake technology to new greentech<br />
initiatives. We could market these skills and knowledge overseas if we were prepared to<br />
value them the same way as we value our primary commodities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that government departments and agencies develop an outwardlooking<br />
function so that they can assess the opportunities for exporting their<br />
expertise, systems and research wherever appropriate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will explore further opportunities to export and promote our unique and<br />
indigenous arts and culture.<br />
Adding value to exports<br />
New Zealand cannot afford simply to produce more and more primary products. We risk<br />
irreparably damaging our environment and cutting off one of our greatest foreign exchange<br />
earners, tourism if we think like that. Increasing the quantity of our primary produce is not<br />
sustainable. We must increase its quality.<br />
This is a considerable challenge which we grappled with in the time of the Fifth <strong>Labour</strong><br />
Government. Achieving the quantum leap required to move our export sector from raw<br />
exports to value-added exports, requires investment in research and development and<br />
innovative thinking.<br />
We will also ensure that the interface between trade, climate change, and labour and<br />
environmental issues is properly and consistently observed and managed.<br />
For more detail, see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Economic Development policy.<br />
Getting monetary policy settings right<br />
Changing our monetary policy is one way we can help encourage investment in productive<br />
exporting businesses.<br />
A volatile New Zealand dollar and persistently high interest rates are causing structural<br />
problems for our economy.<br />
Currently, the New Zealand dollar is one of the ten most traded currencies in the world. This<br />
heavy trading is reflected in a highly volatile currency which makes doing business more<br />
difficult for our exporters. <strong>Our</strong> exporters have to plan for the value of the dollar changing at<br />
great speed and little predictability. When our exchange rate surges, it undermines the<br />
competitiveness of our prices in destination markets. When the exchange rate falls, the price<br />
of inputs like fuel can soar unexpectedly.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> current policy is not well designed to produce a stable and competitive exchange rate,<br />
nor to keep interest rates as low as possible. In fact, it often operates the other way round.<br />
451
<strong>Labour</strong> will reform monetary policy to ensure our exporters are not undermined by<br />
extreme exchange fluctuations, including by:<br />
Introducing a 15 per cent capital gains tax<br />
Broadening the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act<br />
Ensuring the interests of exporters are represented on the Reserve Bank<br />
Board<br />
Taking pressure off the official cash rate through complementary monetary<br />
and prudential policy tools, and<br />
Encouraging more aggressive Reserve Bank interventions to impose costs on<br />
currency speculation.<br />
Currently the sole focus of the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act is on the maintenance of<br />
price stability – or inflation. We agree with the approach taken by Australia that recognises<br />
that along with inflation control, employment, economic prosperity, and the health of the<br />
export sector are at least as important.<br />
For further information see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Monetary policy.<br />
452
TRANSPORT POLICY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
An effective transport system lies at the heart of our quality of life. It is also at the core of any<br />
modern, efficient economy. An effective transport system must therefore be integrated and<br />
work across all modes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s transport policy is about improving the lives of our citizens, increasing the<br />
prospects of economic stakeholders and protecting New Zealand‟s environment.<br />
The challenge is to find modes of travel that cause as little damage as possible to the<br />
environment, that minimise harmful effects on others, and that also minimise travel time and<br />
cost. These transport systems must be accessible to all New Zealanders, and they must also<br />
remain affordable. It doesn‟t make sense if driving a car becomes cheaper than taking the<br />
bus.<br />
We will plan for the coming challenges of climate change, fuel shortages, and price<br />
fluctuations through a range of initiatives including more efficient public transport, new<br />
technologies and new fuels and provide support for active travel (walking and cycling). In the<br />
medium term we will work to plan our cities better so that there is a reduced need to travel.<br />
We will keep investing in vital roading infrastructure, in building the capacity of public<br />
transport, and in enabling rail and coastal shipping to play a more significant role in moving<br />
freight around New Zealand. But we will not waste money on unnecessary highways that<br />
lock us into a high-carbon future.<br />
One of <strong>Labour</strong>‟s key commitments will be to support the Auckland Council in developing its<br />
proposed City Centre Rail Link.<br />
Public transport<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is a public transport party. New Zealanders deserve genuine transport choices:<br />
public transport, active transport as well as car travel. We believe that if New Zealanders<br />
are to move towards more sustainable transport, we must create a public transport system<br />
that is a realistic alternative to private car use. <strong>Labour</strong> has played a critical role in addressing<br />
public transport issues in Wellington and Auckland. We are proud of this record and Kiwis<br />
are positive about such investments.<br />
Quality public transport is not only critical to helping our economy develop but it can make a<br />
big difference to people‟s lives and their health. It will aid in transport demand management,<br />
which will play a crucial role in reducing congestion as cities develop.<br />
453
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine ways to maintain and increase the overall transport spend<br />
beyond the National Land Transport Fund to develop our public transport systems so<br />
that they are a credible and attractive transport option.<br />
Auckland public transport<br />
Auckland‟s spatial plan gives a clear commitment to investment in public transport in order to<br />
unclog the roads. It recognises that, along with the provision of infrastructure, the demand<br />
for travel needs to be managed so that Auckland is not forever trying to build roads to cope<br />
with increasing numbers of motor vehicles.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work in partnership with Auckland Council to deliver a 15 year transport<br />
infrastructure plan for Auckland, based on the transport commitments in the Auckland<br />
spatial plan.<br />
Any city that rates itself as having international status needs to give people choice in how<br />
they move around. Efficiency across the various modes – and the ability to switch easily<br />
between modes - will be the key.<br />
The Council has prepared a business case for a City Centre Rail Link proposal and the<br />
Auckland public are overwhelmingly in favour of it. This is a sensible transport solution and<br />
will act as a catalyst for business and residential growth.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support the Auckland Council and back the clear preference for Auckland,<br />
which is the Rail Link proposal. We will provide funding, through the Land Transport<br />
Fund, for up to $1.2 billion, which equates to half of the cost of the Rail Link, on the<br />
understanding that the Auckland Council is responsible for financing the other half.<br />
We will finance this by cancelling National‟s plans to fund a Wellsford-Puhoi Highway („the<br />
Holiday Highway‟). While <strong>Labour</strong> agrees that there are safety issues and choke points that<br />
need to be addressed here, we believe these can be resolved without the need for an<br />
expensive new highway. This money would be better spent on the Auckland Rail Link.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue with intermediate improvements for the Wellsford-Puhoi<br />
Highway which will improve both safety and travel-times. We will not support the $1.7<br />
billion, gold-plated proposal as is currently planned.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> favours the so-called „Operation Lifesaver‟ improvements to the existing Puhoi to<br />
Wellsford road, as advocated by the Campaign for Better Transport. This would fix the crash<br />
black spots and traffic bottlenecks at a cost of $320 million, delivering most of the benefits<br />
more quickly and cheaply than building an entire new highway.<br />
454
The combined costs of „Operation Lifesaver‟ and our contribution to the Auckland Rail Loop<br />
comes to $1.6 billion, slightly less than National has already budgeted for the „Holiday<br />
Highway‟.<br />
Hamilton - Auckland commuter train<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the effort of the working group on establishing a Hamilton-to-Auckland<br />
commuter rail service. There is considerable public support for this service.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will engage with the working group on what support is needed from central<br />
government to make this rail service a reality.<br />
Working across all modes of transport<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to maintaining and developing an effective rail system to serve the<br />
public and the economy.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the public and our export-based economy have access to an<br />
efficient and reliable rail and coastal shipping system.<br />
The rail system should not be limited to the main trunk line and the Interislander ferry. Just<br />
as coastal shipping will play an enhanced role, so too will rail in our critical regions. These<br />
regions may well lack the population to justify an expensive motorway, so shifting a sizeable<br />
percentage of future freight growth to rail and shipping as opposed to road is the logical<br />
solution.<br />
Sustainable transport<br />
In considering the integration of modes the challenges of climate change and the rising price<br />
of carbon are international realities that must always be taken into account.<br />
New Zealand needs to become much less heavily dependent on fossil-fuelled cars and<br />
trucks for transport of people and products. Transport emissions make up 19% of New<br />
Zealand‟s overall greenhouse gas emissions, with road transport accounting for 90% of<br />
these. We must greatly reduce these emissions.<br />
The foundations for a sustainable transport network were laid by the last <strong>Labour</strong> government<br />
with a 15-fold increase in public transport spending, electrifying Auckland rail, buying back<br />
KiwiRail, and legislating for sustainable biofuels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to promote public transport, cycling, walking, rail and biofuels, as well as<br />
coastal shipping and electric vehicles. This will ultimately lead to decreased greenhouse gas<br />
emissions.<br />
455
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to support funding for public transport and energy-efficient<br />
freight transport modes such as rail.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> aims to halve per capita transport emissions by 2040. This will also make transport<br />
more affordable and reduce oil imports (and in turn our international trade deficit).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will halve New Zealand‟s per capita domestic transport emissions by 2040.<br />
Lifting the use of indigenous energy resources for transport will have positive spin-offs for<br />
the economy and the environment. For example, locally made sustainable biofuel can be<br />
produced using tallow and, as the technology becomes available, wood. Biofuel will both<br />
reduce our dependence on oil and cut our greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote locally produced biofuel, especially using wood as the<br />
technology becomes available.<br />
Active transport<br />
An increase in walking and cycling is a credible part of transport policy which will do three<br />
important things: improve health through physical activity; reduce transport emissions; and<br />
also reduce the demand for transport, leading to less congestion and overcrowding.<br />
In order to realise these benefits, we must make walking and cycling convenient and viable<br />
transport options wherever possible.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to the promotion of active transport as a vital part of our<br />
transport policy.<br />
Coastal shipping<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to improve the prospects of coastal shipping. Total freight movements are<br />
expected to more than double by 2040, putting huge pressure on the transportation system.<br />
Shipping has a vital role to play in meeting this expected growth in freight movement, and it<br />
is a key part of an integrated transport network.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will revisit the “Sea Change” strategy we launched in 2008, which aimed to<br />
revitalise and transform coastal shipping in New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will tag funding from the National Land Transport Programme to facilitate an<br />
increase in coastal shipping. This is important as we explore ways to avoid a high<br />
carbon future.<br />
The grounding of MV Rena off Tauranga has graphically illustrated the destructiveness of<br />
even a relatively small oil spill.<br />
456
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently review New Zealand‟s preparedness for marine oil spills,<br />
especially the capability of Maritime New Zealand.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will accede to the international treaties which define and simplify the<br />
compensation regime that applies in the event of future oil spills.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the minimum technical requirements for navigation systems of<br />
large vessels operating in New Zealand waters.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s strategy is for at least 30 per cent of inter-regional freight to be carried by sea by<br />
the year 2040, up from the current 15 per cent share.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s view is that we need a more inter-modal approach to handling future freight growth.<br />
There will be an expanded role for both rail and coastal shipping because we believe freight<br />
must be moved as efficiently as possible with everyone paying their fair share.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently investigate the viability of upgrading the rail link directly into the<br />
Auckland container port.<br />
Port reform<br />
Pressure is building around the port reform agenda. International shippers tell us they are<br />
going to bring in larger vessels; exporters are after the best price possible and port<br />
companies are facing massive development challenges.<br />
The promise of bigger ships will be driven by commercial criteria. There may be other<br />
options which enable our smaller ports to act as spokes to larger ports in both the South<br />
Island and North Island. Such developments ought to take account of matters such as rail<br />
infrastructure.<br />
Any attempt at port reform must have the involvement of the port owners, the shipping<br />
companies, the exporters and the organised unions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a national port strategy to provide the basis for the coordination<br />
of New Zealand ports as an essential part of our logistics infrastructure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will put in place a new model of national co-ordination, convened by<br />
Government and representing stakeholders, to develop a strategic approach to ports<br />
and to maximise the effective operations of ports as part of New Zealand‟s logistics<br />
infrastructure.<br />
Kiwirail<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s buy-back of our railway system and establishment of KiwiRail when we were last in<br />
office presented a real opportunity to build a sustainable nationwide transport network,<br />
however that opportunity has been going unanswered by the National government. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
457
will recapture the momentum we started to ensure rail can play its full part in building a more<br />
sustainable New Zealand.<br />
We will keep New Zealand‟s rail in public hands. We believe that with our rail system in<br />
public ownership, we can make the strategic decisions and investments necessary for rail to<br />
succeed. Over time, we will be able to move more freight off our roads and onto rail.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest in maintaining and modernising KiwiRail to ensure it remains a<br />
viable and sustainable transport solution.<br />
One of the most valuable resources that KiwiRail has is its human capital, including workers<br />
at the Dunedin Hillside Workshops and the Hutt Railway Workshops in Gracefield. In the<br />
future, we must ensure that KiwiRail can bid competitively and produce our own trains and<br />
rolling stock to a high standard.<br />
Keeping it local<br />
The 41 jobs lost at KiwiRail‟s Hillside Workshops in June illustrate the real-life effects of<br />
a government not having a good procurement policy. The Hillside workshop and is the<br />
repository of significant engineering expertise for New Zealand, and one of the largest<br />
employers in Dunedin.<br />
Retaining our skilled tradespeople, such as those at the Hillside Workshops, is crucial for our<br />
economic growth. We want people to stay in New Zealand and develop and use their skills.<br />
We want industries that are productive. We should back New Zealand firms whenever we<br />
can instead of exporting jobs offshore.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to implementing a modern, sustainable, WTO-compliant,<br />
procurement regime.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the existing components of government procurement to ensure<br />
they are fit for purpose, accessible and practicable. We will ensure they operate<br />
equitably with respect to access for Kiwi firms, in line with Australian Federal and<br />
State contracts.<br />
See <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Procurement policy for more details.<br />
Roads of National Significance<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> disagrees with four more projects being added to the existing list of seven “Roads of<br />
National Significance.” These new projects are: Hamilton to Tauranga, Cambridge to Taupo,<br />
further development of the Hawke‟s Bay Expressway and further development of State<br />
Highway 1 north and south of the current Christchurch motorway projects.<br />
458
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider how much of the $2.9 billion annual National Land Transport<br />
Fund might be available for reallocation, and what projects make sense. We will not<br />
waste money on unnecessary highways that lock us into a high-carbon future.<br />
With fuel prices generally rising, consumption falling and revenue from fuel taxes going<br />
down, current projections may not be sustainable. Investment should be based on<br />
reasonable cost-benefit assessment, including social and environmental factors. The reality<br />
of a rising price on carbon must be taken into account.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate and prioritise improvements to the “East-West Corridor”<br />
proposal in Auckland between East Tamaki at State Highway I and Onehunga at<br />
State Highway 20.<br />
Kapiti Expressway and Transmission Gully<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> prefers the original Western Link Road plan, not the four-lane Kapiti Expressway as<br />
has now been approved.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate its original preference. It will fund this option 100%.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also continue to support the Transmission Gully project but only so long<br />
as it meets reasonable cost-benefit criteria.<br />
Local and regional issues<br />
Local roads are being short-changed by the current regime. This part of the infrastructure is<br />
essential in terms of regional development. Much of the nation‟s exports originate in the<br />
regions and require infrastructure which allows for safe and efficient movement.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the funding for local roads is not further undermined by the<br />
excessive focus on Roads of National Significance.<br />
Funding and innovation<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is willing to use both public and private approaches to funding in order to maintain<br />
investment into our transportation infrastructure.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the appropriate use of mechanisms including tolling, PPPs<br />
and road pricing, ie. congestion charging.<br />
These matters will require a significant level of transport user support. Both the private and<br />
public sector have an obligation to ensure that innovations do not impose additional costs<br />
and are demonstrably fulfilling value for money criteria. Failure to meet a value-plus criteria<br />
will mean modest involvement from the private sector.<br />
459
Electric cars and other vehicles<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s ambition is for New Zealand to be among the leading countries to widely deploy<br />
electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. Electric vehicles mark the beginning of a new era of<br />
energy independence and low emissions in transport, which <strong>Labour</strong> supports. Building on<br />
our clean green electricity generation, <strong>Labour</strong> will work with the electric vehicle industry to<br />
encourage the uptake of electric vehicles.<br />
There is a role for government in establishing an environment that facilitates the large-scale<br />
roll-out of electric vehicles. Numbers will grow slowly at first, but volumes will increase as the<br />
production of electric vehicles ramps up internationally and prices come down.<br />
Electric vehicles used for local travel can be recharged from an owner‟s home. Vehicles<br />
used for longer distances, however, will need a supporting infrastructure of recharging<br />
stations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote the introduction of a nationwide infrastructure to recharge electric<br />
vehicles.<br />
New Zealand should be one of the first countries to set up a nationwide infrastructure for<br />
charging electric vehicles. We will need to work through a variety of issues, including the<br />
cost and funding of recharging technology, and relevant health and safety issues.<br />
Road safety<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has set an ambitious target for reducing the number of road deaths and injuries. We<br />
will introduce a range of road safety measures aimed at reducing road deaths and serious<br />
injuries:<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will invest in road safety advertising campaigns to support the police by<br />
focusing on the highest areas of enforceable risk which include speeding, drink<br />
driving, intersection behaviour and safety belts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also:<br />
Reduce the legal blood alcohol limit from 0.08 to 0.05.<br />
Investigate effective means to prevent child deaths and injuries in driveways,<br />
including possibly subsidising rear view mirrors.<br />
Review international research on child restraints and implement best practice<br />
recommendations.<br />
460
Introduce labour standards into Transport Operator Safety Systems in the<br />
trucking industry.<br />
Investigate a Safe Rates system for the freight and courier industries, where<br />
remuneration and methods of contracting are considered as part of the overall<br />
safety requirements for drivers.<br />
Consider, subject to funding availability, the introduction of driver training<br />
programmes, especially for young drivers in poorer communities.<br />
Air transport<br />
The use of biofuels in air transport is the sort of innovation that is vital to New Zealand‟s<br />
long-term tourism market, and New Zealand‟s clean, green image.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support Air New Zealand‟s initiative to develop and test biofuels for longhaul<br />
flights.<br />
The new information disclosure regime determined by the Commerce Commission is<br />
intended to strike a balance between a fair return to investors in airport infrastructure and<br />
lower prices to airlines, which are reflected in lower airfares to the travelling public.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will monitor the progress of airport pricing consultations under the new<br />
regime. If a sensible balance is not struck, <strong>Labour</strong> will consider a negotiate/arbitrate<br />
regime.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also encourage an expansion of air services to other countries where<br />
there is likely to be an expansion of trade or where there may be potential for<br />
attracting significant new growth in tourism to New Zealand.<br />
461
TREATY OF WAITANGI<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
The Treaty is the founding constitutional document of New Zealand. It provides the basis for<br />
the relationship between Māori and the government. <strong>Labour</strong> appreciates this and is<br />
committed to honouring the obligations the Treaty imposes upon the government.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> policy<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all historical Treaty settlements are completed by 2020.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a Treaty education programme for stakeholders and<br />
communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with Tuhoe in regard to their interests in Te Urewera.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to work with iwi on innovative redress models to best reflect the<br />
nature of their claims under the Treaty of Waitangi.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to uphold the availability of civil legal aid for iwi pursuing<br />
Waitangi Tribunal claims.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will not abolish the Waitangi Tribunal once historical treaty claims have been<br />
settled.<br />
Post treaty settlements<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support skill development in both governance and management, post<br />
Treaty settlement.<br />
462
VETERANS AFFAIRS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Veterans hold a special place in New Zealand society, and rightly so. The servicemen and<br />
women who have been put in harm‟s way to protect and defend our country, and meet our<br />
international obligations, deserve both our respect and our gratitude.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> in office took a number of initiatives to support our veteran community. The<br />
Memorandum of Understanding resolved 30 years of outstanding issues with the Vietnam<br />
veterans.<br />
2006 was declared the Year of the Veteran to celebrate the contribution that veterans had<br />
made both to New Zealand and for peace around the world.<br />
For the future, <strong>Labour</strong> had the Law Commission undertake a thorough review of the out of<br />
date War Pensions Act 1954.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to honour our veteran community by ensuring that we provide them with<br />
the standard of care and level of respect they deserve.<br />
Law Commission review: War Pensions<br />
The Law Commission reported on 1 June 2010 and to date there has been no response<br />
from the National Government – a lamentable state of affairs.<br />
The Law Commission‟s report outlined two principles, firstly, that „veterans should be entitled<br />
to all the benefits, allowances and assistance as every other New Zealand citizen is entitled<br />
to‟; secondly, „that the veterans who have suffered as a result of being put in harm‟s way<br />
deserve to be recompensed over and above the entitlements of ordinary citizens who are not<br />
veterans‟.<br />
The Law Commission report identifies a number of deficiencies with our current War<br />
Pensions Act including the fact that in some circumstances the support for veterans‟ is less<br />
than that provided for other citizens and it has put forward solid recommendations for<br />
improvements, including separate legislation that responds to and takes care of our older<br />
veteran community (the cut-off point is 1972), and legislation for the next generations of<br />
veterans, which is growing with the large number of deployments in recent decades. This<br />
future focus is to put greater emphasis on rehabilitation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will issue a timely response to the Law Commission report and implement<br />
that response by legislating.<br />
463
Central to these will be an expert panel that is independent and transparent with the<br />
requirement to report to the Government on health issues of concern within the veteran<br />
community.<br />
Veteran‟s Pension portability<br />
The portability of the Veteran‟s Pension has been a vexed issue with the veteran community<br />
for some time as it is linked to the conditions of National Superannuation. The purpose of the<br />
Veteran‟s Pension is clearly different to National Superannuation.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will untie the linkage between the two, ensuring that the Veteran‟s Pension<br />
stands on its own criteria with specific rules for entitlements particular to the<br />
Veteran‟s Pension and ensuring that it is portable.<br />
The nuclear test veterans are better supported by the New Zealand legislation than many<br />
other groups of veterans in similar circumstances in other jurisdictions, but there are still<br />
issues of concern for the nuclear test veterans.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> undertakes to work with the representatives of the RNZRSA and nuclear test<br />
veterans to examine the issues carefully and what might be done to resolve them.<br />
Veterans‟ homes<br />
When in office, <strong>Labour</strong> provided financial support to two of the three remaining veterans‟<br />
homes, Monticello and Rannerdale, by way of loans with conditions. It is now apparent that<br />
the requirements of this financial support are restricting the ability of these homes to provide<br />
care in the long term for veterans.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> acknowledges that the loans to support both rest homes have affected their ability to<br />
raise funding from other sources for development and expansion.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with both rest homes to explore all avenues to resolve this issue<br />
favourably for both Rannerdale and Monticello Rest Homes.<br />
Also, these loans are contingent on WWII veterans using their services and given that there<br />
are cohorts of Korean, Malayan, and Vietnam veterans who may wish to use these facilities<br />
in future, <strong>Labour</strong> will remove this restriction.<br />
464
WATER<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
Freshwater (surface and ground) is a common good, a precious public resource owned by<br />
us all and belonging to none. It is a taonga of paramount importance to iwi. Water is also the<br />
most vital component of New Zealand‟s biological production systems.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> stands for clean water. New Zealanders have a birthright to play and swim safely in<br />
our streams, rivers and lakes. And access to safe drinking water is a basic human right.<br />
Economic prosperity can and must be environmentally sustainable, and so must the use of<br />
water. <strong>Our</strong> economic future relies on our clean, green image, and water is a key measure of<br />
that. The health of our waterways is at the heart of how we promote ourselves to the world<br />
and earn a premium for our exports.<br />
Systems of water allocation and management vary throughout the country and often do not<br />
encourage its best use. <strong>Labour</strong> will be guided by the Land and Water Forum in its 2010<br />
report „A Fresh Start for Freshwater.‟ The Forum suggested the water resource should be<br />
quantified and the flows needed for ecological, environmental and recreational purposes<br />
determined.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants farmers and other major users to benefit from access to water, but they are<br />
only stewards of the water, not owners. We support irrigation using water from sustainable<br />
sources such as peak river flows, but all-year flows that meet environmental and recreational<br />
needs must be retained. The damming of New Zealand‟s remaining wild and scenic rivers<br />
cannot continue.<br />
The management of our water must be overseen by publicly-elected, accountable<br />
representatives, even where particular catchments are delegated to community-governed<br />
arrangements. <strong>Labour</strong> will retain decision-making at local level through regional (or unitary)<br />
councils, with central government playing a leadership role. Iwi, the public and water users<br />
must be involved in these processes.<br />
A fair price, in the form of a resource rental, should be charged to major users of water. This<br />
would be both an economic and environmental tool that would encourage wise use of water.<br />
Revenue from the resource rental would go towards funding water management and<br />
delivery, new storage and irrigation schemes, safe rural drinking water supplies, and projects<br />
such as the restoration of degraded waterways.<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>, water management will be underpinned by strong environmental standards<br />
and a strengthened National Policy Statement on Freshwater Management. Regional<br />
councils will set clear and enforceable limits on nutrient levels. Those who fail to manage<br />
465
their land use to meet required environmental outcomes cannot expect on-going access to<br />
this precious resource.<br />
Water quality<br />
There is growing concern over the declining quality of water. Rural water quality has been<br />
deteriorating because of agricultural intensification, notably dairying, and the increased runoff<br />
of effluent, nitrate and phosphate. In urban areas, water pollution is being caused by<br />
stormwater, run-off, sewage and industrial pollution.<br />
The economy is part of the environment. Both will benefit hugely from improved water quality<br />
and more efficient water use. National‟s agenda is for rapid economic growth ahead of new<br />
standards to protect water quality from being degraded. <strong>Labour</strong> rejects this self-defeating<br />
approach.<br />
Freshwater management National Policy Statement<br />
While it is the job of regional councils to manage water at local level, central government<br />
must underpin the need to improve water quality. National is failing to do so.<br />
The last <strong>Labour</strong> government set up a board of inquiry to prepare a National Policy Statement<br />
(NPS) on freshwater management. The resulting draft NPS would have required strong<br />
action on the impact agricultural intensification is having on water quality. The draft NPS was<br />
broadly backed by the widely representative Land and Water Forum.<br />
National gutted the draft NPS. The NPS on Freshwater Management <strong>2011</strong> only requires<br />
regional councils to adopt water quality standards by 2030. No overall national standards are<br />
required – each council is left to work out its own. This will lead to expensive and timeconsuming<br />
conflict over water quality standards region by region. If this is not changed, by<br />
2030 our rivers are likely to be even more polluted than they are now.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will urgently strengthen the NPS on Freshwater Management <strong>2011</strong> in line<br />
with the draft NPS proposed by the board of inquiry.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will rigorously uphold the key principle of the draft freshwater management<br />
NPS that economic activity cannot proceed if it comes at the continued cost of the<br />
quality of ground and surface water quality.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will adopt and implement national water quality standards, with targets for<br />
them to be met by.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support regional councils in setting clear and enforceable limits on<br />
nutrient limits and minimum flow regimes on major waterways.<br />
466
Drinking water<br />
Safe drinking water is a basic human right and a critical measure of a first-world country‟s<br />
infrastructure. But one in five New Zealanders currently have unsafe or untested drinking<br />
water.<br />
Notifiable waterborne diseases affected an estimated 14,100 Kiwis between June 2008 and<br />
June 2009. However, this figure is likely to be greatly understated because most people do<br />
not have tests to confirm the cause of „tummy bugs‟.<br />
For every dollar spent on upgrading a drinking water supply, up to seven dollars can be<br />
saved through avoiding the medical costs associated with giardia and cryptosporidium<br />
infections. Such investment would lift the general welfare and productivity of these<br />
communities, and also protect the reputation of those which are tourist destinations.<br />
The last <strong>Labour</strong> government introduced a new drinking water standard. We also introduced a<br />
Drinking Water Assistance Programme (DWAP) with funding of an average $15 million<br />
annually for 10 years. DWAP was designed to assist small communities to meet minimum<br />
drinking water standards. Because they tend to be rural, these communities are also at<br />
particular risk of nitrate contamination in their drinking water.<br />
National cut funding for DWAP to $10 million annually, and delayed by three years the<br />
requirement to meet World Health Organisation guidelines for safe drinking water.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will progressively reinstate the original DWAP funding, and further assist<br />
small communities to improve drinking water supplies, by such means as improved<br />
access to advice from the Ministry of Health and the ESR crown research institute.<br />
The reinstatement of the funding cut will be met from the resource rental charged to major<br />
users of water (see „A resource rental mechanism‟ below). This is fair since farmers and<br />
irrigators contribute to water no longer being potable (pure enough to be consumed or used<br />
with low risk of harm) in some rural communities.<br />
Water storage and irrigation<br />
Year-round water availability is the key to generating sustainable economic prosperity in<br />
drier areas of New Zealand. It adds value to a variety of land production activities, including<br />
stock farming, cropping, viticulture and horticulture, as well as providing electricity<br />
generation.<br />
Water storage options include taking peak flows for on-farm storage, raising existing lake<br />
levels, and damming valley catchments. With appropriate controls and enforceable<br />
environmental requirements, water storage can contribute to sustainable growth without<br />
further deterioration of water quality. So can increased efficiency in the use of water.<br />
467
Most people – rural and urban – do not want New Zealand‟s remaining wild and scenic rivers<br />
dammed, and nor does <strong>Labour</strong>. People enjoy the free-flowing nature of these rivers. There<br />
are many other water storage (and electricity generation) options.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will seek to protect the main stems of our major remaining free-flowing rivers<br />
from being dammed.<br />
Decision-making<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports water storage and irrigation, but wants communities to decide which<br />
schemes are appropriate via the processes of democratically-elected regional councils.<br />
Each major water storage project must attract broad consensus from across the wider<br />
community, even if the major beneficiaries (and financial contributors) are local farmers and<br />
electricity generators. Regional councils should be empowered and required to hear major<br />
water consent applications and land use consents concurrently.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will empower communities to decide via regional council processes which<br />
water storage and irrigation schemes are appropriate.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that major water consent applications and land use consents can<br />
be heard concurrently.<br />
Access to stored water must be accompanied by strict environmental standards, rules and<br />
penalties. The continuing quality of water must guide allocation decisions.<br />
Funding<br />
National would use taxpayers‟ money to fund storage and/or it will invite foreigners to do so.<br />
New Zealanders risk losing control of the use and benefit of our water.<br />
In <strong>2011</strong> National committed $35 million of taxpayers‟ money towards investigating new water<br />
storage and irrigation schemes, and offered up to $400 million (unfunded) to help build such<br />
schemes. <strong>Labour</strong> says rather than coming from, or being subsidised by, taxation, these<br />
costs should be funded from a fair resource rental paid by farmers and other major users of<br />
water (see „A resource rental mechanism‟ below).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will fund new water storage and irrigation schemes from a resource rental<br />
paid by farmers and other major users of water.<br />
Mackenzie basin<br />
There are some areas of New Zealand that should not be irrigated at all. “Greening” of lower<br />
altitude tussock landscapes is occurring in parts of the Mackenzie basin, and increasing<br />
dairying pressure is raising water extraction and quality issues. The drylands character of the<br />
basin is changing.<br />
468
<strong>Labour</strong> believes most New Zealanders do not want water used to irrigate vast areas of the<br />
fragile Mackenzie basin environment and turn it into intensive farming. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed<br />
to protecting the Mackenzie basin.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will do this in part by stopping tenure review (see <strong>Labour</strong>‟s South Island High Country<br />
policy). As the continuing owner of pastoral leases in the Mackenzie basin, the Crown can<br />
limit the uses of this land to low intensity pastoralism. This will protect landscape values and<br />
limit environmental impacts.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> wants to see the current collaborative community and stakeholder process continue<br />
in the Mackenzie basin. However, we will make clear that this is a unique part of New<br />
Zealand – and that there are some fundamental conservation principles to be included in any<br />
plan for protection, management and development of the Mackenzie basin.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will protect the Mackenzie basin from inappropriate water use and irrigation.<br />
Water allocation and management<br />
Allocation of water in New Zealand has historically been on a „first-come-first-served‟ basis.<br />
With rapidly increasing demand, this approach is outmoded, and does not encourage best or<br />
most efficient use.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> supports the sustainable use of water in both urban and rural areas. This requires<br />
water to be managed on an integrated catchment basis, and for extraction not to exceed<br />
natural replenishment. Water should be returned to the environment in good condition<br />
(including with proper treatment for sewage and industrial discharges).<br />
Households must receive enough water for basic drinking and sanitation needs (to be paid<br />
for through council rates or a set fee) before any direct charging is made for additional<br />
consumption.<br />
In rural areas, major users get water virtually for nothing. Farmers who are allocated water<br />
tend to regard it as something they now own and can trade. Despite water being a public<br />
resource, National favours unchecked water trading for private profit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the sustainable use of water in both urban and rural areas, as a<br />
public resource.<br />
A resource rental mechanism<br />
Democratically elected regional councils are the best vehicle to administer water allocation.<br />
An allocation system should be established so that water goes to the best uses rather than<br />
to who applies first. The system would also ensure that water use is sustainable and not at<br />
the expense of the environment.<br />
469
A fair price, in the form of a resource rental, should be charged to major users of water.<br />
Expert advice would be sought on this, including from Treasury. The resource rental would<br />
be both an economic and environmental tool that would encourage wise use of water and its<br />
allocation for higher value uses. A charge per cubic metre may vary from region to region,<br />
and would be reviewed periodically.<br />
There may also be variable charges within a region. For example, hydro electricity<br />
generation where water is immediately returned to a river would be charged at a<br />
substantially lower rate than where permanent extraction occurs. The charge may, however,<br />
need to take account of lost opportunities for alternative uses upstream, or more changeable<br />
flows downstream.<br />
Interested parties should be consulted on the appropriate manner and level of charging, on<br />
the basis that all the revenue raised within a region goes back into the region. This would<br />
fund water management and delivery, new storage and irrigation schemes, safe rural<br />
drinking water supplies, and projects such as the restoration of degraded waterways.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will engage with representatives across all aspects of farming to<br />
develop water allocation models on the basis of best use rather than „first-come-firstserved‟,<br />
in order to ensure we encourage and maintain a mix of farming and land<br />
uses across regions.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement a resource rental mechanism and seek expert advice on its<br />
design parameters, with details to be developed in partnership with industry, local<br />
government, Māori, rural and urban communities and other relevant stakeholders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that the revenue from any such rental will be used to improve New<br />
Zealand‟s water management systems for the future.<br />
Transitional issues are certain to arise and need to be managed fairly.<br />
Privatisation<br />
New Zealanders are strongly opposed to privatising essential services such as water. We<br />
want to own our future. Yet the National/ACT government has effectively given councils the<br />
right to „privatise‟ water supplies by allowing management/ownership contracts for up to 35<br />
years, without any reference to communities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is opposed to privatising water supplies, be they rural or urban. We uphold that water<br />
is a common good, owned by us all. Moreover, international experience shows strong risks<br />
to water quality and public health when water is taken out of public ownership.<br />
Foreign investors should not be allowed to „own‟ water storage projects or local water supply<br />
schemes.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that water supplies remain in public ownership.<br />
470
Farming practices<br />
New Zealand farming production relies heavily on urea (nitrogen) and, to a lesser extent,<br />
phosphorus-based fertilisers. This is a key driver of poor water quality. Dependence on<br />
these fertilisers needs to be assessed and high standards of monitoring and efficiency of use<br />
implemented.<br />
Urea can produce toxic nitrate, which can enter waterways and water supplies and affect<br />
water quality, biodiversity and recreational opportunities. This run-off increases algal growth,<br />
choking waterways and further reducing water quality.<br />
To improve water quality, urea dependence must be urgently reduced. Farmers need to be<br />
encouraged to adopt measures as simple as storing effluent and re-spreading it when<br />
conditions allow. Some regional variability in storage requirements is appropriate (e.g. 30<br />
days in drier Canterbury, 90 days in wetter Southland).<br />
Effluent run-off can be addressed by nutrient budgeting, improving the quality of waste<br />
discharges, and fencing stock out of waterways.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage the use of alternatives to urea fertilisers.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage nutrient budgeting and mitigating measures to reduce runoff<br />
and waste.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage farmers to minimise urea use through better storage of effluent<br />
and its reapplication to the land.<br />
Penalties for those who continue persistent point source pollution (i.e. from an identifiable<br />
source) will be reviewed and strengthened. This may include the loss of water rights for<br />
repeat offenders, who cannot expect ongoing access to this precious resource.<br />
Each regional council needs to be able to respond to strong national requirements for<br />
maximum allowable nitrate levels and to require farm management plans that meet these<br />
levels.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the adequacy of minimum effluent and fertiliser run-off<br />
requirements, and strengthen them as required.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that farmers and other users who continue point source pollution<br />
will face severe penalties, including loss of water rights.<br />
471
WOMEN‟S POLICY<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision - Real equality, real opportunity and real choice for all women<br />
New Zealanders believe in genuine equality amongst our people, we proved our<br />
commitment to this ideal early, becoming the world‟s first democracy to extend the vote to<br />
women some 118 years ago. Today, after a century of progressive change, New Zealand<br />
women have full equality before the law.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a proud track record of delivering for New Zealand women.<br />
But there is more to do. We can still do better to ensure all women have the opportunity to<br />
thrive and succeed. <strong>Labour</strong> believes in supporting women of all ages, ethnicities and<br />
backgrounds to reach their full potential by providing them with genuine choices and<br />
opportunities.<br />
Women in New Zealand still, on average, earn less than men and continue to be underrepresented<br />
in workplace leadership roles. <strong>Labour</strong> will strengthen the legislative and policy<br />
framework to address the issue of persistent gender pay gap and promote equal<br />
employment opportunity.<br />
Too many women feel forced to return to work earlier than they wish after childbirth. Women<br />
still carry the overwhelming responsibility for caring for others in their family and within the<br />
community. Work-life balance and caring-for-carers is a strong focus for <strong>Labour</strong>.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that paid parental leave and flexible working conditions allow women to<br />
participate fully and effectively in society.<br />
It is overwhelmingly women who are the victims of domestic and sexual violence that occurs<br />
all too often in our society. <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that policy recognises the gender perspective<br />
in dealing with family and sexual violence issues. <strong>Labour</strong> is committed to developing a<br />
comprehensive and long term solution to eliminating violence against women.<br />
Women have specific health needs, especially relating to maternal health. <strong>Labour</strong> will<br />
support the health and wellbeing of women so they have the security and confidence to<br />
reach their full potential and help grow strong communities for tomorrow.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all women have the opportunity to thrive, succeed and reach their full<br />
potential by providing them with genuine choices and opportunities. This benefits not only<br />
women but their children, families and New Zealand society as a whole.<br />
472
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s plans to strengthen the economy by creating more higher paid and higher skilled<br />
jobs, implementing a fairer tax system and focussing on our children and young people will<br />
have major benefits for New Zealand women.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Principles<br />
Equality: We will make sure that all women have full and equal access to<br />
opportunities to develop and progress in the workforce and in society generally.<br />
Inclusion: We will work to achieve the best outcomes for all women and implement all<br />
policies, aware of the different needs of women of all ages, of tangata whenua and all<br />
ethnicities, of all abilities and all sexualities.<br />
Long term commitment: We will take a long term approach to persistent issues<br />
which rely on changing culture such as violence against women and women‟s<br />
underrepresentation in areas of leadership and non-traditional areas of work.<br />
Collaboration: We will require collaboration across government and non-government<br />
agencies to deliver real equality, real opportunity and real choice for all women. <strong>Labour</strong><br />
is committed to an adequately funded Ministry of Women‟s Affairs that can lead and<br />
coordinate real collaboration with other government agencies and other key<br />
stakeholders.<br />
Evidence base and analysis: We need to make changes based on evidence about<br />
what works. We will ensure that a gender perspective is automatically considered<br />
when developing policy and legislation.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> Priorities:<br />
Employment equity and economic security<br />
Women are concentrated in important but low paid jobs. According to the June 2010 New<br />
Zealand Income Survey, 25,800 females were receiving the minimum wage. Despite the<br />
Equal Pay Act 1972, a 12 per cent gender pay gap persists on average hourly earnings<br />
between men and women. The gap is most significant for Pacifica women. Low and unequal<br />
pay affects women‟s lifetime earnings and financial independence, family incomes and ability<br />
to save for retirement. It is part of the picture of growing inequality which affects New<br />
Zealand‟s future.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will lift the Minimum Wage to $15 per hour to assist in closing the gender pay<br />
gap.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has a strong commitment to addressing gender pay inequality and recognises that a<br />
comprehensive approach is necessary to address this systemic and enduring inequality.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> proposes using the work of the Human Rights Commission and the Pay &<br />
Employment Equity Unit‟s detailed audits of the state sector gender pay gap to investigate<br />
473
legislative and policy changes required to close the gap. Solutions will need to be available<br />
to align with our human rights and employment relations frameworks.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop legislative and policy responses that:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Recognise the right to equal pay.<br />
Require a positive duty to advance equality.<br />
Provide the mechanism to determine work of equal value.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will identify what we can learn from the work of the Pay and Employment<br />
Equity Unit to advance pay equity. We will seek solutions for all sectors of the<br />
economy (public and private).<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that information about pay rates is made available so that<br />
comparisons can be made and unfair inequalities in pay rates between men and<br />
women are revealed.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider the introduction of a requirement that job vacancies have a<br />
minimum start rate advertised.<br />
Women, due to family and caring responsibilities, are more likely to have time out of the paid<br />
workforce and move in and out of paid work. This means they are disproportionately<br />
impacted by the loss of rights against unfair dismissal during the first 90 days of<br />
employment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will scrap the 90 day fire at will legislation.<br />
Paid Parental Leave<br />
In order to give all children the best start possible and to reduce stress on parents, paid<br />
parental leave needs to be extended in coverage and longevity.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will have children at the centre of its social policy which will include a detailed<br />
strategy for parental leave.<br />
Caring for carers and work life balance<br />
For many New Zealanders, particularly women, there is a conflict between work, family and<br />
caring responsibilities. Resolution of this conflict will require reducing the inequalities<br />
between men and women in paid and unpaid work, giving individuals more choice about how<br />
to combine paid employment with family, education, leisure and community activities and<br />
promoting greater flexibility while maintaining security at work to enable the productive use<br />
of the whole workforce.<br />
474
Caring for children and family members at home along with voluntary work throughout the<br />
community is vital work that benefits us all.<br />
Many women working in paid caring roles such as aged care are undervalued for the<br />
important work they do. <strong>Labour</strong> has a strong commitment to addressing this systemic and<br />
enduring inequality as outlined in the Employment Equity section.<br />
Increasingly women as carers are finding it difficult to balance paid work and caring<br />
responsibilities. As the need for greater paid workforce participation of women and older<br />
workers continues this pressure will increase.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will consider and as appropriate use the findings of the Review of the<br />
Employment Relations (Flexible Working Arrangements) Act to promote and<br />
strengthen flexible working arrangements.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will announce significant policy during the <strong>election</strong> campaign that emphasises<br />
the important role of grandparents as carers for children.<br />
Women‟s participation and representation<br />
Women‟s leadership has declined over the last two years as shown in the Census of<br />
Women‟s Participation 2010. The consequences of a lack of opportunity for women to<br />
undertake non-traditional roles and/or to advance to senior levels has implications for<br />
women in terms of authority, personal satisfaction and income. Limited participation by<br />
women also has consequences for organisations by denying access to a large pool of talent.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will reinstate 50% goal for women on state sector boards.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate legislative options for requiring organisations and companies<br />
to report on women‟s participation at all levels in their organisation. Specifically we<br />
will investigate provisions to require EEO monitoring and the development of action<br />
plans to respond to identified problems.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will require the State Services Commission to ensure compliance with EEO<br />
as part of „good employer‟ commitments and to advise the Government on strategies<br />
to advance employment equity.<br />
Improved access to education and life-long learning<br />
With time out of the paid workforce for family and caring reasons access to life-long learning<br />
is particularly important for women. Funding cuts to ACE and access to the Training<br />
Incentive Allowance along with tertiary education access changes make it harder for women<br />
to access post-compulsory education. This will in turn undermine closing the gender pay gap<br />
and increasing women‟s representation.<br />
475
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $13 million cut from ACE funding to improve access<br />
to adult and community education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will immediately restore $2 million to the Training Incentive Allowance and<br />
commit to further increases over time so women on social welfare benefits can obtain<br />
qualifications that give greater opportunity for themselves and their children.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will remove barriers to women‟s participation in post-compulsory education<br />
for women of all ages.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will actively work towards eliminating barriers that prevent women from<br />
entering male dominated apprenticeships and industries.<br />
Eliminating violence against women<br />
New Zealand has a serious and worrying problem with family violence and the<br />
consequences of this violence are huge. There are costs to individuals, families and the<br />
community. These include depression, the loss of confidence and other consequences that<br />
remain long after the physical injuries have healed. Children are also hurt by this violence in<br />
many ways, including fear and trauma from seeing their mother hurt.<br />
Just to give a sense of scale – in 2008 the Police responded to 82,692 incidents involving<br />
some form of domestic violence. We must do something real to change the violence that<br />
pervades our culture. <strong>Labour</strong> recognises that the response to violence requires action in the<br />
criminal justice system as well as in public health and education.<br />
A comprehensive approach is required to deal with the consequences of violence against<br />
women and to change the culture that leads to such violence. <strong>Labour</strong> believes this will<br />
require a long term unified commitment by politicians, women‟s and community<br />
organisations, government agencies and New Zealanders.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that policies to deal with family and sexual violence recognise the<br />
gender perspective.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all of our policies recognise the needs and issues of all<br />
women; for example, the particular needs of disabled women and the particular<br />
needs of ethnic/migrant women.<br />
In the short term, <strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Establish a Commission on Sexual and Family Violence which will draw on<br />
the work of the Taskforce on Sexual Violence and the Taskforce on Family<br />
Violence and will provide ongoing evidence based advice to Government.<br />
This will include advice on building a consensus on a long term unified and<br />
476
adequately resourced plan which has cross party support to eliminate<br />
violence against women.<br />
Complete the passage of all matters contained in the Domestic Violence Bill.<br />
Review the impact of the Whanau Ora funding model on services dealing with<br />
violence against women and girls and respond to any problems and unmet<br />
needs this has created by once again establishing an ongoing funding<br />
mechanism to ensure security of service provision.<br />
Support organisations like Women‟s Refuge, Rape Crisis and Girls Self<br />
Defence who play both an advocacy and service delivery role focussed on the<br />
needs of women and children.<br />
In the medium term, <strong>Labour</strong> will work to build a consensus on a long term unified and<br />
adequately resourced plan which has cross party support to eliminate violence<br />
against women. In doing so, we will consider the 12 year, multi-milllion dollar cross<br />
party approach announced in Australia in <strong>2011</strong>.<br />
Women‟s health<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention is of critical importance for<br />
women. Most women in the course of their lives have significant contact with the health<br />
system, not only for their own health needs and when they are sick but also when they are<br />
healthy and having children and caring for others. <strong>Labour</strong> will focus on the social<br />
determinants of health and access to healthcare services.<br />
Maternity<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that there is a compelling case to ensure that New Zealand is the best place<br />
in the world to raise our children. It is important that all women and babies have equal<br />
opportunity to have optimal maternity outcomes. 63,000 live births were registered in the<br />
year ending December, 2010.<br />
A high quality Maternity Service is necessary to ensure a positive influence on the health<br />
status and social wellbeing of the mother, baby and the community. New Zealand is 6th of<br />
the top ten countries in the world to be a mother a Save the Children study found in May,<br />
2010 (12th Annual State of the World‟s Mothers report).<br />
It is understood that implementation of the Maternity Action Plan over the last two years has<br />
focussed on workforce development, quality assurance and maternity new-born information<br />
system development. We support those initiatives as they were identified as being a high<br />
priority in 2008.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the implementation of the 8 principles and 11 goals of the<br />
Maternity Action Plan developed by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2008.<br />
477
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue further alignment of Maternity Service provision with primary<br />
health services and Primary Health Organisations.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will give consideration to service access issues for rural women, young<br />
parents and women with mental health disorders.<br />
Primary Family Centres<br />
Increasingly, women are transferred home on average within two days of delivery or take<br />
early discharge from birthing facilities with Lead Maternity Carer support. The percentage of<br />
women having home births has not increased. Services need to be accessible, coordinated<br />
and integrated into the family care services support environment. In some areas Family<br />
Health Units should be available when women need respite care or Lactation Consultant<br />
intervention to maintain breastfeeding.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure community based facilities are developed by the District Health<br />
Boards in conjunction with Midwives, GPs, Plunket, La Leche League and Social<br />
Workers.<br />
Breastfeeding Support<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> introduced the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and Baby Friendly Community<br />
Initiative (BFHI and BFCI) in the last term in government. Currently 92% of birthing facilities<br />
have achieved accreditation and this initiative needs even more support to help mothers on<br />
discharge home and in the community.<br />
The National Breastfeeding Committee was dis-established by the current government in<br />
2009. NZ is not currently compliant with the Innocenti Declaration promoted by the World<br />
Health Organisation or UNCROC commitments.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will re-establish the National Breastfeeding Advisory Committee. This<br />
committee will provide leadership on implementation of the Breastfeeding Strategic<br />
Plan launched by <strong>Labour</strong> in 2008. This committee would review the most appropriate<br />
funding mechanism to enable Lactation Consultants to provide both facility and<br />
community based lactation support and education services in the community.<br />
Well Child Handover<br />
Under <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Health Policy all children will be enrolled with a Well Child provider before<br />
birth. The Midwife or Lead Maternity Carer is contracted to provide visits in the first six<br />
weeks postpartum. Flexibility around transfer will ensure that no gaps in service provision<br />
occur, therefore minimising the risk of family violence, child abuse and neglect.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will enable flexibility around the commencement of a needs based Well Child<br />
programme in the first six weeks of life. This must only occur at the agreement of the<br />
478
mother and the Lead Maternity Carer who should remain central to the Post Natal<br />
module of care.<br />
Youth Pregnancy and Parenting<br />
New Zealand has the second highest teenage pregnancy rate in the developed world.<br />
Although these parents and their babies have increased health and social risks, many do<br />
well and they are a vital part of the future of our country.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> developed a „Youth Pregnancy and Parenting Programme of Action‟, which was<br />
approved by Cabinet in 2008. This plan has not been implemented by this government.<br />
A multi-agency wrap around approach is aimed to grow awareness of body safety and<br />
awareness and encourage young women to improve their knowledge of the impact on their<br />
lives of an unintended pregnancy.<br />
The plan also helps young parents to make informed decisions on how to parent and<br />
manage a more complex lifestyle while continuing to access ongoing learning.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will implement the Youth Pregnancy and Parenting Programme of Action.<br />
This will be a cross-agency/sector initiative lead by the Ministry of Health and involve<br />
the Ministry of Education, Social Development and Youth Affairs.<br />
Dental Policy for Women<br />
International evidence, including the work of the Sir Peter Gluckman, has shown a direct<br />
linkage between the health and diet of expectant mothers and the health status of their<br />
children. This is particularly the case for oral health. A range of national and international<br />
studies have found a mother‟s oral health was related to that of their children. This includes<br />
a 27-year-long study suggests that mothers with poor oral health are likely to have children<br />
who also have poor oral health when they are adults. (Journal of Dental Research Jan. 19,<br />
<strong>2011</strong>).<br />
Oral health is also a factor in overall health. A 2007 Californian study showed that among<br />
other things that:<br />
18% of premature births are attributable to poor oral health in mothers.<br />
Pregnant women with poor oral health are seven times more likely to have a<br />
premature and/or low birth-weight delivery.<br />
Children of mothers with poor oral health are five times more likely to have oral health<br />
problems.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will introduce, by the end of our first term in government, a package of free<br />
dental care for pregnant women.<br />
479
Sexual and Reproductive Health<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that all women have access to an affordable and comprehensive<br />
range of sexual and reproductive health services.<br />
Young women and migrant women<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure access to women friendly youth and migrant health services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will over time develop nationwide networks of services for women with eating<br />
and associated disorders and develop programmes to address binge drinking by<br />
young women.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the effectiveness of the health and physical wellbeing curriculum<br />
strand in schools to assess the adequacy of resource and training needs to deliver<br />
the curriculum.<br />
Women in prison<br />
Women in prison make up a small portion of the overall prison population and have<br />
particular needs. Women are more likely to be imprisoned away from family support.<br />
Women in prison require focus and support, particularly in circumstances relating to<br />
addictions, dealing with violence and abuse that many women prisoners have faced and<br />
implications of pregnancy and motherhood.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> believes that there needs to be support for women dealing with addiction<br />
issues at all three Women‟s Prisons.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review and strengthen the provisions around women caring for their<br />
babies while in prison to maximise the well-being of the child.<br />
International women‟s issues<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s overseas aid and development policy focuses on improving standards of living for<br />
the poorest people in the countries with which New Zealand works.<br />
Women are the key to development and improved opportunities for women and girls.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will encourage policies which actively include women in all aspects of development<br />
activity.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to the Programme of Action adopted by the International Conference on<br />
Population and Development. Development programmes will be consistent with the UN<br />
Declaration of Human Rights and the recommendations from the Fourth World Conference<br />
on Women and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.<br />
480
<strong>Labour</strong> will promote commitment to the rights of women internationally - including<br />
access to education and health services (including sexual and reproductive health<br />
services), and freedom from international trafficking in women and girls for<br />
prostitution and cheap labour.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to target development assistance primarily at the Pacific region<br />
and at other countries as needs and opportunities arise and resources permit.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure the primary focus of overseas aid and development is on the<br />
eradication of poverty. <strong>Labour</strong> will work with other aid donors to achieve the<br />
Millennium Development Goals by 2015, especially in the Pacific.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will support all international efforts to include women in peace and<br />
reconciliation negotiations in places where there has been conflict, in line with United<br />
Nations resolutions to that effect.<br />
481
YOUTH AFFAIRS<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision<br />
New Zealand has a dynamic youth population that is more mobile, culturally diverse, and<br />
technologically aware than ever before. By making sure the community and the government<br />
listen to and engage with young people; by creating policies and services that work for them;<br />
and by supporting them with sound information to make good lifestyle choices, the country<br />
can harness the energy, enthusiasm and experiences that young people bring to decisionmaking<br />
processes.<br />
Today‟s young people are tomorrow‟s innovators and leaders. <strong>Labour</strong> believes that investing<br />
in future growth by improving educational, employment and social opportunities is one of the<br />
best investments we can make to secure a strong future as a nation.<br />
While there are problems facing youth which need to be addressed, <strong>Labour</strong> acknowledges<br />
that progress is never made by simply responding to the problems of today; in order to affect<br />
positive change for young people both in local communities and across the country, we need<br />
to be focused on the future. This policy sets out <strong>Labour</strong>‟s approach.<br />
Youth disengagement / Youth unemployment<br />
Young people are over-represented in the unemployment statistics. There are over 58,000<br />
young people not in work, training or any form of education. Schools Plus was intended to<br />
help young people transition from secondary school into employment or education, but this<br />
initiative was scrapped by the current National Government.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will adopt a goal that all young people up to the age of 20 are in employment,<br />
training or education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will develop a comprehensive Youth Transition Service across New Zealand.<br />
The role of each Youth Transition Service will be to ensure that all young people who<br />
leave school are supported into further work, training or education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure every school leaver has a plan for further training, education or<br />
work and assist if they don‟t, by:<br />
Completing the Youth Transitions (YT) network currently assisting over 6,600<br />
young people each year. We estimate this will assist an additional 2,600<br />
school leavers directly into employment or back to school each year.<br />
482
Ensuring schools are sharing information about leavers with their local YT<br />
provider. This will enable contact to be made with every school leaver so all<br />
those in need of support are referred to the YT provider.<br />
Empowering local government to work with YT providers and match young<br />
people with local industry and skills providers as recommended by the<br />
Mayors‟ Taskforce for jobs.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will act on advice from the OECD by providing 1,000 placements for<br />
enhanced Gateway. This will include:<br />
<br />
<br />
Boosting Gateway by providing 500 new places which are targeted towards<br />
students at high-risk of becoming NEET<br />
Re-targeting 500 current places towards high-risk students.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will address the maze young people face when interested in a trade by<br />
working with the Industry Training Federation to build coherent vocational pathways.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will further tighten up on Early Leaving Exemptions from the Ministry of<br />
Education.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take a strategic approach that ensures the mix of tertiary high schools<br />
and trade academies across the country are right for the community.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide $87m for getting 9,000 unemployed young New Zealanders off<br />
the unemployment benefit and into apprenticeships with an $8,727 (the equivalent of<br />
the dole payment) subsidy to employers willing to offer a permanent full-time job.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide an additional 5,000 fees-free training places for 16 and 17 year<br />
olds over 3 years, including 1,000 that have a Māori mentoring element and 1000<br />
with a Pasifika mentoring element.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also ensure flexibility for tertiary education providers to self-fund<br />
additional places outside their funding allocation, particularly to cater to young<br />
people.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide an additional 1,000 places over the next three years allocated to<br />
group apprenticeships, shared apprenticeships and public service cadets, with<br />
particular regard to the needs of Christchurch in allocating these places.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the Modern Apprenticeship Coordinator function in order to<br />
achieve better outcomes for youth.<br />
For more details, refer to <strong>Labour</strong>‟s Youth Skills and Employment package.<br />
483
Youth health<br />
New Zealand has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in the world and ranks poorly in<br />
terms of sexual health statistics. Equally, more and more young people are dealing with<br />
anxiety and depression at a younger age which is also linked with increases in drug and<br />
alcohol abuse. Many young people are affected by bullying in schools which is a leading<br />
cause of anxiety and depression.<br />
Mental health provisions for young people are lacking, a point highlighted in Sir Peter<br />
Gluckman‟s recent report Improving the Transition. There is a sporadic approach to the<br />
provision of youth health services in New Zealand.<br />
With <strong>Labour</strong>, this will change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will adopt a mixed model of supporting youth health centres and nurses in<br />
schools to accommodate for various population bases, ensuring nationwide coverage<br />
of youth health services with a focus also on boosting youth mental health services.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore Mental Health as a Government health priority, with appropriate<br />
targets, to ensure DHBs prioritise funding for mental health services.<br />
As resources become available, <strong>Labour</strong> will increase the availability of mental health<br />
services and broaden access criteria so that more young people are able to get help when<br />
they need it.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will restore the anti-bullying initiatives it introduced in July 2008 including the<br />
requirement for Education Review Office monitoring that school policies for<br />
programmes to deal with bullying are in place.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will review the New Zealand Suicide Prevention Action Plan 2008-2012 and<br />
ensure the five year action plan is being implemented and achieved. We will build on<br />
this plan and work together with Ministries of Education, Health, Social Development<br />
and Youth Affairs to create a new action plan.<br />
Civic participation and youth engagement<br />
Young people are the least likely to vote in either local or central government <strong>election</strong>s. In<br />
2005, they made up 50% of those who did not enrol. Research tells us that if someone does<br />
not begin voting at a young age, they are less likely to vote as they grow older.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the development of internships and community volunteer<br />
schemes whereby young people could work for up to a year to advance their<br />
employment and education opportunities and / or contribute to community<br />
development.<br />
484
<strong>Labour</strong> will examine initiatives to increase voter enrolment amongst young people<br />
such as providing enrolment forms when filling out government forms such as driver<br />
licensing applications forms, 18+ cards, passports, student loans or allowances etc.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will begin work towards a Volunteer Service Abroad model for young people,<br />
which also takes into account domestic volunteer opportunities.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will investigate the potential of creating a youth radio station, a policy idea<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> has explored in the past and continues to see merit in, especially as the<br />
potential of digital platforms emerges.<br />
Conservation Corps<br />
The New Zealand Conservation Corps was established by <strong>Labour</strong> in 1989 in response to<br />
high youth unemployment and the success of the programme has seen it retained by three<br />
successive Governments since. The situation for youth is even more pressing today and as<br />
such <strong>Labour</strong> will bolster the scheme.<br />
The Conservation Corp places 16-24 year olds in a full-time, 20-week course which mixes<br />
conservation work and vocational training with confidence building outdoor activities. Young<br />
people learn various practical skills such as chainsaw safety as part of their conservation<br />
work in communities all over the country.<br />
Participants are typically at very high-risk of long-term unemployment and many are young<br />
offenders. A 2002 evaluation found 65 per cent of participants moved into employment,<br />
education or training within six months of completing the course and 95 per cent reported<br />
increased levels of self-esteem.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide funding for an additional 1,500 Conservation Corp places.<br />
485
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT PACKAGE<br />
<strong>Our</strong> vision: <strong>Labour</strong> will ensure everyone under 20 is either earning or<br />
learning<br />
Youth unemployment has gone unaddressed for too long. Not enough has been done to<br />
ensure there are sufficient jobs and training opportunities open to young New Zealanders.<br />
Almost 24,000 under 20 year olds are not in employment, education or training and are in<br />
need of urgent attention. These young New Zealanders are most at risk. They have little to<br />
no experience or qualifications, they are no longer in school or training and don‟t have a job.<br />
Action must be taken now to ensure jobs, training and the right support are available to<br />
them.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> is committed to ensuring that every at-risk 15-19 year old will be either learning or<br />
earning by the end of our first term. <strong>Labour</strong>‟s comprehensive youth employment package of<br />
12 initiatives develops a pathway from secondary school to employers through two stages:<br />
Stage One: Secondary School and School Leavers – Putting Young New Zealanders<br />
on the Right Track<br />
o<br />
o<br />
This set of policies involves putting more resources and tools in schools to<br />
help young New Zealanders develop the right skills or determine the right<br />
training for a career. It‟s also focussed on ensuring every school leaver has a<br />
clear path for future training or work.<br />
This includes $24m for establishing a Youth Transitions network to ensure<br />
every school leaver has a plan for further training, education or work.<br />
Stage Two: Skills and Jobs – Giving our Youth a Chance to Grow<br />
o<br />
o<br />
This set of policies focuses on providing young New Zealanders with options<br />
for further training to develop the skills and qualifications that employers are<br />
looking for. The policies also help create real jobs for young people that will<br />
allow them to develop their skills.<br />
This includes $87m for getting 9,000 unemployed young New Zealanders off<br />
the dole and into apprenticeships by transferring the dole payment to an<br />
employer (the equivalent of an $8,727 subsidy).<br />
o It also includes $80m for an additional 5,000 free training places for 16 and 17<br />
year olds.<br />
Fiscal Cost: <strong>Labour</strong>‟s youth employment package will cost a total of $251 million over<br />
four years. This will be funded through savings of $80 million from existing schemes,<br />
and revenue generated from <strong>Labour</strong>‟s fairer tax plan. The cost of not acting is higher.<br />
486
The NZ Institute estimated the cost of disengaged and disaffected youth could be as<br />
high as $900 million 49 .<br />
Who does this target?<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure that every at risk under 20 year old will be either learning or earning by<br />
the end of our first term. We estimate that 24,000 young people will be assisted by this<br />
package.<br />
There are currently 58,000 young people under the age of 25 who are classified as not in<br />
education, employment and training (NEET) by Statistics New Zealand. This includes all of<br />
those on a benefit and most of those captured by the HLFS unemployment figures. 50<br />
However, the 24,000 under the age of 20 are most in need of urgent assistance because it<br />
comes at a time when they make critical decisions about their careers that can determine<br />
their pathway in life. We know that without access to a job or the right training this group is<br />
the most vulnerable to long-term unemployment. Ensuring jobs, training and support is<br />
available to young New Zealanders will help make sure that pathway is the right one.<br />
Stage One: Secondary school and school leavers – Putting young New<br />
Zealanders on the right track<br />
This package of policies recognises that the best chance we have of assisting young New<br />
Zealanders is before they leave school. It brings together a set of policies that ensures<br />
young New Zealanders are given the right support and training opportunities before they<br />
leave school.<br />
<strong>Our</strong> approach ensures that young people make better choices about what they study while<br />
they are at school, and leave school with a better idea of what they want to do next.<br />
Youth Transitions<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will ensure every school leaver has a plan for further training, education or<br />
work and assist if they don‟t by:<br />
Completing the Youth Transitions (YT) network currently assisting over 6,600<br />
young people each year. We estimate this will assist an additional 2,600<br />
school leavers directly into employment or back to school each year.<br />
Ensuring schools are sharing information about leavers with their local YT<br />
provider. This will enable contact to be made with every school leaver so all<br />
those in need of support are referred to the YT provider.<br />
49 Source: NZ Institute, Discussion Paper, More ladders and fewer snakes: Two proposals to reduce youth<br />
disadvantage, July <strong>2011</strong>, p 5<br />
50 Note: the HLFS figures of 65,700 aged 15-24 unemployed include those in education or tertiary study.<br />
487
Empowering local government to work with YT providers and match young<br />
people with local industry and skills providers as recommended by the<br />
Mayors‟ Taskforce for jobs.<br />
Total Cost: $39 million ($24m to establish the network and $15m for retained<br />
secondary school students).<br />
Every year a large number of school leavers have no plan to get a job or go onto further<br />
training and are simply falling through the cracks till they show up at a WINZ office.<br />
YT providers operate around the country helping young people make the transition from<br />
school to training and work; provide careers advice; links with industry and tertiary providers<br />
as well as pastoral support. We already know they work. A 2008 MSD evaluation showed<br />
that almost two thirds went on to further education, training or found a job. It‟s time this<br />
model was extended.<br />
Example: Otorohanga – A youth transitions model<br />
In 2004 Otorohanga businesses were struggling with skill shortages. Despite offering good trade<br />
jobs and apprenticeships they could not find locals to employ and were forced to look elsewhere<br />
and overseas. A small group of passionate business and Mayor Dale Williams, investigated why<br />
school leavers were not taking up these opportunities. They found school leaver were leaving<br />
the community for jobs and training or staying but doing nothing because the business<br />
community was not connecting tightly with the high school and opportunities to put careers<br />
advice in front of young people were not being created.<br />
In 2005 the community implemented a series of initiatives aimed to matching the aspirations of<br />
school leavers with the skills that local businesses needed. Central to the plan has been the<br />
establishment of MPowa, a community service which contacts school leavers in the district once<br />
a fortnight until they are in training, further education or are employed and a full-time<br />
apprenticeship mentor who provides pastoral support to young people in the district working<br />
through their apprenticeships.<br />
Since November 2006, youth unemployment has been virtually zero. Businesses have relocated<br />
to the area because of the support offered to employers and the resource of young, trained<br />
workers. The proportion of youth responsible for resolved crime dropped from nearly half to less<br />
than a fifth. Young people are now involved in rugby teams, they are buying houses,<br />
participating in the community and in decision making. All of these benefits have come out of<br />
supporting young people in the transition from compulsory education to the next stage of their<br />
life.<br />
488
Enhanced Gateway<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will act on advice from the OECD by:<br />
Providing 1,000 placements for enhanced Gateway. This will include:<br />
o Boosting Gateway by providing 500 new places which are targeted<br />
towards students at high-risk of becoming NEET<br />
o Re-targeting 500 current places towards high-risk students.<br />
Total Cost: $13 million.<br />
New Zealand has one of the lowest student retention rates in the OECD. One of the reasons<br />
for this is the curriculum doesn‟t always engage student‟s interested in vocational careers<br />
and „hands-on‟ learning. In the past these students would have left school early and taken<br />
on a trade. However, now we need to ensure that if we‟re keeping them in the school system<br />
we‟re catering to their learning style and needs.<br />
Gateway was established under <strong>Labour</strong> in 2001 and provides workplace learning for<br />
students interested in a vocational career while keeping them in school. A 2006 OECD<br />
review found 95% of participants moved onto further study or employment.<br />
In 2008 the OECD recommended that additional funding be provided for Gateway<br />
preparation classes for the least work-ready students. <strong>Labour</strong> will provide pre-work<br />
placement support and training to make sure the most at-risk students are work-ready and<br />
able to participate in Gateway.<br />
Vocational Pathways<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will address the maze young people face when interested in a trade by<br />
working with the Industry Training Federation to build coherent vocational pathways.<br />
Total Cost: $3 million.<br />
Currently someone at school interested in becoming an electrician doesn‟t know what<br />
subjects to take in order to leave school with the basic skills needed to successfully start an<br />
electrical apprenticeship.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will build on work already underway with the Industry Training Federation to develop<br />
clear vocational pathways for secondary school students. This will help address skills<br />
shortages and also improve the engagement in school as subjects will have a clearer<br />
purpose to students.<br />
ITOs within key industries will create a recommended set of subjects, specific unit standards<br />
or credits and other skills including gateway participation, for five broadly grouped industries<br />
such as building and construction or hospitality. These five groups can be thought of as<br />
489
„majors‟ which a student should take to get a head start on the basic skills needed to<br />
undertake an apprenticeship or tertiary study in that area.<br />
Early Leaving Exemptions<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will further tighten up on Early Leaving Exemptions from the Ministry of<br />
Education.<br />
There are currently 1,900 15 year olds who are not in education, employment or training.<br />
This is unacceptable given that schooling is compulsory for 15 year olds unless they have an<br />
early leaving exemption from the Ministry of Education, which should only be granted if the<br />
young person has a job or training programme to go to.<br />
When previously in government <strong>Labour</strong> tightened up the granting of early leaving<br />
exemptions. We will maintain and reinforce this approach, while also ensuring that nonexempt<br />
15 year olds are properly enrolled at a school and engaged in learning. We will<br />
ensure, through initiatives like Enhanced Gateway, Tertiary High Schools and trades<br />
academies that schools are adequately catering for the needs of a widest possible range of<br />
learners.<br />
Careers Advice<br />
Careers advice plays a crucial role in ensuring young New Zealanders develop the right<br />
skills in school, and leave school for the right training, or with a plan of how to get a job.<br />
Currently this does not happen.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> made progress in this area beginning with „Designing Careers‟ and moving towards<br />
an integrated school-wide approach to career education. This programme was abandoned<br />
by National. In fact <strong>Labour</strong> introduced legislation to ensure schools provided quality careers<br />
advice, however National did away with this change.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Review the current state of career information and guidance within the<br />
schools with a view to a significant overhaul.<br />
Include in the review how to achieve greater involvement from people outside<br />
the school system, including employers.<br />
Total Cost: $4 million.<br />
Tertiary High Schools and Trade Academies<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will take a strategic approach that ensures the mix of tertiary high schools<br />
and trade academies across the country are right for the community.<br />
490
Since <strong>Labour</strong> introduced tertiary high schools students have been able to undertake parttime<br />
or full-time tertiary study while staying enrolled at school. They allow students to access<br />
a wider range of subjects at the same time as retaining the extra-curricular benefits and<br />
support networks that schools offer. However, a strategic approach is needed to ensure the<br />
roll out of these initiatives is driven by the needs of communities and industry, not private<br />
interests.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will continue to fund the existing services that are expected to benefit 12,500<br />
16 and 17 year olds by 2014.<br />
Stage Two: Skills and jobs – Giving our youth a chance to grow<br />
Young people leaving school face limited opportunities on the pathway to employment.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s policy provides young people with options for further training so they have the skills<br />
and qualifications that employers are looking for. It also helps create real jobs for young<br />
people that will allow them to develop their skills and earn their way to a brighter future.<br />
Kick Start Apprenticeships for Youth on Unemployment Benefit<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will provide $87m for getting 9,000 unemployed young New Zealanders 51 off<br />
the unemployment benefit and into apprenticeships with a $8,727 (the equivalent of<br />
the dole payment) subsidy to employers willing to offer a permanent full-time job.<br />
We know under 20 year olds not in employment, education or training are at a higher risk of<br />
long-term unemployment. <strong>Labour</strong> knows that subsidising young New Zealanders into an<br />
apprenticeship is a far more productive use of funding than paying them to be unemployed.<br />
This policy also acknowledges the barriers many unskilled and unemployed young people<br />
face when trying to get their first job, while also addressing the fact that many employers<br />
struggle to take on apprentices in tough economic times.<br />
The subsidy will be $8,727 – the same amount as the unemployment benefit – payable to<br />
the employer. In return it is expected the employer show a commitment to the young person.<br />
The employer must provide the young person with a permanent full-time job, salary, and<br />
provide training and mentoring for the young person to achieve a recognised industry<br />
qualification of at least Level Two on the New Zealand Qualifications Framework (NZQF).<br />
This measure recognises the costs an employer faces, particularly in the first year, in taking<br />
on and training a young person. A key purpose of this subsidy will be to cover any training<br />
costs passed on to the employer by Industry Training Organisations (ITOs) as well as any<br />
costs to the employer associated with coordinating training, mentoring and career<br />
development.<br />
51 Over 3 years.<br />
491
To be eligible, the young person must be aged 18 or 19 and be on a benefit for at least 3<br />
months or assessed as being at medium or high risk of being on benefit long-term by a<br />
Youth Transition Service or Work and Income.<br />
We will also explore options, including the use of group apprenticeships, which will allow<br />
access the subsidy with more flexibility and pastoral support.<br />
The subsidy will be focussed on jobs in targeted growth industries, and those where there is<br />
demand for skilled workers. This would be likely to include service industries, the trades,<br />
manufacturing and aged care. Construction will be a particular target area in Canterbury.<br />
This policy will absorb funding for the current „Skills for Growth‟ programme.<br />
More training places for 16 and 17 year olds<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Provide an additional 5,000 fees-free training places for 16 and 17 year olds<br />
over 3 years, including 1,000 that have a Māori mentoring element and 1000<br />
with a Pasifika mentoring element.<br />
Have particular regard to the needs of Christchurch in allocating these places.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will also ensure flexibility for tertiary education providers to self-fund<br />
additional places outside their funding allocation, particularly to cater to young<br />
people.<br />
Total Cost: $80 million.<br />
This initiative provides additional training opportunities for 16 and 17 year olds disengaged<br />
from education, employment or training. This policy has three elements, a general element,<br />
a Māori Trade Training element and a Pasifika element.<br />
The general funding will be for 3,000 additional places over three years study primarily up to<br />
Level 3 tertiary qualifications at Polytechnics and Private Training Establishments. The TEC<br />
will be charged to work with providers to ensure that these places (and existing ones) are<br />
providing a genuine pipeline towards employment, and not a „train and hope‟ approach. This<br />
may include early engagement with a range of local employers and the commencement of<br />
the programme, arranged through Work and Income.<br />
The 1000 places for Māori Trades Training will build on He Toki ki te Rika model at CPIT. He<br />
Toki ki te Rika was set up to help local Māori into the building and construction sector in<br />
Christchurch. The places will be provided by partnerships between tertiary providers, Iwi<br />
entities and industry training organisations for key industries (e.g. fishing and forestry).<br />
Good pastoral care and mentoring will also be an important element. Using iwi networks to<br />
bring to bear the skills, experience and mana of older Māori with trades experience will be<br />
492
critical. Māori Trade Training places are distinguished by this mentoring support, and may<br />
either be interspersed within general trades programmes or else delivered as a specialist<br />
programme.<br />
Over 40% of Pasifika 15-19 year olds are unemployed as measured by the Household<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> Force Survey. That‟s simply unacceptable. To get more of our Pasifika youth into<br />
training <strong>Labour</strong> will create a dedicated Pasifika mentoring and pastoral element to 1000 of<br />
the new training places annually. This will operate in a similar style to the Māori Trades<br />
Training initiative, by bringing Pasifika community groups, the ITOs and tertiary providers<br />
together to provide a training environment that encourages young Pasifika people to<br />
succeed.<br />
Additional Apprenticeships<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Provide an additional 1,000 places over the next three years allocated to<br />
group apprenticeships, shared apprenticeships and public service cadets.<br />
Review the Modern Apprenticeship Coordinator function in order to achieve<br />
better outcomes for youth.<br />
Have particular regard to the needs of Christchurch in allocating these places.<br />
Total Cost: $13 million.<br />
For many businesses, taking on an apprentice isn‟t an attractive option, even with a subsidy.<br />
The uncertainty of demand, especially in the current economic climate and the extra<br />
administration associated with taking on a young person can be disincentives. Four<br />
initiatives are proposed to address these difficulties:<br />
Group apprentices: Additional funding is being provided where a group apprenticeship<br />
provider operates as the Modern Apprenticeship Coordinator. Group apprenticeships<br />
currently allow a third party (sometimes an ITO subsidiary) to act as the employer of the<br />
apprentices.<br />
Shared apprentices: Additional Modern Apprenticeships places will be provided. Shared<br />
apprentices is an approach that is more accessible for small businesses, whereby a group of<br />
employers (some of whom may have experience with apprentices, and others less so) pool<br />
together to share responsibility for a group of apprentices. This approach will also require a<br />
small legislative amendment to allow trainees to have training agreements with more than<br />
one employer.<br />
Public service cadetships: Additional Modern Apprenticeships places will be provided with a<br />
focus on „virtual cadetships‟ exposing a trainee to a range of workplaces across the public<br />
service. Cadetships used to be common place in the public service. However, it has<br />
493
subsequently being dropped. There is potential for the government as employer to take a<br />
leadership role.<br />
Review of Modern Apprenticeship Coordinators: <strong>Labour</strong> will work with employers, ITOs and<br />
those with experience in working with young people in the workplace to review and improve<br />
the Modern Apprenticeship Coordinator function. Currently, there is widespread agreement<br />
that providing additional funding to assist with the cost of a younger trainee is a good<br />
concept. However there is also widespread frustration that the current model and network of<br />
coordinators is not delivering the best value for money.<br />
Conservation Corps<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will:<br />
Provide funding for an additional 1,500 Conservation Corp places.<br />
Total Cost: $8 million.<br />
The New Zealand Conservation Corps was established by <strong>Labour</strong> in 1989 in response to<br />
high youth unemployment and the success of the programme has seen it retained by three<br />
successive Governments since. The situation for youth is even more pressing today and as<br />
such <strong>Labour</strong> will bolster the scheme.<br />
The Conservation Corp places 16-24 year olds in a full-time, 20-week course which mixes<br />
conservation work and vocational training with confidence building outdoor activities. Young<br />
people learn various practical skills such as chainsaw safety as part of their conservation<br />
work in communities all over the country.<br />
Participants are typically at very high-risk of long-term unemployment and many are young<br />
offenders. A 2002 evaluation found 65 per cent of participants moved into employment,<br />
education or training within six months of completing the course and 95 per cent reported<br />
increased levels of self-esteem.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will scrap National‟s Boot camps which have from 2009 to 2010 had shown a<br />
reoffending rate of almost 90 per cent and shift the savings into more Conservation Corp<br />
places.<br />
Youth Transition providers, WINZ and youth courts will, each year, refer up to 500 more atrisk<br />
under-20 year olds to the programme, almost doubling its current places.<br />
Staged Apprenticeships in Christchurch<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will work with ITOs, Canterbury businesses and the TEC to ensure the<br />
regulatory rules and funding arrangements for apprenticeships in Christchurch<br />
enable apprentices‟ to get basic in modules quickly so they can, play a productive<br />
role in the rebuild effort more quickly.<br />
494
Some businesses in Christchurch have raised concerns that the process of training<br />
apprenticeships is too slow to enable new apprentices to participate in rebuilding the<br />
city. This will create skill shortages for employers and delays in reconstruction work.<br />
Matching Seasonal work with those who need it: Growing Futures<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> will create a seasonal jobs circuit throughout New Zealand which will enable<br />
1,300 young people looking for work to take up year-long employment in the<br />
horticultural harvests over 3 years.<br />
Total Cost: $4 million.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong>‟s seasonal jobs circuit will be open to all 18 and 19 year olds, from those<br />
unemployed to those looking for a gap year job before heading to university or polytechnic.<br />
Through WINZ we can link seasonal jobs in several regions and seasons together to create<br />
a full year‟s worth of work for young people who want it. The circuit will also include a<br />
training element so every participant can finish the year with a level 2 tertiary certificate in<br />
horticulture. This part of the programme will involve short block courses at tertiary institutes<br />
between jobs as well as assessment by the ITO of skills learnt on the job. The full cost of<br />
this training is included in the costings and all travel between jobs will be provided free.<br />
<strong>Labour</strong> remains committed to the Recognised Seasonal Employment (RSE) scheme. It will<br />
continue to operate on the same „New Zealanders first‟ principle that has always applied.<br />
495
2<br />
20 Hours Free · 65, 71, 72, 74, 152, 153, 154, 338<br />
A<br />
abuse<br />
abuse against women · 480<br />
child abuse · 61, 63, 64, 95, 266, 392, 418, 478<br />
elder abuse · 10, 11, 12, 273, 274, 275, 401, 403, 407<br />
physical abuse · 374<br />
substance abuse · 94, 277, 282, 284, 339, 340, 356,<br />
358, 393, 417, 484<br />
ACC · 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 132, 185, 278, 372, 400, 407, 408<br />
ACE · See Adult and Community Education<br />
Adult and Community Education · 135, 325, 364, 386,<br />
387, 408, 409, 438, 475, 476<br />
Advertising Standards Authority · 48, 301<br />
Afforestation Grant Scheme · 253<br />
Afghanistan · 130, 245<br />
Africa · 319<br />
aged care · 9, 10, 12, 257, 271, 272, 273, 275, 324, 385,<br />
401, 404, 405, 406, 475, 492<br />
Aged Concern · 12, 275, 407<br />
ageing · See elderly<br />
Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre · 17, 19<br />
agriculture · 6, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 102,<br />
142, 144, 145, 192, 193, 201, 228, 235, 249, 250, 376,<br />
378, 387<br />
air · 13, 24, 46, 101, 116, 201, 202, 207, 208, 446, 461<br />
airports · 40, 446<br />
alcohol · 71, 260, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 299,<br />
330, 339, 356, 358, 393, 460, 484<br />
ambulance · 7, 76, 263, 269, 404<br />
America · 15, 242, 262, 346, 368, 448<br />
Animal Health Board · 42, 43<br />
Antarctica · 114, 240<br />
Anzac · 32, 181, 225, 413<br />
Aoraki/Mt Cook · 117, 118<br />
Aotearoa Clubhouses · 306<br />
Aotearoa People’s Network · 163, 306<br />
apprenticeships · 53, 54, 108, 231, 232, 324, 325, 326,<br />
339, 354, 364, 369, 413, 415, 437, 476, 483, 486, 489,<br />
490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495<br />
Arms Trade Treaty · 247<br />
artists · 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 362<br />
Artists in Schools · 30<br />
arts · 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 158, 322, 339,<br />
351, 355, 362, 450, 451<br />
arts, culture and heritage · 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 158<br />
Asia · 13, 64, 127, 142, 143, 245, 246, 248, 279, 304,<br />
319, 376<br />
assets · 14, 15, 38, 46, 108, 119, 138, 139, 145, 148, 189,<br />
190, 201, 220, 222, 223, 224, 232, 233, 236, 237, 239,<br />
335, 371<br />
asthma · 281, 283, 358<br />
Auckland · 24, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 83, 196, 204, 230, 290,<br />
291, 294, 333, 334, 335, 387, 388, 390, 446, 447, 453,<br />
454, 455, 457, 459<br />
Auckland Rail Link · 36, 230, 453, 454<br />
Australia · 4, 15, 16, 26, 47, 48, 68, 80, 87, 96, 100, 125,<br />
127, 139, 140, 141, 144, 157, 171, 172, 173, 187, 192,<br />
226, 232, 241, 242, 300, 302, 321, 345, 346, 368, 369,<br />
372, 376, 395, 397, 407, 419, 421, 440, 442, 445, 452,<br />
458, 477<br />
authors · 23<br />
Authors Society · 23<br />
B<br />
B4 School Check · 68, 264, 356<br />
babies · 64, 70, 265, 266, 267, 281, 477, 479, 480<br />
Baby Friendly Community Initiative · 266, 478<br />
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative · 266, 478<br />
bees · 42<br />
beneficiary · 59, 65, 66, 224, 225, 412<br />
biodiversity · 20, 84, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108,<br />
111, 112, 113, 114, 191, 202, 204, 237, 240, 471<br />
biofuel · 83, 196, 252, 456<br />
biosecurity · 39, 40, 41, 42, 103, 250, 373, 445<br />
Biosecurity New Zealand · 39, 41<br />
Book Industry Alliance · 23<br />
Boot camps · 494<br />
border security · 39, 445<br />
bovine tuberculosis · 42<br />
Brazil · 242, 343<br />
breastfeeding · 266, 478<br />
broadband · 18, 19, 45, 163, 165, 230, 260, 302, 303,<br />
304, 305, 348, 362, 383, 384, 446<br />
broadcasting · 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 144, 300, 301, 302,<br />
349, 363<br />
Broadcasting Standards Authority · 48, 301<br />
business · 4, 16, 17, 24, 25, 27, 29, 35, 36, 38, 46, 49, 52,<br />
53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 99, 102,<br />
106, 107, 110, 122, 124, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146,<br />
147, 148, 149, 150, 169, 171, 172, 174, 179, 180, 181,<br />
496
C<br />
189, 190, 191, 196, 202, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 215,<br />
217, 218, 222, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234,<br />
235, 259, 271, 278, 295, 296, 304, 307, 308, 309, 310,<br />
313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 339, 340, 341, 342,<br />
343, 354, 360, 365, 369, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382,<br />
392, 396, 398, 407, 412, 423, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436,<br />
444, 446, 450, 451, 454, 457, 475, 493, 494, 495<br />
cancer · 258, 259, 277, 283, 286, 358<br />
Canterbury · 32, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 76, 77, 78,<br />
105, 169, 170, 194, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 255, 261,<br />
297, 298, 333, 334, 430, 471, 492, 494<br />
capital gains tax · 89, 139, 141, 148, 222, 224, 226, 227,<br />
232, 296, 321, 344, 412, 452<br />
Capital Market Development Taskforce · 88, 150, 229<br />
careers · 21, 23, 166, 306, 307, 378, 429, 435, 437, 441,<br />
487, 488, 489, 490<br />
careers advice · 166, 437, 490<br />
carers · 12, 58, 68, 132, 136, 137, 183, 275, 278, 365,<br />
374, 406, 407, 416, 472, 474, 475<br />
Carers Strategy · 12, 136, 275, 406<br />
CERA · 53<br />
CGT · See capital gains tax<br />
Charities Commission · 98<br />
Child, Youth and Family · 137<br />
childcare · 67, 264, 413<br />
children · 10, 37, 38, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,<br />
66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 93, 97, 100,<br />
122, 125, 134, 136, 137, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,<br />
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169,<br />
170, 183, 184, 215, 230, 231, 259, 263, 264, 265, 266,<br />
267, 269, 273, 276, 285, 287, 288, 305, 306, 329, 330,<br />
334, 337, 338, 351, 352, 353, 356, 363, 364, 365, 374,<br />
386, 389, 392, 411, 414, 415, 416, 417, 420, 421, 441,<br />
472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479<br />
Children’s Act · 60, 61, 62<br />
Children’s Charter · 60, 61, 62, 63<br />
Children’s Commissioner · 69<br />
Children's Commissioner · 60<br />
Commissioner for Children · 62<br />
Minister for Children · 60, 61<br />
Ministry for Children · 60, 61, 62, 63<br />
China · 15, 86, 143, 242, 341, 343, 376, 448<br />
Chorus · 302, 304, 384<br />
Christchurch · 24, 32, 50, 56, 77, 204, 255, 269, 288, 294,<br />
334, 430, 458, 483, 492, 493, 494, 495<br />
Civil Defence · 76, 77, 78<br />
clean, green · 16, 18, 81, 101, 102, 106, 243, 249, 255,<br />
376, 378, 443, 461, 465<br />
climate change · 19, 39, 40, 42, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86,<br />
188, 195, 202, 242, 243, 244, 248, 252, 360, 445, 449,<br />
451, 453, 455<br />
commerce · 47, 87, 91, 92, 122, 123, 124, 126, 149, 190,<br />
229, 235, 292, 300, 301, 303, 309, 461<br />
Commerce Commission · 47, 91, 92, 122, 123, 124, 126,<br />
190, 292, 300, 301, 303, 461<br />
communications · 18, 42, 48, 199, 300, 301, 305<br />
communities · 18, 21, 22, 28, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41,<br />
42, 52, 55, 62, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 93,<br />
94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 112, 114, 117, 131, 135, 151,<br />
154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 167, 168, 169, 193, 202, 205,<br />
215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 253, 256, 264, 268, 270, 279,<br />
283, 288, 290, 307, 316, 318, 319, 320, 327, 333, 334,<br />
335, 341, 346, 351, 352, 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, 363,<br />
364, 366, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 391, 392, 394,<br />
401, 411, 416, 417, 418, 419, 422, 425, 430, 434, 461,<br />
462, 467, 468, 470, 472, 482, 485, 491, 494<br />
community · 5, 10, 14, 20, 24, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37,<br />
38, 41, 42, 52, 57, 61, 62, 63, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,<br />
85, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 106, 107, 108,<br />
118, 124, 133, 135, 136, 145, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159,<br />
167, 169, 183, 193, 199, 201, 203, 216, 218, 219, 220,<br />
242, 245, 250, 253, 257, 259, 262, 263, 265, 266, 271,<br />
273, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 289, 290, 292,<br />
296, 297, 299, 306, 307, 308, 311, 316, 319, 320, 325,<br />
326, 327, 331, 332, 335, 338, 339, 340, 342, 351, 352,<br />
354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 364, 365, 366, 367, 385,<br />
386, 387, 391, 394, 404, 405, 409, 411, 415, 416, 417,<br />
418, 420, 422, 423, 428, 429, 431, 434, 435, 438, 463,<br />
464, 465, 468, 469, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 482,<br />
483, 484, 490, 493<br />
compensation · 4, 5, 6, 41, 50, 51, 57, 185, 198, 206,<br />
298, 400, 408, 457<br />
Computer Clubhouse · 306<br />
Computers in Homes · 163, 306, 307, 363<br />
conservation · 24, 38, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,<br />
109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 163,<br />
194, 196, 199, 200, 203, 235, 250, 425, 428, 469, 485,<br />
494<br />
Conservation Corps · 485, 494<br />
construction · 6, 29, 53, 166, 186, 212, 254, 255, 292,<br />
324, 368, 489, 492<br />
consumers · 13, 18, 19, 42, 54, 91, 121, 123, 124, 125,<br />
126, 189, 190, 207, 230, 299, 303, 304, 307, 366<br />
Contact Energy · 188<br />
Cook Islands · 360<br />
Corrections · 63, 365, 389, 393, 394<br />
cost of living · 38, 121, 140, 168, 220, 222, 282, 287, 337,<br />
357, 365, 401<br />
costs · 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 20, 41, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74,<br />
75, 87, 89, 91, 99, 105, 121, 128, 133, 136, 141, 144,<br />
497
148, 149, 153, 154, 164, 168, 180, 181, 185, 191, 194,<br />
195, 203, 211, 212, 221, 222, 224, 227, 229, 230, 250,<br />
254, 258, 264, 272, 276, 281, 287, 289, 292, 293, 294,<br />
302, 304, 305, 310, 344, 349, 359, 366, 392, 393, 398,<br />
402, 405, 408, 414, 416, 420, 435, 440, 445, 452, 455,<br />
459, 467, 468, 476, 491<br />
counselling · 6, 71, 408, 441<br />
country of origin · 125<br />
Creative New Zealand · 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 362<br />
credit rating · 236<br />
credit unions · 88, 123<br />
crime · 37, 63, 258, 279, 327, 329, 389, 390, 391, 392,<br />
393, 394, 420<br />
CRIs · 145, 149, 378, 379, 380<br />
Crown · See Government<br />
Crown Fibre Holdings · 230, 303, 304, 384<br />
cultural · 12, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34,<br />
48, 74, 99, 101, 109, 160, 217, 218, 240, 242, 250,<br />
263, 275, 279, 313, 316, 318, 319, 336, 351, 353, 355,<br />
407, 427, 440, 441<br />
curriculum · 30, 72, 153, 155, 156, 157, 286, 377, 436,<br />
480, 489<br />
cyber security · 311, 312<br />
cycling · 36, 38, 83, 109, 196, 425, 453, 455, 456<br />
D<br />
debt · 36, 89, 121, 138, 139, 149, 221, 222, 223, 225,<br />
226, 232, 343, 344, 395, 396, 434, 435, 440<br />
Defence Force · 127, 128<br />
Denmark · 141, 147, 380, 433<br />
Department of Building and Housing · 290<br />
Department of Conservation · 20, 43, 101<br />
Department of Internal Affairs · 48, 97, 98, 301<br />
diabetes · 9, 259, 260, 269, 272, 281, 282, 283, 356, 357,<br />
358<br />
digital · 21, 24, 25, 26, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 164, 165,<br />
207, 230, 261, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308,<br />
309, 349, 362, 363, 485<br />
disability · 12, 28, 29, 72, 73, 95, 124, 131, 132, 133, 134,<br />
135, 136, 137, 152, 153, 161, 222, 275, 277, 278, 288,<br />
290, 297, 364, 365, 366, 406, 414, 415, 418, 421, 422,<br />
476<br />
Disability Allowance · 136, 414<br />
disarmament · 242, 246, 247<br />
distributers · 16<br />
District Health Boards · 11, 68, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262,<br />
264, 265, 268, 270, 274, 276, 284, 286, 403, 406, 478,<br />
484<br />
DOC · See Department of Conservation<br />
doctor · 65, 256, 261, 338, 356, 385<br />
Domestic Purpose Benefit · 69, 136, 415<br />
drugs · 71, 127, 260, 278, 279, 280, 281, 284, 299, 339,<br />
392, 393, 484<br />
E<br />
early childhood education · 55, 56, 59, 61, 71, 72, 73, 74,<br />
75, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 161, 167, 169, 352,<br />
386<br />
early intervention · 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 137, 153, 154,<br />
155, 162, 256, 266, 276, 277, 280, 299<br />
earthquake · 51, 56, 77, 169, 194, 210, 211, 212, 213,<br />
255, 430, 451<br />
East Coast Forestry Project · 253<br />
ECE · See early childhood education<br />
economic · 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29,<br />
31, 37, 39, 40, 56, 63, 82, 85, 87, 99, 101, 102, 104,<br />
108, 112, 116, 127, 138, 139, 141, 143, 144, 148, 159,<br />
167, 172, 181, 183, 197, 199, 201, 202, 204, 206, 215,<br />
220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232,<br />
236, 239, 242, 244, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 256, 258,<br />
263, 275, 281, 291, 299, 304, 305, 306, 313, 321, 336,<br />
338, 340, 341, 344, 345, 351, 354, 357, 358, 360, 362,<br />
363, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 377, 379, 380, 381, 387,<br />
396, 412, 414, 422, 427, 431, 433, 435, 441, 443, 452,<br />
453, 458, 465, 466, 467, 470, 473, 491, 493, See<br />
economy<br />
economy · 13, 18, 21, 27, 30, 36, 42, 69, 79, 80, 82, 83,<br />
85, 101, 138, 139, 140, 142, 145, 171, 172, 173, 174,<br />
183, 184, 192, 196, 201, 202, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227,<br />
228, 229, 232, 235, 236, 238, 249, 255, 262, 292, 295,<br />
300, 307, 308, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 336, 337,<br />
339, 340, 343, 344, 347, 365, 368, 369, 371, 376, 377,<br />
378, 380, 381, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 440, 444, 447,<br />
448, 449, 451, 453, 455, 456, 466, 473, 474<br />
education · 7, 30, 31, 44, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65,<br />
67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 98, 104, 107, 108, 124,<br />
132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,<br />
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168,<br />
169, 172, 183, 202, 204, 215, 216, 218, 230, 231, 243,<br />
244, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 263, 264, 266, 306, 308,<br />
311, 312, 315, 317, 319, 320, 325, 336, 338, 351, 352,<br />
353, 354, 355, 357, 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 373,<br />
383, 385, 386, 387, 408, 409, 413, 420, 423, 433, 434,<br />
435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 450, 462, 474, 475, 476,<br />
478, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491,<br />
492, 494<br />
Education Review Office · 158, 160, 284, 353, 484<br />
elderly · 8, 9, 11, 78, 215, 217, 272, 273, 274, 283, 290,<br />
297, 358, 364, 365, 385, 401, 403, 405, 409, 416<br />
electric vehicles · 82, 83, 84, 196, 197, 455, 460<br />
498
electricity · 38, 80, 82, 83, 105, 145, 188, 189, 190, 191,<br />
192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 204, 235, 284, 337, 460, 467,<br />
468, 470<br />
Electricity Authority · 190, 194, 195<br />
emergency management · 76, 78<br />
Emissions Trading Scheme · See ETS<br />
employee · 140, 181, 185, 233, 295, 296, 395, 396, 402<br />
employer · 8, 140, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,<br />
181, 182, 231, 233, 323, 324, 395, 396, 397, 402, 430,<br />
475, 486, 491, 493, 494<br />
employment · 16, 18, 21, 68, 73, 99, 108, 128, 134, 135,<br />
136, 137, 141, 143, 146, 166, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174,<br />
178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 215, 216, 218, 225, 226,<br />
231, 249, 250, 252, 258, 271, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325,<br />
326, 339, 340, 341, 345, 358, 365, 371, 384,394, 411,<br />
412, 413, 415, 429, 430, 433, 452, 472, 474, 475, 482,<br />
484, 485, 486, 487, 489, 490, 491, 492, 494, 495<br />
Employment Relations Act · 174, 175, 177, 178, 179,<br />
181, 182, 225, 355, 413<br />
Employment Relations Authority · 175<br />
energy · 21, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 106, 143, 144, 145,<br />
146, 162, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 202,<br />
206, 208, 230, 235, 252, 284, 289, 359, 360, 370, 378,<br />
379, 456, 460, 482<br />
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority · 195<br />
environment · 9, 14, 20, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48, 54,<br />
56, 57, 58, 60, 73, 79, 83, 87, 99, 101, 102, 113, 134,<br />
137, 143, 160, 161, 162, 169, 172, 173, 187, 191, 196,<br />
197, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 216, 220, 228,<br />
235, 238, 240, 243, 244, 246, 265, 272, 279,280, 287,<br />
297, 302, 322, 330, 341, 353, 354, 360, 371, 372, 376,<br />
378, 379, 380, 385, 393, 405, 425, 427, 428, 443, 446,<br />
449, 451, 453, 456, 460, 466, 469, 478, 493<br />
Enviro-Schools · 108, 163, 203<br />
EQC · 56, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214<br />
ethnic · 12, 28, 46, 215, 216, 217, 218, 275, 282, 316,<br />
357, 407, 421, 476<br />
ETS · 19, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 188, 191, 192, 193, 199,<br />
235, 249, 253<br />
Europe · 46, 242, 319<br />
exchange rate · 15, 141, 226, 343, 451<br />
export · 13, 15, 16, 18, 26, 27, 36, 37, 81, 86, 89, 101,<br />
138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 201, 220, 226,<br />
237, 247, 249, 251, 311, 321, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345,<br />
368, 371, 376, 380, 381, 383, 443, 448, 450, 451, 452,<br />
455<br />
exporters · 13, 15, 138, 140, 141, 222, 226, 227, 321,<br />
343, 344, 345, 450, 451, 452, 457<br />
F<br />
families · 9, 32, 33, 55, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69,<br />
70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 97, 99, 121, 122, 136, 137,<br />
151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 163, 164, 172, 173, 185, 195,<br />
218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 256, 262, 263, 264, 267, 272,<br />
281, 282, 283, 287, 289, 291, 293, 296, 299, 306, 313,<br />
316, 317, 351, 356, 357, 359, 360, 363, 364, 365, 384,<br />
385, 392, 401, 404, 405, 411, 415, 416, 420, 428, 472,<br />
476<br />
Families Commission · 61, 62<br />
Farm Forestry Association · 250<br />
farmers · 15, 16, 17, 19, 41, 81, 82, 106, 116, 117, 119,<br />
142, 208, 235, 384, 387, 465, 467, 468, 471<br />
farmland · 14<br />
Federated Farmers · 250<br />
Fiji · 244, 245<br />
films · See screen industry<br />
finance · 36, 52, 88, 89, 121, 122, 149, 222, 229, 234,<br />
298, 331, 339, 342, 365, 454<br />
financial advisers · 88<br />
financial crisis · See global financial crisis<br />
financial literacy · 124, 157, 366<br />
Finland · 141, 380, 433<br />
Fire service · 76<br />
Fish and Game · 110<br />
fisheries · 101, 110, 111, 112, 113, 127, 143, 144, 145,<br />
201, 237, 238, 239, 240, 378, 492<br />
Fonterra · 16<br />
food · 13, 18, 19, 20, 42, 111, 125, 162, 224, 256, 260,<br />
283, 357, 440<br />
foreign · 14, 15, 127, 130, 138, 146, 222, 224, 225, 234,<br />
239, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 343, 381, 440, 449,<br />
450, 451<br />
Foreign Affairs · 142, 242, 245, 361<br />
forestry · 6, 15, 20, 80, 86, 101, 144, 145, 193, 201, 224,<br />
235, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 492<br />
fracking · 198, 199, 205<br />
Free-Trade Agreement · 15<br />
Future Focus · 414<br />
G<br />
galleries · 23, 29, 34<br />
Game Animal Council · 111<br />
Gateway · 165, 377, 483, 489, 490<br />
GDP · 36, 138, 140, 227, 246, 335, 371, 380, 443<br />
Genesis Energy · 188<br />
499
genetic modification · 208, 209<br />
global financial crisis · 14, 181, 220, 295, 368<br />
Government · 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 27, 32, 41, 44,<br />
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 72, 74, 94,<br />
96, 97, 98, 122, 127, 128, 129, 135, 143, 151, 152,<br />
153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 168, 169,<br />
181, 182, 210, 212, 213, 221, 222, 225, 231, 242, 257,<br />
273, 279, 280, 283, 284, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294,<br />
296, 298, 299, 302, 303, 304, 311, 324, 328, 329, 330,<br />
331, 333, 334, 337, 342, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352,<br />
353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 363, 368, 369, 372, 375, 377,<br />
383, 384, 385, 387, 391, 392, 394, 396, 405, 407, 408,<br />
409, 411, 413, 414, 417, 419, 420, 421, 422, 425, 427,<br />
429, 430, 431, 432, 434, 440, 443, 444, 445, 447, 451,<br />
457, 463, 464, 475, 476, 482, 484<br />
greenfield · 14<br />
greenhouse gas · 19, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 188, 191,<br />
192, 194, 196, 199, 202, 251, 455, 456<br />
Grey Power · 9, 272, 405<br />
growers · 16, 387<br />
GST · 59, 211, 222, 224, 225, 258, 337, 357, 369, 371,<br />
412, 431, 441<br />
H<br />
health · 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 28, 29, 38, 39, 41, 58, 59,<br />
60, 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 84, 94,<br />
95, 101, 102, 125, 132, 135, 137, 141, 154, 162, 174,<br />
180, 182, 185, 186, 187, 195, 197, 201, 207, 216, 218,<br />
219, 226, 230, 243, 244, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261,<br />
262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272,<br />
273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285,<br />
286, 287, 289, 290, 297, 299, 304, 315, 317, 321, 340,<br />
345, 351, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 365, 379,<br />
383, 384, 385, 386, 392, 393, 394, 396, 401, 403, 404,<br />
405, 406, 408, 409, 417, 418, 420, 422, 423, 425, 428,<br />
429, 431, 433, 438, 441, 452, 453, 456, 460, 464, 465,<br />
467, 470, 472, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 484<br />
Health in Schools · 68, 265<br />
Health Innovation Project · 257, 260, 261<br />
healthy · 9, 37, 38, 61, 67, 101, 162, 201, 206, 224, 228,<br />
256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264, 272, 282, 283, 284,<br />
285, 287, 288, 320, 356, 357, 358, 359, 364, 378, 405,<br />
422, 433, 477<br />
hearing loss · 6, 408<br />
Heartland Centres · 383<br />
heritage · 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 53,<br />
106, 109, 113, 115, 118, 203, 240, 318, 320, 356, 362,<br />
443<br />
high country · 20, 116, 117, 118, 119, 469<br />
Historic Places Trust · 31, 32<br />
Holidays Act · 181, 225, 413<br />
home ownership · 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 360<br />
home support · 10, 273, 405<br />
home-based care · See home support<br />
homelessness · 94, 298, 299, 417, 418<br />
Hong Kong · 371<br />
horticultural · 40, 42, 339, 495<br />
hospital · 11, 63, 64, 256, 259, 262, 268, 274, 315, 361,<br />
403<br />
housing · 9, 10, 11, 12, 37, 38, 49, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66,<br />
73, 94, 98, 122, 133, 191, 194, 195, 212, 216, 232,<br />
256, 258, 259, 272, 273, 274, 275, 282, 283, 284, 287,<br />
288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299,<br />
306, 334, 337, 351, 356, 357, 359, 363, 385, 403, 404,<br />
405, 407, 409, 417, 464<br />
Housing New Zealand · 133, 259, 284, 287, 288, 289,<br />
290, 294, 296, 297, 299, 359<br />
Human Rights Commission · 133, 183, 330, 374, 473<br />
hunting · 110, 111<br />
I<br />
ICT · 47, 144, 145, 163, 165, 230, 300, 301, 306, 307,<br />
311, 348, 362, 363, 368, 384, 429, 431<br />
immigration · 218, 243, 244, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,<br />
322, 360, 361, 362, 445<br />
importers · 41, 207<br />
In Work Tax Credit · 59, 65, 66<br />
income · 10, 12, 15, 58, 59, 61, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 94, 96,<br />
119, 122, 138, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 163, 164, 171,<br />
172, 173, 195, 211, 212, 222, 224, 225, 229, 256, 258,<br />
259, 273, 275, 276, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293, 295, 296,<br />
297, 306, 322, 335, 337, 351, 355, 356, 359, 363, 369,<br />
371, 392, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 407, 411,<br />
412, 416, 417, 419, 431, 440, 441, 444, 475<br />
India · 242, 341, 343, 449<br />
Industry Standard Agreements · 172, 174, 175, 177, 178,<br />
179, 180, 225, 355, 413<br />
industry training · 175, 231, 323, 324, 325, 373<br />
Industry Training Federation · 165, 166, 326, 483, 489<br />
ITO · 30, 176, 439, 491<br />
infant mortality · 281<br />
Information and Communications Technology · See ICT<br />
infrastructure · 13, 15, 18, 21, 29, 36, 84, 86, 87, 90, 99,<br />
101, 106, 109, 129, 143, 144, 149, 190, 191, 193, 194,<br />
197, 203, 223, 224, 228, 230, 235, 243, 250, 253, 291,<br />
292, 293, 300, 302, 304, 305, 335, 348, 349, 360, 368,<br />
383, 384, 425, 431, 446, 449, 453, 454, 457,459, 460,<br />
461, 467<br />
injury · 4, 5, 6, 7, 99, 185, 186, 347, 372, 393, 408, 420,<br />
460, 476<br />
500
innovation · 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 63, 70, 80, 94, 142,<br />
144, 147, 175, 222, 228, 237, 238, 239, 253, 255, 260,<br />
261, 271, 301, 305, 308, 309, 313, 322, 323, 336, 362,<br />
368, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 417, 427, 428, 433, 435,<br />
459, 461<br />
Innovation Council · 228, 377<br />
Institutes of Technology · 386, 434, 436<br />
insurance · 4, 5, 7, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 169, 210, 211,<br />
212, 213, 222, 234, 293, 298, 407<br />
insurers · See insurance<br />
interest rates · 121, 139, 140, 141, 222, 226, 227, 295,<br />
343, 344, 345, 366, 451<br />
Interfaith Dialogue · 318, 366<br />
Internet · 44, 45, 47, 300, 302, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309,<br />
349, 363, 428<br />
Invalid's Benefit · 136, 414, 415<br />
Israel · 141, 147, 380<br />
iwi · 107, 111, 112, 203, 237, 291, 299, 336, 338, 340,<br />
341, 462, 465<br />
J<br />
Japan · 142<br />
jobs · 15, 37, 44, 96, 128, 138, 142, 144, 145, 171, 181,<br />
218, 221, 222, 224, 228, 231, 232, 234, 235, 238, 256,<br />
321, 322, 325, 326, 334, 339, 343, 369, 371, 381, 384,<br />
413, 414, 415, 419, 437, 443, 445, 448, 458, 473, 483,<br />
486, 487, 488, 491, 492, 495<br />
justice · 75, 162, 280, 327, 330, 331, 339, 341, 342, 389,<br />
392, 420, 476<br />
K<br />
Kermadec Islands · 112, 113<br />
Kiwi Advanced Research and Education Network · 163,<br />
306<br />
KiwiRail · 83, 196, 230, 231, 455, 457, 458<br />
KiwiSaver · 140, 141, 145, 222, 226, 227, 232, 233, 294,<br />
295, 337, 395, 396, 397, 398, 402, 403, 416<br />
Kordia · 303<br />
KPMG · 16, 17, 18<br />
Kyoto Protocol · 19, 79, 85, 192, 251, 252<br />
L<br />
land · 14, 15, 20, 39, 49, 50, 51, 57, 86, 101, 102, 103,<br />
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 117,<br />
118, 119, 120, 133, 144, 148, 199, 200, 201, 210, 211,<br />
212, 220, 223, 224, 235, 238, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253,<br />
290, 291, 292, 293, 296, 297, 298, 340, 425, 449, 466,<br />
467, 468, 469, 470, 471<br />
landlords · 195, 288, 289, 297, 359<br />
Law Commission · 46, 279, 280, 328, 330, 331, 350, 409,<br />
463<br />
levy · 4, 7, 8, 47, 54, 210, 211, 212, 301, 309, 408<br />
libraries · 23, 34<br />
lignite · 84, 85, 199, 235<br />
Linton Army Camp · 129<br />
literacy · 124, 125, 157, 160, 219, 306, 353, 355, 363,<br />
366, 439<br />
loan sharks · 121, 122, 342, 366<br />
local authorities · See local government<br />
local government · 11, 13, 24, 28, 29, 32, 35, 38, 76, 86,<br />
94, 95, 107, 108, 133, 194, 202, 203, 204, 208, 239,<br />
253, 274, 289, 291, 293, 296, 297, 299, 304, 316, 333,<br />
334, 335, 341, 342, 349, 385, 403, 417, 418, 444, 447,<br />
470, 483, 488<br />
M<br />
Mackenzie basin · 117, 118, 119, 468, 469<br />
MAF · 42<br />
manufacturing · 6, 144, 221, 228, 249, 253, 378, 379,<br />
492<br />
Māori · 24, 27, 28, 86, 93, 151, 158, 159, 163, 215, 240,<br />
258, 259, 277, 279, 281, 283, 306, 336, 337, 338, 339,<br />
340, 341, 342, 351, 354, 363, 436, 444, 462, 470, 483,<br />
492, 493<br />
Hauora · 336<br />
He Korowai Oranga · 281<br />
iwi radio · 46, 341<br />
Māori Education Strategy – Ka Hikitia · 158<br />
Māori Language Strategy · 159<br />
Māori Television · 46, 159, 341<br />
Māori Trade Training · 354, 492, 493<br />
Māori Wardens · 336<br />
Māori Women’s Welfare League · 336<br />
Te Kōhanga Reo · 155, 158, 336, 338<br />
Te Kotahitanga · 158<br />
Te Matatini · 341<br />
Te Reo Māori · 46, 158, 159, 279, 341<br />
marine · 39, 41, 86, 101, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114,<br />
115, 191, 193, 198, 200, 205, 206, 235, 237, 238, 240,<br />
457<br />
markets · 13, 18, 26, 39, 48, 86, 87, 88, 89, 123, 125,<br />
141, 146, 149, 189, 190, 201, 217, 221, 225, 229, 232,<br />
233, 234, 235, 249, 254, 302, 308, 336, 343, 371, 382,<br />
444, 445, 448, 450, 451<br />
Massey University · 20, 129<br />
501
maternity · 67, 68, 264, 265, 267, 284, 385, 477, 479,<br />
480, 484<br />
medical · See health<br />
men · 183, 184, 286, 299, 365, 472, 473, 474<br />
mental health · 73, 258, 259, 276, 281, 284, 356, 358,<br />
484<br />
Meridian Energy · 105, 188<br />
Middle East · 319<br />
Mighty River Power · 188, 190<br />
migrant · 37, 285, 313, 314, 351, 395, 397, 421, 438,<br />
476, 480<br />
Millennium Development Goals · 243, 246, 248, 481<br />
minerals · 14, 115, 199<br />
minimum wage · 174, 179, 355<br />
mining · 84, 85, 104, 115, 116, 186, 187, 199, 200, 206,<br />
235<br />
Ministry for Culture and Heritage · 33<br />
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries · 250<br />
Ministry of Consumer Affairs · 124, 126, 366<br />
Ministry of Culture and Heritage · 48, 301<br />
Ministry of Economic Development · 48, 301, 444<br />
Ministry of Education · 56, 151, 160, 162, 166, 169, 170,<br />
267, 353, 386, 447, 479, 483, 490<br />
Ministry of Ethnic Affairs · 216, 217<br />
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade · 142, 244, 248<br />
Ministry of Health · 10, 11, 68, 259, 264, 267, 273, 274,<br />
406, 428, 467, 479<br />
Ministry of Social Development · 12, 28, 63, 64, 65, 66,<br />
97, 258, 275, 375, 407, 420<br />
Ministry of Women’s Affairs · 61, 473<br />
MMP · 327<br />
Modern Apprenticeships Scheme · 29, 30, 307, 322<br />
Mokihinui · 105<br />
monetary policy · 15, 138, 140, 141, 145, 226, 227, 321,<br />
343, 344, 345, 451, 452<br />
Motor Vehicle Account · 7, 8, 408<br />
music · 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 44, 309, 351, 355<br />
N<br />
National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability ·<br />
132, 278<br />
National Environmental Standards for Air Quality · 208<br />
National Health Board · 261<br />
National Land Transport Fund · 230, 454, 459<br />
National Library · 33<br />
National <strong>Party</strong> · 4, 6, 7, 19, 35, 36, 40, 41, 49, 53, 63, 65,<br />
71, 72, 80, 81, 87, 98, 102, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112,<br />
115, 116, 117, 119, 129, 136, 138, 141, 142, 145, 146,<br />
153, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 167, 169, 171, 181, 182,<br />
183, 187, 188, 189, 192, 194, 201, 204, 205,207, 208,<br />
211, 212, 213, 223, 225, 226, 227, 231, 241, 244, 246,<br />
282, 286, 287, 291, 294, 297, 303, 322, 330, 331, 335,<br />
353, 355, 356, 370, 376, 381, 383, 386, 387, 390, 391,<br />
393, 394, 395, 396, 400, 407, 408, 409, 413, 414, 415,<br />
420, 423, 424, 425, 437, 440, 441, 442, 454, 455, 457,<br />
463, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 482, 490, 494<br />
National Standards · 156, 157, 167<br />
NCEA · 163<br />
New Chums beach · 106<br />
New Zealand Curriculum · 152, 157, 349<br />
New Zealand Disability Strategy · 131, 132, 136, 277<br />
New Zealand Film Archive · 22, 29<br />
New Zealand Film Commission · 22, 25<br />
New Zealand Institute · 146, 147, 148<br />
New Zealand Medical Association · 258<br />
New Zealand Music Commission · 26<br />
New Zealand on Air · 25, 26, 363<br />
New Zealand Racing Board · 372<br />
New Zealand Symphony Orchestra · 22<br />
NGOs · 11, 24, 124, 136, 245, 247, 274, 290, 297, 299,<br />
366, 403, 416, 450<br />
Niue · 360<br />
nuclear weapons · 246<br />
nurse · 10, 11, 257, 261, 263, 270, 271, 273, 274, 284,<br />
339, 385, 406, 484<br />
NZ On Air · 46, 47<br />
NZ Onscreen · 309<br />
NZ Super · See superannuation<br />
NZ Venture Investment Fund · 146, 147, 148, 149, 229,<br />
381, 382<br />
NZAID · 244, 245, 248<br />
NZDF · See Defence Force<br />
NZVIF · See NZ Venture Investment Fund<br />
NZX · 89, 90, 150, 229<br />
O<br />
occupational · See work<br />
OECD · 10, 64, 68, 139, 151, 156, 165, 222, 224, 228,<br />
232, 273, 296, 378, 380, 412, 433, 483, 489<br />
Office for the Community and Voluntary Sector · 97<br />
Official Information Act · 329, 347, 348<br />
Ohakea · 129<br />
older people · See elderly<br />
Open<strong>Labour</strong>NZ · 346, 348<br />
oral health · 259, 269, 270, 285, 385, 479<br />
outdoor recreation · 101, 109, 111, 163, 181, 225, 238,<br />
260, 413, 422, 423, 424, 425, 441<br />
overseas development assistance · 242, 244, 245, 246<br />
502
P<br />
Pacific · 24, 27, 28, 37, 46, 64, 70, 72, 74, 78, 79, 85, 114,<br />
127, 151, 153, 159, 160, 163, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245,<br />
246, 247, 248, 258, 259, 266, 277, 279, 281, 282, 283,<br />
284, 290, 306, 313, 315, 319, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355,<br />
356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,<br />
436, 440, 441, 448, 449, 450, 481, 483, 492, 493<br />
Pacific Business Trust · 354<br />
Pacific Education Plan · 160, 353, 355<br />
paid parental leave · 59, 68, 69, 75, 184, 365, 472, 474<br />
palliative care · 271, 404<br />
parent · 59, 65, 66, 68, 74, 144, 146, 154, 159, 267, 306,<br />
363, 414, 479<br />
parks · 38, 101, 115, 116, 117, 118, 200, 235<br />
Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment · 43,<br />
111, 195, 204, 205, 252, 329<br />
Partnership for Quality · 429<br />
Pasifika · See Pacific<br />
Pathway to Partnership · 97<br />
Pathways to Arts and Cultural Employment · 322<br />
pay rates · See wage<br />
Performance Based Research Fund · 435<br />
Permanent Forest Sinks Initiative · 253<br />
pest · 39, 40, 41, 43, 102, 103, 106, 120<br />
petroleum · 115, 188, 197, 198, 205, 206<br />
PHARMAC · 278, 449<br />
PHO · See Primary Healthcare Organisations<br />
physical activity · 423, 425, 426, 456<br />
Pike River · 185, 186<br />
Playcentre · 155<br />
Plunket · 70, 265, 266, 478<br />
Police · 6, 71, 76, 320, 331, 365, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391,<br />
392, 420, 476<br />
Polytechnics · 386, 434, 436, 492<br />
population · 9, 18, 37, 38, 42, 44, 102, 123, 145, 160,<br />
168, 179, 207, 215, 233, 241, 258, 259, 272, 275, 280,<br />
283, 284, 302, 313, 318, 336, 338, 351, 353, 354, 356,<br />
357, 358, 360, 363, 365, 375, 383, 389, 391, 393, 394,<br />
395, 401, 405, 409, 428, 438, 455, 480, 482, 484<br />
ports · 40, 335, 446, 457<br />
Positive Behaviour for Learning · 162<br />
poverty · 37, 38, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 124, 223, 243,<br />
244, 245, 248, 258, 263, 287, 338, 351, 360, 366, 411,<br />
481<br />
Press Council · 48, 301<br />
prevention · 5, 6, 7, 63, 94, 243, 245, 262, 269, 285, 299,<br />
338, 360, 389, 390, 408, 417, 477<br />
Price Waterhouse Coopers · 228, 379<br />
Primary Growth Partnership · 17, 20, 253, 387<br />
primary health · 65, 67, 262, 263, 264, 271, 356, 385<br />
Primary Health Care strategy · 257<br />
Primary Healthcare Organisations · 262, 265, 286,<br />
478<br />
primary production · 13, 14, 235, 336, 371, 383<br />
primary sector · 13, 14, 17, 380<br />
prisons · 95, 258, 279, 299, 365, 389, 393, 394, 418, 480<br />
Privacy Commissioner · 329<br />
private sector · 10, 38, 86, 93, 99, 101, 107, 142, 145,<br />
146, 174, 244, 248, 262, 273, 288, 290, 297, 301, 321,<br />
335, 359, 369, 370, 379, 380, 405, 459<br />
Private Training Establishments · 439, 492<br />
privatisation · 4, 5, 146, 188, 189, 335, 394, 407, 470<br />
procurement · 91, 128, 129, 143, 202, 222, 231, 232,<br />
234, 311, 331, 349, 368, 369, 370, 430, 431, 458<br />
productivity · 13, 14, 63, 80, 82, 138, 140, 142, 144, 171,<br />
172, 174, 175, 179, 180, 185, 204, 208, 225, 230, 258,<br />
261, 322, 323, 340, 355, 380, 381, 383, 413, 433, 467<br />
profit · 4, 10, 12, 24, 46, 50, 122, 181, 220, 273, 275,<br />
290, 297, 298, 349, 394, 405, 406, 427, 469<br />
public sector · 10, 42, 44, 94, 106, 183, 202, 220, 248,<br />
273, 346, 347, 348, 349, 354, 368, 369, 375, 405, 417,<br />
427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 450, 459, 473, 475, 483,<br />
493<br />
public servants · See public sector<br />
public transport · 83, 188, 196, 453, 454, 455<br />
public-private partnerships · 169, 448<br />
R<br />
R&D · See Research and Development<br />
racing · 371, 372, 373<br />
radio · 26, 44, 45, 46, 217, 305, 363, 441, 485<br />
Radio New Zealand · 44, 45<br />
rail · 35, 36, 38, 83, 196, 230, 368, 445, 446, 453, 455,<br />
456, 457, 458<br />
recession · 64, 232, 291, 321, 433<br />
Recognised Seasonal Employment Scheme · 315, 361,<br />
495<br />
refugees · 219, 247, 259, 313, 316, 317, 438, 439<br />
Regional Museums Fund · 29<br />
regulation · 13, 54, 87, 89, 90, 92, 149, 185, 186, 187,<br />
201, 280, 302, 342, 398<br />
regulatory reform · See regulation<br />
rehabilitation · 5, 6, 7, 279, 365, 463<br />
religion · 12, 218, 275, 316, 318, 319, 351, 366, 407<br />
rental properties · 195, 289, 359, 360<br />
research · 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 40, 61,<br />
71, 73, 79, 81, 82, 96, 129, 130, 132, 142, 149, 152,<br />
160, 193, 208, 216, 224, 228, 238, 250, 251, 254, 255,<br />
503
258, 260, 277, 278, 301, 306, 322, 336, 340, 353, 355,<br />
358, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 394, 419, 433, 434, 435,<br />
439, 441, 445, 446, 447, 448, 450, 451, 460, 467<br />
Research and Development · 13, 14, 16, 17, 79, 81, 85,<br />
129, 130, 138, 141, 142, 145, 149, 150, 193, 224, 229,<br />
250, 307, 322, 340, 377, 379, 380, 381, 434, 448, 450,<br />
451<br />
Reserve Bank · 15, 54, 139, 141, 226, 227, 235, 321, 344,<br />
345, 452<br />
residential care · 9, 10, 12, 257, 272, 273, 275, 405, 407<br />
Resource Management Act · 32, 102, 118, 199, 203, 238,<br />
292, 335<br />
resources · 6, 7, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36,<br />
37, 40, 47, 68, 74, 75, 77, 78, 83, 84, 96, 99, 106, 109,<br />
110, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135, 136,<br />
137, 143, 144, 152, 155, 158, 161, 162, 169, 178, 179,<br />
188, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 205,<br />
206, 207, 228, 237, 240, 245, 246, 248, 249, 261, 265,<br />
268, 269, 271, 283, 284, 286, 294, 300, 330, 333, 335,<br />
336, 339, 341, 347, 358, 363, 377, 378, 386, 387, 390,<br />
391, 392, 394, 408, 409, 415, 416, 419, 423, 424, 425,<br />
429, 433, 438, 441, 456, 458, 481, 484, 486<br />
retirement · 10, 140, 150, 232, 233, 234, 273, 295, 335,<br />
395, 396, 398, 399, 401, 402, 416, 473<br />
Retirement Commission · 124<br />
Retirement Commissioner · 233, 400, 401<br />
retirement villages · 10, 273, 335<br />
revenue · 22, 23, 81, 144, 148, 211, 223, 372, 400, 459,<br />
470, 486<br />
review · 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 35, 40, 41, 46,<br />
54, 56, 60, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 77, 78, 80, 88, 89, 91,<br />
92, 97, 98, 102, 104, 107, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122,<br />
123, 124, 125, 128, 131, 132, 135, 158, 165, 166, 168,<br />
190, 193, 198, 205, 206, 210, 211, 213, 214, 219, 232,<br />
233, 234, 235, 239, 249, 251, 253, 262, 265, 266, 268,<br />
271, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281, 285, 286, 289, 291, 292,<br />
294, 299, 302, 303, 305, 308, 309, 313, 314, 315, 316,<br />
317, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 334, 340, 341, 342,<br />
350, 361, 365, 366, 369, 374, 385, 390, 393, 394, 396,<br />
397, 398, 403, 404, 407, 408, 416, 420, 428, 434, 435,<br />
437, 438, 439, 441, 446, 447, 457, 458, 463, 469, 477,<br />
478, 480, 483, 484, 489, 490, 494<br />
rivers · 105, 109, 119, 191, 465, 466, 468<br />
roading · 250, 383, 384, 453<br />
Royal New Zealand Ballet · 22<br />
Rugby World Cup · 27, 424, 446<br />
rural · 15, 17, 18, 19, 78, 81, 193, 204, 211, 249, 262,<br />
265, 270, 302, 303, 304, 305, 335, 337, 383, 384, 385,<br />
386, 387, 439, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470, 478<br />
Rural Broadband Initiative · 19, 304, 384<br />
S<br />
Samoa · 360<br />
sanctuaries · 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112, 115<br />
SAS · 130<br />
savings · 6, 38, 75, 138, 139, 140, 142, 145, 164, 195,<br />
221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 232, 233, 261, 271,<br />
284, 294, 295, 337, 359, 381, 395, 396, 397, 486, 494<br />
school · 28, 30, 55, 56, 64, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 94,<br />
108, 124, 125, 134, 135, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,<br />
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167,<br />
168, 169, 170, 194, 230, 231, 254, 256, 260, 263, 264,<br />
265, 269, 284, 286, 304, 305, 306, 307, 326, 336, 338,<br />
339, 352, 353, 354, 356, 358, 363, 374, 375, 377, 383,<br />
385, 386, 387, 417, 423, 424, 433, 434, 436, 437, 438,<br />
439, 446, 447, 480, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 489,<br />
490, 491<br />
science · 17, 44, 106, 149, 208, 228, 253, 307, 376, 377,<br />
378, 379, 380, 435, 441, 445<br />
screen industry · 22<br />
Screen Production Incentive Fund · 25<br />
sea · See marine<br />
seabirds · 113, 240<br />
sensitive claims · 6, 408<br />
Sentencing Council · 331<br />
sexual orientation · 374<br />
shipping · 15, 83, 196, 453, 455, 456, 457<br />
Sign Language · 135<br />
Singapore · 141, 147, 368, 380, 433<br />
skilled · 13, 14, 17, 36, 37, 44, 53, 134, 144, 159, 161,<br />
171, 225, 283, 291, 307, 313, 314, 322, 323, 324, 352,<br />
354, 359, 369, 371, 373, 380, 413, 429, 433, 436, 437,<br />
458, 473, 492<br />
skills · 17, 25, 29, 30, 31, 53, 54, 67, 71, 93, 99, 108, 146,<br />
151, 152, 160, 162, 165, 166, 172, 173, 174, 175, 180,<br />
218, 219, 222, 231, 243, 245, 257, 264, 306, 307, 313,<br />
314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 336, 337, 339, 340,<br />
351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357, 368,369, 390, 393, 394,<br />
401, 411, 412, 415, 416, 423, 424, 435, 436, 437, 438,<br />
444, 450, 451, 458, 483, 485, 486, 488, 489, 490, 491,<br />
492, 494, 495<br />
small business · 87, 149, 222, 229, 235, 354<br />
SME · 37, 87<br />
smoking · 258, 259, 283, 357, 358<br />
social housing · 289, 290, 296, 297, 359<br />
Social Inclusion · 94, 95, 96, 417, 418, 419<br />
social services · 13, 74, 93, 94, 154, 417<br />
SOEs · 84, 105, 144, 145, 146, 188, 189, 190, 199, 222,<br />
224, 370<br />
504
Solid Energy · 84, 85, 199, 235<br />
Solomon Islands · 130, 245<br />
Sparc · 424, 426<br />
special needs · See disability<br />
sport · 44, 60, 163, 260, 371, 422, 423, 424, 425<br />
Standard Business Reporting · 91<br />
state housing · 133, 195, 287, 288, 290, 359<br />
state sector · See public sector<br />
State Services Commission · 48, 136, 245, 301, 428, 430,<br />
475<br />
superannuation · 59, 223, 224, 225, 233, 234, 382, 395,<br />
398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 409, 412, 416, 464<br />
supermarkets · 16, 123<br />
surplus · 8, 193, 223, 251, 435<br />
sustainable · 13, 17, 18, 19, 29, 30, 38, 45, 52, 55, 79, 81,<br />
82, 83, 85, 97, 101, 106, 111, 114, 117, 118, 125, 127,<br />
128, 129, 183, 188, 194, 196, 201, 202, 204, 220, 223,<br />
228, 230, 231, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 249,<br />
250, 251, 253, 254, 257, 268, 270, 320,322, 360, 366,<br />
369, 371, 404, 412, 431, 443, 448, 451, 453, 455, 456,<br />
457, 458, 459, 465, 467, 469<br />
Sustainable Farming Fund · 17, 19, 20, 387<br />
T<br />
tax · 17, 27, 46, 59, 65, 66, 81, 89, 138, 139, 140, 141,<br />
142, 145, 147, 148, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227,<br />
229, 232, 233, 258, 296, 322, 337, 344, 369, 371, 380,<br />
381, 394, 396, 400, 411, 412, 431, 440, 441, 452, 473,<br />
486<br />
Te Araroa · 109<br />
Te Matatini · 22, 28<br />
Te Papa · 22, 24, 29, 34<br />
teachers · 134, 135, 151, 152, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161,<br />
162, 167, 168, 218, 316, 353, 377, 440, 450<br />
technology · 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 33, 37, 47, 48, 81,<br />
82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 99, 103, 133, 163, 168, 196, 197,<br />
199, 208, 228, 248, 252, 253, 260, 300, 301, 302, 305,<br />
306, 307, 310, 317, 330, 346, 347, 363, 373, 379, 380,<br />
391, 431, 433, 451, 456, 460<br />
Telecom · 92, 123, 302, 303<br />
telecommunications · 47, 48, 123, 144, 300, 301, 302,<br />
303, 383<br />
television · 24, 25, 31, 34, 44, 45, 46, 47, 217, 305, 349<br />
tenants · 259, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290, 297, 299, 359<br />
terrorism · 127, 329, 392<br />
tertiary · 17, 29, 30, 55, 56, 77, 124, 158, 159, 166, 167,<br />
231, 260, 261, 268, 307, 311, 312, 317, 322, 323, 325,<br />
336, 352, 354, 364, 386, 423, 433, 434, 436, 437, 439,<br />
441, 447, 475, 483, 487, 488, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495<br />
Tertiary Education Commission · 433<br />
Tertiary High Schools · 166, 490<br />
Timor Leste · 130, 245<br />
Toi Aotearoa Arts Council · 22, 29<br />
Tokelau · 360<br />
Tonga · 360<br />
tourism · 22, 25, 27, 31, 53, 86, 101, 104, 109, 110, 116,<br />
145, 201, 235, 243, 313, 340, 425, 440, 443, 444, 445,<br />
446, 447, 451, 461<br />
trade · 14, 18, 20, 27, 36, 39, 40, 83, 91, 123, 142, 143,<br />
145, 166, 167, 196, 201, 217, 231, 237, 240, 242, 243,<br />
244, 247, 278, 309, 323, 324, 325, 326, 339, 340, 355,<br />
360, 386, 436, 437, 448, 449, 451, 456, 461, 469, 483,<br />
489, 490<br />
trade academies · 166, 167, 168, 490<br />
training · 10, 17, 25, 29, 30, 45, 53, 54, 72, 74, 77, 94, 99,<br />
134, 135, 137, 149, 150, 153, 154, 158, 165, 166, 183,<br />
222, 229, 231, 252, 263, 269, 271, 273, 283, 286, 304,<br />
307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 338, 339, 340, 352,<br />
354, 355, 357, 359, 373, 385, 386, 393, 404, 405, 413,<br />
414, 415, 417, 423, 424, 430, 431, 436, 437, 438, 439,<br />
444, 446, 461, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489,<br />
490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495<br />
Training Incentive Allowance · 136, 338, 364, 415, 441,<br />
475, 476<br />
transport · 11, 35, 36, 37, 38, 72, 80, 82, 83, 133, 154,<br />
170, 186, 188, 193, 196, 197, 230, 258, 274, 334, 385,<br />
386, 403, 441, 446, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459,<br />
460, 461<br />
Treasury · 4, 139, 141, 380, 470<br />
Treaty settlements · 203, 342, 462<br />
TVNZ · 45<br />
U<br />
unemployment · 53, 143, 221, 231, 282, 314, 321, 324,<br />
326, 339, 340, 354, 357, 412, 413, 414, 415, 434, 447,<br />
482, 483, 485, 486, 487, 491, 494<br />
unions · 11, 82, 88, 89, 123, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177,<br />
178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 186, 225, 231, 239, 274, 322,<br />
323, 324, 355, 374, 403, 413, 429, 457<br />
United Kingdom · 32, 47, 88, 139, 147, 157, 242, 295,<br />
300, 308, 346, 440, 445<br />
United Nations · 32, 127, 131, 240, 242, 248, 375, 481<br />
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons<br />
with Disabilities · 131<br />
university · 77, 145, 326, 377, 378, 379, 380, 434, 435,<br />
436, 439, 495<br />
urban · 18, 19, 20, 36, 37, 38, 78, 104, 111, 117, 133,<br />
204, 205, 207, 288, 297, 302, 303, 304, 305, 334, 384,<br />
385, 466, 468, 469, 470<br />
505
V<br />
Varroa mite · 42<br />
vehicle · 7, 8, 83, 197, 208, 391, 408, 445, 460, 469<br />
veterinarians · 17<br />
violence · 37, 64, 73, 95, 99, 100, 151, 266, 299, 316,<br />
320, 391, 392, 393, 418, 420, 421, 472, 473, 476, 477,<br />
478, 480<br />
voluntary · 17, 26, 93, 97, 98, 99, 136, 175, 176, 183,<br />
340, 415, 416, 442, 475, See volunteer<br />
voluntary bonding · 17<br />
Voluntary Bonding Scheme · 270, 377, 385<br />
volunteer · 77, 106, 424, 484, 485<br />
W<br />
wage · 10, 14, 44, 60, 64, 65, 66, 127, 128, 140, 171, 172,<br />
173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 222,<br />
225, 234, 259, 273, 315, 323, 337, 355, 362, 368, 369,<br />
396, 399, 401, 405, 411, 412, 413, 430, 432, 473, 474<br />
Waitangi · 32, 93, 107, 181, 215, 225, 252, 318, 337, 341,<br />
413, 462<br />
walking · 36, 38, 83, 109, 119, 196, 255, 425, 446, 453,<br />
455, 456<br />
Walking Access Commission · 109, 110<br />
War Memorial Museum · 29<br />
waste · 38, 58, 111, 202, 203, 207, 230, 261, 387, 438,<br />
453, 459, 471<br />
water · 13, 14, 20, 38, 41, 56, 101, 105, 116, 117, 118,<br />
169, 194, 195, 201, 202, 203, 204, 225, 248, 270, 335,<br />
445, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471<br />
Welcome Home loan · 293<br />
Well Child · 59, 70, 73, 137, 266, 267, 478<br />
Wellsford-Puhoi Highway · 36, 454<br />
whales · 114, 241<br />
whānau · See families<br />
Whanau Ora · 70, 74, 94, 97, 98, 100, 281, 417, 421, 477<br />
women · 32, 95, 100, 183, 184, 265, 267, 269, 283, 285,<br />
286, 299, 324, 355, 358, 364, 365, 385, 418, 420, 421,<br />
463, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481<br />
Women’s Refuge · 100, 421, 477<br />
work · 4, 6, 7, 12, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32,<br />
33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58,<br />
59, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 80,<br />
81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100,<br />
102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 123, 124,<br />
131, 132, 135, 136, 143, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158,<br />
159, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 178, 179,<br />
180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194,<br />
196, 197, 201, 202, 205, 211, 213, 216, 218, 219, 220,<br />
221, 223, 227, 228, 235, 237, 239, 240, 243, 246, 247,<br />
248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 260, 261, 263, 264, 267,<br />
268, 269, 270, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 284, 285, 287,<br />
288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298, 304, 306, 307,<br />
308, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 320, 321, 322, 323, 327,<br />
328, 331, 334, 335, 339, 340, 350, 351, 352, 354, 355,<br />
358, 359, 360, 363, 364, 371, 372, 373, 374, 377, 379,<br />
383, 385, 387, 390, 392, 393, 406, 407, 409, 411, 412,<br />
413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423,<br />
425, 427, 428, 429, 431, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441,<br />
443, 444, 445, 447, 450, 453, 454, 460, 462, 464, 466,<br />
472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 479, 481, 482, 483, 484,<br />
485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 492, 494, 495<br />
workers · 5, 6, 7, 37, 53, 56, 60, 68, 82, 95, 162, 171,<br />
172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185,<br />
186, 187, 225, 232, 257, 259, 262, 265, 271, 314, 315,<br />
321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 355, 361, 362, 369, 395, 397,<br />
404, 408, 412, 413, 418, 429, 445, 446, 458, 475, 492<br />
workforce · 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 54, 75, 93, 98, 135, 136,<br />
151, 168, 171, 173, 174, 176, 179, 183, 225, 230, 257,<br />
265, 269, 270, 271, 273, 276, 280, 282, 283, 321, 323,<br />
324, 325, 336, 354, 356, 358, 359, 380, 395, 401, 404,<br />
412, 413, 415, 427, 433, 436, 437, 439, 443, 473, 474,<br />
475, 477<br />
Working for Families · 59, 65, 66, 173<br />
workplace · 6, 7, 58, 99, 124, 165, 171, 172, 174, 177,<br />
180, 181, 185, 186, 193, 225, 256, 286, 322, 323, 325,<br />
326, 355, 365, 395, 401, 413, 430, 472, 489, 493, 494<br />
Workplace Commission · 175, 176, 177, 178, 179<br />
World Economic Forum · 380<br />
World Trade Organisation · 231, 242, 368, 369, 431, 448,<br />
458<br />
Writer’s Scholarships · 23<br />
Y<br />
young person · See youth<br />
youth · 18, 30, 33, 53, 63, 94, 97, 99, 108, 137, 151, 161,<br />
162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 222, 231, 257, 267, 269, 281,<br />
282, 283, 284, 285, 290, 297, 299, 306, 313, 324, 325,<br />
326, 336, 338, 339, 342, 349, 351, 352, 354, 356, 357,<br />
358, 375, 377, 391, 413, 417, 420, 423, 424, 433, 436,<br />
437, 473, 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488,<br />
489, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495<br />
506