Focus Four Hazard Training For Masonry Construction - Rocky ...

Focus Four Hazard Training 

For Masonry Construction 

Module 2 – Struck By/ 

Caught-In 

In-Between 

Susan Harwood Grant Training Program

Disclaimer/Usage Notes 

This material was produced under grant number SH-17793 

17793-SH8 from the Occupational 

Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does d 

not necessarily 

reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor n 

does mention of trade 

names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. 

Government. 

Images shown may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA 

requirements. These photos are clearly marked as non-compliant. 

It is not the intent of RMMI to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the 

intent is more to address Focus Four hazard awareness in the masonry construction 

industry, and to recognize overlapping hazards present in many construction 

workplaces. 

It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and d its employees to comply 

with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of 

all OSHA regulations are available from www.osha.gov. . This presentation is intended to 

discuss Federal regulations only. If this training is held in a state that is operating under 

an OSHA-approved State Plan, State OSHA requirements for that state must be included 

in the training. It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to 

augment their training programs will be "qualified" to do so. 

Developed under an OSHA Susan Harwood Grant, # SH-17793 

17793-SH8, by 

the Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute, Denver, Colorado

Masonry Struck By/Caught-In 

In-Between Safety 1 

Training Objectives 

After completing this unit, you will: 

– Be familiar with general struck by/ caught-in 

in- 

between hazards. 

– Understand the potential effects of these 

hazards on the human body. 

– Be able to recognize these hazards as they 

relate to masonry work. 

– Be familiar with personal protective equipment 

necessary to protect you from these hazards. 

– Be knowledgeable of safe work practices.


In-Between Safety 

2 

29 CFR 1910 

29 CFR 1926 

References



3 

Primary Causes of Struck-by Fatalities 

Falling Objects 

– Rigging Failure 

– Loose or Shifting Materials 

– Equipment Tipover or Malfunction 

– Lack of Overhead Protection 

Vehicle and Equipment Strikes 

– Backing Incidents 

– Workers on Foot



Primary Causes of 

Caught-in 

in-Between Fatalities 

4 

Rotating Equipment 

Unguarded Parts 

Equipment Rollovers 

Equipment Maintenance 

Trench/Excavation Collapse



5 

Fatality Data 2003 & 2004 

2355 Total Fatalities 

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics



6 

Top Struck-By Citations 

Criteria for PPE 

Material Handling Equipment 

Concrete & Masonry 

Source: Department of Labor



7 

Top Caught-in 

in-Between Citations 

Excavations - General Requirements 

Excavations – Protective Systems 

Wood Working Equipment 

Hand and Power Tools 

Source: Department of Labor



8 

Struck By Hazards 


Inspect all rigging 

Slings must be inspected before 

each use by a Competent Person 

(one who is capable of identifying 

existing and predictable hazards 

in the surroundings or working 

conditions which are unsanitary, 

hazardous, or dangerous to 

employees, and who has 

authorization to take prompt 

corrective measures to eliminate 

them) 

Slings should have tags with 

capacities, inspection 

requirements, service dates, etc. 

All rigging shall be done by a 

qualified rigger 

Photo depicts hazardous condition



9 



The information 

on all tags must 

be readable! 




10 



Slings and other 

lifting devices must 

be properly stored. 

Hang them up in a 

dry place. 

Never allow them to 

lay on the ground or 

floor where damage 

can occur. 




11 






12 



All loads must be 

properly rigged by a 

qualified rigger 

Lifting equipment, 

such as hoists and 

slings/straps, wire 

rope, and chain slings 

must be used in 

accordance with the 

manufacturer’s 

requirements 




13 



DO NOT 

use 

makeshift 

devices for 

lifting any 

material 




14 



All material 

shall be 

properly 

stacked to 

ensure stability 

All materials 

shall be 

stored/staked in 

areas that are 

properly graded 

and level 




15 



Photos depict hazardous condition



16 



Protection 

from overhead 

hazards must 

be provided 

and required 

at all times



17 

Hardhats, as well as 

other personal 

protective equipment 

(PPE), must be 

provided by the 

employer 

Employees must be 

trained on the use of 

PPE and be required 

to use it 


Falling Objects



18 

A limited access 

zone shall be 

erected below all 

lifting operations 

No one shall be 

allowed in this 

area while lifts 

are being made 


Falling Objects



20 19 


Falling Objects



20 



Dumpster was full and 

being replaced. 

Worker was walking to 

the portable toilet. 

Worker on top level of 

scaffold dumped 

wheelbarrow full of 

brick in chute. 

The worker below 

received serious 

injuries! 




21 



A canopy structure 

can be built to protect 

workers and 

pedestrians below and 

behind the scaffold.



22 



Debris nets may 

also be used to 

catch material 

before it falls to 

the ground 

below.



23 



Barricade off the 

area and use 

appropriate 

warning signs!



24 



No worker 

may ever 

work under 

a suspended 

load! 




25 






26 



This includes 

loads 

handled by 

forklifts! 




27 

This was 

put up 

after the 

worker 

was 

injured by 

the falling 

brick! 


Falling Objects



28 



Always secure 

cylinders to prevent 

them from falling over! 

Bottles need to stored 

in areas where they can 

not be struck. 

Bottles not in use need 

the valve collar in place 

or be capped. 




29 


Vehicles/Equipment Fatalities 2005 

Other 

18% 

Contractor 

Equipment 

41% 

Vehicle 

Entering 

Work Area 

22% 

Traffic Crash 

19% 




30 


Vehicles/Equipment Fatalities 2005 

Passengers 

8% 

Worker on Foot 

57% 

Operators 

35% 




31 


Vehicles & Equipment 

Forklift operators 

need to properly 

trained, and the 

training needs to be 

certified. 

Forklift loads limit the 

operator’s s forward 

view while traveling! 

Operators cannot be 

out of the seat with a 

raised load!



32 



Equipment 

configuration 

can make it 

difficult to see 

behind the 

forklift as 

well.



33 



Always use a spotter or 

flagger when the 

operator does not have 

a clear view of their 

path of travel. 

Anytime work 

operations encroach 

onto a public roadway 

the employer may need 

a traffic control plan 

approved by the 

city/county/state.



34 



Most local and state 

laws require a flagger 

when construction 

equipment uses 

public streets or 

highways. 

The training should 

be specific to where 

the work is being 

performed.



35 



Most states require 

flaggers to complete a 

class that teaches basic 

procedures and safety 

rules. 

A stop /slow paddle must 

be used when directing 

vehicular traffic.



36 



OSHA requires all workers to 

wear reflectorized vests when 

working near vehicular traffic. 

There are different types of 

vests for specific working 

conditions. 

Your supervisor or competent 

person will ensure you are 

using the correct type.



37 



When possible, erect 

barricades or fencing to keep 

workers out of traffic. 

Plan for deliveries and 

moving equipment. 

When barricading a work 

area, develop an internal 

traffic control plan to 

separate employees and 

vehicles 

It should address the use of 

cell phones in the work area.



38 


Masonry Wall Bracing 

The requirement to install bracing applies to all masonry 

walls over eight feet tall that are not otherwise 

adequately supported. This is the case whether the wall 

contains reinforcing steel (rebar) or not. It is the 

responsibility of the employer to assure that walls not 

adequately supported to withstand all normally expected 

forces, which would include prevailing wind pressure 

loads, building geometry, and wall location, are braced. If 

the employer determines the wall is capable of 

withstanding the forces applied during construction, 

then the wall would be considered to be adequately 

supported and would not require bracing. The employer 

must be prepared to substantiate this determination.



39 






40 



A “Limited Access Zone” must be established on the 

unscaffolded side of a masonry wall. The objective of 

this standard is to prevent masonry walls from 

collapsing onto persons exposed to them. This can be 

done by supporting or bracing the walls or by restricting 

exposure within the probable fall path of the walls. The 

only employees permitted in the zone are those "actively 

engaged in constructing the wall". The size of the zone is 

based on the height of the "unsupported" portion of the 

wall plus four feet. For example, if the wall being 

constructed is up to a height of 80 feet, and all but 10 

feet of the height is supported, the Limited Access Zone 

required would be 14 feet.



41 

Caught In Between Hazards 

Rotating/Unguarded Equipment 

Mixers represent a 

hazard due to their 

rotating parts. 

NEVER put any part 

of your body inside 

a running mixer. 

Ensure the grate 

guard is always in 

place during 

operation.



42 



Use caution when blocking mixers. 

Things to watch: 

‣ Stable ground 

‣ Stability and condition of blocks 

‣ Weight of the object to be 

blocked 

‣ The environment around your 

work area, i.e. traffic/pedestrians 

‣ Block the equipment against 

motion of any kind 

‣ Use solid, flat-sided blocking 

material, not rotten, round or 

hollow material 




43 



Never operate a 

mixer unless the 

motor cover is 

closed covering all 

rotating parts to 

include; chains and 

sprockets, belts 

and pulleys. 




44 



Place all masonry 

saws on a stable, 

level surface. 

Ensure area around 

saw is kept clean. 

Wear necessary 

PPE, including hard 

hat and safety 

glasses. 




45 



Hand-held 

equipment, such 

as a demo saw, 

can kick back. 

Always hold firmly 

with both hands 

and follow the 


guidance on it’s 

use and PPE.



46 



When 

operating a 

masonry saw 

use the correct 

PPE and never 

put your hands 

where they can 

contact the 

rotating blade.



47 



Never disable 

any guard or 

protective 

device on 

your 

equipment. 

This guard is bolted open! 




48 


Equipment Operation/Maintenance 

Only trained and 

certified employees 

are allowed to 

operate forklifts 

Always wear your 

seatbelt when 

operating 

equipment 

Ensure equipment 

maintenance & 

inspections are 

performed per the 

manufacturer



49 



Why does a forklift tip over? 

• Load shifted to the side 

• Unequal tire pressure 

• Turning 

• Speeding 

• Unlevel terrain 

• Off-center loads 

• Mast too high with rear tilt 

• Exceeding load capacity 

• Heavy braking 

• Excessive forward tilt 

• Traveling down an incline with load forward 




50 



You must stay in the forklift to survive when 

it rolls over! Always wear the seatbelt! 




51 



Never be in a 

position where an 

equipment 

operator cannot 

see you! DO NOT 

stand between 

vehicles! 




52 



Never be in a 

position where 

equipment can 

crush or kill you! 

Follow the 


guidance when 

performing 

maintenance. 




53 



Ensure the 

backup alarm 

is working on 

all equipment.



54 



When unloading trailers, always 

watch for shifting material as well 

as overhead loads. 

Always use tag lines on loads. 

Stay out of the area between the 

load and the pervious set of 

sections. 

Communicate with the crane 

operator. 

Train everyone in the procedures 

being used and in minimizing all 

fall hazards. 

Photos courtesy of EZ Scaffold



55 



When moving 

scaffolding 

with a forklift, 

use a spotter 

since the 

operator’s 

view is 

limited. 




56 



More than one 

spotter may 

be necessary 

to safely get 

the job done. 




57 


Loading/Unloading Equipment 

Trailer Trailer secure and 

on a level surface 

Inspect Inspect the deck for 

debris, blocking or 

chains 

Have Have a spotter help 

properly align the 

equipment up/down 

the ramps 

Be Be sure equipment 

is properly secured



58 


Loading/Unloading Equipment 

Keep all people not involved in 

the loading/unloading 

operations away from the area. 

Spotters stay out of the tip 

radius of the equipment. 

Spotters do not stand between 

a stationery object and the 

piece of equipment be loaded. 

Working in darkness creates 

other hazards such as reduced 

visibility. Keep the area well lit 

and make sure the operator can 

see everyone.



59 


Excavations 

When masonry work is 

done below grade, the 

OSHA requirements for 

working in excavations 

must be complied with. 

A Competent Person 

must inspect the area 

before each shift and 

throughout the day as 

necessary. 




60 


Excavations 

The excavation must 

be properly sloped or 

benched to provide 

the required employee 

protection. 

Workers must have 

proper means of 

access/egress to get 

in and out, such as a 

ladder or ramp. 




61 


Never enter the 

swing radius of 

any rotating 

equipment. 

Make eye 

contact with the 

operator prior to 

approaching the 

equipment. 

Rotating Equipment



62 

Safe Work Practices 

Be aware of all overhead hazards 

Properly store/stack material 

Read & obey all warning signs 

Always wear seatbelt when operating equipment 

Watch for pedestrians when operating 

equipment 

Ensure backup alarm works and use a spotter 

when the operator’s s view is obstructed 

Use personal protective equipment (PPE) as 

required



63 

Safe Work Practices 

Always be aware of rotating/moving parts 

Only operate mixers with the cover closed and 

mixing grate provided 

Follow manufacturers guidance when 

performing equipment maintenance 

Always wear reflectorized vests when working 

near traffic 

Flaggers must be trained and certified in 

Colorado 

If you have questions, ask your supervisor 

before performing any work



64 

REVIEW QUESTIONS 

True or False? 

1. Rigging for all hoisted loads must be done 

by a qualified rigger. 

2. Uneven tire pressure is one cause for a 

forklift to overturn. 

3. If a lifting sling is lying on the floor of the 

conex, it must be OK to use. 

4. Slings should have tags with capacities, 

inspection requirements, service dates, 

etc.



65 


True or False? 

5. A worker may stand under a suspended 

load only if he is directing the operator. 

6. It is OK to remove your hardhat when 

walking to/from the scaffold during lunch. 

7. Employers must provide required Personal 

Protective Equipment to employees. 

8. Workers must be trained on how to use, 

wear and take care of Personal Protective 

Equipment.



66 


True True or False? 

9. Forklift operators lifting a load can only 

leave their seat if a spotter is used. 

10. A flagger must be used if equipment is 

operated on a public street. 

11. Your seatbelt keeps you inside the forklift 

during a rollover. 

12. If a crane is lifting a load, but not rotating, 

its OK to walk quickly behind the cab.

Focus Four Hazard Training For Masonry Construction - Rocky ...

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