Rotorcraft Back to the Future
Rotorcraft Back to the Future
Rotorcraft Back to the Future
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“<strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong> – <strong>Back</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Future</strong>”<br />
A Discussion of <strong>the</strong> Past, Present,<br />
and <strong>Future</strong> of <strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong><br />
Presented by:<br />
Oris E. Davis, Jr.<br />
Direc<strong>to</strong>r, Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
International Business Development (IBD)<br />
Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS)<br />
The Boeing Company<br />
Phone: +39-06-45217787<br />
oris.e.davis@boeing.com<br />
Presented at:<br />
The National President of Associazione Arma Aeronautica (AAA), The <strong>Future</strong> of Rotary Wing Symposium<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Center for High Defence Studies,Palazzo Salviati, Piazza della Rovere 83, Rome, Italy November 22, 2012<br />
Previously Presented:<br />
Steve Glusman<br />
Direc<strong>to</strong>r, Advanced Mobility<br />
Advanced Boeing Military Aircraft<br />
AHS Dinner Presentation<br />
March 8, 2011 Towne House Restaurant, Media, PA<br />
AIE Military <strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong> Conference<br />
June 7, 2011 Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC<br />
Hal Rosenstein<br />
Chief Engineer, Advanced Mobility<br />
Advanced Boeing Military Aircraft<br />
Technical University of Munich<br />
June 27, 2011 Munich, Germany<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 1
V/STOL<br />
Aircraft and<br />
Propulsion<br />
Concepts<br />
We have done<br />
it all before<br />
Except for<br />
helicopters,<br />
only a handful<br />
of V/STOL<br />
concepts<br />
have reached<br />
production<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 2
Competition Decreasing --<br />
Derivative Modifications Increasing<br />
XC-142A *<br />
X-22 *<br />
CH-46A<br />
CH-47A<br />
CH-53A<br />
AH-1<br />
AH-56<br />
New Starts<br />
Program<br />
Cancelled<br />
COTS Commercial<br />
Off-The-Shelf<br />
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s<br />
CH-46D/F<br />
CH-47B/C<br />
CH-53D<br />
Impact of<br />
increasing<br />
cost and<br />
XH-59A *<br />
complexity<br />
XV-15 *<br />
AH-64A<br />
UH-60A<br />
XCH-62A V-22<br />
RAH-66<br />
CH-46E<br />
CH-53E<br />
CH-47D<br />
Derivative<br />
Modifications<br />
OH-58D<br />
UH-60L<br />
MH-47E<br />
MH-60K<br />
Impact of<br />
budget<br />
constraints<br />
CH-47F<br />
UH-1Y<br />
AH-1Z<br />
AH-64D<br />
*<br />
Technology<br />
Demonstra<strong>to</strong>r<br />
or Pro<strong>to</strong>type<br />
VH-71A<br />
ARH-70A<br />
UH-72<br />
MH-47G<br />
AH-64B 3<br />
UH-60M<br />
CH-53K<br />
CSAR-X<br />
COTS<br />
COTS<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 3
U.S. Jet Fighter vs. <strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong> Generations<br />
1940s 1950s 1960<br />
s<br />
1st Gen 2 nd Gen<br />
Fighters Fighters<br />
1970s<br />
3rd Gen<br />
Fighters<br />
1980s 1990<br />
s<br />
4th Gen Fighters<br />
2000s<br />
2010s<br />
5th Gen Fighters<br />
Subsonic<br />
Guns<br />
No radar<br />
Supersonic<br />
Radar<br />
Air-air<br />
missiles<br />
Maneuverability<br />
Adv. weapons<br />
integration<br />
Maneuverability<br />
Look down, shoot<br />
down capability<br />
Stealth<br />
Fly-by-wire<br />
Net centric<br />
Thrust vec<strong>to</strong>ring<br />
1st Gen<br />
<strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong><br />
2nd Gen <strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong><br />
3rd Gen <strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong><br />
Pis<strong>to</strong>n engine<br />
Wood blades<br />
Vc < 90kts<br />
Turbine engine<br />
Metal blades<br />
Vc ~ 130 kts<br />
Composite blades<br />
Survivability<br />
Adv. weapons<br />
integration<br />
Vc ~ 150 kts<br />
Higher speed<br />
Fly-by-wire<br />
Composites<br />
Signature reduction<br />
Vc > 170 kts<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 4
50 Years of DoD Aviation Investment<br />
1960 – 2010<br />
RDT&E<br />
Procurement<br />
9%<br />
7%<br />
6% 3% 1%<br />
17%<br />
6% 5% 3%<br />
2%<br />
7%<br />
23%<br />
44%<br />
14%<br />
8%<br />
45%<br />
17%<br />
6% 5% 3% 2%<br />
14%<br />
8%<br />
$ 321 B<br />
(FY 2011 $)<br />
45%<br />
Fighter/Attack<br />
Bombers<br />
Transports - FW<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r FW<br />
Utility/Assault RW<br />
Attack/Recon RW<br />
Cargo RW<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r RW<br />
$ 926 B<br />
(FY 2011 $)<br />
83% / 17% investment split between fixed- and rotary-wing<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 5
US Army Aviation S&T Investment<br />
1972<br />
1974<br />
1976<br />
1978<br />
1980<br />
1982<br />
1984<br />
1986<br />
1988<br />
1990<br />
1992<br />
1994<br />
1996<br />
1998<br />
2000<br />
2002<br />
2004<br />
2006<br />
2008<br />
Constant 2008 Dollars<br />
(Millions)<br />
350<br />
Technology Readiness Level (TRL) = 1 <strong>to</strong> 4<br />
300<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
UH-60A Blackhawk<br />
and AH-64A Apache<br />
Development<br />
YRAH-66 Comanche<br />
Development<br />
Downward trend in DoD ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft investment<br />
over past 20 years!<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 6
PIASECKI AIRCRAFT CORPORATION<br />
SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT<br />
EUROCOPTER<br />
BOEING<br />
A Look at Today<br />
There hasn’t been this much excitement<br />
in <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft industry since <strong>the</strong> 1960’s<br />
Piasecki X-49A SpeedHawk<br />
(2007)<br />
Eurocopter X3<br />
(2010)<br />
Sikorsky X2<br />
Technology Demonstra<strong>to</strong>r (2008)<br />
Boeing/DARPA<br />
Disc Ro<strong>to</strong>r<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 7
AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY,<br />
ANUARY 29, 1968<br />
SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT<br />
SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT<br />
SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT<br />
Have we made progress?<br />
Co-Axial Compound Helicopters<br />
Sikorsky Light Anti-Submarine<br />
Attack Vehicle – LAAV Concept (1968)<br />
Sikorsky XH-59A Advancing Blade Concept<br />
(ABC TM ) (1975)<br />
Sikorsky LHX Concept (1982)<br />
Sikorsky X2 Technology Demonstra<strong>to</strong>r<br />
(2008)<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 8
EUROCOPTER<br />
Have we made progress?<br />
Single Ro<strong>to</strong>r Compound Helicopters<br />
Bell UH-1 Model 533 HPH III<br />
– 274.6 knots (316.0 mph)<br />
(1969)<br />
Eurocopter X3 –<br />
180 knots (207 mph)<br />
(2010)<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 9
Have we made progress?<br />
Piasecki Compound Helicopters with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Vec<strong>to</strong>red Thrust Ducted Propeller<br />
Piasecki 16H-1 Pathfinder<br />
(1962)<br />
(2007)<br />
Piasecki 16H-1A Pathfinder II<br />
(1966)<br />
PHOTOS: PIASECKI AIRCRAFT CORPORATION<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 10
Have we made progress?<br />
Compound Tandem Ro<strong>to</strong>r Helicopters<br />
Chinook Compound Concept (1961)<br />
Unloaded Lift Offset Ro<strong>to</strong>r – ULOR<br />
(Ongoing Design Project)<br />
CH-46 Tandem Wing Compound<br />
(mid-1960s)<br />
Model 347 Tandem Compound<br />
(early 1970s)<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 11
Have we made progress?<br />
Disc Ro<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
Jacob Ellehammer – first ‘Disc-Ro<strong>to</strong>r<br />
Helicopter’ concept <strong>to</strong> fly (1912)<br />
Ellehammer –Disc-Ro<strong>to</strong>r wind tunnel<br />
model and test (1935)<br />
Boeing/DARPA Disc Ro<strong>to</strong>r<br />
(Ongoing Design Project)<br />
Jonathon Caldwell – ‘Disc-Ro<strong>to</strong>r Plane’<br />
(1934)<br />
SOURCE: 100 YEARS OF DISC-ROTOR RESEARCH - A BRIEF HISTORY, ANGELO N. COLLINS and MICHAEL J. HIRSCHBERG,<br />
Presented at <strong>the</strong> International Powered Lift Conference, Oc<strong>to</strong>ber 5-7, 2010, Philadelphia, PA<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 12
HOWARD LEVY PHOTO<br />
HOWARD LEVY PHOTO<br />
NASA AMES PHOTO<br />
JAY HENDRICKSON<br />
PLATT-LEPAGE AIRCRAFT ARCHIVES<br />
Have we made progress?<br />
Tilt Ro<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
Baynes “Heliplane”<br />
(1938)<br />
Platt-LePage<br />
Tilt Ro<strong>to</strong>r Design<br />
(1940s)<br />
Transcendental<br />
Model 1-G<br />
(1954)<br />
Transcendental<br />
Model 2<br />
(1957)<br />
Bell XV-3 (1955)<br />
USMC/Bell Boeing MV-22B Osprey<br />
(1989)<br />
In production and operational<br />
with <strong>the</strong> U.S. Marine Corps and<br />
U.S. Air Force, <strong>the</strong> V-22 recently<br />
surpassed 100,000 flight hours !<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 13
What is going on?<br />
“Recent” Technology Advancements<br />
• For <strong>the</strong> most part, it is not <strong>the</strong> configurations<br />
that are advancing …. it’s <strong>the</strong> Technology Enablers<br />
Electric actuation<br />
[late 1990s]<br />
Fly-by-wire<br />
[1970s]<br />
All-composite ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft<br />
[1980s]<br />
Advanced<br />
crew stations<br />
Survivability [1980s]<br />
enhancements<br />
[1980s]<br />
HHC Off Higher<br />
harmonic control<br />
[1980s]<br />
HHC On<br />
Advanced airfoils and<br />
blade tip shapes<br />
[1990s]<br />
Computing Power<br />
Active<br />
vibration control<br />
[1980s]<br />
Digital fly-by-light<br />
[1980s]<br />
Optimal Speed Ro<strong>to</strong>r<br />
[early 2000s]<br />
CFD and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Analysis Tools/Techniques<br />
What technology breakthroughs<br />
have been demonstrated in this decade?<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 14
Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Program<br />
Performance<br />
A generational<br />
leap desired in<br />
range and speed<br />
– all at<br />
6,000 ft/95 o F<br />
Affordability<br />
Affordability<br />
Size<br />
Scale<br />
Risk<br />
Survivability<br />
IR / RF / Laser<br />
Kinetic Threat<br />
Small Arms<br />
Range<br />
Payload<br />
Fuel Efficiency<br />
Station Time<br />
Speed<br />
<strong>Future</strong><br />
Aviation<br />
Capabilities<br />
Environmental<br />
6,000 ft / 95 o F<br />
All-Wea<strong>the</strong>r Ops<br />
in Degraded<br />
Operational<br />
Availability<br />
Operations<br />
& Support<br />
Costs<br />
Visual<br />
Environment<br />
Survivability<br />
Sustainability<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 15
Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Program<br />
(continued)<br />
Maximize<br />
commonality<br />
<strong>to</strong> improve<br />
affordability<br />
Attack<br />
Flight Controls /<br />
Hydraulics<br />
Avionics<br />
Subsystems<br />
Fuselage<br />
Common<br />
Wing<br />
Ro<strong>to</strong>r System<br />
Drive System<br />
Engines<br />
Utility<br />
Flight Controls /<br />
Hydraulics<br />
Avionics<br />
Subsystems<br />
Fuselage<br />
JMR program appears <strong>to</strong> be <strong>the</strong> future of DoD Vertical Lift<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 16
SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT<br />
SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT<br />
<strong>Back</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Future</strong> – Pro<strong>to</strong>typing<br />
[e.g. Opportunity]<br />
Model 347 Fly-by-Wire<br />
XH-59A Advancing Blade Concept<br />
X2 Speed, maneuverability<br />
XV-15 V-22<br />
Model 360 V-22 composite airframe<br />
X-49A Speed<br />
EUROCOPTER PIASECKI AIRCRAFT CORP.<br />
ARTI RAH-66<br />
S-76B Fantail RAH-66 anti-<strong>to</strong>rque system<br />
X3 Speed<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 17
Hurdles<br />
SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT<br />
• Existing fleet modernization programs:<br />
Bell Boeing<br />
V-22 Osprey<br />
• Fixed-wing<br />
emphasis<br />
• Cus<strong>to</strong>mers<br />
collaboration<br />
• International<br />
competition<br />
Boeing<br />
AH-64D Apache<br />
• Possible loss<br />
of critical skills<br />
Boeing<br />
Sikorsky<br />
CH-47F Chinook UH-60M<br />
Black Hawk<br />
The US Industry Faces a Precarious <strong>Future</strong><br />
400<br />
350<br />
300<br />
US Gov’t<br />
250<br />
<strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong><br />
Deliveries<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
Pre-MS B<br />
FY12<br />
Start<br />
Derivative Development<br />
New Start Development<br />
CY08<br />
CY09<br />
CY10<br />
CY11<br />
CY12<br />
CY13<br />
CY14<br />
CY15<br />
CY16<br />
CY17<br />
CY18<br />
CY19<br />
CY20<br />
CY21<br />
CY22<br />
CY23<br />
CY24<br />
CY25<br />
CY26<br />
11/24/2012<br />
VH-71<br />
UH-72A<br />
CH-53K<br />
MH-60R<br />
MH-60S<br />
UH-60M<br />
OH-58D SEP<br />
TH-67<br />
ARH-70A<br />
UH-1Y<br />
AH-1Z<br />
HV-22<br />
CV-22<br />
MV-22<br />
AH-64 Blk III<br />
AH-64 Blk II<br />
MH-47G<br />
CH-47F<br />
Source: Boeing analysis of PB09<br />
12-130 | 18
Exciting projects are already under-way<br />
Unloaded Lift Offset Ro<strong>to</strong>r – ULOR<br />
DARPA Mission Adaptive Ro<strong>to</strong>r – MAR<br />
DARPA Disc Ro<strong>to</strong>r<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 19
ULOR Configuration Features<br />
Unloaded Lift Offset Ro<strong>to</strong>r – ULOR<br />
Same payload as H-47<br />
with greater range<br />
High speed cruise<br />
> 250 knots<br />
More<br />
maneuverable<br />
than H-47<br />
Advanced<br />
4-bladed ro<strong>to</strong>r<br />
60 ft [18.29m]<br />
diameter<br />
Retractable<br />
landing gear<br />
Similar external<br />
dimensions as H-47<br />
8-ft (2.44m)<br />
diameter<br />
propellers<br />
Underfloor fuel<br />
(2,000 gal 7570.8 liters)<br />
in crashworthy cells<br />
Same internal cabin dimensions as H-47<br />
30 ft 2 in. [9.19m] Length X 6 ft 6 in. [1.98m] Height<br />
X 7 ft 6 in. [2.29m] Width<br />
ULOR<br />
Mission Scenario<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 20
Boeing/DARPA<br />
Edgewise Mission Adaptive Ro<strong>to</strong>r (eMAR)<br />
Features on a Notional New Design <strong>Ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft</strong><br />
Variable ro<strong>to</strong>r speed<br />
Swashplateless<br />
ro<strong>to</strong>r system<br />
Active blade twist<br />
Active trailing edge<br />
Active leading edge<br />
Active tip sails<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 21
DARPA/Boeing/VPI<br />
Disc Ro<strong>to</strong>r Concept Study<br />
• High-speed VTOL/troop assault<br />
• (2) turboshaft engines or<br />
turboshaft/turbofan combination<br />
• Unique 350+ knots speed capability<br />
DiscRo<strong>to</strong>r<br />
Mission<br />
Scenario<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 22
What will next generation ro<strong>to</strong>rcraft look like ?<br />
Active<br />
drag reduction<br />
Mission Adaptive Ro<strong>to</strong>r<br />
technologies<br />
Ultra-low<br />
vibration and noise<br />
Adaptive<br />
self-healing<br />
structures<br />
Next<br />
generation<br />
advanced<br />
NOTAR<br />
Next<br />
generation<br />
digital flight controls<br />
Morphing wings<br />
Single-pilot<br />
crew station<br />
Advanced engine<br />
and hybrid propulsion<br />
technologies<br />
Technology Demonstra<strong>to</strong>rs and Pro<strong>to</strong>types<br />
have worked very well in <strong>the</strong> past…<br />
11/24/2012<br />
11-070 | 23
Parting Comments<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 24
Questions?<br />
Thank you.<br />
11/24/2012<br />
12-130 | 25
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