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Checking and confirming the sources. Irrespective of the requirement of speed, that is ever increasing, no one can be compelled to give out any information if one is not sure that it is accurate. > Stepping back before a piece of information one has or an event one has witnessed. But stepping back does not necessarily mean delaying. > It is legitimate and necessary to act fast—the RFI editorial staff, as other journalists, can and should have a taste for “scoops”, if, of course, an accurate and important piece of information is involved. > Respecting the meaning of the words and documents that one cites or broadcasts in part. > Refusing any fakes and, if there is a risk of ambiguity, making it clear that the report has been edited. > If required, giving the source of the documents. Link (for more details): http://formation.rfi.fr 5.2.4 Swedish Code of Ethics: Sweden’s code of ethics adopted by the Cooperation Council of the Press, which applies to public radio and television as well, has an interesting section on “Rules Against Editorial Advertising” that should be a useful guide for PSBs operating in a highly commercialised media environment. The general regulations covering this code of practice include the following: 1. Frame the material only in accordance to journalistic and/or program-related decisions. Your intention must never be to give publicity to any products or services; neither can the presentation of the material be such that the audience think it is commercial by nature. Beware that the commercial material should not be mixed with the editorial material, in the slightest. 2. Dismiss ideas and proposals of articles and programs if they include in return, as a favour, advertisement in any form. As a principle, also dismiss offers of free or heavily subsidized trips. Reject gifts and other benefits. Never promise beforehand that you are going to publish anything. 3. Articles and programs informing consumers put especially heavy demands on journalistic integrity. Therefore show how the choice of the products/services in the article/ program has been made. Make it clear how the products/services have been compared or tested. Be particularly careful and critical when dealing with reviews of products. Avoid bias in informing about limited groups of products or only about one provider of products /services, warehouses, shops, restaurants etc. 4. Put information about theatre shows, concerts, films, art exhibitions, sport events, and such through a normal journalistic evaluation to determine the value of it as news. Look critically through the material and make sure that it is given in a journalistically motivated form. 77
EDITORIAL INDEPENDENCE AND TRANSPARENCY OF PSB Chapter 5 - REGULATIONS AND CODES OF PRACTICE: PROMOTING 5. Only mention companies and organizations that donate prizes, or take part in any other way, for example, as a sponsor at parties, competitions, carnivals, charity balls, and such, if there are very strong journalistic reasons to do so. Link (for details): http://www.presscouncils.org/library/Sweden.doc 5.3 INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE FOR PSB Recent years have seen the emergence of a number of international declarations and principles of practice, which are designed to guide public service broadcasting. Some of these declarations are contained in multilateral instruments signed by national governments, and are therefore of more than persuasive value. Others are contained in declarations and resolutions passed at international forums (listed in chapter one). In addition, a number of courts and other adjuratory bodies, at both international and domestic levels, have been handing down decisions containing principles and guidelines, which have evolved into an impressive corpus of case law of general applicability. Some of these declarations are summarised here: 5.3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is one of the foremost documents of global applicability in the post-war world. This document contains a general guarantee of freedom of expression, which has been seen as supportive of PSB, such as Article 19 of the document which says: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. This right has been reaffirmed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 19), a multilateral treaty under which signatory governments—some 145 of them around the world—are legally obliged to ensure that people within their territories are able to enjoy the rights laid down therein. Similar guarantees of freedom of expression are also contained in regional human rights instruments, such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Article 10), the American Convention on Human Rights (Article 13), and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Article 9). Link (Full Text): http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/eng.htm 78
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Public Service Broadcasting: A best
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 6 Prefac
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The purpose of this reference publi
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oadcasting, while at the same time
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It provides a broad range of opinio
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oadcasting to prosper, not by discu
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While state-controlled broadcasting
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Large amount of original production
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The EFJ called on political parties
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of sponsorship on PSB. Links for mo
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Public Broadcasting for All, Intern
Page 24 and 25: PUBLIC BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES NEED
Page 26 and 27: Monday to Friday—quickly won accl
Page 28 and 29: driven dangerously close to bankrup
Page 30 and 31: to overcome them. The series was pr
Page 32 and 33: Appointment procedures: demonstrate
Page 34 and 35: oadcasting organizations, and (ii)
Page 36 and 37: Paper presented at Europe-Asia-paci
Page 38 and 39: 3.3 NATIONAL LAWS AND PSB MODELS Di
Page 40 and 41: functions, which include approving
Page 42 and 43: - upholding the unity and integrity
Page 44 and 45: Canadians so as to safeguard, enric
Page 46 and 47: 3.6 EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE JUDGE
Page 48 and 49: The Board—and the Corporation as
Page 50 and 51: available to all licence holders an
Page 52 and 53: Tian, C. (1997, December). To stren
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 4 - BUILDING CITIZEN’S PA
Page 72 and 73: 5.2.1 Editorial Code of the South A
Page 76 and 77: 5.3.2 Inter-governmental Declaratio
Page 78 and 79: the airwaves being public property,
Page 80 and 81: 5.5.1 NDTV: India: Launched in Apri
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Page 84 and 85: addition, in an era of transnationa
Page 86 and 87: 6.4.2 Producer’s Guidelines, RTHK
Page 88 and 89: 6.5.2 Australia: Under the Parliame
Page 90 and 91: ule at weekends. There is a daily h
Page 92 and 93: In Australia, it is a requirement t
Page 94 and 95: to late night, programmes include B
Page 96 and 97: and television—men and women, bla
Page 98 and 99: tions were ordered to launch their
Page 100 and 101: The tele-lessons are shown on Satur
Page 102 and 103: 6.8.6.1 Offspring: Weekdays 9:00-9:
Page 104 and 105: 6.9.1.1 NHK (Japan): NHK Archives,
Page 106 and 107: 26(3), 315-336. > Meier, H. E (2002
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Chapter 8 - PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCAS
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“The modern broadcasting environm
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