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Mozambique: Mobilizing Extractive Resources for Development May 2013 BBOP PRINCIPLES ON BIODIVERSITY OFFSETS From the Biodiversity and Business Offset Program 1) Adherence to the Mitigation Hierarchy: A biodiversity offset is a commitment to compensate for significant residual adverse impacts on biodiversity identified after appropriate avoidance, minimization and on-site rehabilitation measures have been taken according to the mitigation hierarchy. 2) Limits to what can be offset: There are situations where residual impacts cannot be fully compensated for by a biodiversity offset because of the irreplaceability or vulnerability of the biodiversity affected. 3) Landscape context: A biodiversity offset should be designed and implemented in a landscape context. This is to achieve the expected measurable conservation outcomes, taking into account available information on the full range of biological, social and cultural values of biodiversity and supporting an ecosystem approach. 4) No net loss: A biodiversity offset should be designed and implemented to achieve in situ, measurable conservation outcomes that can reasonably be expected to result in no net loss and preferably a net gain of biodiversity. 5) Additional conservation outcomes: A biodiversity offset should achieve conservation outcomes above and beyond results that would have occurred if the offset had not taken place. Offset design and implementation should avoid displacing activities harmful to biodiversity to other locations 6) Stakeholder participation: In areas affected by the project and by the biodiversity offset, the effective participation of stakeholders should be ensured in decision-making about biodiversity offsets, including their evaluation, selection, design, implementation and monitoring. 7) Equity: A biodiversity offset should be designed and implemented in an equitable manner, which means the sharing among stakeholders of the rights and responsibilities, risks and rewards associated with a project and offset in a fair and balanced way, respecting legal and customary arrangements. 8) Long-term outcomes: The design and implementation of a biodiversity offset should be based on an adaptive management approach, incorporating monitoring and evaluation, with the objective of securing outcomes that last at least as long as the project’s impacts and preferably in perpetuity. 9) Transparency: The design and implementation of a biodiversity offset, and communication of their results to the public, should be undertaken in a transparent and timely manner. 10) Science and traditional knowledge: The design and implementation of a biodiversity offset should be a documented process informed by sound science, including an appropriate consideration of traditional knowledge. 118
Mozambique: Mobilizing Extractive Resources for Development May 2013 Notes to Section 4 224 Lisa Sachs, Perrine Toledo and Susan Maples, “Resource-Based Sustainable Development in the Lower Zambezi Basin: A draft for consultation,” (New York: VCC, 2011); Ministry of Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA), MICOA, National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Mozambique, CBD website, June 2009: http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mz/mz-nr-04-en.pdf. 225 The Primeiras and Segundas Marine Reserves see: WWF “Mozambique creates Africa’s largest coastal marine reserve,” WWF, 2012: http://wwf.panda.org/?206632/mozambique-creates-africas-largest-coastal-marine-reserve. 226 The Red List is the most comprehensive inventory of the conservation status of plants and animals. IUCN, “Red List of Threatened Species” IUCN: http://www.iucnredlist.org. 227 “Environmental Performance Index,” Yale: http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/rankings. 228 “Mozambique Overview,” Convention on Biological Diversity, MICOA 2009: www.cbd.int/countries/?country=mz. 229 Lidia Cabral and Dulcídio Francisco, “Environmental Institutions, Public Expenditure and the Role for Development Partners,” London: Overseas Development Institute, 2008. 230 Bridget Conneely, “Mount Gorongosa Featured in National Geographic Magazine” Gorongosa Blog (May 28, 2013): http://www.gorongosa.org/blog/park-news/mount-gorongosa-featured-national-geographicmagazine?utm_source=May+13+-+Nat+Geo+-+ENG&utm_campaign=May+2013+Newsletter&utm_medium=email; Edward O. Wilson, “The Rebirth of Gorongosa” National Geographic (June 2013): http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/06/gorongosa-park/wilson-text. 231 Convention on Biological Diversity. 232 Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), “Environment and Climate Change Policy Brief – Mozambique,” 2011; Melati Kaye, "Missing Trade Records Signals Threat to Mozambique’s Miombo Woodlands." CIFOR Forests News Blog, n.p., 23 Nov. 2012. 233 Anna Spenceley and Ema Batey, “Economic case for tourism in Mozambique,” anna.spenceley.co.uk, 2011, www.anna.spenceley.co.uk/files/Files%20Sept%202012/Economic%20case%20tourism%20Mozambique.pdf; World Travel and Tourism Council database, World Travel and Tourism Council: http://www.wttc.org/research/economic-data-search-tool/. 234 Irene Visser, “Tourism” (Washington DC: World Bank Group, 2004): http://www.tourisminvest.org/Mozambique/downloads/tourism%20sector%20background/Sector%20Profiles,%2 0stats/Tourism%20Sector%20Mozambique%20IV.pdf. 235 CIA Factbook. 236 Water and Sanitation Program, “Mozambique loses MZN4 billion annually due to poor sanitation,” Water and Sanitation Program, March 2012: http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-ESI-Mozambiquebrochure.pdf. 237 MICOA 2009. 238 Bertelsmann Stiftung, “BTI 2012 Mozambique Country Report.” Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012. http://www.bti-project.org/countryreports/esa/moz/; MICOA 2009. 239 USAID, “Mozambique Biodiversity and Tropical Forests 118/119” 2008. 240 David Smith, “Chinese appetite for shark fin soup devastating Mozambique coastline,” Guardian, February 13, 2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/14/chinese-shark-fin-soup-mozambique. 241 USAID 2008. 242 Based on interviews with civil society groups in Mozambique. 243 UNICEF, “2008 Floods” February 2008, http://www.unicef.org/mozambique/humanitarian_response_4378.html; Consortium AGRIFOR Consult “Country Environmental Profile for Mozambique” July 2006. 244 Jaap W. Arntzen, and Michael Hulme, Climate change and Southern Africa: an exploration of some potential impacts and implications for the SADC region, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, 1996; Ragab, Ragab, and Christel Prudhomme, "Sw—soil and Water: climate change and water resources management in arid and semiarid regions: prospective and challenges for the 21st century." Biosystems Engineering 81, no. 1 (2002): 3-34.; Government of Mozambique, “Country Situation Report – Water Resources,” Maputo, 1999. 245 World Bank, “Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change,” 2010, 119
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