types of damages on flexible pavement for malaysian federal road

TYPES OF DAMAGES ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
FOR MALAYSIAN FEDERAL ROAD
NURUL ELMA KORDI (PRESENTER)
INTAN ROHANI ENDUT
BAHARDIN BAHAROM
MALAYSIA INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT (MITRANS)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

Research background
Malaysian Federal roads are design 10 to 15 year
design life to support load.
Malaysian Federal roads used flexible pavement.
The main factors <strong>of</strong> pavement deterioration due to
increasing the number <strong>of</strong> vehicle and load traffic.
Among the heavy trucks’ operators, they want to
raise the legal loads limit for all truck.
In order to increase the legal load limit, the impacts
on the pavements need to identify and evaluate.

ISSUE :
Local hauliers want axle-load limits
raised to 30%
(Business Times, 23 Feb 2009)
Raise lorry load limit for all, urges association
(The Star, 18 August 2010)
“Lorries running on heavier loads had been doing so for more two years ago without causing
any problem. These lorries did not pose a risk to other road user nor damage roads”, Er Sui
See, Pan Malaysia Lorry Owners Association (PMLOA) president.
FROM (tonnes)
TO (tonnes)
6 - axle 44 60.5
7 - axle 51 74

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AIM AND OBJECTIVES
• Discuss <strong>of</strong> the type <strong>of</strong> <strong>damages</strong> on the flexible
pavement
• Discuss causes <strong>of</strong> failure to flexible pavement
• Identify the appropriate rehabilitation methods
for pavement performance

CATEGORIES OF
FAILURE
INTERNAL
1. Lack <strong>of</strong> pavement
mixture
2. Weaknesses <strong>of</strong>
component materials
3. Poor construction
EXTERNAL
1. Overloading
2. Diesel spillage
3. Flooding
4. Sink hole
5. Other unforeseen
cause (eg: earthquake,
volcanoes and etc.)

Crack
Surface
Deformation
Surface
Defect
• Fatigue Crack
• Longitudinal Crack
• Edge Drop-<strong>of</strong>fs
• Transverse Crack
• Crescent Shaped Crack
• Shoving
• Corrugation
• Rutting
• Depression
• Raveling
• Polishing
• Delimitation
• Bleeding
* Block Crack
* Edge Crack
* Edge Break
* Reflection Crack
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
DISTRESS
Patching and
Pothole
• Patch/Patch Deterioration
• Pothole

Poor construction
Environmental
Traffic loading
PAVEMENT
DETERIORATION
Pavement Material
Increase number
<strong>of</strong> vehicle
Subgred Soil

(Source: MRTV3, 2010)
COMPARISON WEIGHT LIMIT OF TRUCK AMONG
VARIOUS COUNTRIES
Country Type (load+vehicle)
Weight limit (maximum)
Malaysia
Two-axle-fixed truck
Three-axle-fixed truck
Four-axle-fixed truck
16 tons
21 tons
25 tons
Thailand
Singapore
ASEAN
Standard
Two-axle-fixed truck
Three-axle-fixed truck
Five-axle-fixed truck
Two-axle-fixed truck
Three- axle-fixed truck
Four-axle-fixed truck
Articulated truck
Two-axle-fixed truck
Three-axle-fixed truck
Four-axle-fixed truck
Articulated truck
12 tons
21 tons
39 tons
16 tons
24 tons
-
24 tons
16 tons
21 tons
-
38 tons

(Source: Transport Sector, 2008)
(Source: MRTV3, 2010)
COMPARISON OF AXLE LOAD AMONG VARIOUS
COUNTRIES
Country
Axle Load Limit (Ton)
Malaysia 12
Thailand 8.2
Singapore 10
Japan 11
Europe 10-13
The People’s Republic <strong>of</strong> China 10
ASEAN member countries 10

What happens to pavements
exposed to loads they were not
designed to handle???

FATIGUE CRACK

LONGITUDINAL CRACK

RUTTING

POTHOLES

REHABILITATION METHODS
• RESTORATION
• RESURFACING
• RECONSTRUCTION

CONCLUSSION
Mostly the possible causes <strong>of</strong> flexible <strong>damages</strong>
did not cause by heavy truck.
Therefore, the further research needs to
conduct to check whether the responsible
contractor done their work properly or not
and the other factor <strong>of</strong> flexible pavement easy
to damage need to consider and investigate.

MALAYSIA INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
40450 SHAH ALAM
SELANGOR
www.mitrans.uitm.edu.my