Investigations in Urban Soils - Baltimore Ecosystem Study
Investigations in Urban Soils - Baltimore Ecosystem Study
Investigations in Urban Soils - Baltimore Ecosystem Study
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Draft 2 - (9.28.04)<br />
<strong>Soils</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Investigations</strong><br />
programs aimed at reduc<strong>in</strong>g Pb poison<strong>in</strong>g, represent<strong>in</strong>g a feedback loop that reduces<br />
environmental lead levels.<br />
2. Spatial arrangement matters.<br />
Pollutants may occur <strong>in</strong> “hot spots” of high concentrations <strong>in</strong> urban landscapes. If<br />
people traverse or use these areas they may be <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g their exposure to<br />
contam<strong>in</strong>ants. Moreover, when a contam<strong>in</strong>ant accumulates <strong>in</strong> the soil it can be washed<br />
off with soil particles <strong>in</strong> the process of erosion. When these particles get washed <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
nearby stream they may accumulate <strong>in</strong> the sediment and eventually end up <strong>in</strong> the<br />
creatures that live there. Some of these organisms may be captured by people (e.g.,<br />
through fish<strong>in</strong>g) or by predators, thereby expos<strong>in</strong>g them to those contam<strong>in</strong>ants.<br />
3. Time matters.<br />
How long a soil is exposed to <strong>in</strong>puts of contam<strong>in</strong>ants is important. In older cities such<br />
as <strong>Baltimore</strong>, the amount of contam<strong>in</strong>ation by Pb will be much higher than <strong>in</strong> newer<br />
cities such as Phoenix AZ. Not only do soils <strong>in</strong> <strong>Baltimore</strong> City have a longer history of<br />
pollutant <strong>in</strong>puts, but also <strong>Baltimore</strong> was at its peak population <strong>in</strong> the 1950’s and 1960’s<br />
when Pb was used as an additive to gasol<strong>in</strong>e. With all those people driv<strong>in</strong>g cars the<br />
amount of Pb emitted <strong>in</strong>to the air was very high compared to the much smaller city of<br />
Pheonix dur<strong>in</strong>g that era. Phoenix, on the other hand, has seen most of its growth occur<br />
after Pb was removed from gasol<strong>in</strong>e use.<br />
4. Scale matters.<br />
How soils are affected by lawn management is dependent on the scale (size of the<br />
area) of the observation. People of similar economic and cultural backgrounds tend to<br />
live near to each other. One can imag<strong>in</strong>e a middle-class neighborhood of small<br />
detached houses <strong>in</strong> western <strong>Baltimore</strong> compared to larger, more expensive houses <strong>in</strong> a<br />
subdivision <strong>in</strong> <strong>Baltimore</strong> County. How each homeowner manages their lawns will also<br />
be reflected by the neighborhood they live <strong>in</strong>. Therefore, differences <strong>in</strong> soil<br />
characteristics that emerge from lawn fertilization (remember that P and K differed<br />
among turfgrass covered areas <strong>in</strong> study discussed above?) will also occur at the same<br />
scale that social and economic factors vary <strong>in</strong> urban and suburban areas. That is, soil<br />
characteristics that are affected by management should vary more between<br />
neighborhoods than with<strong>in</strong> neighborhoods.<br />
page 10 <strong>Baltimore</strong> <strong>Ecosystem</strong> <strong>Study</strong><br />
– <strong>Investigations</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Soils</strong>