Vol. 1 part 2 - Species Plantarum Programme
Vol. 1 part 2 - Species Plantarum Programme
Vol. 1 part 2 - Species Plantarum Programme
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CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Licania)<br />
202. Licania paraensis Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 163 (1972)<br />
T: Brazil North: Pará, Santarém, A.Ducke RB 18818; holo: K; iso: NY, RB.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 159 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 177 (1989).<br />
Tree, large. Branches puberulous when young, glabrescent. Leaves with stipules lanceolate,<br />
puberulous, 5–10 mm long, adnate to petiole; petioles 8–15 mm long, tomentellous,<br />
canaliculate, glandular or eglandular; lamina elliptic, chartaceous, 9–22 × 5.5–10 cm,<br />
rounded or mucronate at apex, rounded to subcuneate at base, glabrous above, deeply<br />
reticulate and with grey-lanate pubescence beneath; venation parallel; midrib impressed and<br />
glabrous above; primary veins 10–12 pairs, prominent beneath, plane above. Inflorescences<br />
of terminal and subterminal racemose panicles; rachis puberulous and branches ferrugineoustomentellous.<br />
Bracts and bracteoles 0.3–2 mm long, lanceolate, subpersistent, puberulous on<br />
exterior. Flowers 2.5–3 mm long. Receptacle campanulate-cupuliform, sessile, ferrugineoustomentellous<br />
on exterior, tomentose within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on exterior,<br />
puberulous within. Petals absent. Stamens 6, inserted around complete circle; filaments<br />
glabrous, free to base, shorter than calyx lobes. Ovary pilose. Style pilose to apex. Young<br />
fruit rufous-velutinous pubescent. Fig. 32.<br />
Amazonian Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. 83: BOL, PER. 84: BZN (AM, AP, PA, RO). Nonflooded<br />
forest. Map 217.<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Pando, W bank of Rio Madeira, 3 km above Riberão, G.T.Prance et al. 6532 (INPA, NY, P, RB).<br />
PERU: Madre de Dios, Tambopata Prov., Cuzco Amazónico, P.Nuñez et al. 10945 (K, MO). 84. BRAZIL<br />
NORTH: Amapá, road Caracurú-Munguba, Jari, N.T. da Silva 2826 (IAN, NY); Amazonas, Manaus-Itacoatiara<br />
km 99, W.A.Rodrigues & A.Loureiro 7136 (INPA); Pará, Rio Jari, Monte Dourado, M.R.Santos 444 (MG, NY);<br />
Rondônia, Mun. de Porto Velho, Samuel Dam area, C.A.Cid Ferreira 7437 (INPA, K, NY).<br />
203. Licania vaupesiana Killip & Cuatrec., Fieldiana, Bot. 27(2): 105 (1951)<br />
T: Colombia: Vaupés, Río Cuduyarí, tributary of Río Vaupés, J.Cuatrecasas 6837; holo: COL; iso: fragments F, US.<br />
Licania parviflora var. grandifolia Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 19 (1867). T: Colombia:<br />
Amazonas, C.F.P.Martius s.n.; holo: M.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 191 (1989).<br />
Tree. Branches puberulous when young, soon becoming glabrous and lenticellate. Leaves with<br />
stipules linear, c. 5 mm long, intrapetiolar or adnate to inside of extreme base of petiole,<br />
puberulous, persistent; petioles 4–7 mm long, puberulous, terete, eglandular; lamina elliptic,<br />
coriaceous, 7–14 × 3.7–5.5 cm, with acumen 5–10 mm long, rounded at base, glabrous<br />
above, densely brown-lanate beneath; midrib impressed above, pubescent towards base; primary<br />
veins 11 or 12 pairs, prominent beneath, plane above. Inflorescences terminal and subterminal<br />
panicles; rachis and branches puberulous. Flowers c. 2 mm long, in small subsessile groups or<br />
solitary on primary branches of inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles to 1 mm long, triangular,<br />
persistent, puberulous on exterior. Receptacle campanulate, sessile, tomentose on exterior and<br />
within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals absent. Stamens 5–7, unilateral;<br />
filaments shorter than calyx lobes, glabrous. Ovary tomentose. Style equalling filaments,<br />
tomentose throughout. Fruit (immature) oblong; epicarp sordid-ferrugineous pubescent,<br />
wrinkled when dry; pericarp thin, hard, woody, sparsely hirsute within.<br />
Venezuela, Amazonian Colombia and Brazil. 82: VEN. 83: CLM. 84: BZN (AM). Riverine<br />
forest. Map 218.<br />
82. VENEZUELA: Amazonas, Dept. Atures, Puerto Ayacucho, Río Cataniapo, A.Castillo 1859 (NY).<br />
83. COLOMBIA: Vaupés, Río Caduyari, trib. of Río Vaupés, A.S.Barclay et al. 603 (K). 84. BRAZIL<br />
NORTH: Amazonas, Mun. de Serrinha, Igarapé Serrinha, C.Damião 2637 (INPA).<br />
204. Licania bahiensis Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 165 (1972)<br />
T: Brazil Northeast: Bahia, Ilhéus, H.P.Vellozo 736; holo: R; iso: NY.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 166 (1972); Revista Brasil. Bot. 2: 30 (1979).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 134 (1989).<br />
167
168<br />
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Tree. Branches glabrous when young, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules c. 3 mm long,<br />
persistent, lanceolate, puberulous, adnate to base of petiole; petioles 5–6 mm long, puberulous,<br />
terete, eglandular; lamina oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, 5.5–8 × 2.5–4.5 cm, apiculate to<br />
acuminate at apex with acumen 1–5 mm long, rounded to subcuneate at base, glabrous above,<br />
densely lanate-pubescent beneath; venation plane; midrib glabrous, slightly impressed above;<br />
primary veins 6–8 pairs, prominent beneath, plane above. Inflorescences in terminal and axillary<br />
racemose panicles; rachis and branches grey-puberulous. Bracts and bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm<br />
long, ovate, persistent, puberulous on exterior. Flowers c. 2 mm long. Receptacle campanulate,<br />
sessile, grey-tomentellous on exterior, tomentose within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on<br />
exterior, puberulous within. Petals absent. Stamens 3, unilateral; filaments glabrous, free to<br />
base, shorter than calyx lobes. Ovary villous. Style pubescent to apex. Fruit not seen.<br />
Brazil (Bahia); known only from the type collection. 84: BZE (BA). Coastal forest. Map 219.<br />
205. Licania maxima Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 165 (1972)<br />
T: Brazil North: Amapá, Rio Oiapoque, Clevelândia, B.Maguire, J.M.Pires & C.Maguire 47081; holo: NY;<br />
iso: IAN, MG, P.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 166 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 167 (1989).<br />
Tree to 32 m tall. Branches glabrescent when young, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules lanceolate,<br />
4–5 mm long, persistent, adnate to base of petiole; petioles 6–7 mm long, terete to weakly<br />
canaliculate, pubescent when young, eglandular; lamina submembranous, oblong, 6.5–10.5 ×<br />
2.5–4.7 cm, with acumen 4–8 mm long, rounded to subcuneate at base, glabrous above,<br />
lanate-arachnoid pubescent beneath, deeply reticulate; midrib glabrous and plane above;<br />
primary veins 8–10 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences terminal and<br />
subterminal racemose panicles; rachis and branches grey-puberulous; bracts and bracteoles<br />
ovate to lanceolate, to 2 mm long, equalling flowers in length, persistent, puberulous outside.<br />
Flowers sessile, 2 mm long. Receptacle campanulate, grey-tomentellous outside, tomentose<br />
within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals absent. Stamens 5, inserted<br />
around complete circle; filaments glabrous, free to base, shorter than calyx lobes. Ovary<br />
villous-tomentose. Style pubescent to apex, shorter than calyx lobes. Fruit not seen.<br />
Brazil (Amapá); known only from the type collection. 84: BZN (AP). Riverine forest.<br />
Map 220.<br />
206. Licania mollis Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 219 (1840)<br />
T: Brazil North: Amazonas, R. & R.Schomburgk 910; holo: K; iso: BM, CGE, F, G, GH, L, NY, OXF, P, TCD,<br />
US, W.<br />
Licania lucida J.F.Macbr., Candollea 5: 369 (1934). T: Peru: Loreto, Mishuyaru near Iquitos, G.Klug 462;<br />
holo: F; iso: NY, US.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 172 (1989).<br />
Tree to 15 m tall. Branches pubescent when young, becoming glabrous and lenticellate with<br />
age. Leaves with stipules linear-lanceolate, 3–6 mm long, erect, adnate to base of petiole,<br />
persistent; petioles 3–6 mm long, tomentose, terete, eglandular; lamina ovate-elliptic to<br />
oblong, coriaceous, 5–13 × 2.3–7 cm, cuspidate to acuminate at apex with acumen 3–18 mm<br />
long, rounded to subcordate at base, glabrous and shining above, with lower surface deeply<br />
reticulate-venose and densely lanate; midrib impressed for most of length above, becoming<br />
prominulous near base, tomentose; primary veins 9–12 pairs, prominent beneath, plane or<br />
nearly so above. Inflorescences terminal and axillary racemose panicles, densely browntomentose.<br />
Flowers 3–3.5 mm long, sessile and crowded on primary branches of<br />
inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles 1–3.5 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, persistent entire,<br />
eglandular, tomentose on exterior. Receptacle broadly campanulate, sessile, tomentose on<br />
exterior, tomentellous within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentose on exterior, puberulous within.<br />
Petals absent. Stamens 8–11, inserted in an arc of c. 270°; filaments shorter than calyx lobes,<br />
connate at base. Ovary villous. Style equalling filaments, lanate throughout. Fruit globose<br />
but surface more or less longitudinally much-ridged, to 2.5 cm in diameter; epicarp<br />
ferrugineous-velutinous; pericarp thick, hard, glabrous within.
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Licania)<br />
Amazonian Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and Brazil. 82: VEN. 83: CLM, PER. 84: BZN (AM,<br />
RR). River banks and river islands and in riverine forest on sandy soil. Map 221.<br />
82. VENEZUELA: Amazonas, Dept. Casiquiare, Caño San Miguel, G.Aymard 9304 (K, PORT); Apure, Distr.<br />
Pedro Camejo, S tip of Galeras de Cinaruco, G.Davidse & A.González 15619 (MO, NY). 83. COLOMBIA:<br />
Meta, 9 km S of San Pedro de Arimena, F. di Giovanni 90 (COL); Caquetá, Río Caquetá, Caño Paujil, 9 km<br />
NE of Araracuara, M.Sanchez S. 1843 (K); Vaupés, Río Kubiyu above confluence with Río Vaupés,<br />
D.D.Soejarto & T.Lockwood 2388 (HUA). PERU: Loreto, Iquitos, J.Revilla 3628 (K, MO). 84. BRAZIL<br />
NORTH: Amazonas, Rio Cuieiras, D.G.Campbell et al. P21834 (INPA, NY); Roraima, Rio Xeriuini, J.M.Pires<br />
et al. 13957 (IAN, INPA, MO).<br />
207. Licania velutina Prance, Kew Bull. 47: 638 (1992)<br />
T: Ecuador: Pastaza, Pastaza Cantón, 20 km S of Curaray, V.Zak & S.Espinoza 5052; holo K; iso MO, QCNE.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Kew Bull. 47: 639 (1992).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Kew Bull. 47: 645 (1992).<br />
Tree 20 m tall. Branches ferrugineous-velutinous-pubescent when young. Leaves with stipules<br />
axillary, 6–9 mm long with margins fimbriate, densely tomentose; petioles 7–9 mm long,<br />
terete, eglandular, densely tomentose; lamina oblong to oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, 9–11.5 ×<br />
3–5.2 cm, with acumen 6–14 mm long, subcuneate at base, glabrous above, ferrugineousvelutinous-tomentose<br />
and with deeply reticulate venation beneath; margins ciliate; midrib<br />
slightly impressed and glabrous above; prominent and tomentose beneath; primary veins 9–12<br />
pairs, plane above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences of terminal and subterminal racemose<br />
panicles; rachis and branches densely ferrugineous-tomentose. Bracts and bracteoles triangular,<br />
tomentose. Flower buds only seen. Receptacle campanulate, ferrugineous-tomentose on exterior,<br />
tomentose within. Calyx lobes 5, tomentose. Petals absent. Stamens 5, included, inserted<br />
around circle. Ovary pilose. Style hirsute on lower 1 /2. Fruit not seen.<br />
Ecuador; known only by 2 collections from a single locality. 83: ECU. Tropical moist forest.<br />
Map 222.<br />
83. ECUADOR: Pastaza, Pastaza Cantón, 20 km S of Curaray, V.Zak & S.Espinoza 5053 (K, MO, QCNE).<br />
208. Licania blackii Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9:167 (1972)<br />
T: Brazil North: Tocantins [Goiás], Araguaína, G.T.Prance & N.T. da Silva 58989; holo: NY; iso: RB, UB.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 166 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 135 (1989).<br />
Shrub or tree. Branches tomentellous when young, glabrescent, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules<br />
linear, to 3 mm long, puberulous, subpersistent, adnate to base of petiole; petioles 7–12 mm<br />
long, velutinous-tomentellous, terete, eglandular; lamina oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate,<br />
coriaceous, 7–16 × 3–7.5 cm, acute to acuminate at apex with acumen 1–20 mm long,<br />
rounded to subcuneate at base, glabrous, shiny above, deeply reticulate and lanate-arachnoid<br />
pubescent beneath; midrib plane or slightly impressed above, glabrous; primary veins 5–7<br />
pairs, prominent beneath, plane above. Inflorescences of terminal and subterminal racemose<br />
panicles; rachis and branches tomentellous. Bracts and bracteoles 0.2–1.3 mm long,<br />
triangular, persistent, pubescent. Flowers c. 2 mm long. Receptacle campanulate, sessile,<br />
tomentose on exterior and within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals<br />
absent. Stamens c. 6, unilateral; filaments glabrous, free to base, shorter than calyx lobes.<br />
Ovary villous. Style pubescent to apex. Fruit pyriform; exocarp ferrugineous-velutinoustomentose;<br />
pericarp hard, thin, fibrous, tomentose within.<br />
Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil in eastern Amazonia, and S to the borders of the planalto central.<br />
83: BOL, PER. 84: BZC (GO, MT), BZE (MA), BZN (AC, AM, AP, PA, RO, RR, TO).<br />
Gallery forest and secondary forest in open places. Map 223.<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Dept. Santa Cruz, Velasco, P. N. Noel Kempff Mercado, Quevedo et al. 2324 (K, MO). PERU:<br />
Loreto, Prov. Requena, Río Ucayali, Arboreto Jenaro Herrera, M.Diaz 87A (NY). 84. BRAZIL NORTH:<br />
Acre, Mun. de Sena Madureira, Nova Olinda, Rio Iaco, D.C.Daly et al. 7846 (K, NY); Amapá, Mun. de<br />
Oiapoque, 109 km SSE of Oiapoque on road to Calçoene, S.A.Mori et al. 17193 (MG, NY); Amazonas, 90 km<br />
169
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
NNE of Manaus, A.A.Oliveira et al. 153 (K, NY, SPF); Rondônia, 8 km NE of Porto Velho, G.T.Prance et al.<br />
8237 (INPA, NY); Roraima, Ilha de Maracá, J.A.Ratter et al. 5537 (K); Tocantins, W of Filadélfia,<br />
G.T.Prance & N.T.Silva 58512 (NY, P, SP, UB). BRAZIL NORTH-EAST: Maranhão, Fazenda Bacaba, Dr.<br />
Haroldo, 5 km S of road MA-119 from entrance 3 km NW of Lago do Junco, D.C.Daly et al. 509 (MG, NY).<br />
BRAZIL WEST-CENTRAL: Mato Grosso, Fazenda Cachimbo, M.R.Cordeiro 1156 (NY).<br />
209. Licania rodriguesii Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 168 (1972)<br />
T: Brazil North: Pará, Breves, Rio Jaburuzinho, A.Ducke RB 18812; holo: K; iso: RB.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 169 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 183 (1989).<br />
Tree, large. Branches puberulous when young, glabrescent, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules<br />
linear, glabrous, subpersistent, extrapetiolar; petioles 6–12 mm long, glabrescent, eglandular,<br />
terete or slightly canaliculate; lamina elliptic to oblong, coriaceous, 9–16 × 3–7 cm, with<br />
acumen 8–15 mm long, subcuneate at base, glabrous above, densely lanate-pubescent<br />
beneath; venation smooth; midrib glabrous above, slightly prominent; primary veins 6 or 7<br />
pairs, prominent beneath, plane and arcuate above. Inflorescences of terminal and<br />
subterminal racemose panicles; rachis and branches tomentellous or puberulous. Bracts and<br />
bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm long, ovate, persistent, puberulous on exterior. Flowers 2–2.5 mm<br />
long. Receptacle campanulate, sessile, tomentellous on exterior, tomentose within. Calyx<br />
lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals absent. Stamens 5, unilateral; filaments<br />
glabrous, free to base, shorter than calyx lobes. Ovary tomentose. Style pubescent to apex.<br />
Fruit with rufous-velutinous exocarp; pericarp thin, hard, fibrous, hirsutulous within.<br />
French Guiana and Brazilian Amazonia. 82: FRG. 84: BZN (AM, PA). Non-flooded forest.<br />
Flowering June–Sept. Map 224.<br />
82. FRENCH GUIANA: Station des Nouragues, D.Sabatier & M.F.Prévost 2571 (CAY, K). 84. BRAZIL<br />
NORTH: Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Ducke, P.A.C.L.Assunção 518 (INPA, K); Amazonas, Distrito<br />
Agropecuário, Reserva 1501, S.A.Mori 20495 (INPA, NY); Pará, Rio Trombetas, Cachoeira Porteira, N.T.Silva<br />
& M.R.Santos 4755 (MG, NY); Pará, Breves, J.M.Pires et al. 5802 (IAN, NY).<br />
210. Licania cidii Prance, Kew Bull. 47: 247 (1992)<br />
T: Brazil North: Amazonas, Mun. de Jutaí, São Francisco, C.A.Cid Ferreira et al. 8352; holo: INPA; iso: K, NY.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Kew Bull. 47: 248 (1992).<br />
Tree to 30 m tall. Branches glabrous when young, conspicuously lenticellate. Leaves with<br />
stipules adnate to base of petiole, subpersistent, lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, glabrous; petioles<br />
8–15 mm long, terete, eglandular, glabrous; lamina elliptic, chartaceous, 7–14 × 3.5–8 cm,<br />
subcuneate at base, with pointed slightly curved acumen 9–20 mm long, glabrous on upper<br />
surface, densely tomentose beneath (pubescence between the reticulate venation, and hard to<br />
remove); midrib prominulous above, prominent and glabrous beneath; primary veins 5–7 pairs,<br />
plane above, prominent and glabrous beneath. Inflorescences of terminal and axillary<br />
panicles 7–17 cm long; rachis and primary branches glabrous or sparsely puberulous and<br />
secondary branches sparsely tomentellous. Bracts and bracteoles minute, caducous. Flowers<br />
2.5–3 mm long, sessile on secondary branches of inflorescence. Receptacle campanulate, grey<br />
velutinous-tomentellous on exterior, pubescent within. Calyx lobes 5, acute, tomentellous on<br />
both surfaces. Petals absent. Stamens 6 or 7, inserted around 2 /3 of circle; filaments shorter<br />
than calyx lobes, glabrous, free to base, with a pilose ring of hairs at their base. Ovary<br />
inserted at base of receptacle, tomentose. Style extending to level of anthers, tomentellous<br />
almost to apex. Fruit not seen.<br />
Peru and Western Amazonian Brazil in the Rio Solimões region. 83: PER. 84: BZN (AM).<br />
Forest on terra firme. Map 225.<br />
83. PERU: Loreto, Prov. Requena, Río Ucayali, Arboreto Jenaro Herrera, L.Bernardi 5-120 (G, NY).<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amazonas, Mun. de Jutaí, road to Breu, C.A.Cid Ferreira 8324 (INPA, K, NY, US);<br />
Amazonas, Mun. de Fonte Boa, Paraná do Mamupina, C.A.Cid Ferreira et al. 8379 (INPA, K, NY, US);<br />
Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Ducke, W.A.Rodrigues & Osmarino 6944 (INPA, NY).<br />
170
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Licania)<br />
211. Licania indurata Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 542 (1923)<br />
T: Brazil Southeast: São Paulo, E.Schwebel 81; holo: B, destroyed; lecto: R, fide G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop.<br />
Monogr. 9: 170 (1972); iso: SP567, SPF; photos: F, GH, US.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 156 (1989).<br />
Tree, small. Branches sparsely puberulous when young, soon becoming glabrous and lenticellate.<br />
Leaves with stipules minute, caducous, axillary; petioles 5–8 mm long, pubescent, shallowly<br />
canaliculate, eglandular; lamina ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, thick-coriaceous, 3–7 ×<br />
1–2.1 cm, bluntly acuminate at apex with acumen 11 mm long, cuneate at base, glabrous<br />
above, densely lanate beneath; midrib slightly impressed above, glabrous; primary veins 5–7<br />
pairs, prominent beneath, plane above. Inflorescences terminal and subterminal racemose<br />
panicles; rachis and branches ferrugineous-tomentellous. Flowers c. 2.5 mm long, solitary or<br />
in pairs on primary branches of inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles to 1 mm long, triangular,<br />
persistent, puberulous on exterior. Receptacle campanulate-globose, sessile, tomentellous on<br />
exterior, tomentose within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals absent.<br />
Stamens 5, unilateral; filaments shorter than calyx lobes, glabrous. Ovary villous. Style<br />
equalling filaments, puberulous. Fruit unknown.<br />
SE Brazil. 84: BZL (RJ, SP). Map 226.<br />
84. BRAZIL SOUTHEAST: Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, O.C.Góes & Octavio 152 (RB).<br />
212. Licania hoehnei Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 541 (1923)<br />
T: Brazil Southeast: São Paulo, Butantan, F.C.Hoehne 1494; syn: B, destroyed; lecto: SP, fide G.T.Prance, Fl.<br />
Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 171 (1972); iso: A, US.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 154 (1989).<br />
Tree or shrub. Branches puberulous when young, soon becoming glabrous and conspicuously<br />
lenticellate. Leaves with stipules 1–3 mm long, lanceolate, persistent, tomentellous; petioles<br />
4–7 mm long, tomentose when young, soon becoming glabrous, terete, eglandular; lamina<br />
oblong, coriaceous, 3.7–8 × 1.5–3 cm, rounded to acuminate at apex but usually acute,<br />
subcuneate at base, glabrous above, persistently densely grey-lanate below; reticulations<br />
conspicuous but shallow; midrib plane or slightly impressed above, glabrous; primary veins<br />
7–9 pairs, prominent beneath, conspicuous above. Inflorescences dense terminal and subterminal<br />
racemose panicles; rachis and branches tomentellous. Flowers c. 2 mm long, solitary or in<br />
small groups densely crowded on primary branches of inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles<br />
0.5–1 mm long, triangular, persistent, puberulous on exterior. Receptacle campanulate, sessile,<br />
tomentellous on exterior, tomentose within. Calyx lobes acute, puberulous on both surfaces.<br />
Petals absent. Stamens 5–7, unilateral; filaments shorter than calyx lobes, glabrous. Ovary<br />
tomentose. Style equalling filaments, pubescent throughout. Fruit globose to pyriform; epicarp<br />
densely rufous-pubescent; pericarp rather thick, hard, fibrous, lanate-hirsutulous within.<br />
Bolivia and EC Brazil. 83: BOL. 84: BZC (MT), BZE (BA), BZL (ES, MG, RJ, SP). Forests.<br />
Map 227.<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Dept. Santa Cruz, Prov. Velasco, Estancia Flor de Oro, M.Nee 41500 (K, NY). 84. BRAZIL<br />
NORTHEAST: Bahia, Mun. de Una, Res. Biol. do Mico-Leão, km 46 Ilhéus-Una, A.M.Amorim et al. 1121<br />
(CEPEC, K, NY). BRAZIL SOUTHEAST: Espírito Santo, Collatina, J.G.Kuhlmann 364 (RB); Minas Gerais,<br />
Mun. de Santana do Riacho, km 116 Belo Horizonte-Conceição do Mato Dentro, I.Cordeiro & J.R.Pirani 6544<br />
(NY, SPF); São Paulo, Iguape, Est. Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, Serra da Juréia, E.A.Anunciação et al. 577 (K, SP).<br />
BRAZIL WEST-CENTRAL: Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães above Véu de Noiva, G.T.Prance et al.<br />
19161 (INPA, NY, P).<br />
213. Licania harlingii Prance, Fl. Ecuador 10: 9 (1979)<br />
T: Ecuador: Napo, c. 6 km S of Puerto Napo, H.Lugo S. 1054; holo: GB; iso: NY.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Ecuador 10: 11 (1979).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 150 (1989).<br />
Tree to 26 m tall. Branches puberulous when young, soon becoming glabrous and lenticellate<br />
with age. Leaves with stipules small, c. 1 mm long, axillary, caducous; petioles 5–6 mm<br />
171
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 33. Licania harlingii. A, habit; B, flower; C, flower section; D, leaf lower surface<br />
(A–D, H.Lugo S. 1039). Scale bars: A = 5 cm; B, C = 1 mm; D = 5 mm. Drawn by William<br />
Moye III. Previously published in G.T.Prance, Fl. Ecuador 10: 11 (1979).<br />
172
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Licania)<br />
long, tomentellous, terete; lamina ovate-elliptic, chartaceous, 7–10 × 3–5 cm, subcuneate at<br />
base, with acumen 8–12 mm long, glabrous above, densely lanate-pubescent below with<br />
puberulous conspicuous venation; midrib slightly impressed above, prominent beneath; primary<br />
veins 8–11 pairs, plane above, impressed beneath. Inflorescences of terminal racemose<br />
panicles; rachis and branches yellow-brown, puberulous. Bracts and bracteoles small, triangularhastate,<br />
persistent, tomentellous on exterior. Flowers c. 1.5 mm long, borne singly along<br />
primary branches of inflorescence. Receptacle globose, sessile, brown-tomentellous on exterior,<br />
lanate within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals absent. Stamens 5 or<br />
6, slightly unilateral; filaments free, shorter than calyx lobes, glabrous. Ovary tomentellous.<br />
Style equalling filaments, glabrous or with a few hairs only. Fruit not seen. Fig. 33.<br />
Western Amazonia. 83: BOL, CLM, ECU, PER. 84: BZN (AC). Terra firme forest. Map 228.<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Dept. Santa Cruz, Velasco Prov., La Meseta, N.Ritter et al. 3027 (MO, USZ). COLOMBIA:<br />
Vaupés, Est. Biológica Caparú, S.Defler 83 (MO). ECUADOR: Morona Santiago, 33.7 km SW of Taisha,<br />
A.Ortega U. 110 (US); Napo, Aguarico, Res. Etnica Huaorani, A.Dik 1493 (K, MO, QCNE); Sucumbios, Lago<br />
Agrio Cantón, Res. Faunística Cuyabeno, W.Palacios et al. 8133 (K, MO, QCNE). PERU: Madre de Dios,<br />
Tambopata, A.Gentry et al. 45582 (MO, NY); Loreto, Maynas Prov., Dept. Las Amazonas, Explornapo Camp,<br />
J.J.Pipoly et al. 14289 (K, MO); Huánuco, Prov. Pachitea, 24 km SE of Puerto Inca, Sira Mountains,<br />
B.Wallnöfer 12-28388 (K, W); Puno, Río Candamo, mouth of Río Guacamayo, A.Gentry et al. 77168 (MO).<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTH: Acre, Tarauacá, Rio Muru, Seringal Vitória Velha, M.Silveira et al. 935 (K, NY).<br />
214. Licania ferreirae Prance, Kew Bull. 54: 104 (1999)<br />
T: Brazil North: Amazonas, Município de Alavarães, road Alvarães-Vila Nogueira, C.A.Cid Ferreira 8442;<br />
holo: INPA; iso: CAS, NY.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Kew Bull. 54: 107 (1999).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, loc. cit.: 106.<br />
Tree 30 m tall. Branches puberulous when young, glabrescent, conspicuously lenticellate.<br />
Leaves with stipules caducous (not seen); petioles 7–10 mm long, terete, puberulous when<br />
young, eglandular; lamina elliptic, coriaceous, 5–9 × 3–5 cm, abruptly acuminate at apex<br />
with acumen 4–6 mm long, rounded at base, glabrous above, with compact tomentellous<br />
pubescence beneath between venation; young leaves with 2 large and conspicuous saucerlike<br />
glands at junction between lamina and petiole, caducous and not visible in mature leaves<br />
and with 2 or 3 marginal glands towards apex which persist in some mature leaves only;<br />
midrib plane above, prominent beneath; primary veins 10–13 pairs, plane above,<br />
prominulous beneath. Inflorescences of terminal and subterminal little-branched racemose<br />
panicles, 5–7 cm long; rachis and branches brown-tomentellous. Bracts and bracteoles ovate<br />
to lanceolate, 0.5–0.75 mm, tomentellous on exterior, caducous. Flowers c. 2 mm long, borne<br />
singly on primary branches and rachis of inflorescence. Receptacle campanulate, tomentellous<br />
on exterior, tomentellous within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals<br />
absent. Stamens 5, unilateral; filaments free, glabrous, shorter than calyx lobes. Ovary<br />
inserted at base of receptacle, tomentose. Style equalling filaments in length, pubescent to<br />
apex. Fruit not seen.<br />
NW Brazil; known only from the type collection. 84: BZN (AM). Terra firme forest. Map 229.<br />
215. Licania cruegeriana Urb., Symb. Antill. 5: 352 (1908)<br />
T: Trinidad-Tobago: Trinidad, Las Cuevas, H.Crueger 205 (2065 some sets); holo: GOET; iso: K, NY, TRIN.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 141 (1989).<br />
Tree. Branches puberulous when young, becoming glabrous and lenticellate with age. Leaves<br />
with stipules linear, to 3 mm long, subpersistent, puberulous, axillary; petioles 4–6 mm long,<br />
tomentellous even when mature, eglandular, terete; lamina oblong to elliptic, coriaceous, 4–9 ×<br />
2–3.8 cm, bluntly acuminate or acute at apex with acumen 2–8 mm long, cuneate to rounded<br />
at base, glabrous above, persistently densely brown-lanate below; reticulations shallow;<br />
midrib plane above, glabrous when mature; primary veins 7–9 pairs, prominent beneath,<br />
plane above. Inflorescences dense terminal and subterminal racemose panicles; rachis and<br />
branches tomentose. Flowers c. 2 mm long, solitary or in small groups densely clustered on<br />
primary branches of inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles to 1.5 mm long, triangular, sub-<br />
173
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
persistent, puberulous on exterior. Receptacle campanulate, sessile, tomentose on exterior and<br />
within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces. Petals absent. Stamens 5–7, unilateral;<br />
filaments shorter than calyx lobes, glabrous. Ovary tomentose. Style equalling filaments,<br />
pubescent throughout. Fruit cylindrical when young, becoming pyriform at maturity; epicarp<br />
brown-tomentellous; pericarp thin, fibrous, hard, lanate-hirsutulous within.<br />
Panama, N coastal Venezuela and Trinidad-Tobago. 80: PAN. 81: TRT. 82: VEN. Forests<br />
and coastal locations. Flowering Sept.–Jan. Map 230.<br />
80. PANAMA: San Blas, Cangandi, G. de Nevers & H.Herrera 7112 (MO, NY); Prov. Colón, J.A.Duke 15256<br />
(MO, NY). 81. TRINIDAD-TOBAGO: Tobago, The Widow, W.E.Broadway 4409 (BM, F, NY, P); Tobago,<br />
Lot 42, W.E.Broadway 4462 (C, US). 82. VENEZUELA: Bolívar, Dept. Sifantes, 7 km NW of Clarita,<br />
G.Aymard et al. 4074 (NY, PORT); Bolívar, Distr. Cedeño, near Panare village of Corozal, B.Boom &<br />
M.Grillo 6359 (MYF, NY); Aragua, Rancho Grande, G.T.Prance 28171 (NY); Aragua, Rancho Grande,<br />
Guacamaya trail, C.W.Wood 292 (NY); Yaracuy, 10–15 km N of Salom, Distr. Nirgua, J.A.Steyermark &<br />
Espinosa 111512 (NY, VEN).<br />
216. Licania belemii Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 172 (1972)<br />
T: Brazil Northeast: Bahia, Belmonte, R.P.Belém & Pinheiro 3211; holo: UB; iso: NY, RB.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 173 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 134 (1989).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves with stipules caducous (not seen);<br />
petioles 10–12 mm long, puberulous when young soon becoming glabrous; lamina oblong-ovate,<br />
coriaceous, 5–9.5 × 2.6–4.5 cm, with acumen 3–7 mm long, subcuneate at base, glabrous above,<br />
lanate-tomentose beneath; venation reticulate; midrib plane and glabrous above; primary<br />
veins 6–8 pairs, prominent beneath, plane above. Inflorescences of terminal and subterminal<br />
racemose panicles; rachis and branches sparsely tomentellous. Bracts and bracteoles 0.2–5 mm<br />
long, persistent, tomentellous. Flowers 2–2.5 mm long. Receptacle campanulate, sessile,<br />
velutinous-tomentellous on exterior, tomentose within. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both<br />
surfaces. Petals absent. Stamens 5 or 6, unilateral; filaments glabrous, free to base, shorter<br />
than calyx lobes. Ovary tomentose. Style pubescent to apex. Fruit not seen.<br />
E Brazil. 84: BZE (BA), BZL (ES). Common in forests. Map 231.<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Bahia, Una, Fazenda São Rafael, T.S.Santos 320 (NY); Camacã, T.S.Santos 1444<br />
(NY); Bahia, Mun. de Uruçuca, between Uruçuca and Serra Grande, S.A.Mori et al. 10252 (CEPEC, NY);<br />
Bahia, road BR-101 between São José and BA-265, S.A.Mori & Thompson 11033 (CEPEC, NY). BRAZIL<br />
SOUTHEAST: Espírito Santo, Rio Doce, Lagoa de Durão, J.G.Kuhlmann 208 (RB35360); Espírito Santo,<br />
Linhares, Reserva Florestal CVRD, D.A.Folli 81 (INPA).<br />
217. Licania tepuiensis Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 174 (1972)<br />
T: Venezuela: Bolívar, Ilu-Tepui, Gran Sabana, B.Maguire 33389; holo: NY.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 169 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 188 (1989).<br />
Tree, small. Branches tomentellous when young, glabrescent. Leaves with stipules caducous<br />
(not seen); petioles 2–3 mm long, tomentellous, terete, with 2 inconspicuous glands beneath;<br />
lamina orbicular, thickly coriaceous, 1.6–4.5 × 1.7–3.8 cm, rounded or retuse at apex,<br />
cordate at base, glabrous above, with deep stomatal cavities filled by lanate pubescence<br />
beneath; midrib glabrous and slightly impressed above; primary veins 7–9 pairs, slightly<br />
prominent beneath, plane above. Flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid, c. 4.2 × 2.2 cm; exocarp<br />
smooth, glabrous; pericarp thick, hard, c. 6 mm thick, fibrous, sparsely pubescent within.<br />
Venezuela; known only from the type collection. 82: VEN. Low open woodland at edge of<br />
mesa, 4500 ft [c. 1350 m] elevation. Map 232.<br />
218. Licania obtusifolia Fritsch, Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 4: 53 (1889)<br />
T: French Guiana: Hort. Bot. Paris s.n.; T: Not traced. [PCU missing, n.v.]<br />
Moquilea parviflora Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 92 (1856)[“1852”]; Licania parviflora (Blume) Lemée, Fl. Guyane<br />
Franç. 2: 23 (1952), nom. illeg., non L. parviflora Benth. (1840). T: not cited.<br />
174
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Licania)<br />
Tree. Branches glabrous when young, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules intrapetiolar; petioles<br />
shallowly canaliculate; lamina oval to obovate, coriaceous, acute at base, with young leaves<br />
arachnoid-lanate, becoming prominently reticulate with age; upper surface of midrib<br />
impressed. Inflorescences paniculate; rachis and branches velutinous. Bracts and bracteoles<br />
lanceolate to ovate, persistent, pubescent on exterior. Receptacle campanulate, tomentose on<br />
exterior, hirsutulous within. Calyx lobes acute. Petals 5, ciliate. Stamens c. 20, inserted in a<br />
complete circle, slightly connate at base; filaments equalling calyx lobes. Ovary inserted to<br />
the side of receptacle, sparsely pilose. Style villous at base. Fruit unknown.<br />
French Guiana. 82: FRG. Habitat unknown. Map not given.<br />
This species was described from very poor material, but no new material matches it.<br />
4. AFROLICANIA<br />
Afrolicania Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem, 7: 483 (1921)<br />
Type: Afrolicania elaeosperma Mildbr.<br />
Trees, small to medium-sized, with polygamous andro-dioeceous flowers ±2 mm long.<br />
Leaves usually glabrous on both surfaces when mature, tomentose on lower surface when<br />
young, usually with 2 glands on petiole. Bracts small, membranous. Inflorescences of manyflowered<br />
terminal and subterminal panicles of cymules. Receptacle small, flattened, turbinate<br />
with interior pubescent and exterior with short grey tomentum; calyx-lobes 5, acute. Petals<br />
absent. Stamens 20, forming a complete circle; filaments glabrous, very short, included.<br />
Ovary inserted near the base of the receptacle, absent in male flowers but represented by a<br />
slight swelling; carpel unilocular; ovules 2. Stigma shortly 3-lobed. Fruit a medium-sized dry<br />
drupe; epicarp warted; mesocarp thin soft; endocarp hard, thin, with granular exterior, not<br />
easily detached from mesocarp, interior hairy; lacking special mechanism for seedling<br />
escape. Germination hypogeal; first leaves alternate, with lower surface sparsely tomentose.<br />
One species widespread in W and WC Africa from Sierra Leone to Gabon.<br />
Afrolicania elaeosperma Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 483 (1921)<br />
Licania elaeosperma (Mildbr.) Prance & F.White, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg., 46(3–4): 280 (1976). T: Cameroon:<br />
Bipinde, Lokundje R., G.Zenker 1629; lecto: B, fide G.T.Prance & F.White, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg., 46(3–4):<br />
280 (1976); isolecto: BR, K, M, P, WAG.<br />
Illustration: R.Letouzey & F.White, Fl. Cameroun (Fl. Gabon) 24: 69 (1978); G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos.<br />
Trans. B 320: 90, 94 (1988).<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 293 (1976).<br />
Tree to 15 m tall. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves with stipules linear and 3–6 mm long,<br />
axillary, subpersistent, and with minutely serrate margins; petioles 5–10 mm long, canaliculate,<br />
arachnoid pubescent when young, with 2 glands; lamina elliptic, coriaceous, 7–16 × 3–8 cm,<br />
with acumen 8–15 mm long, cuneate at base, glabrous on both surfaces when mature; midrib<br />
prominulous and glabrous above; primary veins 7–10 pairs, arcuate and anastomosing 2–3 mm<br />
from margin, prominulous above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences of terminal and<br />
subterminal panicles of cymules on short secondary branches bearing groups of 2 or 3 flowers;<br />
rachis and branches sparsely grey-pubescent. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, small,<br />
persistent, grey-pubescent. Flowers androdioecious, c. 2 cm long. Receptacle flattenedturbinate,<br />
tomentellous on exterior; pedicels 1–2 mm long. Calyx lobes triangular, grey<br />
pubescent. Petals absent. Stamens c. 20, inserted around complete circle; filaments shorter<br />
than calyx lobes, free to base, glabrous. Style pubescent at base. Male flowers without ovary<br />
or with reduced sterile pistillode. Fruit ovoid, 3.5 × 4.5 × 5 cm, borne on short peduncle to<br />
5 mm long; exocarp glabrous and lenticellate; pericarp c. 3 mm thick. 2n = 22, fide<br />
S.Mangenot & G.Mangenot, Enquête sur les nombres chromosomiques dans une collection<br />
d’espèces tropicales, Rev. Cytol. Biol. Vég. 25: 411–447 (1962). Fig. 34.<br />
Scattered distribution from Sierra Leone to Gabon. 22: BEN, GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA,<br />
SIE, TOG. 23: CAF, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB. Coastal forest and fringing forest inside the<br />
Guineo-Congolian rainforest region. Map 233.<br />
175
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 34. Afrolicania elaeosperma. A, habit (F.C.Deighton 1508); B, stipules<br />
(R.A.A.Oldeman 855); C, ♂ inflorescence (F.C.Deighton 1508); D, 1 /2 hermaphrodite flower;<br />
E, fruit (R.Letouzey 11505). Scale bars: A, E = 2 cm; B, C = 1 mm; D = 2 mm. Drawn by<br />
Margaret Tebbs (A–C & E) and Janet Dyer (D). Previously published in G.T.Prance &<br />
F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 90, 94 (1988).<br />
176
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Afrolicania)<br />
22. GHANA: Half Assinie, beach hinterland, F.J.Chipp 299 (K). GUINEA: Macenta, R. Diam, Bac de<br />
N’Zerekore, J.G.Adam 7306 (P). IVORY COAST: Port Bonet, A.Aubréville 1494 (P). LIBERIA: Buchanan,<br />
J.G.Adam 25475 (K). NIGERIA: Eket, P.A.Talbot 3098 (BM, K, Z). SIERRA LEONE: Walai near Yoni,<br />
Bontle Is., F.C.Deighton 2465A (K). 23. CAMEROON: Douala, R.Letouzey 601 (P). CENTRAL AFRICAN<br />
REPUBLIC: 30 km E of Bayanga, Bai Hoku Camp, towards Moungoumba, D.Harris 2406 (K, MO). CONGO:<br />
Ouesso, CTFTC RC850 (P). GABON: Mondah R., near Libreville, R.P.Klaine 2634 (BM, BR, K, P).<br />
The oil from the seed was formerly used in paints and varnishes as a substitute for tung oil.<br />
The oil is also used by women in West Africa as a hair pomade.<br />
In G.T.Prance & F.White (1988) we included this genus within Licania to which it is clearly<br />
closely related. However, a recent cladistic analysis based on both morphological and<br />
molecular data separated it from Licania (D.Dissanayake, 1999). It is here re-established as a<br />
separate genus to keep Licania monophyletic.<br />
5. PARASTEMON<br />
Parastemon A.DC., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 18: 208 (1842). The genus name refers to the<br />
laterally inserted stamens of the type species.<br />
Type: Parastemon urophyllus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.DC.<br />
Diemenia Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3: 388 (1854). T: Diemenia racemosa Korth.<br />
Trees or shrubs. Leaves with stipules minute, triangular, caducous; petiole eglandular;<br />
lamina with 2 small discoid glands at base; lower surface glabrous. Inflorescence a raceme,<br />
axillary or rarely terminal, simple or sparsely branched. Bracts and bracteoles small,<br />
eglandular. Flowers actinomorphic. Receptacle-tube patelliform or shallowly cupuliform,<br />
shortly hairy inside. Sepals 5, subequal, acute. Petals 5, more or less equalling sepals.<br />
Stamens 5 and all fertile, or 2 fertile with 3 staminodes; filaments glabrous, much shorter<br />
than the sepals. Ovary 1-carpellary, 1-locular, centrally inserted; style filiform, puberulous<br />
towards the base, with 3 large undivided lobes at apex, or with 1 obscure lobe and 2 large<br />
deeply divided lobes. Drupe 1.5 cm long; epicarp smooth; endocarp thin, hard, bony, smooth<br />
outside, glabrous inside, with 2 large lateral plates which break away on germination and<br />
allow the seedlings to escape.<br />
Germination cryptocotylar; cotyledons fleshy; cataphylls absent; first 2 eophylls opposite,<br />
with 1 or 2 stipules; the next 4 or 5 leaves spiral and bistipulate; stem then becomes curved<br />
and shows a plagiotropic tendency with alternate distichous leaves; new shoots arising from<br />
the straight basal <strong>part</strong> repeat the plagiotropic process; development of a bole is long retarded.<br />
Three species extending from the Nicobar Islands and Malay Peninsula to New Guinea.<br />
J.D.Hooker, in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 607 (1865); W.O.Focke, in<br />
H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(3): 60 (1894); E.D.Merrill, Philipp. J.<br />
Sci. 10: 307 (1915); E.D.Merrill & L.M.Perry, J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 197 (1940);<br />
J.Hutchinson, Gen. Fl. Pl. 1: 193 (1964); G.T.Prance & F.White, The genera of<br />
Chrysobalanaceae, Philos. Trans. B 320: 95–98 (1988); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males., Ser. 1,<br />
10(4): 648–650 (1989).<br />
1 Fruit 2.3–3.5 cm long; primary veins of leaves 5 or 6 pairs 3. P. grandifructus<br />
1: Fruit 1–1.5 cm long; primary veins of leaves 8–11 pairs<br />
2 Receptacle shallowly cup-shaped, glabrous on exterior; fertile stamens<br />
2; style 3-lobed at apex; inflorescence glabrous 1. P. urophyllus<br />
2: Receptacle saucer-shaped, puberulous on exterior; fertile stamens 5; style<br />
with 1 obscure and 2 large bifid apical lobes; inflorescence villous<br />
2. P. versteeghii<br />
1. Parastemon urophyllus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.DC., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 18:<br />
208 (1842)<br />
Embelia urophylla Wall. ex A.DC., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: 131 (1837).<br />
Malaysia, N.Wallich 2309; holo: BM.<br />
T: Malaya: Peninsular<br />
177
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Embelia urophylla Wall., Numer. List no. 2309 (1830), nom. nud.<br />
Diemenia racemosa Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3: 388 (1854); Licania diemenia Blume, Mélanges Bot. 2: 10<br />
(1855), nom. superfl. illeg.; Trichocarya racemosa (Korth.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 358 (1855). T: Sumatera,<br />
P.W.Korthals s.n.; holo: L.<br />
Parastemon spicatus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 75: 29 (1917). T: Borneo: Sarawak, Kuching,<br />
G.D.Haviland 723; holo: K; iso: SAR.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 97 (1988); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4):<br />
648 (1989).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males., Ser. 1, 10(4): 650 (1989).<br />
Tree to 40 m tall, or shrub. Trunk often buttressed. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves<br />
with stipules triangular, c. 1 mm long, caducous; petioles 4–5 mm long, canaliculate, glabrous;<br />
lamina thinly coriaceous, narrowly oblong, 2.5–8 × 1.4–2.5 cm, cuspidate acuminate at apex<br />
with tip 5–15 mm long, cuneate at base; midrib plane above, prominulous beneath; primary<br />
veins 8–11 pairs. Inflorescence of axillary and rarely terminal racemes or occasionally slightly<br />
branched, 4–14 cm long; rachis glabrous. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, c. 1.5 mm long.<br />
Receptacle broadly cupuliform to flattened saucer-shaped, glabrous on exterior, tomentose<br />
within; pedicels up to 2 mm long. Calyx lobes acute, glabrous on exterior. Petals 5. Stamens<br />
2 fertile with 3 sterile staminodes opposite. Ovary pilose on exterior. Style pilose at base,<br />
glabrous above; stigma trifid. Fruit ellipsoid, 1–1.5 cm long; epicarp smooth, glabrous;<br />
mesocarp thin, hard; endocarp thin, hard, bony, glabrous within. Fig. 35.<br />
Widely distributed species from the Nicobar Islands and Thailand through the Malay<br />
Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatera. 41: THA. 42: BOR, MLY, SUM. 43: NCB. Lowland and<br />
coastal forest; commonest in swamp and secondary forest. Map 234.<br />
41. NICOBAR IS.: Without detailed locality, Clarke 25960 (K). THAILAND: Tako, Langsuan, A.F.G.Kerr<br />
1762 (BM). 42. BORNEO: Brunei, Tutong, Sungei Medit, D.A.Simpson 2582 (K); Sabah, Jesselton Distr.,<br />
Mandahan, Kimanis F. R., W.Meijer SAN36251 (K, SAN); Sarawak, Binatang Distr., Sg. Nangar, Matu Daro<br />
P. F., J.A.R.Anderson 12306 (K, L, NB, S); Kalimantan, Loa Djanan, W of Saraminda, A.J.G.H.Kostermans<br />
9975 (BO, K, L); E Kalimantan, Nunukan Is., A.J.G.H.Kostermans 8992 (BM, K, L, NY, P). MALAYA:<br />
Peninsular Malaysia, King’s Collector 10980 (A, BM, L, P, US, Z); Singapore, J.Sinclair SF39504 (K, L, M,<br />
NY). SUMATERA: Langga Pajoeng, Kota Pinang, R.S.Toroes 3319 (A, K, L, NY, US).<br />
2. Parastemon versteeghii Merr. & L.M.Perry, J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 197 (1940)<br />
T: New Guinea: West Irian, Idenburg R., L.J.Brass & C.Versteegh 13544; holo: A; iso: BM, L.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 97 (1988).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 650 (1989).<br />
Tree up to 40 m tall. Branches sparsely puberulous when young, soon glabrous. Leaves with<br />
stipules triangular, c. 1 mm long, caducous; petioles 3–7 mm long, terete, glabrescent; lamina<br />
thinly coriaceous, narrowly oblong, 5–9.5 × 1.8–3.7 cm, cuspidate acuminate at apex with tip<br />
7–15 mm long, cuneate at base; midrib plane above, prominulous beneath; primary veins 8–12<br />
pairs, inconspicuous, slightly prominulous beneath. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal<br />
racemes, 2–9 cm long; rachis sparsely villous. Flowers hermaphrodite, c. 1.5 mm long;<br />
pedicels 1.5–3 mm long, sparsely villous. Receptacle broadly cupuliform-flattened, sparsely<br />
villous on exterior, tomentose within. Calyx lobes acute, with hirsute margins. Petals 5, with<br />
hirsute margins. Stamens 5, all fertile, opposite the petals in a complete circle. Ovary<br />
glabrous on exterior except at base. Style pilose at base, glabrous above; stigma with 2 large<br />
apical lobes with the third reduced or missing. Fruit ellipsoid, c. 1.6 cm long; epicarp<br />
smooth, glabrous; mesocarp thin, hard; endocarp thin, hard, bony, glabrous within.<br />
Eastern Indonesia from the Moluccas through West Irian to Papua and the Admiralty Islands.<br />
42: BIS, MOL, SUL. 43: NWG. Mostly in drier forest than P. urophyllus. Map 235.<br />
42. MALUKU: Sangi & Talaud Is., Morotai, H.J.Lam 3529 (A, K, L). 43. BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO:<br />
Admiralty Is., K.Mair 533 (L). NEW GUINEA: Irian Jaya, vicinity of Hollandia, Forest Serv. bb25062 (A, K,<br />
L, NY); Irian Jaya, Babo, Forest Serv. bb 22298 (K, NY); Irian Jaya, Sorong, D.R.Pleyte 744 (A, K, L, P);<br />
Papua New Guinea: Buso, Lae Sub-Distr., H.Streiman NGF45157 (K); Papua New Guinea, Paiawa Valley,<br />
Morobe Sub-Distr., R.J.Johns NGF47316 (K, L).<br />
178
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parestemon)<br />
Figure 35. Parastemon urophyllus. A, habit; B, flower; C, 1 /2 flower; D, petal; E, infructescence<br />
(A–E, P.Chai S17282); F, fruit, × 3 (W.Meijer SAN38933). Scale bars: A, E = 2 cm;<br />
B–D = 1 mm; F = 5 mm. Drawn by Margaret Tebbs.<br />
179
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
3. Parastemon grandifructus Prance, Brittonia 39: 366 (1987)<br />
T: Borneo: Sarawak, Ulu Medanit, Limbany, 5 th Division, E.Wright & O.Ismawi S. 532320; holo: L.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 39: 367 (1987).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 650 (1989).<br />
Tree to 30 m tall. Branches glabrous when young; trunk lightly buttressed to 1 m. Leaves<br />
with stipules caducous (not seen); petioles 5–8 mm long, glabrous, slightly canaliculate,<br />
slightly swollen at base; lamina coriaceous, narrowly oblong, 5–8.5 × 1.8–3.2 cm, with long<br />
cuspidate acumen at apex with tip 10–16 mm long, cuneate at base, glabrous on both<br />
surfaces; midrib prominent above, prominulous or plane beneath; primary veins 5 or 6 pairs,<br />
prominulous above, plane beneath. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal racemes; rachis<br />
glabrous. Flowers seen only in fruiting specimens. Calyx lobes 5, acute, glabrous on exterior,<br />
glabrous within except for a few hairs around base. Receptacle glabrous on exterior in<br />
fruiting condition. Style persistent below fruit; stigma bifid or trifid. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.3–3.5 ×<br />
1.3–1.5 cm, epicarp smooth, glabrous; mesocarp thin, 0.25 mm thick; endocarp thin, hard,<br />
bony, 0.25 mm thick, glabrous within.<br />
Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah). 42: BOR. Upland white sand areas. Map 236.<br />
42. BORNEO: Sabah, Weston Dist., Hs. Sianggau, RA. AG. Amin SAN105968 & SAN105969 (K, L); Sarawak,<br />
Ulu Medamit, Limbang, 5 th Div., I.Paie S32320 (K, L, SAN); Sarawak, summit of Bungoh Range, Bau, I.Paie<br />
& J.D.Mamit S29032 (A, K, L); Sarawak, 3 rd Div. Kapit Distr., left bank of Rajang R., 10 km below Belaga,<br />
M.Jacobs 5415 (K, L, SAR).<br />
6. BAFODEYA<br />
Bafodeya Prance ex F.White, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 271 (1976). The name comes from<br />
the Bafodeya Hills, the type locality.<br />
Type: Bafodeya benna (Scott-Elliot) Prance<br />
Trees, small. Leaves appearing eglandular on herbarium specimens; stipules small, deltate;<br />
lower surface of lamina with small stomatal crypts filled with densely matted hairs.<br />
Inflorescence a terminal cymose panicle. Bracts and bracteoles small, eglandular, not<br />
enclosing the flower buds. Flowers bisexual, markedly zygomorphic; flower-buds sigmoid.<br />
Receptacle-tube curved, obliquely campanulate, much swollen on 1 side, markedly oblique at<br />
throat, hairy inside throughout, with throat blocked by long retrorse hairs. Sepals 5, acute,<br />
unequal in size. Petals 5, about as long as sepals, caducous. Stamens c. 7; filaments white,<br />
more or less equalling sepals, slightly curved in bud and during anthesis, laterally expanded<br />
at the base; staminodes 4–10, claviform, fleshy, variable in length but some almost as long as<br />
filaments. Ovary monocarpellary, 2-locular, inserted laterally just below mouth of receptacletube;<br />
style arcuate, included. Drupe somewhat dry; epicarp sparsely verrucose; endocarp hard,<br />
smooth, without basal obturators.<br />
Comprising a single species from West Africa.<br />
F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 282 (1976); G.T.Prance & F.White, The genera of<br />
Chrysobalanaceae, Philos. Trans. B 320: 98–100 (1988).<br />
Bafodeya benna (Scott-Elliot) Prance, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 271 (1976)<br />
Parinari benna Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 30: 78 (1894), as Parinarium benna. T: Sierra Leone:<br />
Bafodeya Hills, 6 miles [c. 9.5 km] N of Kundita, G.F.Scott-Elliot 5480; holo: K; iso: BM, P.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 99 (1988).<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 282 (1976).<br />
Shrub or small tree to 10 m tall. Branches tomentellous, glabrescent, lenticellate when young.<br />
Leaves with stipules 2–3 mm long, linear to deltate, caducous; petioles 3–5 mm long, terete,<br />
tomentose; lamina oblong to elliptic, coriaceous, 5–14 × 3–8 cm, bluntly acute, rounded or<br />
retuse at apex, subcordate to cuneate at base, with sparse appressed hairs above when young,<br />
180
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Bafodeya)<br />
Figure 36. Bafodeya benna. A, habit; B, flower bud; C, 1 /2 flower; D, petal; E, fruit;<br />
F, section of exocarp; G, endocarp; H, fruit section (A–B, F.C.Deighton 5445; C–F,<br />
H, A.Chevalier 13068; G, R.A.Schnell 6807). Scale bars: A = 5 cm; B–D = 5 mm; E–H = 2 cm.<br />
Drawn by Rosemary Wise. Previously published in G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans.<br />
B 320: 99 (1988).<br />
181
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
with stomatal cavities filled by dense arachnoid pubescence beneath; midrib prominulous and<br />
tomentellous above, prominent beneath; primary veins 8–13 pairs, plane above, prominent<br />
beneath. Inflorescences terminal cymose panicles, often somewhat corymbose; rachis and<br />
branches densely light-brown tomentellous, to 8 cm long. Bracts and bracteoles 1–3 mm<br />
long, tomentellous on exterior, caducous. Receptacle curved and obliquely campanulate,<br />
tomentellous on exterior, tomentose within. Calyx lobes finely pointed, unequal, tomentellous<br />
on exterior, puberulous within. Petals 5, white, glabrous, caducous. Stamens 7, with 4–10<br />
staminodes opposite, included. Ovary pilose. Fruit ovoid, 2–3 × 2 cm; epicarp glabrous,<br />
lenticellate; mesocarp c. 1 mm thick; endocarp hard, smooth, tomentose within. Fig. 36.<br />
Only known for certain from Fouta Djalon in Guinea, adjacent upland areas in Sierra Leone<br />
and in Mali. 22: GUI, MLI, SIE. Derived savanna on well-drained hill soil, and in<br />
arborescent savanna, at about 900–1000 m. Little is known of its ecology. Map 237.<br />
22. GUINEA: Kindia, A.Chevalier 13068 (BR, K, P); Mamou, Fouta Djalon, M.Saïden s.n. (K); Mamou,<br />
J.M.Dalziel 8386 (K, P); Dalaba, R.A.A.Schnell 2237 (P); Dindea, near Timbo, C.H.O.Pobéguin 900 (P).<br />
MALI: no locality, Vuillet s.n. (P). SIERRA LEONE: Falaba-Musaia road, D.Small 330 (K); Bafodia on road<br />
from Musaia, J.K.Morton SL 4646 (FHO, K, WAG); Musaia, K.Miszewski 5 (K).<br />
The fruit is used as medicine by local people for the treatment of worms.<br />
7. EXELLODENDRON<br />
Exellodendron Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 195 (1972). The genus is named after<br />
A.W.Exell (1901–1993), student of African botany and formerly Deputy Keeper of the<br />
Herbarium of the British Museum.<br />
Type: Exellodendron coriaceum (Benth.) Prance<br />
Trees or shrubs. Leaves with a pair of small glands or ill-defined glandular areas on upper surface<br />
at junction of lamina and the eglandular petiole; stipules small, lateral, narrowly deltate, caducous;<br />
lower surface of lamina glabrous or with a dense arachnoid indumentum which is easily<br />
rubbed off. Inflorescence a simple or branched raceme of small congested cymes. Bracts and<br />
bracteoles eglandular, small, not enclosing the young flowers in small groups. Flowers bisexual,<br />
slightly zygomorphic. Receptacle-tube subcampanulate, slightly swollen on 1 side, hollow, hairy<br />
inside throughout. Sepals 5, deltate, acute. Petals 5, as long as sepals, subpersistent. Stamens<br />
c. 7; filaments more or less equalling sepals, slightly expanded at base; staminodes c. 7,<br />
minute, forming a denticulate rim to the faucal annulus. Ovary monocarpellary, 2-locular,<br />
inserted at mouth of receptacle-tube. Drupe fleshy; epicarp smooth; endocarp smooth, with a<br />
bony ridge on 1 side at base, without basal obturators, sparsely to densely hairy inside.<br />
A genus of five species, confined to tropical South America. Two sympatric species,<br />
E. coriaceum and E. barbatum, extend from Venezuela and the Guianas southwards into<br />
northern Brazil. The former occurs in open places such as savanna and savanna margins as<br />
well as open inundated forest, especially on river beaches, whereas the latter is a species of<br />
both flooded and non-flooded closed forest. Two shrubby species, E. cordatum and<br />
E. gardneri, occur sympatrically in the cerrados of the planalto of central Brazil. E. gracile<br />
is only known from the coastal riverine forest of Espírito Santo.<br />
G.T.Prance & F.White, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae, Philos. Trans. B 320: 100–101 (1988).<br />
1 Leaf base distinctly cordate to subcordate; lamina 3–5.5 cm long 2. E. cordatum<br />
1: Leaf base rounded to cuneate; lamina 3–11.5 cm long<br />
2 Leaf lower surface and receptacle persistently dense white-arachnoid;<br />
lamina ovate-elliptic; inflorescences densely clustered<br />
1. E. coriaceum<br />
2: Leaf lower surface glabrous or with a sparse easily removed<br />
indumentum; lamina oblong; inflorescences rather lax<br />
3 Lamina 8.5–11 cm long, with a distinct well developed acumen<br />
1.5–2.5 cm long 3. E. barbatum<br />
182
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Exellodendron)<br />
3: Lamina to 7 cm long, with acumen less than 8 mm long<br />
4 Leaves coriaceous, with a distinct but shorter acumen 2–3 mm long;<br />
primary veins prominent on lower surface<br />
4: Leaves chartaceous, long-apiculate (c. 1 cm long); primary veins<br />
inconspicuous<br />
4. E. gardneri<br />
5. E. gracile<br />
1. Exellodendron coriaceum (Benth.) Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 197 (1972)<br />
Parinari coriacea Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 213 (1840), as Parinarium coriaceum; Ferolia coriacea (Benth.)<br />
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Guyana, R. & R.Schomburgk 65; holo: K; iso: BM, BR, CGE, E,<br />
GH, L, NY, OXF, P, W.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 101 (1988).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 202 (1989).<br />
Tree to 10 m tall. Leaves with stipules to 2 mm long, caducous; petioles 5–6 mm long,<br />
canaliculate above; lamina oblong-elliptic, 9–12 × 3–7.5 cm, cuneate to subcuneate at base,<br />
with acumen 1–1.5 cm long, glabrous above, densely arachnoid beneath; midrib prominent<br />
on both surfaces; primary veins 13–19 pairs, not prominent. Inflorescences dense flowered<br />
axillary or terminal panicles, much shorter than the leaves, with silver-grey pubescence.<br />
Bracts and bracteoles 1–3 mm long, caducous. Receptacle subcampanulate, swollen slightly<br />
to 1 side, silver-grey-tomentose on both interior and exterior. Calyx lobes sharply pointed.<br />
Petals 5, white, caducous. Stamens 7, with staminodes represented solely by swellings in the<br />
staminal circle or occasionally with 1 or 2 short filaments. Ovary and style densely villous.<br />
Fruit round to oval, basally narrowed, 1.5–2.5 cm long, 1.2–2 cm broad; epicarp smooth and<br />
glabrous; mesocarp thin and fleshy; endocarp thin, hard, with a smooth surface, sparsely<br />
lined on interior with short straight silvery hairs. Fig. 37A–F.<br />
Guyana, adjacent Venezuela and C, E and N Amazonian Brazil. 82: GUY, VEN. 84: BZN<br />
(AM, PA, RR). Savannas, savanna margins and riversides. Map 238.<br />
82. GUYANA: 2.5 km NW of Karanambo ranch, U. Takutu-U., Essequibo region, B.Hoffman 1242 (K, US);<br />
Rupununi R., Monkey Pond Landing, SW of Mt. Makarapau, P.J.M.Maas et al. 7601 (K, U). VENEZUELA:<br />
Amazonas, Caño San Miguel, Río Guainía, Ll.Williams 14914 (NY); Bolívar, Cerro Cotorra, between La<br />
Paragua and San Pedro de las Bocas, J.A.Steyermark 86843 (VEN). 84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amazonas,<br />
Manaus, Igarapé Cachoeira Grande, Tarumã, A.Ducke RB 35185 (K, US, RB); Amazonas, Baía de Buiaçú,<br />
S Bank Rio Negro, G.T.Prance 24216 (INPA, NY); Roraima, Caracaraí, R.L.Fróes 22991 (IAN, NY); Pará:<br />
Alter do Chão, A.L.K.M.Albernaz 149 (K, NY).<br />
2. Exellodendron cordatum (Hook.f.) Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 197 (1972)<br />
Parinari cordata Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 50 (1867), as Parinarium cordatum; Ferolia<br />
cordata (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.: 216 (1891). T: Brazil Northeast: Piauí, G.Gardner 2560; holo:<br />
K; iso: BM, CGE, US, W.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 198 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 201 (1989).<br />
Shrub or small tree. Leaves with stipules to 1.5 mm long, caducous; petioles 4–8 mm long,<br />
canaliculate above, pubescent, with 2 glands at lamina base; lamina ovate, 3.5–9 × 2.25–3.5 cm,<br />
usually distinctly cordate, rarely rounded at base, rounded at apex, or with a small acumen to<br />
3 cm long, glabrous above, glabrous or with densely lanate easily rubbed off pubescence on<br />
lower surface; midrib prominent on both surfaces; primary veins 9–12 pairs, not prominent.<br />
Inflorescences terminal and axillary panicles. Bracts and bracteoles 1–2 mm long, caducous.<br />
Receptacle subcampanulate, swollen slightly at 1 side, silvery grey-tomentose on exterior,<br />
villous to base within. Calyx lobes acute. Petals 5, white. Stamens 7, with 7 filamentous<br />
staminodes opposite them. Ovary and base of style villous. Fruit (immature) oblong; epicarp<br />
smooth, glabrous; mesocarp thin; endocarp thin, hard, with a smooth surface, densely brownpubescent<br />
within.<br />
C and NE Brazil. 84: BZC (GO), BZE (BA, MA, PI), BZN (TO). Cerrado. Map 239.<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTH: Tocantins, Rio do Sono, A.C.Sarmento 604 (RB). BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Piauí,<br />
Município de Uruçuí, R.P.Orlandi 599 (RB); Palmeiras, A.B.Sousa 83 (RB); Maranhão, Fazenda Parnaíba,<br />
183
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 37. Exellodendron. A–F, E. coriaceum. A, habit; B, 1 /2 flower; C, petal; D, ovary section;<br />
E, infructescence; F, fruit (A, G.T.Prance et al. 23131; B–D, B.Maguire et al. 31039;<br />
E–F, G.T.Prance et al. 11471). G, E. barbatum. Young inflorescence showing bracts and<br />
flower buds (G.T.Prance & N.T. Silva 58727). H, E. gardneri. Young shoot showing bud<br />
scales and stipules (H.S.Irwin et al. 14591). Scale bars: A, E, G, H = 5 cm; B = 5 mm;<br />
C, D = 3 mm; F = 2 cm. Drawn by Rosemary Wise. Previously published in G.T.Prance &<br />
F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 101 (1988).<br />
184
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Exellodendron)<br />
150 km S of Balsas, J.A.Ratter et al. 6856 (E, K, UB); Bahia, Município de Correntina, 110 km SW of<br />
Correntina, B.M.T.Walter et al. 286 (CEN, K). BRAZIL WEST-CENTRAL: Goiás, Estrada Mimoso do Oeste,<br />
Taguatinga, B.A.S.Pereira et al. 1612 (IBGE, K).<br />
3. Exellodendron barbatum (Ducke) Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 199 (1972)<br />
Parinari barbata Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 45 (1922), as Parinarium barbatum. T: Brazil<br />
North: Pará, Tapajós R., Maranhão Cataract, A.Ducke RB 16385; holo: RB; iso: F, NY, P, R.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 198 (1972); Fl. Guianas 85: 22 (1986); Fl. Venez. Guayana<br />
4: 211 (1998); G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 101 (1988).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 201 (1989).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall. Leaves with stipules to 1.5 mm long, caducous; petioles 4–5 mm long,<br />
canaliculate above, usually covered by silvery grey hairs; lamina oblong, 8–11 × 2.5–3.5 cm,<br />
cuneate at base, with acumen 1–2.5 cm long, glabrous on both surfaces; midrib prominent on<br />
both surfaces; primary veins 10–15 pairs, not prominent. Inflorescences rather lax terminal<br />
or axillary panicles, with short grey pubescence. Bracts and bracteoles 1–3 mm long,<br />
membranous. Receptacle subcampanulate, swollen slightly to 1 side, silvery grey-tomentose<br />
on interior and exterior. Calyx lobes sharply pointed. Petals 5, white, caducous. Stamens 7,<br />
with 7 or 8 filamentous staminodes opposite them. Ovary and base of style villous. Fruit<br />
oblong, 2–2.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm broad; epicarp smooth and glabrous; mesocarp thin and<br />
fleshy; endocarp thin, hard, with a smooth surface, sparsely hirsutulous within. Fig. 37G.<br />
Venezuela, Guianas and Amazonian Brazil. 82: FRG, GUY, SUR, VEN. 84: BZE (MA),<br />
BZN (AM, PA, RR). Riverine and non-flooded forest. Map 240.<br />
82. FRENCH GUIANA: Montagnes de Trinité, J.J.de Granville et al. 6121 (BR, CAY, NY, P, U). GUYANA:<br />
Kassikaitya R., U. Takutu-U., Essequibo, D.Clarke 4714 (K, US). SURINAME: Falawatra, H.Jiménez-Saa<br />
1599 (BBS, NY). VENEZUELA: Bolívar, Caño Sucio, S of La Paragua, 4 km E of Río Abu, J.A.Steyermark<br />
86828 (VEN). 84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amazonas, Santo Antônio de Abonari, Manaus-Caracaraí, km 220,<br />
G.T.Prance et al. 24297 (INPA, NY); Roraima, foothills of Serra Tepequem, near Igarapé Papará, G.T.Prance<br />
et al. 4355 (INPA, NY); Pará, Mun. de Oriximiná, Rio Trombetas, Lago Erepecu, C.A.Cid Ferreira et al. 1627<br />
(INPA, NY). BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Maranhão, Mun. de Santa Luzia, Fazenda Cacique, M.G.Lobo et al. 270<br />
(MG, NY); Maranhão, Mun. de Monção, 4 km NW of Urutawy, W.L.Balée 326 (MG, NY).<br />
4. Exellodendron gardneri (Hook.f.) Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 199 (1972)<br />
Parinari gardneri Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 50 (1867), as Parinarium gardneri; Ferolia<br />
gardneri (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Brazil West-Central: Goiás, Natividade,<br />
G.Gardner 1266; holo: K; iso: OXF.<br />
Illustrations: J.D.Hooker, in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2), t. 17(1) (1867); G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos.<br />
Trans. B 320: 101 (1988).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 202 (1989).<br />
Shrub to 1.5 m tall. Leaves with stipules to 1 mm long, caducous; petioles 2–3 mm long,<br />
shallowly canaliculate, silvery grey-lanate; lamina oblong-ovate, 3.5–6.5 × 2–3 cm, cuneate to<br />
rounded at base, short-acuminate at apex with acumen 3–5 mm long, glabrous above,<br />
glabrous or with sparse caducous pubescence beneath; midrib prominent on both surfaces;<br />
primary veins 6–8 pairs, prominulous on both surfaces. Inflorescences terminal panicles; rachis<br />
and branches grey-puberulous. Bracts and bracteoles 0.5–2 mm long. Receptacle<br />
subcampanulate, swollen slightly at 1 side, silvery grey-puberulous to glabrescent on exterior.<br />
Calyx lobes 5, pointed. Petals 5. Stamens 7, with short filamentous staminodes opposite<br />
them. Ovary and base of style pilose. Fruit 2 × 1.2 cm, ellipsoid; exocarp smooth, glabrous;<br />
mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp thin, hard, bony, densely lanate within. Fig. 37H.<br />
Central Brazil, Rondônia and Bahia. 84: BZC (GO), BZE (BA), BZN (RO). Cerrado. Map 241.<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTH: Rondônia, Vilhena-Pimenta Bueno, km 640–645, M.G.Vieira et al. 995 (INPA, NY).<br />
BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Bahia, Mun. de Abaíra, Catolés-Abaíra, 4 km from Catolés, W.Ganev 1421 (K);<br />
Bahia, 26 km N of Seabra, road to Água de Rega, H.S.Irwin et al. 30786 (NY); Bahia, Barra, Mun. de Abaíra,<br />
B.Stannard, W.Ganev & R.F.Queiroz H51649 (K, UB). BRAZIL WEST-CENTRAL: Goiás, 8 km W of Monte<br />
Alegre, W.R.Anderson 6873 (NY, UB).<br />
185
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
5. Exellodendron gracile (Kuhlm.) Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 200 (1972)<br />
Parinari gracilis Kuhlm., Anais Reunião Sul.-Amer. Bot. 3: 78 (1940), as Parinarium gracile.<br />
Southeast: Espírito Santo, Lago de Juparaná-mirim, Rio Doce, J.G.Kuhlmann 279; holo: RB 34160.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 202 (1989).<br />
T: Brazil<br />
Tree, medium sized. Branchlets grey-arachnoid. Leaves with stipules linear, 2–6 mm long,<br />
caducous; petioles 3–5 mm long, canaliculate above, tomentose; lamina 3–6 × 1.3–2.2 cm,<br />
oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, with a sparse easily rubbed off lanate indumentum beneath,<br />
cuneate at base, narrowed to an acute apex, sometimes acuminate; midrib slightly prominent on<br />
both surfaces; primary veins 6–8 pairs, not prominent. Inflorescences terminal panicles 2 cm<br />
long; rachis and branches shortly pilose. Bracts and bracteoles 1–1.5 mm long, caducous.<br />
Receptacle grey-tomentellous on exterior. Fruit ellipsoid, 3 cm long, 1.2 cm broad, basally<br />
narrowed to a stipe 5–6 mm long; epicarp smooth and glabrous; mesocarp thin and fibrous;<br />
endocarp hard and thin, with a smooth surface, with interior filled by a lanate mass of long<br />
brown hairs.<br />
Brazil (Espírito Santo). 84: BZL (ES). Atlantic coastal forest. Map 242.<br />
84. BRAZIL SOUTHEAST: Espírito Santo, Linhares, G.L.Farias 376 (K), J.Spada 151 (INPA, RB); Espírito<br />
Santo, Reserva Biológica Comboio, D.A.Folii 84 (K), 1251 (RB); Espírito Santo, Reserva Biológica de<br />
Sooretama, Mun. de São Mateus, G.Martinelli 2189 (RB).<br />
8. HUNGA<br />
Hunga Pancher ex Prance, Brittonia 31: 79 (1979). The name comes from a vernacular name<br />
in New Caledonia.<br />
Type: Hunga rhamnoides (Guillaumin) Prance<br />
Shrub or small tree. Leaves with stipules apparently absent in New Caledonian species,<br />
linear and persistent in New Guinea species; petiole eglandular; lamina with a pair of (often<br />
obscure) marginal glands towards the base; lower surface of lamina glabrous or lanate, with<br />
stomata visible at a magnification of ×25. Inflorescence a few-flowered terminal or axillary<br />
raceme of cymules. Bracts and bracteoles small, persistent, not enclosing the flowers in<br />
small groups. Flowers bisexual, slightly zygomorphic. Receptacle-tube subcampanulate,<br />
slightly asymmetric, shortly puberulous outside, hairy inside throughout, most densely hairy<br />
at throat. Sepals 5, acute. Petals 5, small, not exceeding calyx lobes. Stamens 5–9, included;<br />
filaments much shorter than sepals, unilateral; staminodes 3–7, subulate. Ovary monocarpellary,<br />
bilocular, inserted midway up the receptacle, densely hairy outside; style truncate but<br />
distinctly 3-lobed at apex, with base hairy. Drupe small, fleshy, bilocular or often with 1 loculus<br />
under-developed; epicarp smooth; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard, thin, bony with a<br />
smooth surface; interior very hairy, with 4–6 longitudinal lines of weakness which allow the<br />
seedling to escape.<br />
Eleven species, some of which appear to be very closely related. Three species occur in<br />
Papua New Guinea, and 8 in New Caledonia and the nearby Loyalty Islands. Three of the<br />
New Caledonian species are found on serpentine.<br />
G.T.Prance, New genera and species of Chrysobalanaceae from Malesia and Oceania,<br />
Brittonia 31: 79–91 (1979); Chrysobalanaceae, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 105–123 (1983); G.T.Prance<br />
& F.White, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae, Philos. Trans. B 320: 102–105 (1988).<br />
1 Leaf apex rounded to retuse or rarely subacute; lower leaf surface<br />
frequently lanate<br />
2 Leaf base distinctly cordate; lamina otherwise deltate in outline 11. H. cordata<br />
2: Leaf base rounded to cuneate<br />
3 Leaves elliptic to ovate, with apex often subacute and lower surface<br />
glabrous<br />
186
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Hunga)<br />
4 Exterior of flowers entirely glabrous; leaf base rounded and<br />
decurrent onto petiole<br />
10. H. guillauminii<br />
4: Exterior of flowers grey-pubescent; leaf base subcordate, not<br />
decurrent<br />
4. H. mackeeana<br />
3: Leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic with apex always rounded to retuse<br />
and lower surface lanate or glabrous<br />
5 Lower leaf surface lanate; petiole smooth; inflorescence and flowers<br />
densely pubescent<br />
1. H. gerontogea<br />
5: Lower leaf surface glabrous; petiole rugose; inflorescence and<br />
flowers glabrous to puberulous<br />
5. H. minutiflora<br />
1: Leaf apex acute or acuminate; lower leaf surface glabrous when mature<br />
6 Inflorescence branches puberulous to lanate; flowers pubescent outside;<br />
leaves without conspicuously anastomosing venation; fruit ellipsoid,<br />
without stipe<br />
7 Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7–13 cm long; stipules<br />
0.5–0.65 cm, filamentous 3. H. longifolia<br />
7: Leaves oblong to ovate, 3–9 cm long; stipules 0.1–0.2 cm long,<br />
lanceolate<br />
8 Petioles 0.6–1 cm long; leaves coriaceous, acuminate at apex 8. H. rhamnoides<br />
8: Petioles 0.3–0.5 cm long; leaves membranous, acute at apex 2. H. lifouana<br />
6: Inflorescence branches glabrescent; flowers glabrescent on exterior;<br />
leaves with conspicuously anastamosing venation; fruit sagittate with<br />
a long stipe (not seen in H. myrsinoides):<br />
9 Leaves elliptic, 7.5–8.5 cm broad<br />
9: Leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic, 3–6.5 cm broad<br />
10 Petioles 1–1.5 cm long; stipules caducous; leaf apex subacute to<br />
acuminate<br />
9. H. myrsinoides<br />
10: Petioles 0.2–0.4 cm long; stipules persistent; leaf apex finely acuminate<br />
11 Leaves oblong-elliptic, 10–19 × 4–6.5 cm 7. H. papuana<br />
11: Leaves elliptic, 15–19 × 7.5–8.5 cm 6. H. novoguineensis<br />
1. Hunga gerontogea (Schltr.) Prance, Brittonia 31: 81 (1979)<br />
Licania gerontogea Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40 (Beibl. 92): 25 (1908). T: New Caledonia: Koniambo,<br />
A. Le Rat 460; lecto: P, fide G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 81 (1979); photo: K.<br />
Parinari neocaledonica Baker f., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 298 (1921), as Parinarium neocaledonicum. T: New<br />
Caledonia: Taom, R.H.Compton 2320; holo: BM.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 82 (1979); Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 115 (1983); G.T.Prance & F.White,<br />
Philos. Trans. B 320: 103 (1988)<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 113 (1983).<br />
Shrub or small tree. Branches lanate when young, glabrescent. Leaves with stipules lanceolate,<br />
membranous, caducous; petioles 2–4 mm long, terete, lanate pubescent when young; lamina<br />
oblong, thickly coriaceous, 2–9 × 1–4.2 cm, retuse to rounded at apex, cuneate or subcuneate<br />
at base, glabrous above when mature, with grey-lanate pubescence; primary veins 5–8 pairs.<br />
Inflorescences small terminal and axillary cymules or panicles of cymules 0.5–2.5 cm long;<br />
rachis and branches puberulous. Bracts and bracteoles chartaceous, pubescent, 1–2 mm long.<br />
Flowers 1.5–2 mm long. Receptacle campanulate, grey-puberulous on exterior, tomentose within;<br />
pedicels c. 1 mm long. Calyx lobes acute, grey-puberulous on both surfaces. Petals 5,<br />
glabrous. Stamens 7 or 8, unilateral with tooth-like staminodes opposite. Ovary and base of<br />
style pilose. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.1–1.5 cm long, narrowed towards base; exocarp glabrous; mesocarp<br />
thin and fleshy; endocarp thin, hard, bony, densely lanate-tomentose within. Fig. 38A–E.<br />
187
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 38. Hunga. A–E, H. gerontogea. A, habit; B, fruit; C, fruit section; D, flower<br />
section; E, petal (A–E, E.Deplanche 156). F–I, H. minutiflora. F, leaf upper surface; G, leaf<br />
lower surface; H, flower section; I, petal (F–I, B.Balansa 2336). J–M, H. lifouana. J, leaf<br />
upper surface; K, leaf lower surface; L, flower section; M, petal (J–M, A.U.Däniker 2470).<br />
Scale bars: A, F, G, J, K = 5 cm; B, C = 1 cm; D, E, H, I, L, M = 1 mm. Drawn by Julia<br />
Loken. Previously published in G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 82 (1979).<br />
188
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Hunga)<br />
Endemic to NW New Caledonia. 60: NWC. Frequent beside creeks and in riverine woodland<br />
in serpentine terrain and on serpentine alluvia. Map 243.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA: Dôme de Tiébaghi, L.Bernardi 10310 (G, K, P); Baie de Néhoué, Poum, E.Deplanche<br />
156 (K, P); 10 km S of Pouembout, R.Thorne 28262 (GH, P); Pente S Mt. Kaala, H.S.McKee 13564 (K, P,<br />
NY); Paagoumène, H.S.McKee 17562 (BR, K, P); Pente Tiébaghi, J.-M.Veillon 369 (P); Mt. Kaala, R.Virot<br />
1333 (A, K, P).<br />
2. Hunga lifouana (Däniker) Prance, Brittonia 31: 86 (1979)<br />
Licania lifouana Däniker, Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 76: 166 (1931). T: New Caledonia: Loyalty<br />
Is., Lifou, Hanova, A.U.Däniker 2470; holo: Z; iso: P; photo: K.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 82 (1979).<br />
Maps: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 122 (1983).<br />
Tree. Branches sparsely pubescent when young, soon glabrous. Leaves with stipules c. 1 mm,<br />
lanceolate, caducous; petioles 3–5 mm long, weakly canaliculate, puberulous when young,<br />
soon becoming glabrous, slightly rugose or smooth; lamina lanceolate, membranous,<br />
3–7 × 1.2–3.2 cm, acute or bluntly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, glabrous on both<br />
surfaces; primary veins 6–8 pairs, prominulous on both surfaces, anastomosing.<br />
Inflorescences of axillary and terminal panicles of cymules, 1.2–3 cm long; rachis and<br />
branches grey-puberulent. Bracts and bracteoles c. 1 mm long, membranous, puberulous on<br />
both surfaces. Flowers c. 2 mm long. Receptacle campanulate, tomentose on exterior,<br />
tomentose within; pedicels c. 1 mm long. Calyx lobes acute, tomentellous on both surfaces.<br />
Petals 5, glabrous with ciliate margins. Stamens 6 or 7, unilateral with small tooth-like<br />
staminodes opposite. Ovary lanate. Style pilose on basal portion. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.5–1.9 cm<br />
long with a short stipe 3 mm long at base; exocarp glabrous; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp<br />
thin, hard, bony, densely pubescent within. Fig. 38J–M.<br />
Loyalty Islands and N New Caledonia. 60: NWC. Map 244.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA: Loyalty Is., Lifou: Cap des Pins, A.U.Däniker 2470a (P, Z); Mt. Mou, M.Schmid 998 (P);<br />
Dôme de Tiébaghi, J.-M.Veillon 348 (P).<br />
3. Hunga longifolia Prance, Brittonia 31: 84 (1979)<br />
T: New Guinea: Papua New Guinea, Missima Is., Mt. Sisa, L.J.Brass 27462; holo: L; iso: K.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 85 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 653 (1989).<br />
Maps: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 653 (1989).<br />
Tree 15 m tall. Branches puberulous when young, soon glabrous. Leaves with stipules linearlanceolate,<br />
5–6.5 mm long, puberulous, subpersistent; petioles 3–5 mm long, shallowly<br />
canaliculate, lanate when young, glabrescent with age, slightly rugose; lamina coriaceous,<br />
oblong-lanceolate, 7–13 × 2–3.7 cm, acute to bluntly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base,<br />
glabrous on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary and terminal panicles of cymules 1.5–6 cm<br />
long; rachis and branches appressed lanate when young, becoming puberulous. Bracts and<br />
bracteoles 1–3.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous-glabrescent on both surfaces. Flowers 2–2.5 mm<br />
long. Receptacle campanulate, swollen slightly to one side, lanate-tomentose on exterior,<br />
tomentose within. Calyx lobes pubescent on both surfaces. Petals glabrous except for ciliate<br />
margins. Stamens 6–8, unilateral, with 3–5 short staminodes opposite them. Ovary pilose on<br />
exterior. Style pilose at base. Fruit not seen. Fig. 39G–J.<br />
Papua New Guinea; known only from the type collection. 43: NWG. Rainforested slopes.<br />
Map 245.<br />
4. Hunga mackeeana Prance, Brittonia 31: 81 (1979)<br />
T: New Caledonia: Kopéto, Mt. Tiaoué, 600–800 m, H.S.McKee 19573; holo: P; iso: NY.<br />
Maps: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 111 (1983).<br />
Shrub to 3 m tall. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves with stipules caducous (not seen);<br />
petioles 2–5 mm long, terete, slightly rugose, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; lamina elliptic<br />
189
190<br />
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
to ovate, coriaceous, 2.2–6 × 1.8–3.8 cm, rounded-emarginate to obtusely acute at apex,<br />
subcuneate at base, glabrous on both surfaces; primary veins 5–7 pairs, prominent beneath.<br />
Inflorescences of axillary and terminal panicles of cymules; rachis and branches puberulous.<br />
Bracts and bracteoles chartaceous, 1–1.5 mm long, puberulous, persistent. Flowers 2.5–3 mm<br />
long. Receptacle campanulate, grey-pubescent on exterior, tomentose within; pedicels c. 1 mm<br />
long. Calyx lobes acute, grey puberulous on both surfaces. Petals 5, glabrous with ciliate<br />
margins. Stamens 7, unilateral, with small tooth-like staminodes opposite. Ovary and base of<br />
style pilose. Fruit ellipsoid, tapered towards base, c. 1.6 cm long; exocarp glabrous; mesocarp<br />
thin, fleshy; endocarp, thin, hard, bony, densely tomentose within.<br />
Known only from New Caledonia (northern <strong>part</strong>). 60: NWC. Maquis. Map 246.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA: Dôme de Tiébaghi, L.Bernardi 10302 (G, K, P); H.S.McKee 15205 (P, NY); Plateau<br />
de Tiéa, Pente N, H.S.McKee 20100 (BISH, NY, P); Route de Yaté, Vallée de la Lembi, H.S.McKee 22841 (K,<br />
P, NY); Pente de Tiébaghi, J.-M.Veillon 376 (P).<br />
5. Hunga minutiflora (Baker f.) Prance, Brittonia 31: 83 (1979)<br />
Parinari minutiflora Baker f., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 298 (6 Aug. 1921), as Parinarium minutiflorum. T: New<br />
Caledonia: Port Bouquet, R.H.Compton 2245; holo: BM.<br />
Licania balansae Guillaumin, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 67: 346 (7 Aug. 1921). T: New Caledonia:<br />
Messioncoué, B.Balansa 2336; holo: P; iso: BM, E, K, P, US, Z; photo: K.<br />
Parinari tontoutensis Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris), sér. 2, 8: 139 (1959), as Parinarium tontoutense;<br />
Licania tontoutensis (Guillaumin) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 185 (1965), as L. tontoutense. T: New Caledonia:<br />
Haute Tontouta, H.S.McKee 3494; holo: P; iso: E.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 83 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 115 (1983).<br />
Maps: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 114 (1983).<br />
Shrub or small tree to 4 m. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves with stipules lanceolate,<br />
2–3 mm long, glabrous, membranous, subpersistent; petioles 3–5 mm long, lightly canaliculate,<br />
sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent, rugose; lamina oblong, thickly coriaceous, 2–10 ×<br />
1–4 cm, rounded at apex, rounded to subcordate at base, glabrous on both surfaces; primary<br />
veins 8–10 pairs. Inflorescences terminal and axillary panicles of cymules, 2–3 cm long; rachis<br />
and branches sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Bracts and bracteoles chartaceous, persistent,<br />
c. 1 mm long, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers 1.5–2 mm long. Receptacle<br />
campanulate, sparsely pubescent on exterior, tomentose within; pedicels c. 0.4 mm long. Calyx<br />
lobes acute, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. Petals 5, glabrous. Stamens 5–7, unilateral,<br />
with tooth-like staminodes opposite. Ovary lanate. Style pilose on lower portion. Fruit not seen.<br />
Fig. 38F–I.<br />
New Caledonia, widespread, but more common in the south. 60: NWC. Riverine<br />
communities on serpentine. Map 247.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA. Prony, Camp Sébert, Cribs 1671 (P); Prony, Goro, I.Franc 2029 (A, K, NY, US, Z);<br />
Riv. des Lacs, A.Guillaumin 6685 (NY, P, US, Z); Riv. Fausse Yaté, H.Hürlimann 667 (P, US, Z); Paita,<br />
Jodenburg s.n. (P); between Kalouéhola and Riv. Humboldt, H.S.McKee 17821 (K, P); Pouembout, Tiéa,<br />
H.S.McKee 32552 (BISH, P).<br />
6. Hunga novoguineensis Prance, Brittonia 31: 88 (1979)<br />
T: New Guinea: Papua New Guinea, near Bakaia, 15 km SE of Garaina, Morobe Distr., T.G.Hartley 12645;<br />
holo: L; iso: C, K.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 87 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 652 (1989).<br />
Maps: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 653 (1989).<br />
Tree 4 m tall. Branches puberulous when young, soon glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves with<br />
stipules lanceolate, puberulous, c. 5 mm long, persistent; petioles 5–6 mm long, puberulous<br />
soon becoming glabrous, slightly canaliculate, eglandular; lamina coriaceous, elliptic, 15–19 ×<br />
7.5–8.5 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, with acumen 8–10 mm long, subcuneate at base;<br />
primary veins 11–14 pairs, anastomosing 4 mm from margins, prominulous above, prominent<br />
beneath. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary panicles; rachis and branches puberulous. Bracts<br />
and bracteoles 1–2 mm long, puberulous, persistent. Flowers not seen. Fruit sagittate-pyriform,
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Hunga)<br />
Figure 39. Hunga. A–F, H. rhamnoides. A, habit; B, fruit; C, fruit section; D; E, flower<br />
section; F, ovary section (A–F, I.Franc 2411, B.Balansa 2335). G–J, H. longifolia. G, habit;<br />
H, petal; I, flower section; J, ovary section (G–J, L.J.Brass 27462). Scale bars: A, G = 5 cm;<br />
B, C = 1 cm; D–F, H–J = 0.5 mm. Drawn by Julia Loken. Previously published in G.T.Prance,<br />
Brittonia 31: 85 (1979).<br />
191
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
c. 3.5 cm long; upper <strong>part</strong> triangular, 2–2.5 cm long; basal stipe 6–10 mm long; epicarp<br />
glabrous, smooth; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp thin, hard, bony, lanate within. Fig. 40G–H.<br />
Papua New Guinea; known only from the type collection. 43: NWG. Oak forest on slope,<br />
850 m. Map 248.<br />
7. Hunga papuana (Baker f.) Prance, Brittonia 31: 88 (1979)<br />
Angelesia papuana Baker f., J. Bot. 61, Suppl. 13 (1923); Licania papuana (Baker f.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia<br />
7: 185 (1965). T: New Guinea: Papua New Guinea, Sogeri region, H.O.Forbes 257; holo: BM; iso: K.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 87 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 652 (1989).<br />
Maps: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 653 (1989).<br />
Tree, small. Branches lanate when young, soon glabrous. Leaves with stipules lanceolate,<br />
3–6 mm long, puberulous, persistent; petioles 2–4 mm long, shallowly canaliculate, sparsely<br />
puberulous when young, soon glabrescent, rugose; lamina coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 10–19 ×<br />
4–6.5 cm, finely acuminate at apex with tip 8–16 mm long, rounded to subcuneate at base,<br />
glabrous on both surfaces; primary veins 9–13 pairs, prominulous above, prominent beneath,<br />
conspicuously anastomosing 5 mm from margin. Inflorescences terminal and axillary<br />
panicles, 3–10 cm long; rachis and branches sparsely lanate-puberulous when young. Bracts<br />
and bracteoles 0.5–2 mm long, sparsely puberulous-glabrescent on both surfaces. Flowers<br />
1.5–2 mm long. Receptacle campanulate, glabrous externally, tomentose within. Calyx lobes<br />
glabrous on both faces except for ciliolate margins. Petals glabrous. Stamens c. 7, unilateral,<br />
with toothed staminodes opposite. Ovary lanate-pilose externally. Style pilose at base,<br />
glabrous above; stigma truncate. Fruit sagittate-pyriform, unilocular, to 5 cm long; upper<br />
portion triangular, 2–3.5 cm long; base narrowly and abruptly tapered to a stipe 0.6–1 cm<br />
long; epicarp smooth, glabrous; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp thin, hard, bony, lanatetomentose<br />
within. Fig. 40A–F.<br />
Papua New Guinea. 43: NWG. Understorey of rainforest. Map 249.<br />
42. NEW GUINEA: Papua New Guinea, Koitaki, C.E.Carr 12798 (L); Papua New Guinea, Sogeri Region,<br />
H.O.Forbes 504 (BM, K, L); Papua New Guinea, 1.5 mi [2.4 km] E of Subitana, Western Section, T.G.Hartley<br />
10800 (K, L); Papua New Guinea, above Kaporika village, Milne Distr., E.E.Henty NGF16944 (A, BRI,<br />
CANB, K, L); Papua New Guinea, 1 mi [1.6 km] S of Eilogo Plantation, Sogeri area, Central Distr., R.Schodde<br />
2893 (K, L); Papua New Guinea, headwaters of R.Gumini, Cameron Plateau, Milne Bay Distr., J.S.Womersley<br />
NGF19307 (BRI, CANB, K, L).<br />
8. Hunga rhamnoides (Guillaumin) Prance, Brittonia 31: 84 (1979)<br />
Licania rhamnoides Guillaumin, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 67: 346 (1921); Hunga rhamnoides Pancher ex<br />
Guillaumin, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, Sér. 2, 9: 132 (1911), nom. inval., in synon. sub<br />
Chrysobalanus sp. T: New Caledonia: Mt. Mou, E.F.Deplanche 519; lecto: P, fide G.T.Prance, Brittonia<br />
31: 86 (1979); isolecto: BR, GH, K, L, NY, P, Z.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 85 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 119 (1983); G.T.Prance &<br />
F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 103 (1988).<br />
Maps: G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 90 (1979); G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 120 (1983).<br />
Shrub or tree to 10 m tall. Branches lanate when young, glabrescent. Leaves with stipules<br />
lanceolate, c. 2 mm long, chartaceous, lanate, caducous; petioles 6–10 mm long, terete,<br />
lanate when young, glabrescent, slightly rugose; lamina oblong to ovate-elliptic, coriaceous,<br />
5–9 × 2–4.5 cm, bluntly acuminate at apex with acumen to 7 mm long, subcuneate to cuneate<br />
at base; glabrous above, lanate beneath when young soon becoming glabrous; primary veins<br />
10–13 pairs. Inflorescences axillary and terminal panicles of cymules, 1.5–3.5 cm long;<br />
rachis and branches grey puberulous. Bracts and bracteoles membranous, 0.5–2 mm long,<br />
lanate-puberulous on exterior, puberulous within. Flowers c. 2 mm long. Receptacle<br />
campanulate, lanate-tomentose on exterior, tomentose within; pedicels 3 mm long. Calyx<br />
lobes acute, puberulous on both surfaces. Petals 5, glabrous with ciliate margins. Stamens 6–9,<br />
unilateral, with tooth-like staminodes opposite. Ovary lanate. Style pilose on lower portion.<br />
Fruit ellipsoid, 1.7–2.2 cm long, slightly attenuate at base; exocarp glabrous; mesocarp thick<br />
and fleshy; endocarp thin, hard, bony, densely pubescent within. Fig. 39A–F.<br />
192
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Hunga)<br />
Figure 40. Hunga. A–F, H. papuana. A, habit; B, flower; C, flower section<br />
(A–C, J.S.Forbes 504); D, petal; E, fruit; F, ovary section (D–F, Womersley NGF19307).<br />
G–H, H. novoguineensis. G, young fruit section; H, habit (G–H, T.G.Hartley 12645). Scale<br />
bars: A, E, H = 3 cm; B = 2 mm; C, G = 1 mm; D, F = 1 mm. Drawn by David Woolcott.<br />
Previously published in G.T.Prance, Brittonia 31: 87 (1979)<br />
193
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
S New Caledonia (including Île des Pins), and Lifou, in the Loyalty Islands. 60: NWC.<br />
Forests on serpentine. Map 250.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA: Bord Dumbéa, B.Balansa 1334 (P); Baie Lebris, B.Balansa 2335 (BM, K, P);<br />
Couvelée, A.Guillaumin et al. 13150 (NY, P, US, Z); Dothio, H.S.McKee 6575 (A, K, P); Touho, Ponandou,<br />
H.S.McKee 26154 (P, NY); Port Boisé, J.A.I.Pancher s.n. (F, GH, P, US, Z); Haute Tontouta, R.Virot 1454<br />
(BR, K, P, WAG); Pouébo, N Col d’Amos, G.L.Webster & R.Hildreth 14808 (BISH, P); Loyalty Is., Lifou,<br />
Cap des Pins, M.Schmid 1804 (P, Z).<br />
9. Hunga myrsinoides (Schltr.) Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 122 (1983)<br />
Parinari myrsinoides Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 133 (1906), as Parinarium myrsinoides; Licania<br />
myrsinoides (Schltr.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 185 (1965). T: New Caledonia: Mt. Oubatche,<br />
F.R.R.Schlechter 15687; holo: B, destroyed; lecto: P, fide G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 123 (1983).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 123 (1983).<br />
Shrub, up to 4 m tall. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves with stipules caducous (not<br />
seen); petioles 10–15 mm, glabrous, weakly canaliculate, with lamina decurrent onto upper<br />
portion, with 2 inconspicuous sessile glands on upper surface; lamina oblong, membranous,<br />
becoming thinly coriaceous with age, 5.5–13 × 3–5.5 cm, acute or acuminate at apex with tip<br />
3–10 mm long, rounded to subcuneate at base, glabrous on both surfaces; primary veins 9–14<br />
pairs, prominulous on both surfaces, anastomosing near margins. Inflorescences of terminal<br />
and axillary panicles or groups of cymules, 3–5 cm long; rachis and branches glabrous.<br />
Bracts and bracteoles minute, c. 1 mm long, triangular, membranous, glabrous. Flowers 2–3 mm<br />
long. Receptacle campanulate, glabrous on exterior, puberulous within with a ring of hairs<br />
around throat; pedicels c. 1 mm long. Calyx lobes acute, glabrous. Petals 5, glabrous.<br />
Stamens 5 or 6, unilateral. Ovary and base of style lanate. Fruit not seen.<br />
New Caledonia. 60: NWC. No habitat information recorded. Map 251.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA: Pao, H.S.McKee 9955 (K, P); Tao, Tiaot, H.S.McKee 23303 (K, NY, P).<br />
10. Hunga guillauminii Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 107 (1983)<br />
T: New Caledonia: 8 km NW of Koumac, W Ruisseau des Galets, G.L.Webster & R.Hildreth 14653; holo: P;<br />
iso: DAV.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 109 (1983).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, loc.cit.: 108.<br />
Shrub 1–2 m tall. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves with stipules caducous (not seen);<br />
petioles 5–8 mm long, glabrous, terete, slightly winged on upper portion; lamina broadly<br />
ovate-elliptic, coriaceous, 3–3.8 × 1.5–3.2 cm, rounded at apex, rounded to subcuneate at<br />
base, decurrent onto petiole, with 2 marginal glands near petiole beneath, glabrous on both<br />
surfaces; primary veins 7–8 pairs, prominent on both surfaces; secondary nerves prominulous<br />
on both surfaces. Inflorescences of terminal and axillary racemes or panicles of cymules,<br />
1.5–2.5 cm long; rachis and branches glabrous. Bracts and bracteoles c. 0.5 mm long,<br />
triangular, membranous, glabrous, caducous. Flowers c. 2 mm long. Receptacle campanulate,<br />
slightly gibbous, glabrous on exterior, puberulous within with a pilose ring of hairs around<br />
throat; pedicels 1 mm long. Calyx lobes acute. Petals 5, oblong, glabrous. Stamens 7,<br />
inserted around 3 /4 of circle. Ovary and base of style lanate. Fruit ovoid, 1.3–1.5 cm long,<br />
exocarp glabrous; mesocarp thin; endocarp thin and bony.<br />
NW New Caledonia. 60: NWC. Maquis. Map 252.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA: Pouembout, Tiéa, H.S.McKee 32552 (P); S of Paagoumène, G.McPherson 4355 (NY, P);<br />
N of Koumac, G.McPherson 4337 (NY, P).<br />
11. Hunga cordata Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 116 (1983)<br />
T: New Caledonia: Voh, Katépahié, H.S.McKee 23007; holo: P; iso: K, NY, Z.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 117 (1983).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Nouv. Cal. 12: 116 (1983).<br />
194
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Hunga)<br />
Subshrub to 1 m tall. Branches glabrous when young. Leaves with stipules lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm<br />
long, glabrous, caducous; petioles 2–3 mm long, terete, eglandular, glabrous; lamina ovatetriangular<br />
to orbicular, thickly coriaceous, 4.5–7.5 × 2.5–5 cm, rounded to obtuse at apex,<br />
subcordate at base, glabrous on both surfaces; midrib prominent on both surfaces; primary<br />
veins 9–15 pairs, prominulous on both surfaces; secondary venation distinctly prominentreticulate<br />
on both surfaces. Inflorescences of branched panicles; rachis and branches<br />
glabrous. Receptacle campanulate, glabrous on exterior, densely tomentose within (seen only<br />
in fruiting specimens). Style lanate pubescent. Fruit when young ovoid, with stipitate base<br />
3–4 mm long; exocarp glabrous; mesocarp thin, 0.5 mm thick; endocarp bony, 0.25 mm<br />
thick, densely tomentose.<br />
NW New Caledonia. 60: NWC. Maquis. Map 253.<br />
60. NEW CALEDONIA: Base W, Mt. Katépahié, H.S.McKee 17561 (BR, K, P, NY); Voh, Tahafé, H.S.McKee<br />
33184 (P, NY).<br />
9. NEOCARYA<br />
Neocarya (DC.) Prance, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 308 (1976). The name comes from Greek:<br />
new nut.<br />
Parinari sect. Neocarya DC., Prodr. 2: 527 (1825); Parinari subg. Neocarya (DC.) Blume, Mélanges Bot. 2:<br />
10 (1855). T: Parinari senegalensis DC. (= Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance)<br />
Neou Adans. ex Juss., Gen. Pl. 342 (1789), nom. inval., in synon.<br />
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves with stipules small, deltate, caducous; petioles eglandular;<br />
lamina with several small sessile marginal glands especially near base; lower surface of<br />
lamina with small stomatal crypts filled with densely matted hairs. Inflorescence a terminal<br />
raceme of almost sessile cymules, sometimes unbranched, more frequently with 1 or more<br />
short to elongate branches at base. Bracts and bracteoles eglandular, usually enclosing a<br />
single flower, but sometimes also an additional rudimentary bud. Flowers bisexual,<br />
zygomorphic. Receptacle-tube much shorter than the sepals, very asymmetric, saccate,<br />
gibbous, hollow, hairy at the throat, otherwise glabrous inside. Sepals 5, spreading, obovate,<br />
with apex rounded or broadly acute, hairy outside, with inner surface glabrous and<br />
contrasting with the densely ciliolate margin. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals, caducous.<br />
Stamens 12–17; filaments white, slightly longer than the sepals, slightly curved in bud and<br />
during anthesis, slightly expanded at the base; staminodes c. 6, minute, subulate, inserted on<br />
the faucal annulus. Ovary monocarpellary, 2-locular, inserted laterally at the mouth of the<br />
receptacle-tube. Drupe fleshy; epicarp sparsely verrucose; endocarp hard, thick, with a rough<br />
fibrous surface, with 2 basal obturators.<br />
Germination is cryptocotylar; cataphylls absent (A.W.Hill, 1937).<br />
One species in West Africa and eastwards to Sudan.<br />
F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 326 (1976); G.T.Prance & F.White, The genera of<br />
Chrysobalanaceae, Philos. Trans. B 320: 105–107 (1988).<br />
Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 308 (1976)<br />
Parinari macrophylla Sabine, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 5: 452 (1824), as Parinarium macrophyllum;<br />
Petrocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 309 (1841); Ferolia macrophylla (Sabine)<br />
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Sierra Leone, G.Don s.n.; holo: K; iso: BM.<br />
Parinari senegalensis Perr. ex DC., Prodr. 2: 257 (1825); Petrocarya senegalensis (Perr. ex DC.) Steud.,<br />
Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 309 (1841). T: Senegal, G.Perrottet 303; holo: P; iso: BR, K, M.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 105, 106 (1988).<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 326 (1976).<br />
Tree to 10 m tall, usually with rounded bushy crown. Branches tomentose when young,<br />
glabrescent. Leaves with stipules small, to 2 mm long, triangular, early caducous; petiole 1–4 mm<br />
195
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 41. Neocarya macrophylla. A, habit; B, bud scales and stipules; C, flower bud;<br />
D, endocarp (A, G.S.Perrotet 303; B–C, Fox 82; D, after J.A.Guillemin et al. 1832, t. 61).<br />
Scale bars: A, B = 5 cm; C, D = 1 cm. Drawn by Rosemary Wise. Previously published in<br />
G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 105, 106 (1988).<br />
196
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Neocarya)<br />
long, terete, tomentose; lamina thinly coriaceous, ovate, 8–21 × 6.6–13 cm; apex rounded to<br />
acute or less frequently with short acumen 1–2 mm long; base cordate; glabrous above<br />
except midrib, with stomatal cavities filled by dense arachnoid pubescence beneath; midrib<br />
plane and tomentellous above, prominent and tomentose beneath; primary veins 14–16 pairs,<br />
plane above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences terminal racemes of almost sessile cymules,<br />
sometimes branching near to base; rachis and branches densely brown to ferrugineoustomentose,<br />
to 15 cm long. Bracts and bracteoles 4–10 mm long, oblong-triangular, tomentose<br />
on exterior, sparsely pubescent within, caducous. Receptacle asymmetric, saccate, gibbous,<br />
tomentose on exterior, glabrous within except for throat. Sepals obovate, longer than<br />
receptacle-tube, rounded or broadly acute, tomentose on exterior, glabrous on interior. Petals<br />
5, white, glabrous, caducous. Stamens 12–17, slightly exceeding sepals, united at base,<br />
unilateral, with c. 6 minute staminodes opposite. Ovary pilose. Fruit ovoid to subglobose,<br />
4–4.5 × 3–3.5 cm; epicarp verrucose, glabrous; mesocarp fleshy, 8–12 mm thick; endocarp<br />
hard, thick, with rough fibrous surface, with 2 basal obturators. Figs. 41 & 42.<br />
Common in West Africa in a coastal strip, in places up to 300 km wide, from Senegal to<br />
Liberia, and with a scattered east-west distribution in the much drier and more continental<br />
northern half of the Sudanian region 700–1000 km inland. Cultivated in Panama. 22: GAM,<br />
GNB, GUI, LBR, MLI, NGA, NGR, SEN, SIE. 24: SUD. 80: pan. Apparently confined to<br />
sandy soils. Map 254.<br />
22. GAMBIA: Abuka Natwe Reserve, Starin 129 (K). GUINEA: Tabili, C.H.O.Pobéguin 836 (P). GUINEA-<br />
BISSAU: Pussube, Bissau, J.V.C.Espírito Santo 1154 (BR, K, WAG). LIBERIA: Paynesville, near Monrovia,<br />
J.C.Bequaert 181 (K). MALI: Bamako, G.E.Roberty 2349 (P). NIGER: Wadi Dallol, L.P.White 59 (K).<br />
NIGERIA: Sokoto Prov., Salongari F. R., Argungu, A.V.Fox FH I 5305 (FHO, K). SENEGAL: Mechke,<br />
F.N.Hepper 3603 (K); Reserve de Noflaye, 30 km NE of Dakar, J.E.Lawesson 7120 (AAU, K). SIERRA<br />
LEONE: Mano Bonjema, F.C.Deighton 5302 (K).<br />
The fruit are edible.<br />
Figure 42. Neocarya macrophylla. 1 /2 flower and ovary (A.V.Fox FHI 5305). Scale bar: A = 5 mm.<br />
Drawn by Janet Dyer. Previously published in G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320:<br />
105, 106 (1988).<br />
197
198<br />
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
10. PARINARI<br />
Parinari Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 514, t. 204–206 (1775). The genus name comes from<br />
'parinari', the vernacular name in French Guiana.<br />
Parinarium Juss., Gen. Pl. 342 (1789), orth. var.; Dugortia Scop., Intr. Hist. Nat. 217 (1777), nom. superfl.<br />
illeg.; Petrocarya Schreb., Gen. Pl. ed. 8, 1: 245 (1789), nom. superfl. illeg. T: Parinari campestris Aubl.<br />
(lectotype fide L.Hauman, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 21: 190 (1951)).<br />
Balantium Desv. ex Buch.-Ham., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. 34 (1825). T: Balantium cordifolium Desv. ex Buch.-Ham.<br />
Parinari sect. Petrocarya DC., Prodr. 2: 527 (1825), as Parinarium; Parinari subg. Petrocarya (DC.) Miq.,<br />
Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 352 (1855), as Parinarium. T: not designated.<br />
Mampata Adans. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (ed. 2) 2: 98 (1841). T: Petrocarya excelsa (Sabine) Steud.<br />
Lepidocarpa Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3: 385 (1854). T: not designated.<br />
Trees, small or large, or, more rarely, shrubs or rhizomatous geoxylic suffrutices. Leaves<br />
with stipules 0.5–7 cm long, caducous or persistent; 2 circular glands on upper surface of<br />
petiole and often with several small marginal or submarginal discoid glands along entire<br />
length of lamina; lower surface of lamina nearly always with small stomatal crypts filled<br />
with densely matted hairs. Inflorescence a many-flowered complex cyme or cymose panicle.<br />
Bracts and bracteoles eglandular, nearly always completely concealing flower-buds, both<br />
individually and in small groups. Flowers bisexual, slightly zygomorphic; flower-buds<br />
straight. Receptacle-tube longer than sepals, subcampanulate, slightly swollen on 1 side,<br />
hollow, hairy inside throughout. Sepals 5, deltate, with apex acute, densely hairy on both<br />
surfaces, eglandular, except in P. congolana. Petals 5, as long as or shorter than the sepals,<br />
caducous. Stamens 6–10; filaments white, shorter than the sepals, slightly curved in bud and<br />
during anthesis, slightly expanded at the base; staminodes c. 6, minute, subulate. Ovary<br />
monocarpellary, 2-locular, inserted in upper 1 /2 of receptacle-tube below the mouth; style<br />
arcuate, included. Drupe fleshy; epicarp verrucose; endocarp hard, thick, with a rough,<br />
fibrous surface, with 2 basal obturators. 2n = 20 (P. excelsa (‘holstii’) (S.Mangenot &<br />
G.Mangenot, 1957; 1962).<br />
Exceptions: P. congolana has a few-flowered inflorescence. P. canarioides and<br />
P. argenteosericea, P.elmeri and P. parva do not have stomatal crypts, but a smooth, glabrous<br />
lower leaf-surface.<br />
Germination cryptocotylar; cataphylls 6–15; eophylls alternate, with lanceolate persistent stipules.<br />
Pantropical. Thirty nine species are currently accepted, of which 18 occur in tropical<br />
America, 6 in tropical Africa and 15 in tropical Asia and the Pacific region, where they<br />
extend to northern Queensland (P. nonda) and Fiji, Tonga and Samoa (P. insularum).<br />
The species recognised are extremely closely related even across continents and only very<br />
small morphological differences separate them. They do, however, occupy a wide range of<br />
ecological niches.<br />
L.Hauman, Contribution a l’étude des Chrysobalanoideae Africaines, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux.<br />
21: 184 (1951) quoad subg. Euparinari tantum; J.Hutchinson, Gen. Fl. Pl. 1: 192 (1964)<br />
excl. syn. Maranthes etc.; A.J.G.H.Kostermans, A monograph of the genus Parinari Aubl.<br />
(Rosaceae-Chrysobalanoideae) in Asia and the Pacific region, Reinwardtia 7: 147 (1965)<br />
excl. syn. Thelira, Ferolia et Neou; G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 178, t. 28, 29, 30<br />
fig. A–E (1972); F.White, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African<br />
Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 310 (1976); Distrib. Pl.<br />
African. 10: 327–334 (1976); Fl. Zamb. 4: 36, t. 10 (1978); R.Letouzey & F. White, Fl.<br />
Cameroun 20 (Fl. Gabon 24): 122, t. 37–40 (1978); G.T.Prance & F.White, The genera of<br />
Chrysobalanaceae, Philos. Trans. B 320: 107–112 (1988).<br />
Nomenclatural note. The generic name Parinari was published by Aublet in 1775, and he<br />
treated it as feminine. In 1789 Jussieu adopted Parinarium for the genus, treating it as neuter,<br />
and this was widely followed for the next 130 years. Exell, in J. Bot. 64, Suppl. 1: 159<br />
(1928), noted that Jussieu’s change was unjustified and that Aublet’s original name should<br />
undoubtedly be used, and since then Parinari has been generally adopted. Most authors have<br />
regarded Parinari and Parinarium as mere orthographic variants of one name, despite their
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
different gender, and have accepted that original publication of names under Parinarium<br />
should be maintained under Parinari, with appropriate correction of the gender of their<br />
epithets. Index Kewensis listed all specific names up to Supplement 7 (1929) under<br />
Parinarium, but from Supplement 8 (1933) onwards under Parinari, irrespective of which<br />
was adopted by the authors of the species names. A few authors, however, notably<br />
J.E.Dandy, have argued that Parinari and Parinarium are different names and not mere<br />
variants and that a new combination is required to transfer an epithet from one to the other.<br />
This might have been supported by the International Code up to 1994 in its list of conserved<br />
generic names, where, for example, Pupalia and Pupal, Canavalia and Canavali, and<br />
Cajanus and Cajan respectively, were listed as different names, though the examples of<br />
Naravelia and Naravel, and Vochysia and Vochy were listed as mere orthographic variants<br />
respectively. However, from 1994 onwards the list of conserved names has been amended so<br />
that Pupalia, Canavalia and Cajanus are listed as orthographic variants, as are Naravelia and<br />
Vochysia. The case of Parinari and Parinarium thus seems to be clearly resolved in favour<br />
of treating them also as orthographic variants, not requiring new combinations when epithets<br />
are transferred from one to the other. In this account, when names were originally published<br />
under Parinarium, this is indicated after the date of publication.<br />
1 Stomatal crypts absent from leaf lower surface; leaf lower surface<br />
glabrous or with a persistent lanate pubescence and then with large<br />
persistent stipules 7–40 mm long<br />
[sect. Anareolata]<br />
2 Leaf lower surface glabrous; stipules small and caducous<br />
3 Leaves elliptic to oblong or obovate-elliptic, 9.5–20.5 × 4.5–8.5 cm;<br />
primary veins 11–16 pairs; panicles large and silvery pubescent<br />
1. P. argenteosericea<br />
3: Leaves ovate, 5–9 × 2–4.5 cm; primary veins 7–11 pairs; panicles<br />
small and subsericeous brown pubescent<br />
2. P. canarioides<br />
2: Leaf lower surface densely lanate pubescent, but when removed no<br />
stomatal crypts present; stipules large and persistent, 7–40 mm long,<br />
3–5 mm broad at base<br />
4 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5–18 cm long on flowering branches,<br />
thickly coriaceous, with base cuneate<br />
3. P. elmeri<br />
4: Leaves elliptic to oblong, 11–28 cm long, chartaceous, with base rounded 4. P. parva<br />
1: Stomatal crypts present on leaf lower surface; leaf lower surface lanate or<br />
at least pubescent in crypts; stipules usually small (larger in species 5–8)<br />
[sect. Parinari]<br />
5 Stipules 10–40 mm long, persistent, semi-amplexicaul<br />
6 Leaf base cuneate or subcuneate; young branches with dense stiff<br />
ferrugineous hairs<br />
5. P. rodolphii<br />
6: Leaf base usually cordate or subcordate, sometimes rounded; young<br />
branches usually grey- to brown-tomentellous to -puberulous, without<br />
stiff ferrugineous hairs (but ferrugineous-tomentose in P. alvimii)<br />
7 Leaf lower surface with a dense golden-ferrugineous pubescence<br />
obscuring stomatal cavities; leaf base rounded or only slightly<br />
subcordate; with marginal glands at end of primary veins<br />
6. P. hypochrysea<br />
7: Leaf lower surface grey to brown tomentose; leaf base cordate or<br />
subcordate; without marginal glands<br />
8 Leaf apex bluntly acute; primary veins 17–25 pairs 7. P. alvimii<br />
8: Leaf apex acuminate; primary veins 14–16 pairs 8. P. campestris<br />
5: Stipules caducous, usually small (1–8 mm), if larger not clasping stem<br />
9 Plants rhizomatous suffructices, usually less than 30 cm tall, rarely up<br />
to 2 m<br />
10 Leaf lower surface with white-lanate pubescence obscuring the<br />
stomatal cavities; leaves oblong to elliptic, cuneate at base; primary<br />
veins 11–16 pairs<br />
9. P. obtusifolia<br />
199
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
10: Leaf lower surface with grey pubescence, not obscuring stomatal<br />
cavities; leaves oblanceolate-elliptic, rounded to subcordate at base;<br />
primary veins 19–26 pairs<br />
10. P. capensis<br />
9: Trees, not suffrutices<br />
11 Midrib distinctly impressed on leaf upper surface for entire length<br />
[Neotropics]<br />
12 Leaf apex rounded to apiculate or bluntly acuminate on some<br />
leaves, with acumen to 3 mm long; primary leaf veins 9–20 pairs<br />
13 Leaves elliptic 6.5–7.5 × 3–4 cm; inflorescence densely clustered 11. P. littoralis<br />
13: Leaves orbicular to broadly elliptic, 2.5–6 × 1.5–4.5 cm;<br />
inflorescence lax<br />
14 Primary leaf veins 9–14 pairs 12. P. maguirei<br />
14: Primary leaf veins 15–18 pairs 13. P. leontopitheci<br />
12: Leaf apex with a well-developed acumen 7–15 mm long; primary<br />
leaf veins 21–30 pairs<br />
15 Leaves 9–17 cm long; petioles usually with 2 pairs of glands;<br />
flowers 6–9 mm long; primary leaf veins more than 3 mm a<strong>part</strong><br />
14. P. montana<br />
15: Leaves 2–7.5 cm long; petioles without distinct glands; flowers<br />
5–6 mm long; primary leaf veins 1–2 mm a<strong>part</strong> 15. P. parvifolia<br />
11: Midrib impressed only on proximal portion of upper surface, or not<br />
impressed [Neotropics and Old World]<br />
16 Leaf base distinctly cordate or subcordate [Neotropics & Africa]<br />
17 Leaves ovate, with acumen 10–12 mm long; petioles 6–12 mm long 16. P. cardiophylla<br />
17: Leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic, acute or only shortly acuminate;<br />
petioles 2–7 mm long<br />
18 Petioles 3–4 mm long, eglandular 17. P. romeroi<br />
18: Petioles 5–7 mm long, with 2 large glands 18. P. congensis<br />
16: Leaf base rounded to cuneate, rarely slightly subcordate in Malesia<br />
19 Receptacle-tube c. 0.8 cm long, twice as long as sepals,<br />
longitudinally ribbed, densely sericeous on exterior [Central<br />
African Republic, Congo, Zaire]<br />
19. P. congolana<br />
19: Receptacle-tube c. 0.5 mm long, about as long as sepals, not<br />
ribbed, exterior usually puberulous or tomentose<br />
20 Leaf lower surface with a series of small glands along lower<br />
<strong>part</strong> of margin; calyx broadly cupuliform [Malesia]<br />
21 Leaf apex acute or rounded but not acuminate; primary veins<br />
10–17 pairs; young branches with small almost plane lenticels;<br />
low tree of savanna forest and forest margins<br />
20. P. nonda<br />
21: Leaf apex acuminate, acumen 3–10 mm long; primary veins<br />
16–22 pairs; young branches with extremely prominent large<br />
lenticels; large tree of rainforest and hills<br />
21. P. papuana<br />
20: Leaf lower surface without marginal glands on lower <strong>part</strong>; calyx<br />
usually campanulate<br />
22 Primary leaf veins 22–35 pairs<br />
23 Petioles 9–17 mm long [Malesia] 22. P. oblongifolia<br />
23: Petioles 3–8 mm long<br />
24 Leaf lamina oblong-lanceolate; primary veins 28–32 pairs;<br />
petioles eglandular [W Amazonia]<br />
23. P. parilis<br />
200
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
24: Leaf lamina oblong to elliptic; primary veins 22–28 pairs;<br />
petioles with 2 glands<br />
25 Proximal portion of midrib impressed on upper surface;<br />
petioles canaliculate; leaf acumen 7–13 mm long<br />
[Colombia, Panama]<br />
24. P. chocoensis<br />
25: Midrib plane or prominent (sometimes slightly impressed<br />
in P. gigantea); petioles terete; leaf acumen 3–7 mm long<br />
26 Leaves rigidly coriaceous; primary veins slightly<br />
impressed on upper portion [Borneo]<br />
25. P. gigantea<br />
26: Leaves chartaceous; primary veins prominulous or plane<br />
above<br />
27 Stipules c. 2 mm long; petioles with 2 conspicuous<br />
medial glands [Brazil]<br />
26. P. brasiliensis<br />
27: Stipules 3–7 mm long; petioles eglandular or with<br />
inconspicuous glands [Malesia]<br />
39. P. costata<br />
22: Primary leaf veins 8–21 pairs<br />
28 Leaves with a metallic sheen above; petioles 14–20 mm long<br />
[Borneo]<br />
27. P. metallica<br />
28: Leaves without metallic sheen; petioles 4–13 mm long<br />
29 Leaves rounded or emarginate at apex [Africa] 28. P. curatellifolia<br />
29: Leaves acute, apiculate or acuminate at apex (sometimes<br />
rounded in P. anamensis of Malesia) [Neotropics or Malesia]<br />
30 Leaves acute or apiculate, but not acuminate [Malesia]<br />
31 Petioles 10–12 mm long 29. P. prancei<br />
31: Petioles 4–9 mm long<br />
32 Inflorescence predominantly axillary; leaves broadly<br />
elliptic<br />
30. P. sumatrana<br />
32: Inflorescence terminal and subterminal; leaves elliptic<br />
to narrowly oblong<br />
31. P. anamensis<br />
30: Leaves distinctly acuminate [Neotropics or Malesia]<br />
33 Leaves rigidly coriaceous, broadest well below midpoint;<br />
midrib and often primary veins lightly impressed<br />
above [Malesia]<br />
32. P. rigida<br />
33: Leaves chartaceous or thinly coriaceous (rigid in<br />
P. sprucei), usually broadest at or above middle (except<br />
in P. insularum); midrib and primary veins plane or<br />
prominulous above (sometimes slightly impressed in<br />
P. insularum and P. klugii)<br />
34 Inflorescence a dense many-flowered corymbose panicle<br />
35 Inflorescence and flowers with yellow-brown<br />
pubescence; leaf apex acute or short-acuminate, the<br />
acumen 0–4 mm long; young branches with short<br />
pubescence only [Neotropical S America]<br />
33. P. occidentalis<br />
35: Inflorescence and flowers with silver-grey<br />
pubescence; leaf apex with acumen 8–13 mm long;<br />
young branches with both short pubescence and long<br />
stiff hairs [W Amazonia]<br />
34. P. klugii<br />
34: Inflorescence a lax panicle, not corymbose<br />
36 Leaves ovate with a long thin acumen tapering from<br />
well below mid-point; midrib often impressed above<br />
[Pacific Islands]<br />
35. P. insularum<br />
201
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
36: Leaves oblong to elliptic, tapering from middle or above<br />
(except P. sprucei); midrib plane or prominulous<br />
37 Leaves ovate, with a well-developed slender acumen<br />
9–16 mm long [Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela] 36. P. sprucei<br />
37: Leaves elliptic to oblong; the acumen 2–10 mm long<br />
38 Young petioles canaliculate; leaf reticulation<br />
prominent on upper surface [N Colombia,<br />
Venezuela]<br />
37. P. pachyphylla<br />
38: Young petioles terete; leaf reticulation<br />
inconspicuous on upper surface<br />
39 Stipules c. 1 mm; midrib glabrous above<br />
[S America & Africa] 38. P. excelsa<br />
39: Stipules c. 3 mm; midrib tomentellous towards<br />
base [SE Asia & Malesia]<br />
39. P. costata<br />
Key to the American species of Parinari<br />
1 Stipules (5–) 10–40 mm long, persistent, semiamplexicaul<br />
2 Leaf base cuneate or subcuneate; young branches with dense stiff<br />
ferrugineous hairs<br />
5. P. rodolphii<br />
2: Leaf base usually cordate or subcordate, rarely rounded; young<br />
branches tomentose to villous<br />
3 Leaf apex acuminate; primary veins 14–16 pairs 8. P. campestris<br />
3: Leaf apex bluntly acuminate; primary veins 17–25 pairs 7. P. alvimii<br />
1: Stipules small, 1–4 mm long, caducous, axillary and not clasping stem<br />
4 Leaf lower surface white-lanate, with pubescence obscuring the<br />
stomatal cavities; subshrub or small shrub<br />
9. P. obtusifolia<br />
4: Leaf lower surface with grey-brown pubescence not entirely obscuring<br />
the stomatal cavities; large shrubs or trees<br />
5 Midrib distinctly impressed on leaf upper surface for entire length<br />
6 Leaf apex rounded to apiculate or bluntly acuminate on some leaves,<br />
with acumen to 3 mm long; primary leaf veins 9–20 pairs<br />
7 Leaves elliptic 6.5–7.5 × 3–4 cm; inflorescence densely clustered 11. P. littoralis<br />
7: Leaves orbicular to broadly elliptic, 2.5–6 × 1.5–4.5 cm;<br />
inflorescence lax<br />
8 Primary leaf veins 9–14 pairs 12. P. maguirei<br />
8: Primary leaf veins 15–18 pairs 13. P. leontopitheci<br />
6: Leaf apex with a well-developed acumen 7–15 mm long; primary<br />
leaf veins 21–30 pairs<br />
9 Leaves 9–17 cm long; petioles usually with 2 pairs of glands;<br />
flowers 6–9 mm long; primary leaf veins more than 3 mm a<strong>part</strong><br />
14. P. montana<br />
9: Leaves 2–7.5 cm long; petioles without distinct glands; flowers<br />
5–6 mm long; primary leaf veins 1–2 mm a<strong>part</strong> 15. P. parvifolia<br />
5: Midrib impressed only on proximal portion of upper surface, or not<br />
impressed<br />
10 Leaf base distinctly cordate or subcordate<br />
11 Leaves ovate; acumen 10–12 mm long; petioles 6–12 mm long,<br />
glandular; inflorescences much-branched, 5–6 cm long<br />
16. P. cardiophylla<br />
202
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
11: Leaves oblong; acumen 1–3 mm long; petioles 3–4 mm long,<br />
eglandular; inflorescences little-branched, 2–4 cm long<br />
17. P. romeroi<br />
10: Leaf base rounded to cuneate<br />
12 Primary leaf veins 28–35 23. P. parilis<br />
12: Primary leaf veins 12–26<br />
13 Inflorescence a dense many-flowered corymbose panicle<br />
14 Inflorescence and flowers with yellow-brown pubescence; leaf<br />
apex acute or short-acuminate, with acumen 0–4 mm long;<br />
young branches with short pubescence only<br />
33. P. occidentalis<br />
14: Inflorescence and flowers with silver-grey pubescence; leaf<br />
apex with acumen 8–13 mm long; young branches with both<br />
short pubescence and long stiff hairs<br />
34. P. klugii<br />
13: Inflorescence a lax panicle, not corymbose<br />
15 Leaf ovate, with a well-developed slender acumen 9–16 mm long 36. P. sprucei<br />
15: Leaf elliptic to oblong-lanate, with acumen 0–12 mm long<br />
16 Primary veins 22–26 pairs; leaves 8.5–16 cm long<br />
17 Upper surface of midrib slightly prominent; petioles terete 26. P. brasiliensis<br />
17: Upper surface of midrib slightly impressed on lower portion;<br />
petioles canaliculate<br />
24. P. chocoensis<br />
16: Primary veins 16–21 pairs; leaves 3–9.5 cm long<br />
18 Young petioles canaliculate; leaf reticulation prominent on<br />
upper surface<br />
37. P. pachyphylla<br />
18: Young petioles terete; leaf reticulation inconspicuous on<br />
upper surface<br />
38. P. excelsa<br />
Key to the African species of Parinari<br />
1 Rhizomatous suffrutex, usually less than 30 cm in height, rarely up to 2 m 10. P. capensis<br />
1: Trees more than 4 m in height<br />
2 Receptacle-tube c. 0.8 cm long, twice a long as sepals, longitudinally<br />
ribbed; sepals with 1–3 marginal glands<br />
19. P. congolana<br />
2: Receptacle-tube up to 0.5 cm long, about as long as sepals, not ribbed;<br />
sepals eglandular<br />
3 Savanna tree; leaves rounded or emarginate at apex, rarely subacute;<br />
base scarcely ever cordate<br />
28. P. curatellifolia<br />
3: Forest trees; leaves acuminate at apex, rarely subacute, but then base<br />
cordate<br />
4 Leaves not cordate at the base 38. P. excelsa<br />
4: Leaves cordate or subcordate<br />
5 Indumentum of lower leaf surface grey 18. P. congensis<br />
5: Indumentum of lower leaf surface ferruginous 6. P. hypochrysea<br />
For greater details on the African species see: F.White, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology<br />
of African Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 265–350 (1976).<br />
203
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Key to the Malesian and Pacific species of Parinari<br />
1 Stomatal crypts absent from leaf lower surface; leaf lower surface<br />
glabrous or with a persistent lanate pubescence and then with large<br />
persistent stipules 7–40 mm<br />
(sect. Anareolata)<br />
2 Leaf lower surface glabrous; stipules small and caducous.<br />
3 Leaves elliptic to oblong or obovate-elliptic, 9.5–20.5 × 4.5–8.5 cm;<br />
primary veins 11–16 pairs; panicles large and silvery pubescent<br />
1. P. argenteosericea<br />
3: Leaves ovate, 5–9 × 2–4.5 cm; primary veins 7–11 pairs; panicles<br />
small and subsericeous brown pubescent<br />
2. P. canarioides<br />
2: Leaf lower surface densely lanate pubescent, but when removed no<br />
stomatal crypts present; stipules large and persistent, 7–40 mm long,<br />
3–5 mm broad at base<br />
4 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5–18 cm long on flowering branches,<br />
thickly coriaceous, with base cuneate<br />
3. P. elmeri<br />
4: Leaves elliptic to oblong, 11–28 cm long, chartaceous, with base rounded 4. P. parva<br />
1: Stomatal crypts present on leaf lower surface; leaf lower surface lanate or<br />
at least pubescent in crypts; stipules usually small, or if larger then early<br />
caducous<br />
(sect. Parinari)<br />
5 Leaf lower surface with a series of small glands along proximal <strong>part</strong> of<br />
margin; calyx broadly cupuliform.<br />
6 Leaf apex acute or rounded but not acuminate; primary veins 10–17<br />
pairs; young branches with small, almost plane lenticels; low tree of<br />
savanna, savanna forest and forest margins<br />
20. P. nonda<br />
6: Leaf apex acuminate, acumen 3–10 mm long; primary veins 16–22<br />
pairs; young branches with extremely prominent large lenticels; large<br />
tree of rainforest and hills<br />
21. P. papuana<br />
5: Leaf lower surface without marginal glands on proximal <strong>part</strong>; calyx<br />
usually campanulate<br />
7 Primary leaf veins 20–33 pairs (16–26 pairs in P. costata<br />
ssp. polyneura)<br />
8 Petioles 9–17 mm long 22. P. oblongifolia<br />
8: Petioles 3–6 mm long<br />
9 Leaves chartaceous; primary veins prominulous above, 16–26 pairs 39. P. costata<br />
9: Leaves coriaceous; primary veins impressed on upper portion,<br />
20–28 pairs 25. P. gigantea<br />
7: Primary leaf veins 20 pairs or fewer<br />
10 Petioles 10–20 mm long; leaves with or without a metallic sheen above<br />
11 Leaves with metallic sheen above; petioles 14–20 mm long; leaves<br />
4–9 cm broad [Borneo] 27. P. metallica<br />
11: Leaves without metallic sheen; petioles 10–12 mm long; leaves<br />
6.5–12 cm broad [New Guinea] 29. P. prancei<br />
10: Petioles 3–10 mm long; leaves without metallic sheen<br />
12 Leaves rigidly coriaceous, often broadest well below mid point;<br />
midrib and often primary veins lightly impressed on upper surface<br />
32. P. rigida<br />
12: Leaves thinly coriaceous or chartaceous, usually broadest at or<br />
above middle (except in P. insularum); midrib and primary veins<br />
usually plane or prominulous<br />
13 Leaves ovate, with long thin acumen, tapering from well below<br />
mid point; midrib impressed above [Pacific Islands: Fiji, Tonga,<br />
Samoa, Wallis Is.]<br />
35. P. insularum<br />
204
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
13: Leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, tapering from middle or<br />
above; midrib usually plane or prominulous [Sunda shelf]<br />
14 Inflorescence predominantly axillary; leaves broadly elliptic 30. P. sumatrana<br />
14: Inflorescence terminal and subterminal; leaves elliptic to<br />
narrowly oblong<br />
15 Leaf apex rounded to acute [Thailand and Indochina] 31. P. anamensis<br />
15: Leaf apex acuminate [Burma, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia &<br />
the Philippines]<br />
39. P. costata<br />
I. Parinari sect. Anareolata<br />
Parinari sect. Anareolata Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 158 (1965).<br />
Lectotype: Parinari argenteosericea Kosterm., designated here.<br />
Leaf lower surface glabrous or tomentose, lacking stomatal cavities.<br />
Comprises 4 species in Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi and Sumatera.<br />
1. Parinari argenteosericea Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 47 (1965)<br />
T: Borneo: Sabah, 15 km W of Lahad Datu, mile 6.5 Kennedy Bay Timber Co. road, G.H.S.Wood, SAN16175;<br />
holo: BO; iso: A, BRI, K, KEP, L, SING.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 189 (1965).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males., Ser. 1, 10(4): 656 (1989).<br />
Tree to 35 m tall. Branches glabrous when young, prominently lenticellate. Leaves with<br />
stipules lanceolate, to 8 mm long, tomentose on exterior, early caducous; petioles 5–9 mm<br />
long, eglandular, glabrous, rugulose; lamina chartaceous, oblong, elliptic to subovate-elliptic,<br />
9.5–20.5 × 4.5–8.5 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, without stomatal cavities beneath, usually<br />
2 basal glands beneath near junction with midrib, acute to shortly acuminate at apex with tip<br />
7–10 mm long, rounded at base; midrib lightly impressed above except near base, prominent<br />
beneath; primary veins 11–16 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath, erect-patent.<br />
Inflorescence a lax much branched terminal panicle, 9–15 cm long; rachis and branches<br />
densely grey sericeous-tomentose; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, densely tomentellous<br />
on exterior, glabrous within except near apex, caducous. Receptacle campanulate, markedly<br />
gibbous, densely grey tomentellous on exterior, 2–3 mm long; pedicels 1–3 mm long. Calyx<br />
lobes 2–3 mm long, narrowly ovate, densely grey tomentose on exterior, tomentellous<br />
within. Petals spathulate, 2 mm long, caducous. Stamens (fertile) 7 or 8, with bases forming<br />
a conspicuous fused ring, with opposite tooth-like staminodes. Ovary densely pilose. Style<br />
pilose; stigma truncate. Fruit ovoid, 7–8 × 4.5–5.5 cm; exocarp densely lenticellate;<br />
mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp extremely hard and thick (1–8 cm thick), woody, granular,<br />
and very irregularly ridged, with 2 small loculi in centre, densely lanate within.<br />
Borneo (Sabah). 42: BOR. Lowland hillside forest along rivers. Map 255.<br />
42. BORNEO: Sabah, Sandakan Distr., Cpt. 17, Sepilok F. R., G.H.S.Wood SAN16534 (K, L); Sabah, Ulu<br />
Dusun, mile 30.5, Labuk road, P.F.Cockburn 82954A (K, L); Sabah, Pokul R., A.Mail FD2875 (BO, FHO, K);<br />
Sabah, Tawau Distr., Ulu Sg. Tawau, H.S.Martyn SAN18585 (K, L, PNH, SAN); Sabah, Sandakan Distr., Jalan<br />
Kabili, boundary of Sepilok F. R., I.Singh SAN21399 (BO, K, L, PNH).<br />
2. Parinari canarioides Kosterm., New and Critical Mal. Pl. 3: 25 (1955)<br />
T: Borneo: E Kalimantan, Tandjong Bangko, mouth of Mahakam R., A.J.G.H.Kostermans 7152; holo: BO; iso:<br />
A, BISH, BRI, CAL, CANB, K, L, LAE, MEL, NY, P, PNH, SING.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 190 (1965).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 656 (1989).<br />
205
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Tree to 60 m tall. Trunk buttressed to 2.5 m high. Branches sparsely puberulous when young,<br />
glabrescent, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules linear, acute, to 5 mm, hirsute, early caducous,<br />
present on very young leaves only; petioles 3–7 mm long, glabrous when mature, eglandular<br />
or with small rather inconspicuous central glands; lamina chartaceous, ovate, 5–9 × 2–4.3 cm,<br />
glabrous on both surfaces when mature, without stomatal crypts beneath, acuminate at apex<br />
with tip 5–12 mm long, rounded to subcordate at base; midrib lightly impressed above,<br />
prominent beneath, sparsely pubescent when young; primary veins 7–11 pairs, plane to<br />
prominulous above, prominent beneath, arcuate. Inflorescences dense-flowered axillary<br />
panicles to 4.5 cm long; rachis and branches tomentose; bracts and bracteoles persistent,<br />
ovate, puberulous on exterior, caducous. Receptacle campanulate, 3 mm long, tomentose on<br />
exterior; pedicels 1–2 mm long; calyx lobes elliptic, concave, c. 2 mm, acute, sparsely<br />
puberulous on exterior, densely tomentellous on interior. Petals elliptic, obtuse, 2 mm long,<br />
tapered to base. Fertile stamens 7 or 8. Fruit ellipsoid, 3.5–5 × 1.5–2.5 cm; epicarp densely<br />
to sparsely lenticellate; mesocarp fleshy, 1 mm thick; endocarp 5 mm thick, hard, marbled,<br />
densely lanate within.<br />
Sumatera, Borneo (Kalimantan, Brunei, Sarawak, Sabah) and Philippines (Palawan). 42: BOR,<br />
PHI, SUL, SUM. Rainforest up to 800 m. Map 256.<br />
42. BORNEO: Sarawak, Lundu Distr., Mt. Gading, J.A.R.Anderson 15386 (A, BO, K, L, SAN, SING); Brunei,<br />
Kuala Belalong, P.S.Ashton BRUN5644 (K); W Kalimantan, Sambas Distr., Perigi Limus, Mount Sedjudjuk,<br />
bb 7056 (BO, L); E Kalimantan, Nunukan Is., A.J.G.H.Kostermans 8646 (A, BISH, BM, BO, BRI, CAL, K, L,<br />
NY, P, PNH, SING); E Kalimantan, Balikpapan Distr., Mentawir R., A.J.G.H.Kostermans 10017 (A, BISH,<br />
BM, BO, BRI, CAL, K, L, NY, P, PNH, SING, SYD). PHILIPPINES: Palawan, Pagdanan Range, Ibangley,<br />
Brookside Hill, A.C.Podzorski SMH1974 (K, UPLB). SUMATERA: Lampong Distr., Tulanbawang, Menggala,<br />
bb7714 (BO, K, L).<br />
This species is used for low quality timber in Sumatera. The fruits are edible.<br />
3. Parinari elmeri Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 92 (1929), as Parinarium elmeri<br />
T: Borneo: Sabah, Elphinstone Prov., Tawao, A.D.E.Elmer 20806; holo: UC; iso: BISH, BO, BR, C, DC, DS,<br />
F, GH, K, L, MO, P, S, Z.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 192 (1965).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 657 (1989).<br />
Tree to 32 m, without buttresses. Branches densely tomentellous when young, glabrescent,<br />
obscurely lenticellate. Leaves with stipules lanceolate, acute, to 18 mm long × 3 mm at base,<br />
lateral, tomentellous, persistent; petioles 1.5–6 mm long, tomentellous, glandular, but glands<br />
often obscured, terete; lamina oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5–18 × 1.5–7 cm, chartaceous to<br />
thinly coriaceous, glabrous above, densely lanate pubescent beneath, without stomatal cavities;<br />
acuminate at apex with tip 5–13 mm long, subcuneate at base; midrib plane or slightly<br />
impressed and pubescent above when young, prominent beneath; primary veins 14–21 pairs,<br />
plane above, prominent beneath, curved at margin; secondary nerves more or less parallel<br />
forming ladder-like reticulation. Inflorescences of raceme-like reduced terminal and axillary<br />
panicles or cymules, 1.7–3 cm long; rachis and branches densely brown tomentose; bracts<br />
and bracteoles large, 2 mm long, ovate, persistent. Receptacle conical, gibbous, to 3 mm<br />
long, brown-lanate on exterior; pedicels 0.5–2 mm long. Calyx lobes ovate, acute, 2–3 mm<br />
long, lanate on exterior. Petals white, oblong-ovate, 2–3 mm long, narrowed to base. Fertile<br />
stamens 7–9 with tooth-like staminodes opposite. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, 6.7 × 3.7 cm;<br />
epicarp sparingly lenticellate.<br />
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Kalimantan) and Philippines<br />
(Mindanao). 42: BOR, MLY, PHI. Lowland and hill forest to 900 m, including areas on<br />
ultrabasic rock. Map 257.<br />
42. BORNEO: Brunei, Bukit Biang, Temburong, P.S.Ashton BRUN497 (BO, K, L, SAR); Sabah, Lahad Datu,<br />
Kalumpang, M.Chain SAN29329 (SAN); Sabah, Tawau Distr., Membalua F. R., J.Singh SAN22811 (K, SAN);<br />
Bukit Tangkunan, mile 86 Labuk road, P.F.Stevens et al. 412 (L, SAN); Sarawak, Gunong Silantek, Ulu Sg.<br />
2 nd Division, I.Paie S42636 (K, L). MALAYA: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Ginting Highland, B.Stone 6562 (L).<br />
PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Agusan Valley, Surigao Prov., W.J.Hutchinson 7581 (US).<br />
206
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
4. Parinari parva Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 52 (1965)<br />
T: Sumatera: Sipora Is., vicinity of Sioban, C.Boden Kloss 14676; holo: K; iso BO.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans loc.cit.: 193.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 657 (1989).<br />
Tree to 15 m tall. Bole often fluted at base, without buttresses. Branches densely tomentellous<br />
when young, glabrescent, conspicuously lenticellate. Leaves with stipules lanceolate, lateral,<br />
13–37 mm long, up to 5 mm broad at base, persistent, conspicuously reticulate and densely<br />
tomentose on exterior; petioles 5–8 mm long, densely pale brown pilose, with 2–3 extremely<br />
prominent glands; lamina chartaceous, oblong to elliptic, 11–28 × 5.5–11 cm, glabrous<br />
above, densely lanate-arachnoid pubescent beneath with pubescence completely obscuring<br />
reticulate nervation, without stomatal crypts, finely acuminate at apex with tip 3–13 mm<br />
long, rounded to subcordate at base; midrib plane and pubescent above, prominent beneath;<br />
primary veins 15–23 pairs, arcuate and anastomosing at margin, plane above, prominent<br />
beneath, pilose. Inflorescence of short little-branched terminal and axillary panicles to 5 cm<br />
long, sometimes borne on young woody branches; rachis and branches densely pale-brown<br />
tomentellous; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, to 5 mm long, persistent. Receptacle<br />
campanulate, 3 mm long, pale brown tomentose on exterior; calyx lobes acute, ovatelanceolate,<br />
1–1.5 mm long, densely tomentose. Petals white. Fruit ellipsoid to narrowly<br />
ellipsoid, to 10 × 3 cm; epicarp densely lenticellate, ridged when dry; mesocarp thin and<br />
fleshy; endocarp thick, hard.<br />
Malaysian Peninsula, Sumatera and Borneo (Sabah, Kalimantan). 42: BOR, MLY, SUM.<br />
Forest, mostly on ridge tops and hillsides to 750 m. Map 258.<br />
42. BORNEO: E Kalimantan, Berau, Teluk Bajar, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 21707 (K, L). MALAYA: Peninsular<br />
Malaysia, Pahang, Lesong F. R., Y.C.Chou FRI 16908 (L); Peninsular Malaysia, Ulu Kelantan, Relai F. R.,<br />
P.F.Cockburn FRI7236 (K, L); Peninsular Malaysia, Johore, W face of G. Besar, above S Segamat Labis F. R.,<br />
B.Everett FRI14023 (K, L, SAN); Peninsular Malaysia, Trengganu, Ulu Telemong, Bukit Rambai F. R., T.Suppiah<br />
FRI11399 (K, L, U); Peninsular Malaysia, Trengganu Mts, Sg. Kerbat, near Kuala Kerbat, T.C.Whitmore<br />
FRI20214 (K, L, SAN). SUMATERA: Lematang Oeloe, Res Palembang, P.M.Lambach 1229 (BO, K, L).<br />
II. Parinari sect. Parinari<br />
Parinari sect. Parinari<br />
Type: Parinari campestris Aubl. (lectotype fide L.Hauman, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 21: 190 (1951)).<br />
Leaf lower surface with hair filled stomatal cavities.<br />
Comprises 35 species, distributed in Southeast Asia, tropical Africa and South America.<br />
5. Parinari rodolphii Huber, Bol. Mus. Paraense Hist. Nat. 6: 77 (1910), as Parinarium<br />
rodolphi<br />
T: Brazil North: Pará, R.S.Rodrigues MG 9648; holo: MG; iso: BM, K, NY, P, R, RB.<br />
Parinari lucidissima Standl., Lloydia 2: 183 (1939), as Parinarium lucidissimum. T: Guyana: W Kanuku<br />
Mts., A.C.Smith 3320; holo: F; iso: A, K, LE, MAD, MO, NY, P.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 184 (1972); Fl. Venez. Guayana 4: 244 (1998); G.T.Prance<br />
& F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 111 (1988).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 199 (1989).<br />
Tree to 40 m tall. Trunk often buttressed to about 2 m. Branches long and densely ferrugineouspilose<br />
when young. Leaves with stipules to 4 cm long, semiamplexicaul, ferrugineous-pubescent;<br />
petioles 3–8 mm long, with 2 medial glands usually obscured by dense pubescence, terete;<br />
lamina elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 6–16 × 2.3–7 cm, glabrous above, tomentose and with<br />
stomatal cavities beneath, with acumen 5–15 mm long, subcuneate to rounded at base;<br />
primary veins 21–26 pairs, prominent beneath, slightly impressed above; midrib impressed<br />
and usually pubescent above. Inflorescences terminal dense-flowered panicles to 6 cm long;<br />
207
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 43. Parinari. A–B, P. rodolphii. A, flower bud; B, 1 /2 flower and ovary section<br />
(A–B, J.G.Kuhlmann & Jimbo 328). C–E, P. curatellifolia. C, fruit and fruit sections;<br />
D, endocarp; E, surface of endocarp (C, B.T.Styles 274; D–E, A.Angus 1622). Scale bars:<br />
A = 1 cm; B = 2 mm; C, D = 2 cm; E = 3 mm. Drawn by Janet Dyer and Rosemary Wise.<br />
Previously published in G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 111 (1988).<br />
208
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
rachis and branches ferrugineous-pilose. Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, brown-tomentose<br />
on exterior. Petals 5, white, shorter than calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile, with 7 or 8 short<br />
filamentous staminodes opposite them. Ovary and lower portion of style densely pilose. Fruit<br />
ellipsoid, to 5.5 cm long; epicarp verrucose, glabrous; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard<br />
and thick, granular, fibrous, plane, not ridged on exterior, lanate within. Fig. 43A–B.<br />
Guianas, Venezuela and E Amazonian Brazil. 82: FRG, GUY, VEN. 84: BZE (MA), BZN<br />
(AP, PA). Non-flooded forest or periodically flooded areas. Map 259.<br />
82. FRENCH GUIANA: Trois Sauts, P.Grenand 1506 (NY). GUYANA: Potaro-Siparuni Region, Iwokrama<br />
Res., 4–5 km N of Surama, B.Hoffman 4538 (US). VENEZUELA: Bolívar, Rio Grande O Toro, E of Upata,<br />
J. de Bruijn 1626 (NY, US, VEN, WAG); Delta Amacuro, E of Río Grande, ENE of El Palmar, L.M.Berti 174<br />
(NY, US, VEN). 84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amapá, Igarapé Ponta-Narri, G.A.Black 49-8473 (IAN, NY); Pará,<br />
Belém, Reserva APEG, J.M.Pires & N.T. da Silva 10690 (IAN, NY). BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Maranhão, Mun.<br />
de Turiaçu, road Maracaçumé-Sta. Helena, N.A.Rosa & H.Vilar 3148 (MG).<br />
Aublet described P. montana and P. rodolphii from the same sheet, which was a mixed<br />
collection. The leaves on the type collection of Parinari montana are referable to P. rodolphii<br />
and the fruit are clearly those of P. montana. Since the fruit have been lectotypified as<br />
P. montana the name given by Huber is retained, although he was unaware of this problem<br />
when he described P. rodolphii. For a detailed discussion see G.T.Prance (1972: 182–183).<br />
6. Parinari hypochrysea Mildbr. ex Letouzey & F.White, Adansonia, n.s. 16: 234 (1976)<br />
T: Cameroon: between Yokadouma and Mpan, G.W.J.Mildbraed 5023; holo: HBG.<br />
Illustration: R.Letouzey & F.White, Adansonia, Sér. 2, 16: 235 (1976); R.Letouzey & F.White, Fl. Cameroun<br />
20 (Fl. Gabon) 24: 135 (1978).<br />
Tree to 20–30 m tall. Branches with fulvous-golden pubescence when young. Leaves with<br />
stipules narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 25 (–40) mm long, 5 mm wide at base, amplexicaul;<br />
petioles 2–5 mm long, with 2 large glands above, terete; lamina oblong, 10–28 × 5–11 cm,<br />
with golden-yellow-ferrugineous pubescence, obscuring stomatal cavities beneath, scabrous<br />
above, rounded to slightly subcordate at base, bluntly acuminate at apex; midrib plane above,<br />
tomentose when young; primary veins 20–30 pairs, plane above, with minute glands beneath<br />
on margin at ends of veins. Inflorescence terminal panicles to 15 cm long; rachis and<br />
branches densely villous; bracts and bracteoles c. 3 mm long, pubescent on exterior, glabrous<br />
within. Receptacle campanulate-turbinate, curved; pedicels 1.5–2 mm long. Calyx lobes<br />
triangular, 2 mm long. Petals ovate, slightly unguiculate, caducous. Stamens 7, without<br />
staminodes opposite. Fruit ellipsoid, 20 × 25 × 40 mm; exocarp glabrous.<br />
Nigeria to Gabon. 22: NGA. 23: CMN, GAB. In hygrophilous coastal evergreen rainforest in<br />
a narrow band. P. excelsa replaces it further inland. Map 260.<br />
22. NIGERIA: Cameroons Prov., Kumba District, S Bakundu For. Res., J.Olorunfemi FHI 30502 (K).<br />
23. CAMEROON: South Bakundu near Kumba, M.C.Ejiofor FHI15253 (FHI, FHO, K); Eséka, R.Letouzey<br />
1232 (P); near Bikok, 35 km SE of Yaoundé, R.Letouzey 11302 (P); Lake Ejagham, 35 km W of Mamfe,<br />
F.White 8616 (FHO). GABON: Libreville, A.Aubréville 114 [as 6114] (P); 10 km SW of Ndjolé, N.Hallé 2013<br />
(P); Ramboué, 90 km SE of Libreville, A.Sébire 488 (P).<br />
7. Parinari alvimii Prance, Revista Brasil. Bot. 2: 37 (1979)<br />
T: Brazil Northeast: Bahia, Una, Fazenda São Rafael, T.S. dos Santos 457; holo: CEPEC; iso: FHO, NY.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Revista Brasil. Bot. 2: 38 (1979).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 194 (1989).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall. Branches densely ferrugineous-tomentose when young, becoming glabrous<br />
and conspicuously lenticellate with age. Leaves with stipules 20–35 mm long, semiamplexicaul,<br />
persistent, membranous, exterior pilose-tomentose at centre of base, grey-lanate over rest of<br />
surface, but with a few pilose appressed hairs, glabrous within; petioles 3–8 mm long,<br />
tomentose, terete; lamina oblong to ovate, coriaceous, 5–12 × 4–10 cm, subcordate to<br />
cordate at base, rounded to very bluntly acute at apex, glabrous above except on midrib,<br />
tomentose and with stomatal cavities obscured by dense pubescence beneath, frequently with<br />
2 glands at junction with petiole; midrib prominent beneath, slightly impressed and tomentose<br />
209
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 44. Parinari alvimii. A, habit; B, flower; C, flower section; D, buds and bracteoles;<br />
E, detail of leaf lower surface (A–E, T.S. dos Santos 457). Scale bars: A = 5 cm; B–D = 3 mm;<br />
E = 1 cm. Drawn by Bobbi Angell. Previously published in G.T.Prance, Revista Brasil. Bot.<br />
2: 38 (1979).<br />
210
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
above; primary veins 17–25 pairs, extremely prominent beneath, impressed above. Inflorescences<br />
of terminal and subterminal dense-flowered panicles, 3–5 cm long; rachis and branches light<br />
brown tomentose. Bracts to 1 cm long, persistent, ferrugineous, tomentose on exterior,<br />
enclosing flower buds in small groups. Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, brown-tomentose<br />
on exterior, tomentose within. Petals 5, white, slightly shorter than calyx lobes. Stamens 5–7,<br />
unilateral, with short tooth-like staminodes opposite them. Ovary and lower 2 /3 of style<br />
densely pilose. Fruit unknown. Fig. 44.<br />
Brazil (coastal Bahia). 84: BZE (BA). Littoral forest. Some collections of this species have<br />
ants nests formed by the curvature of the leaves. Map 261.<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Bahia, 28 km from Uruçuca road to Serra Grande, T.S. dos Santos 2305 (CEPEC, NY);<br />
Bahia, Mun. de Uruçuca, 7.3 km N of Serra Grande road to Itacaré, W.W.Thomas et al. 8128 (CEPEC, K, NY).<br />
8. Parinari campestris Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 517, t. 206 (1775)<br />
Petrocarya campestris (Aubl.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 2: 287 (1799); Ferolia campestris (Aubl.) Kuntze, Revis.<br />
Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: French Guiana, J.B.C.F.Aublet s.n.; holo: BM; photo: BR.<br />
Balantium cordifolium Desv. ex Buch.-Ham., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. 34 (1825). T: without locality, Herb.<br />
A.N.Desvaux s.n.; holo: P.<br />
Illustrations: J.B.C.F.Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane Atlas t. 206 (1775); G.T.Prance, Fl. Guianas 85: 102 (1986); Fl.<br />
Venez. Guayana 4: 243 (1998).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 194 (1989).<br />
Tree to 25 m tall. Branches villous when young, becoming glabrous and greyish with age. Two<br />
glands often present on young branches beneath point of petiole abscission. Leaves with stipules<br />
broad, to 3 cm long, acute at apex, villous, semiamplexicaul, persistent; petioles 2–4 (–7) mm<br />
long, pubescent when young, terete, with glands inconspicuous; lamina ovate, 6–13 × 3–6.5 cm,<br />
with acumen 7–13 mm long, cordate at base, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; primary<br />
veins 14–16 pairs, prominent beneath; midrib slightly impressed above. Inflorescences terminal<br />
and axillary panicles; rachis and branches with short brown pubescence. Receptacle<br />
subcampanulate-turbinate, short-brown-tomentellous on exterior. Petals 5, white, shorter than<br />
calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile, unilateral, with 7 or 8 filamentous staminodes opposite them.<br />
Ovary and lower portion of style densely hirsute. Fruit oblong, 4–6 × 2–3 cm broad; epicarp<br />
lenticellate; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp thick and hard, densely tomentose within.<br />
Trinidad, the Guianas, and adjacent Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil. 80: TRT. 82: FRG,<br />
GUY, SUR, VEN. 83: CLM. 84: BZE (MA), BZN (AM, AP, PA, RR). River margins,<br />
savanna margins, and open forests. Flowering continuously. Map 262.<br />
80. TRINIDAD-TOBAGO: Trinidad, Cumuto Forest, R.O.Williams 12432 (K). 82. FRENCH GUIANA:<br />
Kourou, Montagne des Singes, C.Feuillet 1388 (CAY). GUYANA: Berbice-Corentyne Region, Upper Canje R.,<br />
J.J.Pipoly 11531 (K, US). SURINAME: Mapane Creek, J.Elburg LBB9387 (LBB, U, WIS). VENEZUELA:<br />
Amazonas, Dept. Atabapo, Alto Río Orinoco, Caño Tamatama, G.Aymard & L.Delgado 8418 (K, PORT); Bolívar,<br />
Dept. Sifontes, Mun. de Urdaneta, Mapauri, L.Hernández 160 (MYF, NY); Monagas, Guarapiche F. R., F.J.Breteler<br />
5133 (NY, WAG). 83. COLOMBIA: Amazonas, Río Igara-Paraná, La Chorrera, C.Sastre 3443 (P).<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amazonas, Rio Dimiti, upper Rio Negro, R.E.Schultes & Lopez 10029 (US); Pará, Ilha do<br />
Mosqueiro, J.M.Pires 13149 (IAN); Roraima, Igarapé Iguapiri, trib. of Rio Surumu, J.M.Pires et al. 14508 (MG).<br />
9. Parinari obtusifolia Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 52 (1867), as<br />
Parinarium obtusifolium<br />
Ferolia obtusifolia (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Brazil West-central: Goiás,<br />
G.Gardner 3137; holo: K; iso: BM, CGE, E, F, NY, OXF, P.<br />
Illustration: J.D.Hooker, in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2), t. 18(1) (1867); G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos.<br />
Trans. B 320: 109 (1988).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 197 (1989).<br />
Suffrutex or small shrub 0.2–3 m tall. Branches tomentose when young, becoming glabrous<br />
and lenticellate with age. Leaves with stipules to 3 mm long, caducous; petioles 2–3 mm<br />
long, terete, densely tomentose, with 2 medial sessile glands; lamina oblong-elliptic, 5–10 ×<br />
2.5–6 cm, obtuse to acute at apex, rounded to slightly cordate at base, glabrous or with short-<br />
211
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
ferrugineous pubescence, especially near nerves above; with dense silvery white lanate appressed<br />
pubescence completely obscuring the stomatal cavities beneath; midrib prominent above;<br />
primary veins 11–16 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath, often ending in a small gland at<br />
margin. Inflorescences axillary or terminal panicles, with ferrugineous to brown pubescence.<br />
Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, brown-tomentose on exterior. Petals 5, white, equalling<br />
calyx lobes. Stamens 7 or 8 fertile, with 7 or 8 staminodes opposite them, some reduced to<br />
mere teeth. Ovary and base of style villous. Fruit oblong, 2.5–4 × 2 cm; exocarp verrucose;<br />
mesocarp fleshy; endocarp hard, thick, with a rough channelled exterior, densely tomentose<br />
within. Fig. 45.<br />
Planalto of Central Brazil, SE Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia. 83: BOL. 84: BZC (DF, GO, MS,<br />
MT), BZL (MG, SP). 85: PAR. Cerrado and open disturbed areas. Map 263.<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz Dept., Velasco Prov. P. N. Noel Kempff Mercado, Campamento Las Gamas,<br />
T.J.Killeen & T.Grinwood 7705 (K, MO, USZ). 84. BRAZIL SOUTHEAST: Minas Gerais, PARNA, Serra<br />
da Canastra, São Roque de Minas, R.Romero & J.N.Nakajima 693 (HUFU, K); São Paulo, Antônio da Alegria,<br />
Bairro do Baú, A.M.G.A.Tozzi & M.C.Dias 94-84 (K, UEC). BRAZIL WEST-CENTRAL: Distrito Federal,<br />
near Cristo Redentor, M.L.M.Azevedo 129 (IBGE); Goiás, Mun. de Posse, 18 km NE of Posse, B.A.S.Pereira &<br />
D.Alvarenga 2996 (IBGE, K); Mato Grosso, Mun. de Diamantina, road Cuiabá-Sinop, 160 km S of Sinop,<br />
C.A.Cid Ferreira et al. 6052 (INPA, NY, US); Mato Grosso do Sul, Mun. de Tacurú, 5 km W of Tacurú,<br />
R.Callejas et al. 1964 (K, NY, US). 85. PARAGUAY: Cerro Torno, E.Rojas 4117 (US).<br />
10. Parinari capensis Harv., Fl. Cap. 2: 596 (1862), as Parinarium capense<br />
T: South Africa, without precise locality, C.L.P.Zeyher 537; lecto: TCD, fide G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos.<br />
Trans. B 320: 110 (1988); isolecto: K, OXF.<br />
Suffrutex, extensively rhizomatous, geoxylic. Stems usually less than 30 cm tall, rarely to 2 m.<br />
Branches grey to rufous pubescent when young. Leaves with stipules 15 × 4 mm, papery,<br />
caducous; petioles 1–5 mm long, tomentose when young, often with 2 small glands, terete;<br />
lamina oblanceolate-elliptic, 9–10.5 × 1.2–4 cm, whitish-lanate pubescent and with stomatal<br />
cavities beneath; cuneate at base, acute or subacuminate at apex; midrib plane above;<br />
primary veins 19–26 pairs, plane or prominulous above, prominent beneath. Inflorescence<br />
terminal and axillary panicles to 6.5 cm long; rachis and branches whitish-tomentose; bracts<br />
and bracteoles c. 2.5 mm long, pubescent on exterior, glabrous within. Receptacle<br />
campanulate-turbinate, tomentose on exterior; pedicels 0.5–1 mm long. Calyx lobes acute.<br />
Petals equalling calyx lobes. Stamens c. 7 fertile, with tooth-like staminodes opposite. Ovary<br />
and lower 1 /2 of ovary pilose. Fruit ellipsoid, 3 × 2 cm; exocarp lenticellate, glabrous.<br />
Throughout the greater <strong>part</strong> of the Zambezian region, and extending southwards to Natal and<br />
northwards into the Guineo-Congolian region, where it crosses the equator in the Congo<br />
Republic.<br />
Stems always less than 1 m tall, nearly always less than 30 cm; indumentum<br />
on inflorescence grey or pale fulvous<br />
Stems always more than 25 cm tall, and, when protected from fire, up to 2 m<br />
tall; indumentum on inflorescence deep fulvous<br />
10a. Parinari capensis Harv. subsp. capensis<br />
10a. subsp. capensis<br />
10b. subsp. incohata<br />
Parinari capensis var. latifolia Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 269 (1871); Ferolia capensis (Harv.) Kuntze, Revis.<br />
Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891); Parinari pumila Mildbr., Wiss. Erg. Zweit. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped., Bot. 2: 4 (1922);<br />
Parinari latifolia (Oliv.) Exell, J. Bot. 66 (Suppl.): 160 (1928); Parinari capensis subsp. latifolia (Oliv.)<br />
R.A.Graham, Kew Bull. 1957: 230 (1957). T: Angola: Dalatanda, Rio Caringa, F.M.J.Welwitsch 1286;<br />
lecto: BM, designated here; isolecto: K, LISU.<br />
Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. var. fruticulosa R.E.Fr., Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo Exped.<br />
1: 60 (1914). T: Zambia: Lake Bangweulu, Kamindas, R.E.Fries 659; lecto: UPS, designated here.<br />
Parinari capensis f. obtusifolia Cavaco, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Ser. 2, 26: 639 (1954). T: Angola,<br />
J.Gossweiler 12628b; holo: DIA in P; iso: BM, LUA.<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 329 (1976).<br />
Suffrutex with massive, woody underground axes and subaerial stems 5 to 30 cm tall.<br />
212
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
Figure 45. Parinari obtusifolia. A, habit; B, leaf; C, fruit (A, C, G.T.Prance & N.T.Silva<br />
59553 and 58996; C, J.M.Pires et al. 9058). Scale bars: A–C = 10 cm. Drawn by Rosemary<br />
Wise. Previously published in G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 109 (1988).<br />
213
214<br />
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Throughout the greater <strong>part</strong> of the Zambezian region and southwards to Natal and northwards<br />
into the Congo Republic and Zaire. 23: CON, ZAI. 25: TAN. 26: ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM,<br />
ZIM. 27: BOT, NAM, TVL. Map 264.<br />
23. CONGO: R. Zaire, M’Pouya, A.Chevalier 5050 (P). ZAIRE: 20 km SE of Popokabaka, R.Germain 2176<br />
(BR, K, P, PNH). 26. ANGOLA: Cuanze Norte, Cazengo, Dalatando, Camundai, J.Gossweiler 5861 (BM, K).<br />
MALAWI: Vipya Plateau, Luwawa Dam, J.D.Chapman 261 (BM, BR, FHO, K). MOZAMBIQUE: Mavita,<br />
Rotanda, F.A.Mendonça 2661 (LISC). ZAMBIA: Masese Valley, J.P.M.Brenan & R.W.Keay 7671 (BR, FHO, K).<br />
ZIMBABWE: Beatrice, F.Eyles 4534 (K). 27. BOTSWANA: 29 km S of Khardoum Valley, H.Wild &<br />
R.B.Drummond 7027 (K, SRGH). NAMIBIA: 24.5 km N of Tamso, B. de Winter & W.Marais 4744 (K).<br />
NORTHERN PROVINCES: Transvaal, Zoutpansberg, N. of Salzpfanne, H.J.E.Schlieben 7440 (BR, K).<br />
The fruit is edible and used to make beer.<br />
10b. Parinari capensis subsp. incohata F.White, Bull. Jard. Bot. État 46: 320 (1976)<br />
T: Mozambique, A.R. da Torre 6821; holo: LISC.<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 330 (1976).<br />
Shrub to 2 m tall.<br />
Coastal plains of southern Mozambique and adjacent KwaZulu-Natal. 26: MOZ. 27: NAT,<br />
SWZ. Edaphic grassland on seasonally waterlogged sandy soils. Map 265.<br />
26. MOZAMBIQUE: Homoine, A.Exell et al. 572 (BM, LISC, SRGH); Chongoene, A.Balsinhas 1369 (LISC,<br />
WAG); Ponta do Ouro, F.A.Mendonça 2936 (LISC). 27. KWAZULU-NATAL: Manzengwenya-Maputa,<br />
km 21, B. de Winter & Vahrmeijer 8593 (K, NH); near Lake Sibayi, F.White 10450bis (FHO); Hlabisa, Palm<br />
Ridge Farm, Harrison 215 (NH).<br />
11. Parinari littoralis Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 191 (1972)<br />
T: Brazil Northeast: Bahia, Maraú, R.P.Belém 1833; holo: IAN; iso: BR, NY, UB.<br />
Parinari subrotunda Rizzini, Leandra 3–4: 8 (1974). T: Brazil Northeast: Bahia, Mun. de Ilhéus, Fazenda<br />
Ipiranga, D.P.Lima 13083; holo: RB.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 192 (1972); C.T.Rizzini, Leandra 3–4: 23 (1974).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 195 (1989).<br />
Tree, medium sized. Branches glabrous when young, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules small,<br />
ovate, persistent; petioles 3–4 mm long, sparsely puberulous soon becoming glabrous, with 2<br />
glands; lamina elliptic, coriaceous, 3.5–7.5 × 2–5 cm, acute or rounded at apex or shortly<br />
acuminate, rounded at base, glabrous above, with tomentose stomatal cavities beneath; midrib<br />
impressed above; primary veins 15–20 pairs, plane or slightly impressed above, prominent<br />
beneath. Inflorescences of dense axillary panicles; rachis and branches tomentose. Bracts and<br />
bracteoles ovate, equalling calyx, caducous. Receptacle subcampanulate, brown-tomentose<br />
on exterior, pilose within. Petals 5. Stamens 7 fertile, unilateral, with short staminodes<br />
opposite them. Ovary and base of style pilose. Fruit not seen.<br />
Brazil (Bahia). 84: BZE (BA). Coastal restinga forests. Flowering in Oct. Map 266.<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Bahia, Mun. de Belmonte, km 21, Belmonte-Itapeba, L.A.Mattos Silva et al. 386<br />
(NY); Bahia, 5 km S of Maraú, S.A.Mori & A.M. de Carvalho 12001 (CEPEC, NY); Bahia, Maraú, S.G.Vinha<br />
13/ R.S.Pinheiro 161 (CEPEC, K, UB).<br />
12. Parinari maguirei Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 190 (1972)<br />
T: Guyana: Kaieteur savannas, B.Maguire & D.B.Fanshawe 23390; holo: NY; iso: F, M, US.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 188 (1972); G.T.Prance, Fl. Venez. Guayana 4: 245 (1998).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 197 (1989).<br />
Tree to 15 m tall. Branches tomentellous when young, becoming glabrous with age. Leaves with<br />
stipules axillary, lanceolate, 1–3 mm long, caducous; petioles 2–6 mm long, terete, tomentose;<br />
lamina orbicular to elliptic, coriaceous, 2.5–6 × 1.5–4.5 cm, rounded to apiculate at apex,<br />
rounded to subcordate at base, glabrous above, tomentose and with stomatal cavities beneath;<br />
midrib slightly impressed on upper surface, prominent beneath; primary veins 9–14 pairs,
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
Figure 46. Parinari leontopitheci. A, habit; B, leaf lower surface; C, bud; D, 1 /2 flower;<br />
E, petal; F, arrangement of petals; G, ovary (A–G, A.M.Amorim et al. 1261). Scale bars:<br />
A = 5 cm; B = 1 cm; C–G = 1 mm. Drawn by J.M.Fothergill. Previously published in<br />
G.T.Prance, Kew Bull. 50: 720 (1995).<br />
215
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
plane or slightly impressed above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences of terminal and<br />
subterminal panicles to 8 cm long; rachis and branches grey-brown-tomentellous. Receptacle<br />
subcampanulate-turbinate, tomentose on exterior, densely pilose within and around throat<br />
and sparsely puberulous at base; pedicels 0.5 mm long. Petals 5, equalling calyx lobes.<br />
Stamens 6 or 7 fertile, unilateral, with short tooth-like staminodes opposite them. Ovary<br />
inserted at mouth of receptacle, pilose; style long-hirsute. Fruit ellipsoid, 4–5 cm × 3–3.5 cm;<br />
exocarp verrucose; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard, thick, externally fibrous and<br />
granular, densely lanate within.<br />
Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana. 82: GUY, VEN. 84: BZN (RR). Savanna margin and gallery<br />
forest. Map 267.<br />
82. GUYANA: Kaieteur, Mare Mare Creek, R.S.Cowan & T.Soderstrom 2180 (NY, US). VENEZUELA:<br />
Bolívar, Distr. Roscio, 20 km NE of Ikabarú, O.Huber & C.Alarcón 9655 (NY, US); Bolívar, Distr. Sifontes,<br />
Cerro Kukenán, O.Huber 11798 (MYF, NY); Bolívar, 15.5 km E of Icabarú, J.A.Steyermark et al. 117792<br />
(NY, VEN); Bolívar, 26.5 km E of Icabarú, J.A.Steyermark 117824 (NY, VEN). 84. BRAZIL NORTH:<br />
Roraima, upper Rio Parú, R.L.Fróes 23180 (NY).<br />
13. Parinari leontopitheci Prance, Kew Bull. 50: 719 (1995)<br />
T: Brazil Northeast: Bahia, Una, Reserva Biológica do Mico-Leão, A.M.Amorim, S.C.Sant‘Ana, J.G.Jardim,<br />
E.B.Santos & J.L.Hage 1261; holo: CEPEC; iso: K, NY.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Kew Bull. 50: 720 (1995).<br />
Tree 20 m tall. Branches tomentellous when young, glabrescent, conspicuously lenticellate. Leaves<br />
with stipules axillary, lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long, persistent; petioles 2–3 mm long, tomentellous,<br />
weakly canaliculate, eglandular; lamina elliptic, 2–5 × 1.5–3.3 cm, thickly coriaceous, acute<br />
or bluntly acuminate at apex with acumen 0–3 mm long, rounded at base, glabrous above,<br />
with conspicuous deep stomatal cavities filled with lanate hairs beneath; midrib glabrous above,<br />
prominent beneath, impressed for entire length above; primary veins 13–19 pairs, impressed<br />
above, prominent beneath. Inflorescence of terminal lax corymbose panicles, 2–4 cm long;<br />
rachis and branches tomentose. Bracts and bracteoles ovate, enclosing young flower buds in<br />
groups, narrowly triangular, caducous, tomentose on exterior, glabrous within. Flowers 4–5 mm<br />
long. Receptacle asymmetrically campanulate, more swollen to 1 side, tomentose on exterior,<br />
tomentose within, densely pilose to base of stamens. Petals 5, white, united at apices in calyptralike<br />
fashion, early caducous as a unit. Stamens 7, unilateral, with small staminodes opposite<br />
them, included. Ovary pilose; style pubescent on lower half. Fruit not seen. Fig. 46.<br />
Brazil (Bahia). 84: BZE (BA). Atlantic coastal rainforest. Map 268.<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTHEAST: Bahia, Mun. de Una, Res. Biol. do Mico-Leão, Km 45 Ilhéus-Una, A.M. de Carvalho<br />
et al. 6107 (CEPEC, K); Bahia, Mun. de Una, Res. Biol. do Mico-Leão, Km 45 Ilhéus-Una J.G.Jardim et al.<br />
533 (K, NY); Bahia, Mun. de Camaçari, Rodovia Linha Verde Km 90, G. & M. Hatschbach 63116 (K, MBM).<br />
14. Parinari montana Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 514 (1775)<br />
Petrocarya montana (Aubl.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 2: 287 (1799); Chrysobalanus montanus (Aubl.) M.Gómez,<br />
Fl. Cuba 39 (1887); Ferolia montana (Aubl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: French Guiana,<br />
J.B.C.F.Aublet s.n.; lecto: BM, fruit only, not vegetative material, fide G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9:<br />
182 (1972); photo: BR.<br />
Parinari pajura Benoist, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 28: 232 (1922), as Parinarium. T: Brazil North: Pará,<br />
Belém, J.E.Huber MG 7045; holo: P; iso: BM, G, K, MG, R, RB.<br />
Illustration: J.B.C.F.Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane, Atlas t. 204 (1775); G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 184 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 197 (1989).<br />
Tree to 40 m tall. Branches pilose when young, becoming glabrous and lenticellate with age.<br />
Leaves with stipules 1–3 mm long, caducous; petioles 7–12 mm long, terete or weakly<br />
canaliculate; lamina oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 9–17 × 3–6.5 cm, with acumen 5–9 mm<br />
long, cuneate to subcuneate at base, glabrous above, tomentose and with stomatal cavities<br />
beneath; primary veins 24–30 pairs, plane or slightly impressed above, prominent beneath;<br />
upper surface of midrib impressed, with proximal portion pubescent, with 2 pairs of medial<br />
glands, terete. Inflorescences terminal and axillary panicles 4.5–11 cm long; rachis and<br />
216
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
Figure 47. Parinari montana. A, habit; B, leaf lower surface with <strong>part</strong> of woolly pubescence<br />
removed; C, petiolar glands; D, flower; E, 1 /2 flower and petal (A–E, S.A.Mori et al. 20790);<br />
F, fruit (S.A.Mori & B.M.Boom 15160); G, endocarp (G.T.Prance 58753). Scale bars: A, F,<br />
G = 3 cm; C = 6 mm; D, E = 3 mm. Drawn by Bobbi Angell. Previously published in<br />
G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 184 (1972).<br />
217
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
branches short-tomentellous. Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, yellow-brown-tomentellous<br />
on exterior. Petals 5, white, shorter than calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile, with 7 or 8 staminodes<br />
opposite them. Ovary and lower portion of style pilose. Fruit globose to oblong, up to 10 cm<br />
in diameter; epicarp densely verrucose; mesocarp thin and fleshy; endocarp hard and very<br />
thick, with exterior deeply ridged and spikey, lanate within. Fig. 47.<br />
French Guiana, Colombia and N Brazilian Amazonia. 82: FRG. 83: CLM. 84: BZN (AC,<br />
AM, AP, PA). Non-flooded forest. Flowering June–Nov. Map 269.<br />
82. FRENCH GUIANA: Saül, S.A.Mori & B.M.Boom 15160 (CAY, NY). 83. COLOMBIA: Caquetá,<br />
Araracuara, D.Restrepo & A.Matapi 386 (K). 84. BRAZIL NORTH: Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, G.T.Prance et<br />
al. 11793 (INPA, NY); Amazonas, Distrito Agropecuário, Fazenda Dimona, 72 km N of Manaus, M.Pacheco<br />
et al. 81 (K, NY, US); Amapá, Mun. de Mazagão, 80 km WSW of Macapá towards Monte Dourado,<br />
B.V.Rabelo et al. 3018 (MG, NY, US); Pará, Mun. de Almeirim, Monte Dourado, Água Azul, M.J.Pires &<br />
N.T. da Silva 1377 (K).<br />
15. Parinari parvifolia Sandwith, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 374 (1931)<br />
T: Guyana: Moraballi-Wineperu Divide, Essequibo R., N.Y.Sandwith 139; holo: K; iso: NY, P, RB.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 198 (1989).<br />
Tree to 45 m high. Branches villous when young, soon becoming glabrous and lenticellate. Leaves<br />
with stipules to 1 mm long, caducous; petioles short, 2–5 mm long, pubescent when young,<br />
with 2 inconspicuous glands near lamina, terete; lamina elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 2–7.5 ×<br />
1–3 cm, stiffly coriaceous, with acumen 10–13 mm long, cuneate (rarely slightly rounded) at<br />
base; primary veins 27–30 pairs, prominent beneath, slightly impressed above; midrib slightly<br />
impressed above. Inflorescences terminal and axillary panicles; rachis and branches lightbrown-tomentellous,<br />
3–5 cm long, densely flowered. Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate,<br />
tomentose on exterior; pedicels 1–2 mm long. Petals 5, equalling calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile,<br />
with 7 short filamentous staminodes opposite them. Ovary and base of style villous. Fruit<br />
ellipsoid, c. 4.5 × 2.5 cm; exocarp lenticellate; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard, thick.<br />
Costa Rica, Colombia, Guianas and Amazonia. 80: COS. 82: FRG, GUY. 83: CLM. 84: BZN<br />
(AM, AP, PA). Primary forests. Map 270.<br />
80. COSTA RICA: Heredia, P. N. Braulio Carrillo, Estación El Ceibo, R.Aguilar 1 (CR, K, MO). 82. FRENCH<br />
GUIANA: Piste de Saint Elie, D.Sabatier 3005 (CAY, K). GUYANA: Ekuk Com<strong>part</strong>ment, c. 35 km S of<br />
Mabura, M.Polak 225 (K, U). 83. COLOMBIA: Córdoba, Tierralta, Río Sinu, H.Cuadros V. 4167 (K, MO).<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amapá, Mun. de Oiapoque, 109 km SSE of Oiapoque road to Calçoene, S.A.Mori et al.<br />
17244 (MG, NY, US); Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Ducke, C.A.Sothers 991 (INPA, K); Amazonas,<br />
Distr. Agropecuário, Reserva 1501, S.A.Mori & P.A.C.L. Assunção 21382 (INPA, K, NY, US); Pará, Belém,<br />
Fazenda Uriboca, J.M.Pires 6800 (IAN, SP).<br />
16. Parinari cardiophylla Ducke, Arq. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 33 (1935), as Parinarium<br />
cardiophyllum<br />
T: Brazil North: Amazonas, Manaus, Pensador, A.Ducke RB24182; holo: RB; iso: INPA, K, NY, P.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 195 (1989).<br />
Tree to 25 m high. Branches puberulous when young, soon becoming glabrous and lenticellate.<br />
Leaves with stipules caducous; petioles 6–12 mm long, glabrous when mature, terete, with 2<br />
medial sessile glands; lamina ovate, 8–12 × 4–7 cm, with acumen c. 12 mm long, cordate at<br />
base, glabrous above, tomentose and with stomatal cavities beneath; primary veins 15–20<br />
pairs, prominulous above, prominent beneath; midrib prominulous above. Inflorescences<br />
terminal and axillary panicles 5–6 cm long, densely flowered; rachis and branches with short<br />
light-brown pubescence. Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, tomentellous on exterior; pedicels<br />
1–3 mm long. Petals 5, white, just exceeding the calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile, with 7<br />
filamentous staminodes opposite them. Ovary and lower portion of style pilose. Fruit unknown.<br />
Brazilian Amazonia. 84: BZN (AM, PA). Primary forest. Map 271.<br />
84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amazonas, R.L.Fróes & Addison 29070 (IAN, UB); Pará, Rio Jari, Monte Dourado,<br />
E.Oliveira 4575 (IAN, NY).<br />
218
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
17. Parinari romeroi Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 400 (1972)<br />
T: Colombia: Nariño, Tumaco, Brazo del Mira, Guandal, R.Romero C.5570; holo: COL.<br />
Illustrations: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 399 (1972); G.T.Prance, Fl. Ecuador 10: 21 (1979).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 199 (1989).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall. Branches hispidulous when young, soon becoming glabrous and<br />
conspicuously lenticellate. Leaves with stipules small, ovate, subpersistent; petioles 3–4 mm<br />
long, tomentellous when young, terete or lightly canaliculate, eglandular; lamina oblong,<br />
coriaceous, 7–15.5 × 4–9.5 cm, glabrous above, grey-lanate pubescent and with stomatal<br />
cavities beneath, bluntly acuminate at apex with acumen 1–3 mm long, subcordate at base;<br />
midrib plane above; primary veins 19–22 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath.<br />
Inflorescence of short little-branched panicles, to 4 cm long; rachis and branches browntomentose.<br />
Bracts and bracteoles 3–5 mm long, persistent, ovate, tomentose on exterior.<br />
Receptacle campanulate-turbinate, sessile, brown-tomentellous on exterior, densely tomentose<br />
within. Calyx lobes acute. Petals 5, equalling calyx lobes. Stamens 6 or 7, unilateral, with 7<br />
staminodes opposite. Ovary and base of style pilose. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 5 cm long; exocarp<br />
lenticellate, glabrous; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard, 5–12 mm thick, bony-fibrous,<br />
tuberculate on exterior, lanate within.<br />
Colombia (Nariño and Valle) and Ecuador (Esmeraldas). 83: CLM, ECU. Terra firme forest.<br />
Flowering Feb.–March and in fruit in Oct. Map 272.<br />
83. COLOMBIA: Valle, Bajo Calima, road to Juanchaco Palmeras, A.Gentry et al. 47821 (MO, NY); Valle,<br />
16 km N of Buenaventura, D.Faber-Langendoen et al. 663 (MO, NY); Nariño, Tumaco, vicinity of Piñal<br />
Dulce, R.Romero C. 5348 (COL). ECUADOR: Esmeraldas, Borbón, E.C.Little & R.G.Dixon 21014 (NY, US).<br />
18. Parinari congensis Didr., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Føren. Kjöbenhavn<br />
1854: 197 (1854), as Parinarium congense<br />
T: Zaire, C.Smith 67/366; lecto: C, fide G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 110 (1988); isolecto:<br />
BR; photo: BR.<br />
Parinari subcordata Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 367 (1871), as Parinarium subcordatum; Ferolia subcordata<br />
(Oliv.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Nigeria, C.Barter 1694; lecto: K, fide G.T.Prance &<br />
F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 110 (1988); isolecto: P.<br />
Illustration: R.Letouzey & F.White, Fl. Cameroun 20 (Fl. Gabon 24): 125 (1978).<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 331 (1976).<br />
Tree to 25 m tall. Branches yellowish-pubescent when young. Leaves with stipules linear,<br />
caducous; petioles 5–7 mm long, with 2 large glands, pubescent, weakly canaliculate; lamina<br />
oblong-elliptic, 5–6 × 2.5–3 cm, grey-lanate pubescent and with stomatal cavities beneath,<br />
subcordate at base, acute to shortly acuminate at apex; midrib plane or prominulous above;<br />
primary veins 15–20 pairs, prominulous above. Inflorescence terminal and subterminal panicles,<br />
10–15 (–20) cm long; rachis and branches silvery-grey tomentose; bracts and bracteoles<br />
tomentellous on exterior, glabrous within, caducous. Receptacle campanulate-turbinate,<br />
4–5.5 mm long, tomentose on exterior, almost sessile. Calyx lobes acute, 2–2.5 mm long.<br />
Petals white tinted rose, 2–3 mm long, subspathulate. Stamens 7 fertile, with toothlike<br />
staminodes opposite. Fruit ellipsoid, 2 × 2.5 × 4 cm; exocarp lenticellate, glabrous. Fig. 48.<br />
A widespread species from Guinea to Cameroon. 22: BEN, BKN, GHA, GUI, IVO, MLI,<br />
NGA, SIE. 23: CAF, CMN, CON, ZAI. Always near water and abundant on banks of Zaire<br />
River and the lower courses of its major tributaries. Map 273.<br />
22. BENIN: Ouénié R., Dogba, G.Le Testu 216 (BM, BR, P). GHANA: Akyi, near Kwahu Adwso, Hall GC19<br />
(K, P). GUINEA: R. Dentilia, G.F.Scott Elliot 4274 (K). IVORY COAST: Ouangolodougou, A.Aubréville<br />
1408 (P). MALI: Kita, Res. For. Boulouli, Dubois 220B (P). NIGERIA: Olokemeji, A.P.D.Jones FHI14231<br />
(BM, FHO, K). SIERRA LEONE: Njala, F.C.Deighton 4953 (BR, K, P). 23. CENTRAL AFRICAN<br />
REPUBLIC: Fort Sibut, A.Chevalier 10663bis (P). CONGO: Madzaka, Thollon 57 (K, P). ZAIRE: Mondjo,<br />
J.Léonard 520 (BR, K).<br />
Fruit are edible; bark used for medicinal purposes such as leprosy and as a purgative; wood<br />
said to be resistant to termites.<br />
219
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 48. Parinari congensis. A, habit; B, petiole glands; C, flower (A–C, Thomas 209);<br />
D, fruit (J.Léonard 699). Scale bars: A, D = 2 cm; B = 2 mm; C = 2 mm. Drawn by Margaret<br />
Tebbs.<br />
220
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
19. Parinari congolana T.Durand & H.Durand, Syll. Fl. Congol. 189 (1909), as<br />
Parinarium congolanum<br />
Parinari congoensis Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 377 (1899), as Parinarium congoense, non P. congensis<br />
Didr. (1854). T: Zaire, J.H.Camp 691; holo: BR; photo: K.<br />
Parinari minus Baill. ex Aubrév., Contr. Paléohist. Forêts de l’Afr. Trop. 92 (1949), nom. nud.<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 332 (1976).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall. Branches densely ferrugineous-pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves<br />
with stipules caducous; petioles 2–3 mm long, weakly canaliculate, with 2 large glands,<br />
puberulous, glabrescent; lamina narrowly oblong, 4–5 × 1.5–2 cm, ferrugineous tomentose,<br />
obscuring stomatal cavities beneath, acute at apex, rounded at base; midrib plane above;<br />
primary veins 16–20 pairs, inconspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescence terminal and<br />
subterminal panicles to 15 cm long; rachis and branches sericeous-ferrugineous-pubescent;<br />
bracts and bracteoles ovate, 5–7 × 3 mm. Receptacle campanulate-turbinate, c. 8 mm long,<br />
longitudinally ribbed, sericeous-ferrugineous-pubescent on exterior; pedicels 0.5 mm long.<br />
Calyx lobes oblong-ovate 5 × 3 mm, with marginal glands. Petals oblong, shorter than calyx<br />
lobes. Stamens 7 or 8 fertile, with filamentous staminodes opposite. Fruit unknown.<br />
Confined to the banks of the River Zaire and the lower courses of its tributaries. 23: CAF,<br />
CON, ZAI. River banks, gallery forest. Map 274.<br />
23. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Ouango, M’Bomou R., A.Morel 332 (P). CONGO: Lower Sangha, just<br />
N of Equator, G.W.J.Mildbraed 3815 (B destroyed, P). ZAIRE: Mbandaka, A.Dewèvre 691 (BR); Irebu,<br />
E.M. & M.Laurent s.n. (BR, paratype); Yumbi, E.M.Laurent 429 (BR); Bolobo, A.Flamigni 7111bis (BR, K, P).<br />
20. Parinari nonda F.Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 426 (1864), as Parinarium nonda<br />
Ferolia nonda (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891).<br />
Mueller s.n.; holo: K; iso: BM, GH.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 201 (1965).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 658 (1989).<br />
T: Australia: Albany Is., F. von<br />
Tree to 15 m tall, without buttresses. Branches sparsely puberulous when young, soon<br />
glabrous, with small prominulous lenticels. Leaves with stipules lanceolate, membranous,<br />
tomentellous, to 5 mm long, very early caducous; petioles 5–10 mm long, tomentellous,<br />
terete, with 2–4 prominent conspicuous glands near midpoint; lamina chartaceous to thinly<br />
coriaceous, oblong, 4–11 × 1.8–4.2 cm, glabrous above, with stomatal crypts filled with<br />
lanate pubescence beneath, rounded to acute (or rarely bluntly acuminate) at apex, subcuneate<br />
at base; midrib plane or prominulous, sparsely tomentellous when young above, prominent<br />
beneath; primary veins 10–17 pairs, curved at margins, prominulous or plane above;<br />
secondary nerves reticulate, slightly flattened, with a series of marginal glands at veins on<br />
lower portion. Inflorescence of spreading terminal and subterminal panicles, 5–11 cm long;<br />
rachis and branches rather sparsely grey-brown tomentellous; bracts and bracteoles large,<br />
ovate, 2.5–3 mm long, tomentose, caducous. Receptacle campanulate, 2–3 mm long,<br />
tomentose on exterior; pedicels 0.5–1 mm long. Calyx lobes triangular, acute, c. 1 mm long,<br />
tomentose on exterior, tomentellous within. Petals 5, white, acute. Fertile stamens 7–9, with<br />
tooth-like staminodes opposite, lanate around base. Ovary villous. Style villous lanate on<br />
lower portion, glabrous above; stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid, epicarp sparingly lenticellate.<br />
New Guinea and northern Australia. 43: NWG. 50: NTA, QLD. Savanna, open forest, forest<br />
on rocky areas in lowlands. Map 275.<br />
43. NEW GUINEA: Irian Jaya, Tamurik, Anta 233 (BO, L); Irian Jaya, Meranke Distr., Koerik Camp, 15 km<br />
NE of Koembe, P. van Royen 4843 (L, PNH); Irian Jaya, Okaba near Ginu, B.Branderhorst 15 (K, L, U);<br />
Papua New Guinea, W Division, Dagua, Orioma R., L.J.Brass 5979 (BM, K, NY, US); Papua New Guinea,<br />
Boridi, C.E.Carr 14351 (BM, L, NY); Papua New Guinea, W District, near Weam, C.E.Ridsdale NGF33572<br />
(BISH, K, L). 50. NORTHERN TERRITORY: Kakadu N.P., 10 km W of Alligator R., G.T.Prance 26602<br />
(K, NY); Prince of Wales Is., R.Brown 6339 (BM, K). QUEENSLAND: Cooktown, S.T.Blake 23198 (K, L);<br />
Cook District, A.Kains 1946 (L, US); Weipa, 400 m [640 km] NNW of Atherton, D.Nicholson 3723 (K, L, Z).<br />
221
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
21. Parinari papuana C.T.White, J. Arnold Arbor. 31: 86 (1950), as Parinari papuanum<br />
T: Papua New Guinea: Central Highlands, Aiyura, L.S.Smith 1004; holo: BRI; iso: L.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 659 (1989).<br />
Tree to 40 m tall, buttressed or unbuttressed. Branches puberulous when young, soon glabrous,<br />
with clusters of large prominent lenticels with central slit. Leaves with stipules lanceolate,<br />
very early caducous; petioles 2–8 mm long, tomentellous when young, terete or slightly<br />
canaliculate, with 2 conspicuous or sometimes obscure glands; lamina thickly coriaceous to<br />
chartaceous, oblong, 4–18 × 1.5–6.5 cm, glabrous above, with stomatal crypts filled with<br />
lanate pubescence beneath, acuminate at apex with tip 3–10 mm long, rounded to subcuneate<br />
at base; midrib plane or slightly impressed and sparsely tomentellous when young above,<br />
prominent beneath; primary veins 16–22 pairs, curved and anastomosing at margins, plane or<br />
prominulous above; secondary nerves reticulate, slightly flattened, with a series of marginal<br />
glands at vein endings on lower portion. Inflorescence of terminal and subterminal panicles,<br />
2–6 cm long; rachis and branches densely tomentose or tomentellous; bracts and bracteoles<br />
large, ovate, 2–2.5 mm long, tomentose on exterior; pedicels 0.2–1.5 mm long. Calyx lobes<br />
triangular, acute, c. 1 mm long, tomentose on exterior, tomentellous within. Petals 5, white,<br />
acute. Fertile stamens 7 or 8, with tooth-like staminodes opposite, lanate around base. Ovary<br />
villous; style villous on lower portion, glabrous above; stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid, 4–6 cm<br />
long; epicarp sparingly to densely lenticellate; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard, thick,<br />
marbled, lanate within.<br />
1 Leaf lamina coriaceous, 4–11 × 1.9–5 cm; mature fruit c. 6 cm long;<br />
montane<br />
21a. subsp. papuana<br />
1: Leaf lamina chartaceous, 7–18 × 2.5–7 cm; mature fruit c. 4–6.5 cm long;<br />
lowland<br />
2 Fruit sparsely lenticellate, small, c. 4 cm long; leaf base subcuneate 21b. subsp. salomonensis<br />
2: Fruit densely lenticellate, large, c. 6.5 cm long; leaf base usually<br />
rounded<br />
21c. subsp. whitei<br />
21a. Parinari papuana C.T.White subsp. papuana<br />
Tree, unbuttressed. Leaf lamina thickly coriaceous, 4–11 × 1.9–5 cm, subcuneate at base.<br />
Fruit when mature c. 6 cm long when dry; densely lenticellate on exterior.<br />
Malesia: N, C & E Papua New Guinea. 43: NWG. Montane and lower montane forest<br />
500–2000 m altitude. Map 276.<br />
43. NEW GUINEA: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Prov., J.R.Croft & J.L.Marsh LAE71179 (K, L); Papua<br />
New Guinea, 2 miles [3 km] W of Omana, E Highlands, T.G.Hartley 12404 (K, L); Papua New Guinea,<br />
Kassam Pass, E Highlands, E.E.Henty & J.Vandenberg NGF29343 (K, L, PNH); Papua New Guinea, Mt.<br />
Bosavi, M.Jacobs 9417 (BISH, L, US); Papua New Guinea, Wewak, Angoram Area, Sepik Distr., Prince<br />
Alexander Range, R.Pullen 1490 (L); Papua New Guinea, Suenset, Sepik Distr., R.D.Hoogland & L.A.Craven<br />
11072 (L).<br />
21b. Parinari papuana subsp. salomonensis (C.T.White) Prance, Brittonia 39: 369 (1987)<br />
Parinari salomonensis C.T.White, J. Arnold Arbor. 31: 87 (1950), as Parinari salomonense. T: New Guinea:<br />
Papua New Guinea, New Georgia, M. Munda, F.S.Walker & C.T.White BSIP 149a; holo: BRI; iso: K, L.<br />
Tree, buttressed. Leaf lamina chartaceous, 7–12 × 3–7 cm, subcuneate at base. Fruit when<br />
mature c. 4 cm long, sparsely lenticellate on exterior.<br />
New Guinea and Solomon Islands. 43: NWG, SOL. Lowland forest, hillsides and ridges to<br />
300 m altitude. Map 277.<br />
43. SOLOMON IS.: Gatukai Is., T.C.Whitmore BSIP1250 (K, L); Baga Is., T.C.Whitmore BSIP1316 (K, L);<br />
Vanikoro Is., T.C.Whitmore BSIP1557 (K, L); Tita River, SE Georgia, N.Burn-Murdock’s Cols. BSIP6972 (K,<br />
L, US); NW New Georgia, A.W.Conmeadon BSIP3757 (K, L); Jalire, SE New Georgia, L.Maenu’u BSIP6408<br />
(K, L, US); E Choiseul, W of Taora Passage, T.C.Whitmore’s coll. BSIP5280 (K, L).<br />
222
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
21c. Parinari papuana subsp. whitei Prance, Brittonia 39: 369 (1987)<br />
T: New Guinea: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Misima Subprovince, Mt. Riu, Sudest Is., P.Katik et al.<br />
LAE 70904; holo: L; iso: K.<br />
Tree, unbuttressed. Leaf lamina chartaceous, 7–18 × 2.5–6.5 cm, rounded at base. Fruit when<br />
mature c. 6.5 cm long, densely lenticellate on exterior.<br />
Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea along northern coast from extreme west to east. 43: NWG.<br />
Lowland rainforest and hilly forest to 400 m. Map 278.<br />
43. NEW GUINEA: W Irian, Sidoarsi Mts, 200 km W of Hollandia, G.Iwanggin BW9052 (L); W Irian,<br />
Oembei near Andai, SW of Manokwari, C.Koster BW11822 (L); Papua New Guinea, Sudest Is., Joe Landing,<br />
L.J.Brass 27725 (A, BO, K, L, US); Papua New Guinea, Sudest Is., Mt. Rin, L.J.Brass 27920 (A, K, L, US);<br />
Bernhard Camp, Idenburg R., L.J.Brass & C.Versteegh 13541 (L); Papua New Guinea, Kokoda, C.E.Carr<br />
16479 (L, NY); SE of Lae, on coast opposite Lasanga, M.Jacobs 9583 (BISH, L, US); Buso, Lae subdistrict,<br />
A.Kairo NGF 44202 (K, L); Gogol R., Madang Distr., P.Katik NGF46603 (BISH, K, L); Papua New Guinea,<br />
Port Moresby Distr., Kuriva Forestry Area, H.Streimann & A.Kairo LAE51692 (K, L).<br />
22. Parinari oblongifolia Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 309 (1878), as Parinarium oblongifolium<br />
Ferolia oblongifolia (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Malaya: Peninsular Malaysia,<br />
Malacca, W.Griffith s.n.; holo: K; iso: BO.<br />
Parinari wallichiana R.Br. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 311 (1878), as Parinarium wallichianum. T: Malaya:<br />
Singapore, N.Wallich [Cat. no.] 7520; lecto: K, designated here.<br />
Parinari wallichiana R.Br., in N.Wallich, Numer. List no. 7520 (1832), nom. nud.<br />
Parinari borneensis Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 93 (1929), as Parinarium borneense. T: Borneo:<br />
Sabah, Tawao, A.D.E.Elmer 21396; holo: UC; iso: BISH, BM, BO, BR, C, DC, DD, DS, F, GH, M, K, L, MO,<br />
P, S, SING, Z.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 197 (1965).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 660 (1989).<br />
Tree to 40 m tall, trunk low thick buttressed to 2 m. Branches minutely tomentellous when<br />
young, glabrescent, conspicuously prominently lenticellate. Leaves with stipules ovate to<br />
lanceolate, acute, 3–5 mm long, pilose on exterior, early caducous; petioles 9–17 mm long,<br />
thick, tomentellous when young, glabrescent, eglandular or glandular; lamina coriaceous,<br />
elliptic to oblong, 14–23 × 4–9 cm, glabrous above, with stomatal cavities filled with grey<br />
lanate pubescence beneath, shortly acuminate at apex with tip 3–13 mm long, rounded to<br />
subcordate at base; midrib plane above, glabrous when mature except at base, prominent,<br />
glabrescent beneath; primary veins 23–35 pairs, erect, plane above, flattened and prominent<br />
beneath; secondary veins prominulous and parallel (±ladder-like) beneath. Inflorescences of<br />
large spreading terminal panicles, 10–21 cm long, 7–12 cm broad; rachis and branches<br />
yellow-grey tomentellous; bracts and bracteoles ovate, 3 mm long, early caducous.<br />
Receptacle campanulate, slightly gibbous, 3 mm long, densely grey tomentose on exterior;<br />
pedicels 1–3 mm long; calyx lobes ovate, acute, 1.5–2 mm long, unequal, grey tomentose.<br />
Petals white to bluish, lanceolate to spathulate, narrowed towards base, c. 2 mm long, glabrous.<br />
Stamens 8–10, with tooth-like staminodes opposite. Ovary pilose; style glabrous; stigma<br />
truncate. Fruit ellipsoid, 5–9 × 3–4 cm; epicarp densely lenticellate; mesocarp 1.5–2 mm<br />
thick; endocarp hard, thick, marbled, 7–13 mm thick, fibrous, densely lanate within.<br />
Malesian Peninsula (S Kelantan to Johore), Sumatera, Borneo (Sabah, Kalimantan). 42: BOR,<br />
MLY, SUM. Lowland rainforest and beside rivers or in valleys and extending to 450 m<br />
altitude. Map 279.<br />
42. BORNEO: Sabah, Kabili-Sepilok F. R., Enggoh BNFD7249 (K, L, SING); Sabah, Tawau Distr., mile 15<br />
route 9, Luasong, Saikeh SAN69261 (K, L); E Kalimantan, Tidung, bb18855 (BO, L); W Kalimantan,<br />
Sangkulirang Distr., Karangan R., NW of Sangkulirang, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 13572 (A, BO, K, L, P, SING).<br />
MALAYA: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, 37.6 miles [60 km] from Kuantan to Jerantut, G.H.S.Wood 76128<br />
(BO, K, L, PNH, SING, US); Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, King’s Collector 10422 (BO, K, L, P, SING, US);<br />
Peninsular Malaysia, Johore, Sungai Sedili, B.H.Ngadiman SF36910 (BO, GH, K, SING); Singapore, W end<br />
of Seletar Reservoir, J.Sinclair 8433 (E, K, L, SING, US). SUMATERA: E coast, Huta Padang, near<br />
Continental Plantation, B.A.Krukoff 4324 (BO, BR, L, LE, MO, NY, SING, US); Tapanuli, Angkola and<br />
Sipirok, bb3145 (BO, K, L).<br />
223
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
The name Parinarium wallichianum was based on Wallich Catalogue no. 7520. The<br />
description given by Hooker corresponds with P. oblongifolia and 2 of the sheets under 7520<br />
are of P. oblongifolia. The third sheet of 7520 is Dipterocarpus cornutus (Dipterocarpaceae).<br />
23. Parinari parilis J.F.Macbr., Candollea 5: 367 (1934), as Parinarium parile<br />
T: Peru: Loreto, Río Nanay, Ll.Williams 1140; holo: F.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 198 (1989).<br />
Tree. Branches glabrous when young, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules to 2 mm long,<br />
caducous; petioles 7–9 mm long, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous with age,<br />
without conspicuous glands, terete; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 8–17 × 2.5–5.5 cm, with<br />
acumen 6–11 mm long, cuneate to subcuneate at base, glabrous above, with lanate<br />
pubescence and stomatal cavities beneath; midrib prominulous above, glabrous; primary<br />
veins 28–32 pairs, plane or prominulous above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences lax terminal<br />
panicles to 8 cm long; rachis and branches with a silver grey pubescence. Receptacle<br />
subcampanulate-turbinate, grey-tomentellous on exterior; pedicels 1–2 mm long. Petals 5,<br />
white, equalling calyx lobes. Stamens 6 or 7 fertile, unilateral, with 7 or 8 filamentous<br />
staminodes opposite them. Ovary and base of style pilose. Fruit unknown.<br />
Western Amazonia. 83: BOL, CLM, ECU, PER. Mainly on seasonally flooded forest, but<br />
also on terra firme in Bolivia. Map 280.<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Dept. Beni, Prov. Vaca Diez, Chácobo village Alto Ivon, B.M.Boom 4940 (NY). COLOMBIA:<br />
Amazonas, Río Caquetá, Isla Mariñame, M.Sanchez S. et al. 562 (K). ECUADOR: Sucumbios, Est. Cientifica<br />
Cuyabeno, J.Jaramillo & E.Grijalva 14672 (NY). PERU: Loreto, Prov. Maynas, Río Nanay, A.Gentry et al.<br />
25913 (MO, NY); Loreto, Río Yaguasyacu, trib. of Río Ampiyacu, A.Gentry & J.Revilla 20371 (MO, NY).<br />
24. Parinari chocoensis Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 193 (1972)<br />
T: Colombia: Chocó, Rio Baudó, 18.5 km from mouth, H.P.Fuchs & L.Zanella 21793; holo: NY; iso: COL, K,<br />
MO, SRR, US.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 173 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 195 (1989).<br />
Tree to 30 m tall. Branches pubescent when young, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves with<br />
stipules c. 2 mm long, tomentose, caducous; petioles 5–8 mm long, canaliculate, glandular;<br />
lamina oblong, coriaceous, 8–15 × 2.5–4.7 cm, glabrous above, tomentose and with stomatal<br />
cavities beneath, with acumen 7–13 mm long, subcuneate at base; midrib slightly impressed<br />
towards base of upper surface but plane or prominulous near apex; primary veins 22–26<br />
pairs, prominulous above, prominent beneath. Inflorescence of terminal and subterminal<br />
panicles; rachis and branches tomentellous. Bracts and bracteoles 2.5–4 mm long, ovate,<br />
equalling calyx, caducous. Receptacle subcampanulate, grey-tomentose on exterior, densely<br />
tomentose within. Calyx lobes acute. Petals 5. Stamens 7, unilateral, with staminodes<br />
opposite. Ovary and style villous. Fruit elongate-ellipsoid to 7 cm long; exocarp densely<br />
lenticellate, glabrous; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard, fibrous, 5–7 mm thick, densely<br />
lanate-tomentose within.<br />
Colombia (Chocó in the Río Baudó and Río San Juan region, and in Valle). 80: PAN; 83:<br />
CLM. High river bank. Collected in flower and fruit in Feb. Map 281.<br />
80. PANAMA: Isla Coiba, Distr. de Montijo, Río Manila, extremo sur de Coiba, C.Galdames et al. 2750 (K).<br />
83. COLOMBIA: Chocó, Hoya del Río San Juán, Quebrada Cunperro, E.Forero et al. 4862 (COL, MO, NY);<br />
Chocó, 2 km E of Yato on road to Lloró, A.Gentry & E.Renteria A. 24407 (COL); Chocó, Quibdó, Guayabal,<br />
E.Renteria A. 22 (HUA); Chocó, basin of Río San Juán, Río Taparal, J. van Rooden et al. 586 (MO, NY, U);<br />
Valle, Bajo Calima, Concesión Pulpapel/Buenaventura, M.Monsalve B. 523 (MO, NY).<br />
25. Parinari gigantea Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 182 (1965)<br />
T: Borneo: E Kalimantan, Belajan R., near Long Bleh, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 10396; holo: BO; iso: A, K, L.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans loc. cit. 213.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 660 (1989).<br />
224
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
Tree to 40 m tall, trunk fluted or buttressed at base. Branches densely lanate pubescent when<br />
young, glabrescent, with conspicuous small lenticels. Leaves with stipules lanceolate, acute,<br />
to 25 mm long, caducous, membranous, densely appressed tomentellous on exterior, glabrous<br />
within; petiole thick, 4–7 mm long, tomentellous when young, with 2 small round glands<br />
above on midpoint; lamina coriaceous, elliptic, 9–17 × 5–8 cm, glabrous above, with dense<br />
conspicuous stomatal crypts beneath, bluntly acuminate at apex with tip 3–6 mm long,<br />
rounded at base; midrib plane or impressed above, prominent and pilose, glabrescent beneath;<br />
primary veins 20–28 pairs, slightly impressed on upper portion, prominulous on proximal<br />
portion of upper surface, straight, erect, parallel; secondary veins ±parallel. Flowers not<br />
seen. Infructescence axillary, 3–5 cm long. Fruit irregularly ellipsoid, 6.5 × 4 cm; epicarp<br />
densely lenticellate; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp hard, bony, irregularly ribbed, lanate within.<br />
Borneo (Kalimantan, Sabah). 42: BOR. Lowland forest. Map 282.<br />
42. BORNEO: Sabah, SE side of Gunung Lotung Lake, Inarat, Lamag Distr., P.F.Cockburn SAN83243 (K, L);<br />
E Kalimantan, E Kutei, Menubar R. region, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 47 (bb 34697) (BO, K, L); E Kalimantan,<br />
E Kutei, Menubar R. region, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 5402 (A, BO, K, L, LAE, P, PNH, SING).<br />
26. Parinari brasiliensis (Schott) Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 51 (1867),<br />
as Parinarium brasiliense<br />
Petrocarya brasiliensis Schott, in Spreng., Syst. Veg., 4(Cur. Post.): 405 (1827); Ferolia brasiliensis (Schott)<br />
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Brazil Southeast: Rio de Janeiro, without precise locality,<br />
H.W.Schott 4222; holo: W; iso: K, NY.<br />
Parinari pohlii Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 51, t. 17 (1867), as Parinarium pohlii; Ferolia<br />
pohlii (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Brazil Southeast: Minas Gerais, Itambé, J.E.Pohl<br />
s.n.; holo: M; iso: BR.<br />
Map: J.D.Hooker, in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2), t. 17(2) (1867); G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S:<br />
194 (1989).<br />
Tree. Branches villous when young. Leaves with stipules to 2 mm long, caducous; petioles<br />
5–7 mm long, pubescent, terete, with 2 medial glands; lamina oblong, 7.5–16 × 2.5–6.5 cm,<br />
with acumen 2–11 mm long, rounded to subcuneate at base, glabrous above, tomentose and<br />
with stomatal cavities beneath; midrib prominulous above, pubescent towards base; primary<br />
veins 23–26 pairs, prominulous above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences short terminal<br />
densely flowered panicles 6 cm long; rachis and branches densely brown-tomentellous.<br />
Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, densely pubescent on exterior; pedicels 1–4 mm long.<br />
Petals 5, white, equalling calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile, unilateral, with 7 short filamentous<br />
staminodes opposite to them. Ovary and base of style pilose. Fruit unknown.<br />
Brazil (Minas Gerais and near Rio de Janeiro); known only from the original collections.<br />
84: BZL (MG, RJ). Forest. Map 283.<br />
27. Parinari metallica Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 43 (1965)<br />
T: Borneo: Brunei, Andulau F. R., P.S.Ashton BRUN3267; holo: SAR; iso: BO, K, L.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 191 (1965.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 660 (1989).<br />
Tree to 16 m tall, unbuttressed. Branches appressed strigose when young, glabrescent,<br />
conspicuously lenticellate. Leaves with stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, 8–15 mm long,<br />
densely brown tomentose, membranous, early caducous; petioles 14–20 mm long,<br />
glabrescent, with inconspicuous glands near to lamina base, puberulous, glabrescent; lamina<br />
thickly coriaceous, elliptic, 8–17 × 4–9 cm, glabrous and shiny with metallic sheen above<br />
when dry, with dense stomatal crypts filled with hairs, rounded to shortly blunt acuminate at<br />
apex with tip 0–3 mm long, rounded or subcuneate at base; midrib plane above, prominent<br />
beneath; primary veins 10–15 pairs, prominulous to plane above, prominent beneath, erect,<br />
curved only at margin. Inflorescence of axillary little-branched panicles, 4–10 cm long;<br />
rachis and branches densely brown tomentellous; bracts and bracteoles ovate, early<br />
caducous. Receptacle campanulate, slightly gibbous, 2–3 mm long, ferrugineous pubescent<br />
on exterior; pedicels 0.5 mm long; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute, 1 mm long, tomentellous.<br />
225
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Petals lanceolate, glabrous. Stamens c. 8 fertile, with short tooth-like staminodes opposite.<br />
Ovary densely pilose. Style glabrous, equalling stamens; stigma truncate. Fruit not seen.<br />
Borneo (Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak). 42: BOR. Forest on well-drained soil, hillsides,<br />
50–300 m altitude. Map 284.<br />
42. BORNEO: Brunei, Bukit Teraja, mile 21.5, P.S.Ashton BRUN673 (BO, K, L); Sabah, Sandakan, Beaufort<br />
Hill F. R., G.Mikil SAN31994 (NY); Sarawak, Semengoh Arboretum, Kuching, 1 st Division, Ilias bin Paie &<br />
P.Sie S33529 (K, L, SAN); foot of Lambir Hills, mile 20 Miri-Bintulu, 4 th Division, B.Lee S38477 (L).<br />
28. Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth., in W.J.Hooker, Niger Fl. 333 (1849), as<br />
Parinarium curatellifolium<br />
Ferolia curatellifolia (Planch. ex Benth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Senegal, Heudelot 362;<br />
lecto: K, fide G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 112 (1988); isolecto: OXF, P; flower fragment BM.<br />
Parinari chapelieri Baill., Adansonia 9: 148 (1869), as Parinarium chapelieri. T: Malagasy Republic:<br />
E coast, L.A.Chapelier s.n.; holo: P; iso: K.<br />
Parinari mobola Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 368 (1871), as Parinarium mobola; Ferolia mobola (Oliv.) Kuntze,<br />
Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891); Parinari curatellifolia subsp. mobola (Oliv.) R.A.Graham, Kew Bull. 1957: 229<br />
(1957). T: Angola: Huilla, F.M.J.Welwitsch 1288 [Kew Bulletin says 1282]; lecto: K, fide R.A.Graham, Kew<br />
Bull. 1957: 229 (1957); isolecto: BM, COI, LISU; photo: BR.<br />
Parinari gardineri Hemsl., J. Bot. 54 (Suppl. 2): 13 (1916), as Parinarium gardineri. T: Seychelles: Mahé,<br />
Morne Blanc, J.S.Gardiner s.n.; holo: K.<br />
Illustrations: F.White, Fl. Zamb. 4: 39 (1978); R.Letouzey & F.White, Fl. Cameroun 20 (Fl. Gabon 24): 129<br />
(1978); G.T.Prance & F.White, Philos. Trans. B 320: 111 (1988).<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 333 (1976).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall or shrub. Branches reddish-brown tomentose when young. Leaves with<br />
stipules caducous; petioles 6–8 (–10) mm long, usually with 2 small glands, tomentose, terete or<br />
weakly canaliculate; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 7–12 (–17) × 3.5–9 cm, grey or<br />
brown-lanate-tomentose and with stomatal cavities beneath, rounded or rarely emarginate at<br />
apex, rounded to subcuneate or rarely subcordate at base; midrib plane or slightly impressed<br />
above, pubescent when young; primary veins 15–20 pairs, plane or prominulous above.<br />
Inflorescence terminal or subterminal panicles of 2–3-flowered cymes, to 20 cm long; rachis<br />
and branches densely grey to fulvous tomentose; bracts and bracteoles tomentellous on<br />
exterior, glabrous within, caducous. Receptacle campanulate-turbinate, 3–4 mm long, tomentose<br />
on exterior; pedicels 1–2 mm long. Calyx lobes acute, triangular, 2.5–3.5 mm long. Stamens<br />
7 or 8 fertile, with tooth-like staminodes opposite. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, 20 × 25 × 35 mm;<br />
exocarp glabrous, lenticellate. Fig. 43C–E.<br />
Widespread in woodland on the African mainland from Senegal to Kenya and southwards to<br />
Namibia and the Transvaal, but absent from the forests of the Guineo-Congolian region; also<br />
in coastal forest on the east side of Madagascar and in the Seychelles. 22: BEN, BKN, GHA,<br />
GNB, GUI, IVO, MLI, NGA, NGR, SEN, SIE, TOG. 23: BUR, CAF, CMN, CON, RWA,<br />
ZAI. 24: CHA, SUD. 25: KEN, TAN, UGA. 26: ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM. 27: NAM,<br />
TVL. 29: MDG, SEY. Woodland, wooded grassland and coastal forests. Map 285.<br />
22. GUINEA BISAU: Gabu, Coriada, J.V.C.Espírito Santo 2507 (K, WAG). NIGERIA: Gashaka, Jamtari, M.G.Latilo<br />
& B.O.Daramola FHI28924 (FHO, K). 23. ZAIRE: Dungu, R.Germain 815 (BR). 24. CHAD: Ninga,<br />
Fotius 1269 (P). SUDAN: Boro R., A.C.Hoyle 511 (FHO). 25. TANZANIA: Keza, R.E.S.Tanner 4875 (BR, K).<br />
26. MALAWI: Zomba Plateau, G.T.Prance 30516 (K, NY). MOZAMBIQUE: Alto Ligonha to Alto Malócuè,<br />
km 14.6, A.Barbosa & M.R. de Carvalho 4409 (K, LISC). 27. NORTHERN PROVINCES: Modjadji,<br />
D.J.B.Killick 3841 (K). 29. MADAGASCAR: Forêt d’Analalava, S of Fanambana, R.Capuron SF24878 (P).<br />
The fruit are edible and have a pleasant taste when ripe; the seeds are also eaten. A very<br />
potent drink is made from the fruit.<br />
29. Parinari prancei Kosterm., Reinwardtia 10: 124 (1985)<br />
T: New Guinea: Papua New Guinea, N Distr., S of Ioma, M.Coode & P.Katik NGF29951; holo: L; iso: A, BO,<br />
BRI, CANB, K, SING, SYD, US.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 661 (1989).<br />
226
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
Tree to 25 m tall. Branches densely brown lanate and pilose when young, lenticellate. Leaves<br />
with stipules caducous (not seen); petioles 10–12 mm long, densely ferrugineous lanuginose<br />
when young, eglandular; lamina rigidly coriaceous, elliptic, 9–21 × 6.5–12 cm, glabrous and<br />
shiny above when mature, lanate when young, with conspicuous stomatal crypts filled by<br />
lanate pubescence beneath, broadly apiculate at apex, rounded to broadly subcuneate at base;<br />
midrib ±plane above, prominent beneath; primary veins 14–16 pairs, plane or slightly<br />
impressed above, prominent beneath, arcuate near margins; secondary venation parallel and<br />
forming a ladder-like reticulum. Inflorescences of axillary little branched small panicles<br />
or racemes, to 3 cm long; rachis and branches densely appressed tomentellous; bracts<br />
and bracteoles caducous. Receptacle campanulate-cupuliform, 3–4 mm long, appressed<br />
tomentellous on exterior; pedicels 1.5 cm long; calyx lobes triangular, acute, 1.5 mm long,<br />
tomentellous. Fruit ellipsoid, c. 4 × 6 cm diam.; epicarp densely lenticellate; mesocarp<br />
fleshy, 2 mm thick; endocarp woody, very hard and thick, marbled, densely lanate within.<br />
Papua New Guinea. 43: NWG. Lowland rainforest to 400 m. Map 286.<br />
43. NEW GUINEA: Papua New Guinea, Kokoda, C.E.Carr 16409 (K, L).<br />
30. Parinari sumatrana (Jack) Benth., in W.J.Hooker, Niger Fl. 335 (1849), as<br />
Parinarium sumatranum<br />
Petrocarya sumatrana Jack, Malayan Misc. 2: 67 (1822); Ferolia sumatrana (Jack) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:<br />
216 (1891). T: Sumatera: Tarabangi, J.E.Teijsmann H.B.4554; lecto: U, fide A.J.G.H.Kostermans,<br />
Reinwardtia 7: 176 (1965); isolecto: BO, K, L.<br />
Lepidocarpa ovalis Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3: 386 (1854); Parinari ovalis (Korth.) Blume ex Miq., Fl.<br />
Ned. Ind. 1(1): 353 (1855), as Parinarium ovale. T: Sumatera: Korthals n.v.<br />
Illustrations: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 206–208 (1965); G.T.Prance, Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10(4):<br />
662 (1989).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 661 (1989).<br />
Tree to 30 m tall, without buttresses or small ones to 50 cm. Branches densely tomentellous<br />
when young, glabrescent, lenticellate. Leaves with stipules oblong to oblong-ovate, 5–12 mm<br />
long × 3–5 mm wide at base, membranous, early caducous, pilose on exterior; petioles 4–8 mm<br />
long, with 2 conspicuous glands near middle, lightly canaliculate, glabrescent; lamina<br />
chartaceous to subcoriaceous, elliptic to oblong elliptic, 7–14 (–21) × 3–7.5 cm, obtuse to<br />
shortly broad acuminate at apex with tip up to 3 mm long, rounded to subcordate at base;<br />
glabrous and shiny above, with deep-set stomatal crypts beneath obscured by dense caducous<br />
lanate pubescence when young; midrib plane to slightly impressed above, pilose towards<br />
base, prominent beneath; primary veins 9–14 pairs, arcuate, prominulous above, prominent<br />
beneath. Inflorescence of short axillary panicles 2–6 cm long; rachis and branches brown<br />
tomentose; bracts and bracteoles membranous, tomentellous on exterior, puberulous within,<br />
caducous. Receptacle conical-campanulate, 3 mm long, densely pilose on exterior, almost<br />
sessile. Petals spathulate, bluish. Calyx lobes elongate-triangular, 2 mm long, acute, pilose<br />
on both surfaces. Fertile stamens 8, unequal. Ovary densely pilose. Style glabrous, equalling<br />
stamens; stigma truncate. Fruit ellipsoid, 4 × 2.5 cm; epicarp densely lenticellate; mesocarp<br />
3–4 mm thick; endocarp marbled in cross section, hard, 5 mm thick, densely lanate within.<br />
Fig. 49.<br />
Sumatera, W Java. 42: JAW, SUM. Lowland swamp forest and forest on coral limestone.<br />
Map 287.<br />
42. SUMATERA: Upper Riauw, Pakanbaru, Teyajan R., E.Soepadmo 84 (AAU, BISH); Upper Riauw,<br />
Pakanbaru, Teyajan R., E.Soepadmo 92 (BISH, BO, K, L, NY); Palembang, Derma Enim, J.E.Teijsmann<br />
3795H.B. (BO, K, U); Ogan Ulu, Tubuan, J.E.Teijsmann H.B.3802 (BO, K, U). JAWA: Banjoemas, Noesa<br />
Kambangan, S.H.Koorders 30270B (K, L, U, WAG); Udjungkulon Reserve, Pentjang Is., A.J.G.H.Kostermans<br />
23A (A, BO, K, L, P); Udjungkulon Reserve, Pentjang Is., A.J.G.H.Kostermans 21859 (A, BM, BO, G, K, L,<br />
LAE, NY, P, PNH, SAR); Udjungkulon Reserve, Pentjang Is., A.J.G.H.Kostermans UNESCO 44 (A, BH,<br />
BISH, BKF, BM, BRI, CAL, CANB, G, K, L, LAE, NY, P, PNH, SING, SYD, US).<br />
227
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Figure 49. Parinari sumatrana. A, habit; B, flower; C, flower section; D, fruit (A–C,<br />
A.J.G.H.Kostermans 21859; D, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 21885). Scale bars: A, D = 5 cm; B,= 5 mm;<br />
C = 3 mm. Drawn by Margaret Tebbs.<br />
228
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
31. Parinari anamensis Hance, J. Bot. 15: 333 (1877), as Parinarium anamense<br />
T: Vietnam: Bien Hoa Prov., Gia Lau Me, J.B.L.Pierre s.n.; holo: K; iso: CANB, DC, GH, P (as 339); photo: P.<br />
Parinari albida Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 152 (1912), as Parinarium albidum. T: Thailand: Doi<br />
Sutep, A.F.G.Kerr 604; holo K; iso: BM, US.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 204 (1963).<br />
Tree to 30 m tall. Branches yellow-brown tomentellous when young, glabrescent, lenticellate.<br />
Leaves with stipules membranous, pilose on exterior, early caducous; petioles 5–9 mm long<br />
with 2 conspicuous median glands, tomentose when young, glabrescent; lamina chartaceous<br />
to coriaceous, elliptic to oblong, 5–13.5 × 3.5–9 cm, obtuse, acute or rarely shortly acuminate<br />
at apex with acumen to 3 mm long, rounded or subcordate at base, glabrous above, with<br />
stomatal cavities obscured by dense lanate pubescence beneath; midrib plane to slightly<br />
impressed above, tomentellous when young; prominent beneath; primary veins 14–18 pairs,<br />
prominulous above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences of short terminal and subterminal<br />
panicles, 8–15 cm long; rachis and branches densely yellow-brown-tomentose; bracts and<br />
bracteoles membranous, rufous-tomentellous on exterior, early caducous. Receptacle conicalcampanulate,<br />
slightly gibbous, sessile, densely villous on exterior, pilose within. Calyx lobes<br />
ovate, acute, pilose on both surfaces. Petals spathulate, 2 mm long, white. Fertile stamens 8,<br />
unequal. Ovary and style densely villous. Fruit subglobose, 3 × 2.8 cm or rarely ellipsoid,<br />
4 × 2.8 cm; exocarp densely verrucose, glabrous.<br />
Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. 41: CBD, LAO, THA, VIE. Open deciduous forest,<br />
forest beside streams, hill forest to 1000 m altitude. Map 288.<br />
41. CAMBODIA: Chekô, Koh Kong Prov., near Sihanoukville, T.Kira et al. 1330 (AAU); Siém Réap, near<br />
Dangrek between Samrong and Anglong Veng, E.Poilane 13867 (K, L, P). LAOS: Basin of R. Sé-Moun,<br />
F.J.Harmand 1002 (P); Khong Is., Mekong R., F.J.Harmand 109 (NY). THAILAND: Kanburi, J.E.Teijsmann<br />
HB6008 (BO, G, K, L, U); SW, Chanburi, Makham, T.Smitinand 5441 (K, [L-probably], P); SE, Chanthaburi,<br />
Makham Kheru, Mai Kaew, B.Sangkhachand 257 (K, L, P). VIETNAM: Saigon Prov., Thu Duc near Saigon,<br />
L.Pierre 339 (K, L, P); Phanrang Prov., Ca-Na, E.Poilane 5835 (K, P); Song Dink F. R. of Gia Huynh,<br />
A.Chevalier 40923 (BO, P).<br />
Commonly cultivated in gardens and temples for the edible mesocarp of the fruit.<br />
32. Parinari rigida Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 53 (1965)<br />
T: Malaya: Peninsular Malaysia, Trengganu, Kuala Trengganu, Besut road, J.Sinclair & Kiah SFN40773; holo,<br />
SING; iso: E.<br />
Parinari ashtonii Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 53 (1965). T: Borneo: Sarawak, Bako N. P., P.S.Ashton S17281<br />
[on label P.Chai]; holo: BO; iso: A, FHO, K, L, SAN, SING.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 194, 195, 196.<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Malesiana Ser. 1, 10(4): 661 (1989).<br />
Tree to 30 m tall, unbuttressed. Branches tomentellous when young, glabrescent, inconspicuously<br />
lenticellate. Leaves with stipules caducous (not seen); petioles thick, 3–10 mm long, greypilose<br />
pubescent, rugose, with 2 small glands on midpoint of upper side; lamina rigidly<br />
coriaceous, elliptic to oblong ovate, 7.5–23 × 3–8 cm, reduced towards inflorescence,<br />
broadest below midpoint, glabrous and shiny above, sometimes slightly bullate, with lower<br />
surface with stomatal crypts filled with pubescence, with 2 glandular areas at junction of<br />
midrib and petiole below, shortly and broadly acuminate at apex with tip 3–17 mm long,<br />
rounded or subcordate at base; midrib plane or impressed for upper portion above, prominent<br />
and appressed pilose beneath when young; primary veins 13–20 pairs, slightly impressed<br />
above, prominent beneath, slightly curved at margins only; secondary venation flattened or<br />
rounded, parallel. Inflorescences of narrow terminal panicles to 13 cm long; rachis and<br />
branches tomentose; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, to 2 mm long, early caducous.<br />
Receptacle campanulate, slightly gibbous, 5 mm long, densely villous-tomentose on exterior;<br />
pedicels c. 1 mm long. Calyx lobes elongate triangular, 2–2.5 mm long. Petals spathulate.<br />
Stamens 6–8. Ovary densely villous. Style equalling stamens; stigma capitate. Fruit irregularly<br />
ellipsoid, 5 × 4 cm diam., tapered towards base almost into a stipe; epicarp densely<br />
lenticellate; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp thick, woody, marbled, lanate within.<br />
229
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
S Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Borneo (Brunei, E Kalimantan, Sarawak). 42: BOR, MLY,<br />
SUM. Heath and swamp forests, lowland forest at 0–1400 m altitude. Map 289.<br />
42. BORNEO: Sarawak, Bako N. P., P.Chai S 17281 (K, L), D.Hou 525 (K, L, PNH); Sarawak, foot of Lambir<br />
Hills, mile 20 Miri-Bintulu, 4 th Division, B.P.Ilias & E.T.Yeo S38460 (L); Sarawak, Lambir Proposed N. P.,<br />
Miri, A.Morshidi S24066 (FHO, K, L). MALAYA: Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan, Ulu Sat F. R., Machang,<br />
R.Ismail KEP 100142 (K, L); Peninsular Malaysia, Johore, SE edge of Segamat Wildlife Sanctuary, Kuala<br />
Palong F. R., B.Everett FRI14283 (K, L), L.H.Shing FRI 17108 (K, L); Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Tasek<br />
Bera F. R., Y.C.Chan FRI16938 (K, L).<br />
33. Parinari occidentalis Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 186 (1972)<br />
T: Bolivia: Dept. La Paz, Larecaja Province, Copacabana, B.A.Krukoff 11113, holo: NY; iso: A, F, K, MICH,<br />
MO, S.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 188 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 198 (1989).<br />
Tree, large. Branches pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves with stipules c. 1 mm long,<br />
caducous; petioles 5–12 mm long, tomentose, with 2 glands, terete; lamina elliptic to oblong<br />
lanceolate, 7–10.5 × 2.5–5.5 cm, acute or acuminate at apex with acumen to 4 mm long,<br />
rounded at base, glabrous above, grey-tomentose and with stomatal cavities beneath; primary<br />
veins 17–20 pairs, plane above, glabrous, prominent beneath; midrib plane above.<br />
Inflorescences terminal corymbose panicles; rachis and branches silver-brown-tomentose.<br />
Receptacle subcampanulate, brown-tomentose on exterior, densely tomentose within. Petals 5.<br />
Stamens 7 fertile, unilateral, with short staminodes opposite. Ovary villous. Style villous.<br />
Fruit globose, 3.5 cm diam.; exocarp densely verrucose; endocarp fibrous on exterior,<br />
densely lanate-tomentose within.<br />
Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and W Brazil. 83: BOL, CLM, PER. 84: BZN (AC, AM). Upland<br />
forest. Map 290.<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Dept. Santa Cruz, Velasco Prov. P. N. Noel Kempff Mercado, campamento Huanchaca 2,<br />
L.Arroyo et al. 1267 (K, MO, USZ); Dept. La Paz, Prov. Nor Yungas, 4 km NE of Incahuara, trail to 12 de<br />
Octubre, A.Gentry & J.Solomon 44539 (MO, NY); Dept. Beni, Prov. Chirisi, S of Puerto Paloma, E.Meneces &<br />
W.Tercera 340 (MO). COLOMBIA: Amazonas, Río Caquetá, 2.3 km from Caño Solarte, P.A.Palacios et al.<br />
1844 (K). PERU: Loreto, Maynas, Iquitos, Allpahuayo, R.Vásquez & N.Jaramillo 14010 (K, MO); Madre de<br />
Dios, Tambopata Prov., Puerto Maldonado, Región Inca, R.Vásquez & T.Pennington 12416 (K, MO); Huánuco,<br />
Prov. Pachitea, W <strong>part</strong> of Sira Mts., W.Morawetz & B.Wallnöfer V43-27888 (K, W). 84. BRAZIL NORTH:<br />
Amazonas, Rio Javari, Palmeiras army post, E.Lleras et al. P17196 (INPA, NY, P, US); Acre, 40 km SE of<br />
Rio Branco, B.Nelson 630 (INPA, NY, US).<br />
34. Parinari klugii Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 190 (1972)<br />
T: Peru: San Martín, Juan Jui, Alto Río Huallaga, G.Klug 3870; holo: NY; iso: BM, F, K, MO, US.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 188 (1972).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 195 (1989).<br />
Tree. Branches sparsely pubescent when young. Leaves with stipules to 3 mm long, ovate,<br />
caducous; petioles 5–6 mm long, tomentose, with 2 glands, terete; lamina oblong, 6.5–11.5 ×<br />
2.3–4.5 cm, with acumen 8–12 mm long, rounded or subcuneate at base, sparsely lanatetomentose<br />
above when young, glabrescent, grey-tomentose and with stomatal cavities<br />
beneath; primary veins 19–22 pairs, prominulous above, prominent beneath; midrib slightly<br />
impressed above. Inflorescences terminal corymbose panicles; rachis and branches grey-brown<br />
tomentose. Bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, equalling calyx in length. Receptacle<br />
subcampanulate, grey-tomentose on exterior, densely tomentose within. Petals 5, white. Stamens<br />
7 fertile, unilateral, with short staminodes opposite them. Ovary and base of style villous.<br />
Fruit narrowly oblong, 4–6 × 2.2–2.5 cm; exocarp minutely lenticellate; mesocarp thin,<br />
fleshy; endocarp hard and fibrous, pubescent within.<br />
Western Amazonia. 83: BOL, CLM, ECU, PER. 84: BZN (AM). Temporarily flooded<br />
riverside forests and upland terra firme. Map 291.<br />
230
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
83. BOLIVIA: Pando, Prov. Madre de Dios, trail Sena to Río Beni, S.G.Beck et al. 20429 (K, LPB); Beni,<br />
Prov. Yacuma, Bosque de Chimanos, 65 km SE of San Borja, R.B.Foster 13404 (F, K, LPB). ECUADOR:<br />
Napo, Tena Cantón, Estac. Biol. Jatun Sacha, 8 km from Misahuallí, W.Palacios et al. 10485 (MO, QCNE).<br />
PERU: Loreto, Río Tachsa, Curaray, T.B.Croat 20443 (BISH, MO, NY, P, WAG); Amazonas, Huambisa, Río<br />
Santiago, S.Tunqui 105 (MO, NY). 84. BRAZIL NORTH: Amazonas, Mun. de Jutaí, Est. Ecológica Jutaí-<br />
Solimões, Rio Patí, C.A.Cid Ferreira et al. 7291 (INPA, US).<br />
35. Parinari insularum A.Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 1: 488 (1854)<br />
T: Fiji, without locality, C.Wilkes s.n.; holo: GH; iso: K, P.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 212 (1965).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall. Branches densely rufous-tomentellous when young, glabrescent, lenticellate.<br />
Leaves with stipules lanceolate, to 8 mm long, tomentellous, caducous; petioles 2–8 mm<br />
long, densely tomentellous, usually with 2 median glands on upper surfaces, weakly<br />
canaliculate; lamina chartaceous to coriaceous, ovate, 6.5–14 × 2.5–7 cm, acute to finely<br />
acuminate at apex with acumen to 20 mm on young leaves, rounded at base, glabrous above,<br />
with stomatal cavities filled with brown to grey lanate pubescence beneath; midrib plane<br />
above, pilose, prominent beneath; primary veins 8–13 pairs prominulous above, prominent<br />
beneath. Inflorescences of terminal and axillary panicles to 9 cm long; rachis and branches<br />
densely rufous-tomentellous; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, to 4 mm long, densely<br />
tomentellous, caducous. Receptacle campanulate, densely tomentellous on exterior. Calyx<br />
lobes ovate-triangular, acute, shortly pilose within. Petals white, spathulate, c. 1.5 mm long,<br />
caducous. Stamens 8, with small tooth-like staminodes opposite, slightly unequal. Style<br />
glabrous; stigma truncate. Fruit ellipsoid, to 2.5 × 5 cm; exocarp densely verrucose.<br />
Fiji, Samoa, Tonga. 60: FIJ, SAM, TON. Lowland rainforest and on hill slopes to 1000 m<br />
altitude. Map 292.<br />
60. FIJI: Nuba, Macuata, F.G.E.Basaga H406 (K); Kandavu, above Namalata, A.C.Smith 196 (BISH, BO, GH,<br />
K, P, S, UC); Vanua Levu, Mathuata, Seangganga, A.C.Smith 6655 (BISH, BO, GH, K, L, LE, S, US).<br />
SAMOA: Upolu Is., Vailele Mts., E.Christophersen FN351 (BISH, K, NY); Pago-Pago, D.W.Garber s.n. (K);<br />
Tutuila, W.A.Setchell 560 (UC). TONGA: Vavau, C.S.Crosby 226 (K); Eua Is., H.E.Parks 16339 (K); Hofoa,<br />
Tongatapu E.Soakai 756 (K); Vavau, near Mataika, N of Neiafu, T.G.Yuncker 16205 (BISH, U, US).<br />
36. Parinari sprucei Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 53 (1867), as Parinarium<br />
sprucei<br />
Ferolia sprucei (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Brazil North: Amazonas, Rio Uaupés,<br />
near Panuré, R.Spruce 2539; lecto: K, fide G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 187 (1972); isolecto: BM, BR,<br />
C, CGE, E, GH, GOET, LD, LE, NY, OXF, P.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Venez. Guayana 4: 243 (1998).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 199 (1989).<br />
Tree to 20 m tall. Branches villous when young, becoming glabrous and lenticellate with<br />
age. Leaves with stipules caducous (not seen); petioles 7–13 mm long, terete, pubescent<br />
when young, with 2 glands at base, terete; lamina ovate to oblong-ovate, 9–15 × 4.5–6 cm,<br />
with acumen 8–16 mm long, rounded at base, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; primary<br />
veins 15–18 pairs, prominulous above, prominent beneath; midrib plane above. Inflorescences<br />
few-flowered axillary and terminal panicles not more than 2 cm long; rachis and branches<br />
with short brown pubescence. Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, pubescent on exterior.<br />
Petals 5, white, shorter than calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile, unilateral, with 7 short filamentous<br />
staminodes opposite them. Ovary and lower portion of style densely pilose. Fruit oblong, 5–6 ×<br />
2.5 cm; epicarp densely verrucose; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp hard, thick, with exterior<br />
granular and fibrous, slightly channelled, lanate within.<br />
Brazil (upper Rio Negro region) and adjacent Colombia and Venezuela. 82: VEN. 83: CLM.<br />
84: BZN (AM, RR). Riverine forest. Map 293.<br />
82. VENEZUELA: Amazonas, Dept. Atabapo, Caño Negro, NE of Cerro Yapacana, F.Guanchez 1249 (MYF).<br />
83. COLOMBIA: Vaupés, Mitú, along Rio Vaupés between Río Yí and Kibiyú, J.L.Zarucchi 1944 (ECON,<br />
NY); Guainía, Río Guainía, between San Miguel and San José, J.Espina et al. 207 (COL). 84. BRAZIL<br />
NORTH: Amazonas, Rio Aracá, near Romão, P.Acevedo-Rodriguez et al. 8092 (INPA, K, US); Roraima, Rio<br />
Xeriuini, J.M.Pires et al. 14008 (IAN, INPA).<br />
231
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
37. Parinari pachyphylla Rusby, Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 26 (1920), as Parinarium pachyphyllum<br />
T: Colombia: Magdalena, Bonda, Santa Marta, H.H.Smith 1775; holo: NY; iso: A, BM, BR, BRIT, E, F, FI,<br />
GH, K, L, MICH, P, US.<br />
Illustration: G.T.Prance, Fl. Venez. Guayana 4: 245 (1998).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 198 (1989).<br />
Tree to 30 m tall. Branches pubescent when young, soon becoming glabrous and lenticellate.<br />
Leaves with stipules c. 1 mm long, caducous; petioles 4–9 mm long, pubescent, with 2<br />
medial glands, shallowly canaliculate; lamina elliptic to oblong, 3–9.5 × 1.7–4.5 cm, bluntly<br />
acuminate at apex with acumen 1–4 mm long, cuneate to subcuneate at base, glabrous above,<br />
tomentose and with stomatal cavities beneath; midrib prominulous above, glabrous; primary<br />
veins 16–21 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences terminal and axillary panicles<br />
to 9 cm long, rather lax, with short light brown pubescence. Receptacle subcampanulateturbinate,<br />
short-pubescent on exterior. Petals 5, white, equalling calyx lobes. Stamens 6 or 7<br />
fertile, with 7 or 8 short filamentous staminodes opposite them. Ovary and base of style<br />
pilose. Fruit ellipsoid, to 3 cm long; epicarp verrucose; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp hard,<br />
thick, with a fibrous granular and plane exterior, tomentose within.<br />
Northern Colombia and Venezuela. 82: VEN. 83: CLM. Riverine forest and upland forest.<br />
Map 294.<br />
82. VENEZUELA: Barinas, R. F. de Ticoporo, L.Aristeguieta & H.Zabala 6977 (VEN); Portuguesa, 30 km W<br />
of Guanare, along Río Tucupido, R.Liesner et al. 12437 (MO, NY, VEN); Bolívar, E of Hato de Nuria,<br />
Altiplanicie de Nuria, J.A.Steyermark 88480 (NY, VEN); Zúlia, Dept. Perijá, road Machiques-La Fría to Calle<br />
Larga and San José, G.S.Bunting 10800 (NY). 83. COLOMBIA: Cesar, road Atanques-Guatapurí,<br />
H.Cuadras V. 1646 (COL); Guajira, Santa Marta, road Via Santa Marta-Río Lucha, km 90, H.Cuadras V. &<br />
S.Madriñan R. 4842 (K, MO); Magdalena, P. N. del Tayronal, El Cedro, S.Díaz P. et al. 4124 (COL);<br />
Magdalena, Bonda, R.Romero 686 (US); Vichada, Caño Urimica, I.Cabrera 1938 (COL).<br />
38. Parinari excelsa Sabine, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 5: 451 (1824), as Parinarium excelsum<br />
Petrocarya excelsa (Sabine) Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 309 (1841), non P. excelsa Jack (1822); Ferolia<br />
excelsa (Sabine) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Sierra Leone, G.Don s.n.; lecto: K, fide<br />
G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9: 185 (1972).<br />
Parinari brachystachya Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 213 (1840), as Parinarium brachystachyum. T: Guyana:<br />
without locality, R. & R.Schomburgk 785; holo: K; iso: BM, BR, CGE, E, GH, L, NY, OXF, P, TCD, US.<br />
Parinari glazioviana Warm., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Føren. Kjøbenhavn 1874: 72 (1874), as<br />
Parinarium glaziovianum. T: Brazil Southeast: Rio de Janeiro, A.F.M.Glaziou 2560; lecto: K, designated<br />
here; isolecto: BR, F, FI, P.<br />
Parinari salicifolia Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C. 191 (1895), as Parinarium salicifolium, non P. salicifolia<br />
(C.Presl) Miq. (1855); P. holstii Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost. Afrikas C. 423 (1896), as Parinarium holstii; P. excelsa<br />
subsp. holstii (Engl.) R.A.Graham, Kew Bull. 1957: 229 (1957). T: Tanzania: fl., C.Holst 2425; holo: B,<br />
destroyed; lecto: K, fide F.White, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 334 (1976); isolecto: M, US, Z.<br />
Parinari elliotii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 377 (1899), as Parinarium elliotii. T: Sierra Leone: G.F.Scott<br />
Elliot 4998 [cited as 4889]; holo: B, destroyed; iso: K.<br />
Parinari whytei Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 378 (1899), as Parinarium whytei. T: Malawi: Mount Malosa,<br />
A.Whyte s.n.; holo: B, destroyed; lecto: K, fide F.White, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 46: 334 (1976).<br />
Parinari verdickii De Wild., Ann. Mus. Congo, Sér. 4, Bot. 1: 182 (1903), as Parinarium verdickii. T: Zaire:<br />
Lukafu, Verdick 568; holo: BR; photo: K.<br />
Parinari tenuifolia A.Chev., Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 5: 225 (1909), as Parinarium tenuifolium. T: Ivory<br />
Coast: Dabou, A.Chevalier 16204bis; holo: P; iso: K.<br />
Parinari mildbraedii Engl., in G.W.J.Mildbraed, Wiss. Erg. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped., Bot. 2: 227 (1911), as<br />
Parinarium milbraedii. T: Rwanda: Rugege Forest, fr., G.W.J.Mildbraed 1036; syn: B, destroyed. Uganda,<br />
W. Lendu, fl., Stuhlmann 2714; syn: B, lost.<br />
Parinari excelsa var. fulvescens Engl., in Mildbr., Wiss. Erg. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped., Bot. 2: 227 (1911), as<br />
Parinarium excelsum var. fulvescens. T: Zaire: Beni-Irumu, G.W.J.Mildbraed 2808; syn: B, destroyed.<br />
Mawamba-Avakubi, fl., G.W.J.Mildbraed 3232; syn: B, lost.<br />
Parinari riparia R.E.Fries, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 539 (1913), as Parinarium riparium. T: Zambia:<br />
Lake Bangweulu, Kasomo, fr., R.E.Fries 665; holo: UPS; iso: Z.<br />
232
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
Parinari laxiflora Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 44 (1922), as Parinarium laxiflorum. T: Brazil<br />
North: Amazonas, A.Ducke RB11051; lecto: RB, designated here; isolecto: K, P, US.<br />
Parinari nalaensis De Wild., Pl. Bequaert. 5: 289 (1931), as Parinarium nalaense. T: Zaire: Nala, Boone<br />
46; holo: BR.<br />
Parinari laxiflora var. lata Ducke, Arq. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 33 (1935), as Parinarium laxiflorum var. latum.<br />
T: Brazil North: Amazonas, Manaus, A.Ducke RB 24181; holo: RB; iso: NY, P.<br />
Parinari sylvestris M.Kuhlm., Loefgrenia 13: 1 (1964). T: Brazil Southeast: São Paulo, Paranapiacaba,<br />
Estação Biológica, J.G.Kuhlmann 2736; holo: SP; iso: SPF.<br />
Parinari amazonica Mart. ex Hook.f., in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2): 52 (1867), nom. inval. in synon., as<br />
Parinarium amazonicum; Ferolia amazonica (Mart. ex Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891), nom. inval.<br />
Parinari holstii var. longifolia Engl. ex De Wild., Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 4: 80 (1914), nom. nud., as Parinarium<br />
holstii var. longifolium.<br />
Illustrations: J.D.Hooker, in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 14(2), t. 18(2) (1867); F. White, Fl. Zamb. 4: 39 (1978);<br />
R.Letouzey & F.White, Fl. Cameroun 20 (Fl. Gabon 24): 131 (1978); G.T.Prance, Fl. Venez. Guayana 4: 244<br />
(1998).<br />
Map: F.White, Distrib. Pl. African. 10: 334 (1976); G.T.Prance, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 9S: 196 (1989).<br />
Tree to 40 m tall; trunk often buttressed. Branches sparsely pubescent when young, becoming<br />
glabrous with age. Leaves with stipules c. 1 mm long, caducous; petioles 3–7 mm long,<br />
pubescent when young, with 2 sessile medial glands (often becoming inconspicuous with<br />
age), terete; lamina ovate to oblong-elliptic 3–9 × 1.5–5 cm, with acumen 2–10 mm long,<br />
rounded to cuneate at base, glabrous above, tomentose and with stomatal cavities beneath;<br />
primary veins 13–20 pairs, plane above, prominent beneath; midrib plane to prominulous<br />
above, glabrous. Inflorescences terminal rather lax panicles; rachis and branches with light<br />
brown to rufous pubescence. Receptacle subcampanulate-turbinate, tomentose on exterior,<br />
pedicels 1–2 mm long. Petals 5, white, shorter than calyx lobes. Stamens 7 fertile, unilateral,<br />
with 7 or 8 short filamentous staminodes opposite them. Ovary and base of style pilose. Fruit<br />
ellipsoid, 2.5–4 × 1.8–2.5 cm; epicarp densely verrucose; mesocarp thin and fleshy; endocarp<br />
hard and thick, with exterior granular, fibrous and slightly ridged, densely lanate within.<br />
From Amazonian Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and E Venezuela through the Guianas and<br />
Amazonian Brazil to E-C and S Brazil; in Africa throughout most of the rainforests of the<br />
Guineo-Congolian region but absent from the wettest <strong>part</strong>s; also widely distributed on the<br />
mountains of tropical Africa and in the northern <strong>part</strong> of the Zambezian region. 22: GAM,<br />
GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE. 23: BUR, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, RWA,<br />
ZAI. 24: SUD. 25: TAN, UGA. 26: ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM. 80: COS. 82: FRG, GUY,<br />
SUR, VEN. 83: BOL, CLM, PER. 84: BZL (ES, MG, RJ, SP), BZN (AM, AP, PA, RO, RR),<br />
BZE (BA, MA), BZC (MT), BZS (SC). Non-flooded forest in neotropical regions and<br />
afromontane rainforest, lowland and upland rainforest, dry evergreen forest and well-drained<br />
fringing forest in Africa. Maps 295a and 295b.<br />
22. GUINEA: Timbo, C.H.O.Pobéguin 160 (BR, FHO, P). 24. SUDAN: Aloma Plateau, SW of Iwatoku,<br />
A.C.Hoyle 822 (FHO). 25. UGANDA: Kalinzu Forest, B.T.Styles 182 (FHO, K). 26. ANGOLA: Zombo,<br />
M.T.Dawe 122 (K). ZAMBIA: Lake Bangweulu, Samfya, A.Angus 337 (BR, FHO, K). 82. VENEZUELA:<br />
Amazonas, Dept. Atabapo, L.Delgado 549 (K, PORT). 83. BOLIVIA: Dept. Santa Cruz, Velasco Prov. R. F.<br />
Bajo Paraguá, Estancia El Puente, J.Killeen et al. 7659 (K, MO, USZ). COLOMBIA: Vichada, P. N. Natural<br />
El Tuparro, 20 km NNE of El Tapón, J.L.Zarucchi & C.E.Barbosa 3773 (MO, NY, US). 84. BRAZIL<br />
NORTH: Roraima, Rio Branco, Paraná do Marará, M.R.Santos 166 (MG, NY). BRAZIL SOUTHEAST: São<br />
Paulo, Iguape, Est. Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, S.Aragaki et al. 11 (K, SP).<br />
In Africa the fruit are eaten, but are not as flavourful as P. curatellifolia. Also used for its<br />
medicinal properties.<br />
39. Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume, Mélanges Bot. 2: 10 (1854), as Parinarium costatum<br />
Lepidocarpa costata Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3: 387 (1854); Ferolia costata (Korth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.<br />
Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Sumatera, without locality, P.W.Korthals s.n.; holo: L; iso: U.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 210 (1965).<br />
Map: G.T.Prance, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10(4): 664 (1988).<br />
233
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
Tree to 60 m tall; trunk buttressed up to 2 m. Branches densely appressed tomentellous when<br />
young, glabrescent, with small conspicuous lenticels. Leaves with stipules lanceolate,<br />
membranous, 3–7 mm long, pilose on exterior, early caducous; petioles 5–9 mm long, slender,<br />
terete, tomentellous when young, soon glabrous, usually eglandular or with 2 inconspicuous<br />
median glands; lamina coriaceous or rigidly chartaceous, elliptic, subovate-elliptic to oblong<br />
(leaf index 1.7–2.7), 5–10.5 × 1.8–4 cm, glabrous above when mature but with sparse lanate<br />
covering when very young, with stomatal cavities filled with grey lanate pubescence<br />
beneath, with acumen 3–5 mm long, round to subcuneate at base; midrib prominulous above,<br />
tomentellous towards base, prominent beneath; primary veins 10–16 pairs, arcuate,<br />
prominulous above, prominent beneath; secondary veins rounded or only slightly flattened.<br />
Inflorescences of predominantly axillary or terminal few-flowered lax panicles to 8 cm long;<br />
rachis and branches appressed grey to brown appressed tomentellous; bracts and bracteoles<br />
lanceolate, c. 2 mm long, caducous. Receptacle campanulate, slightly gibbous, grey-brown<br />
pubescent on exterior, 3–3.5 mm long; pedicels 0.5–1 mm long; calyx lobes ovate, acute,<br />
1.5–2 mm long, grey tomentellous on exterior. Petals white, spathulate, 1.5–2 mm long,<br />
caducous, glabrous. Stamens 7 or 8, with small tooth-like staminodes opposite, slightly<br />
unequal. Style glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruit ellipsoid, to 3.5 × 4.5 cm; epicarp usually<br />
sparsely verrucose; mesocarp 2 mm thick, fleshy; endocarp hard, marbled, 3–5 mm thick,<br />
fibrous, densely lanate within.<br />
1 Inflorescence and flowers densely ferrugineous-villous-pubescent; often<br />
at high altitudes<br />
1: Inflorescence and flowers sparsely to densely grey- or brown-appressedpubescent;<br />
lowlands<br />
2 Primary leaf veins 16–26 pairs; mature leaves 9–15.7 cm long, oblong<br />
(index 2.3–3.65); fruit exocarp usually densely verrucose<br />
2: Primary leaf veins 10–16 pairs; mature leaves 5–10.5 cm long, elliptic<br />
(index 1.7–2.7), rarely oblong; fruit exocarp usually sparsely verrucose<br />
39a. Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume subsp. costata<br />
39b. subsp. rubiginosa<br />
39c. subsp. polyneura<br />
39a. subsp. costata<br />
Primary leaf veins 10–16 pairs; mature leaves 5–10.5 cm long, elliptic (index 1.7–2.7), rarely<br />
oblong. Fruit exocarp usually sparsely verrucose.<br />
Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Borneo (Brunei and Sabah), Phillipines (Mindanao, Culion,<br />
Samar). 42. BOR, MLY, PHI, SUM. Lowland forest on hillsides and ridges up to 1000 m<br />
altitude. Map 296.<br />
42. BORNEO: Brunei, Bukit Terajan, P.S.Ashton 7889 (K, L); Sabah, Beaufort, Bukit Siungan, Talip Ra<br />
SAN80631 (L); Sandakan, Leila F. R., Dewol & J.Chow SAN74260 (FHO, K, L, SAN). MALAYA: Penang,<br />
Penang Hill, M.R.Henderson SFN21431 (BO, K, SING); Johore, G. Ledang, Mount Ophir, T.C.Whitmore<br />
FRI12375 (K, L); Singapore, Mile 11.5 Mondai road, J.Sinclair 7984 (K, US). SUMATERA: Pakanbaru,<br />
Tenajan R., E.Soepadmo 206 (BISH, BO, K, L, UC); W Coast, Painan, Sjamsudin S.W.K. I-34 (A, BO, K, L).<br />
PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Distr. of Davao, V.Ceballos FB26600 (K, US); Samar, Mt. Sohoton, D.Madulid et<br />
al. PNH117999 (K, L).<br />
39b. Parinari costata subsp. rubiginosa (Ridl.) Prance, Brittonia 39: 368 (1987)<br />
Parinari costata var. rubiginosa Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 6: 143 (1915), as Parinarium costatum var.<br />
rubiginosum; Parinari rubiginosa (Ridl.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 75: 29 (1917), as<br />
Parinarium rubiginosum. T: Malaya: Peninsular Malaysia, Padang, across Teku, H.N.Ridley s.n.; holo:<br />
SING; iso: K.<br />
Parinari helferi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 311 (1878), as Parinarium helferi. T: Myanmar: Tenasserim R.,<br />
J.W.Helfer s.n.; holo: K.<br />
Parinari bicolor Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 10: 309 (1915), as Parinarium bicolor. T: Philippines: Mindanao,<br />
Surigao Prov., Genituan Is., M.S.Razon, For. Bureau 23022 [as 28022 in journal]; holo: K; iso: L.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 200, 203, 205 (1965).<br />
234
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Parinari)<br />
Leaf lamina 4–11.5 × 1.6–4.3 cm, oblong elliptic to oblong lanceolate; primary veins 11–19<br />
pairs; petioles 4–8 mm long, thickly tomentose. Inflorescence dense to lax, ferrugineous<br />
villous pubescent. Fruit exocarp sparingly lenticellate.<br />
Myanmar, Malay Peninsula, Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Kalimantan), Philippines (Mindanao,<br />
Bucas Grande Is.). 41: MYA. 42: BOR, MLY, PHI. Lower montane forest of Malay Peninsula<br />
and Borneo at 750–1500 m altitude, and lowland forest of the Philippines. Map 297.<br />
41. MYANMAR: Salwkg, Saingyanethei, Maung Ba Pe 9414 (K); Amherst Distr., near Ason Lake,<br />
C.E.Parkinson 5249 (K). 42. BORNEO: Sarawak, Nanga Sepulau, Segan F.R., 4 th Division, E.Wright<br />
S27143 (K, L, SAN); Sabah, Penibukan, Ridge E of Dahobang R., J. & M.S.Clemens 50081 (BM, K, L, NY);<br />
E Kalimantan, Peak of Balikpapan, Beoul, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 7295 (BO, K, L). MALAYA: Pahang, Fraser<br />
Hill, M.R.Henderson FMSM11441 (L, UC); Gunong Tapis, P.F.Cockburn FRI10986 (K, L); NW Johore,<br />
Mt. Ophir, T.C.Whitmore FRI12381 (K, L). PHILIPPINES: Samar, Mt. Mahagua, Oquendo, M.D.Sulit<br />
PNH14577 (K, L, PNH); Bucas Grande Is., M.Ramos & J.Pascasio PBS35041 (BM, K, US).<br />
39c. Parinari costata subsp. polyneura (Miq.) Prance, Brittonia 39: 368 (1987)<br />
Parinari polyneura Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijr. 115 (1860), as Parinarium polyneurum; Ferolia polyneura<br />
(Miq.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 216 (1891). T: Sumatera: Lampong Distr., Gunung Batin, J.E.Teijsmann<br />
HB4537; holo: U; iso: BO, K.<br />
Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwardtia 7: 198, 199 (1965).<br />
Leaf lamina 9–15.7 × 3.7–6.3 cm, oblong (index 2.3–3.65); primary veins 16–26 pairs;<br />
petioles 3–7 mm long, thick, tomentose. Inflorescence lax; inflorescence and flowers with<br />
grey appressed tomentellous pubescence. Fruit exocarp usually densely verrucose.<br />
Malay Peninsula (Kelantan, Perak, Pahang, Malacca), Singapore, Sumatera, Borneo. 42: BOR,<br />
MLY, SUM. Lowland rainforest and occasionally in hills and seasonal swamps. Map 298.<br />
42. BORNEO: E Kalimantan, Peak of Balikpapan, Beoul, A.J.G.H.Kostermans 7588 (BO, K, L, SING).<br />
MALAYA: Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Gopeng, King’s Collector 4624 (K, L, P, SING, Z); Peninsular<br />
Malaysia, Pahang, Bk. Tersik, Taman Negara, E.Soepadmo 858 (K); Singapore, W end of Seletan Reservoir,<br />
Upper Mandai, J.Sinclair SF39700 (L, P). SUMATERA: Palembang, W.Grashoff 898 (BO, L); Lampong,<br />
Sehampong, Rantanel, M.S.Pieters bb 2505 (L).<br />
235
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
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Beck, H.T. & Prance, G.T. (1992). Ethnobotanical note on Marajó ceramic pottery utilizing<br />
caripé (Licania octandra ssp. octandra) and jutaí (Hymenaea oblongifiolia var. palustris).<br />
Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Sér. Bot. 7: 269–275.<br />
Berlin, B. & Prance, G.T. (1978). Insect galls and human ornamentation: the ethnobotanical<br />
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Bray, G.T. (1946). I. Plants and Animal Products. Notes: Oiticica oil. Bull. Imp. Inst. 44: 15.<br />
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Chase, M.W. et al. (2002). When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic<br />
analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences. Kew Bull. 57: 141–181.<br />
Dahlgren, R. & Thorne, R.F. (1984). The Order Myrtales: circumscription, variation and<br />
relationships. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 633–699.<br />
Dissanayake, D. (1999). Phylogenetic research of the family Chrysobalanaceae, PhD. Thesis,<br />
Reading University.<br />
Duke, J.A. (1965). Keys for the identification of seedlings of some prominent woody species<br />
in eight forest types in Puerto Rico. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 314–350.<br />
Graham, R.A. (1960). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Rosaceae. Crown Agents, London.<br />
Goulding, M. (1980). The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural<br />
History. University of California Press, Berkeley.<br />
Hallier, H. (1923). Beitrage zur Kentniss der Linaceae (DC. 1819) Dumort. Beih. Bot.<br />
Centralbl. 39: 1–178.<br />
Hill, A.W. (1937). The method of germination of seeds enclosed in a strong endocarp. Ann.<br />
Bot. n.s. 1: 239–256.<br />
Klotz, G. (1980). Zur infraspezifischen Varianz und ihrer Widerspiegelung in taxonomischen<br />
Kategorien. [To the infraspecific variation and its reflection by taxonomical categories]. Wiss.<br />
Ztschr. Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Math.-Naturwiss. R. 29. Jg., H.4. Pp. 453–479. [461]<br />
Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1965a). A monograph of the genus Maranthes Bl. and Cyclandrophora<br />
Haask. (Chrysobalanaceae) of the Asiatic and Pacific area. Candollea 20: 103–142.<br />
Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1965b). The genus Acioa Aublet (Rosaceae – Chrysobalanoideae) in<br />
Malesia. Reinwardtia 7: 9–18.<br />
Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1965c). New species of Parinari Aublet (Rosaceae – Chrysobalanoideae).<br />
Reinwardtia 7: 47–61.<br />
Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1965d). A monograph of the genus Parinari Aublet (Rosaceae –<br />
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Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1969). Atuna Rafin. Versus Cyclandrophora Hassk. (Rosaceae –<br />
Chrysobalanoideae). Reinwardtia 7: 421–422.<br />
Lleras, E. (1978). Trigoniaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 19: 1–73.<br />
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Mangenot, S. & Mangenot, G. (1962). Enquête sur les nombres chromosomiques dans une<br />
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Ochoterena-Booth, H. & Olvera, H.F. (1922). Tzontzápol: Licania platypus<br />
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Panigrahi, G. & Purohit, K.M. (1983). Atunus Lam. (Rosaceae/Chrysobalanaceae), a uninomial<br />
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238
APPENDIX I<br />
List of taxa with lectotypes and epitypes designated by G.Prance in the present volume.<br />
Chrysobalanus icaco L. 5<br />
Moquilea elata Pilg. 63<br />
Licania kuntzeana Urb. 70<br />
Licania mattogrossensis Pilg. 74<br />
Moquilea sclerophylla var. myristicoides Hook.f. 84<br />
Moquilea sclerophylla var. scabra Hook.f. 84<br />
Licania ulei Taub. 87<br />
Licania seleriana Loes 91<br />
Parinari nitida Hook.f. 98<br />
Licania biglandulosa Griseb. ex Urb. 114<br />
Licania polita f. angustifolia Fritsch 124<br />
Licania gracilipes Taub. 129<br />
Licania ternatensis Hook.f. ex Duss 130<br />
Licania longifolia Benoist 146<br />
Parinari sect. Anareolata Kosterm. 205<br />
Parinari capensis var. latifolia Oliv. 212<br />
Parinari curatellifolia var. fruticulosa R.E.Fr. 212<br />
Parinari wallichiana R.Br. ex Hook.f. 223<br />
Parinari glazioviana Warm. 232<br />
Parinari laxiflora Ducke 233<br />
239
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
MAPS<br />
Number in brackets refers to the page on which the taxon is described.<br />
240
1b. Chrysobalanus icaco subsp. icaco (5)<br />
1a. Chrysobalanus icaco subsp. icaco (5)<br />
2. Chrysobalanus icaco subsp. atacorensis (7)<br />
3. Chrysobalanus cuspidatus (8)<br />
241
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
5. Grangeria borbonica (11)<br />
4. Chrysobalanus venezuelanus (9)<br />
6. Grangeria porosa (11)<br />
7. Licania michauxii (35)<br />
242
8. Licania retifolia (37) 9. Licania riverae (37)<br />
10. Licania boliviensis (38) 11. Licania maritima (38)<br />
243
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
12. Licania veneralensis (38) 13. Licania corniculata (39)<br />
14. Licania durifolia (39) 15. Licania filomenoi (41)<br />
244
16. Licania celiae (41) 17. Licania vasquezii (43)<br />
18. Licania grandibracteata (43) 19. Licania macrocarpa (45)<br />
245
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
20. Licania gentryi (45) 21. Licania cabrerae (46)<br />
22. Licania fasciculata (46) 23. Licania montana (47)<br />
246
24. Licania hedbergii (47) 25. Licania longicuspidata (47)<br />
26. Licania belloi (49) 27. Licania salzmannii (49)<br />
247
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
28. Licania klugii (50) 29. Licania guianensis (50)<br />
30. Licania longipedicellata (51) 31. Licania espinae (51)<br />
248
32. Licania tomentosa (52) 33. Licania pyrifolia (52)<br />
34. Licania leucosepala (53) 35. Licania dodsonii (53)<br />
249
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
36. Licania megalophylla (55) 37. Licania angustata (55)<br />
38. Licania anneae (57) 39. Licania platypus (57)<br />
250
40. Licania gonzalezii (58) 41. Licania cariae (58)<br />
42. Licania egleri (59) 43. Licania imbaimadaiensis (59)<br />
251
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
44. Licania minutiflora (59) 45. Licania chiriquiensis (60)<br />
46. Licania kallunkiae (61) 47. Licania guatemalensis (61)<br />
252
48. Licania maranhensis (61) 49. Licania fritschii (62)<br />
50. Licania jaramilloi (62) 51. Licania brittoniana (62)<br />
253
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
52. Licania cecidiophora (63) 53. Licania unguiculata (64)<br />
54. Licania longipetala (64) 55. Licania tachirensis (65)<br />
254
56. Licania wurdackii (65) 57. Licania turbinata (67)<br />
58. Licania lata (67) 59. Licania apetala var. apetala (68)<br />
255
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
60. Licania apetala var. aperta (70) 61. Licania granvillei (70)<br />
62. Licania bullata (73) 63. Licania undulata (73)<br />
256
64. Licania parvifolia (73) 65. Licania maguirei (74)<br />
66. Licania gardneri (74) 67. Licania cuspidata (75)<br />
257
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
68. Licania jefensis (75) 69. Licania morii (77)<br />
70. Licania sparsipilis (77) 71. Licania cuatrecasasii (78)<br />
258
72. Licania mexicana (78) 73. Licania stevensii (80)<br />
74. Licania diegogomezii (80) 75. Licania emarginata (80)<br />
259
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
76. Licania joseramosii (82) 77. Licania calvescens (82)<br />
78. Licania persaudii (83) 79. Licania sprucei (83)<br />
260
80. Licania sclerophylla (84) 81. Licania albiflora (85)<br />
82. Licania longistyla (85) 83. Licania cardiophylla (86)<br />
261
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
84. Licania fuchsii (86) 85. Licania humilis (87)<br />
86. Licania foveolata (87) 87. Licania octandra subsp. octandra (88)<br />
262
88. Licania octandra subsp. pallida (89) 89. Licania octandra subsp. grandifolia (90)<br />
90. Licania rigida (90) 91. Licania arborea (91)<br />
263
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
92. Licania velata (91) 93. Licania amapaensis (92)<br />
94. Licania subarachnophylla (92) 95. Licania tambopatensis (93)<br />
264
96. Licania salicifolia (93) 97. Licania araneosa (94)<br />
98. Licania silvatica (95) 99. Licania chocoensis (95)<br />
265
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
101. Licania splendens (98)<br />
100. Licania licaniiflora (96)<br />
102. Licania palawanensis (100) 103. Licania fusicarpa (100)<br />
266
104. Licania hirsuta (101) 105. Licania costaricensis (101)<br />
106. Licania krukovii (102) 107. Licania lasseri (102)<br />
267
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
108. Licania latifolia (103) 109. Licania hispida (103)<br />
110. Licania minuscula (105) 111. Licania operculipetala (105)<br />
268
112. Licania reticulata (107) 113. Licania adolphoduckei (107)<br />
114. Licania pakaraimensis (108) 115. Licania arachnoidea (108)<br />
269
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
116. Licania oblongifolia (109) 117. Licania macrophylla (109)<br />
118. Licania caudata (110) 119. Licania miltonii (110)<br />
270
120. Licania latistipula (111) 121. Licania divaricata (111)<br />
122. Licania conferruminata (112) 123. Licania glabriflora (112)<br />
271
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
124. Licania intrapetiolaris (113) 125. Licania heteromorpha var. heteromorpha (114)<br />
126. Licania heteromorpha var. glabra (114) 127. Licania heteromorpha var. subcordata (115)<br />
272
128. Licania heteromorpha var. perplexans (116) 129. Licania heteromorpha var. revoluta (116)<br />
130. Licania laevigata (116) 131. Licania occultans (116)<br />
273
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
132. Licania sothersiae (119) 133. Licania prismatocarpa (119)<br />
134. Licania glazioviana (120) 135. Licania littoralis var. littoralis (122)<br />
274
136. Licania littoralis var. cuneata (122) 137. Licania fanshawei (122)<br />
138. Licania irwinii (122) 139. Licania marleneae (123)<br />
275
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
140. Licania cyathodes (123) 141. Licania polita (124)<br />
142. Licania silvae (124) 143. Licania densiflora (125)<br />
276
144. Licania cuprea (126) 145. Licania arianeae (126)<br />
146. Licania impressa (126) 147. Licania dealbata (127)<br />
277
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
148. Licania santosii (128) 149. Licania pallida (128)<br />
150. Licania gracilipes (129) 151. Licania parvifructa (129)<br />
278
152. Licania cymosa (130) 153. Licania ternatensis (130)<br />
154. Licania membranacea (131) 155. Licania piresii (131)<br />
279
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
156. Licania furfuracea (132) 157. Licania hypoleuca var. hypoleuca (132)<br />
158. Licania hypoleuca var. foveolata (134) 159. Licania boyanii 134)<br />
280
160. Licania buxifolia (135) 161. Licania orbicularis (135)<br />
162. Licania niloi (136) 163. Licania coriacea (136)<br />
281
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
164. Licania cuyabenensis (137) 165. Licania urceolaris (137)<br />
166. Licania affinis (138) 167. Licania teixeirae (138)<br />
282
168. Licania glauca (139) 169. Licania davillifolia (140)<br />
170. Licania elliptica (140) 171. Licania canescens (141)<br />
283
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
172. Licania couepiifolia (142) 173. Licania naviculistipula (142)<br />
174. Licania trigonioides (142) 175. Licania cordata (143)<br />
284
176. Licania foldatsii (143) 177. Licania hebantha (144)<br />
178. Licania steyermarkii (144) 179. Licania subrotundata (144)<br />
285
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
180. Licania crassivenia (145) 181. Licania majuscula (145)<br />
182. Licania jimenezii (146) 183. Licania alba (146)<br />
286
184. Licania hitchcockii (147) 185. Licania sandwithii (147<br />
186. Licania laxiflora (148) 187. Licania rufescens (148)<br />
287
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
188. Licania kunthiana (149) 189. Licania bellingtonii (149)<br />
190. Licania compacta (150) 191. Licania ovalifolia (150)<br />
288
192. Licania savannarum (151) 193. Licania stewardii (151)<br />
194. Licania microphylla (152) 195. Licania triandra (152)<br />
289
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
196. Licania tocantina (153) 197. Licania discolor (153)<br />
198. Licania apiculata (154) 199. Licania micrantha subsp. micrantha (155)<br />
290
200. Licania micrantha subsp. atabapoensis (155) 201. Licania roraimensis (155)<br />
202. Licania pruinosa (155) 203. Licania nitida (156)<br />
291
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
204. Licania aracaensis (156) 205. Licania riedelii (158)<br />
206. Licania bracteata (158) 207. Licania parviflora (159)<br />
292
208. Licania robusta (159) 209. Licania lamentanda (160)<br />
210. Licania lanceolata (160) 211. Licania pittieri (162)<br />
293
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
212. Licania spicata (162) 213. Licania stricta (163)<br />
214. Licania leptostachya (163) 215. Licania incana (164)<br />
294
216. Licania nelsonii (164) 217. Licania paraensis (167)<br />
218. Licania vaupesiana (167) 219. Licania bahiensis (167)<br />
295
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
220. Licania maxima (168) 221. Licania mollis (168)<br />
222. Licania velutina (169) 223. Licania blackii (169)<br />
296
224. Licania rodriguesii (170) 225. Licania cidii (170)<br />
226. Licania indurata (171) 227. Licania hoehnei (171)<br />
297
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
228. Licania harlingii (171) 229. Licania ferreirae (173)<br />
230. Licania cruegeriana (173) 231. Licania belemii (174)<br />
298
233. Afrolicania elaeosperma (175)<br />
232. Licania tepuiensis (174)<br />
234. Parastemon urophyllus (177) 235. Parastemon versteeghii (178)<br />
299
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
236. Parastemon grandifructus (180) 237. Bafodeya benna (180)<br />
238. Exellodendron coriaceum (183) 239. Exellodendron cordatum (183)<br />
300
240. Exellodendron barbatum (185) 241. Exellodendron gardneri (185)<br />
243. Hunga gerontogea (187)<br />
242. Exellodendron gracile (186)<br />
301
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2004)<br />
244. Hunga lifouana (189) 245. Hunga longifolia (189)<br />
246. Hunga mackeeana (189) 247. Hunga minutiflora (190)<br />
248. Hunga novoguineensis (190) 249. Hunga papuana (192)<br />
302
250. Hunga rhamnoides (192) 251. Hunga myrsinoides (194)<br />
252. Hunga guillauminii (194) 253. Hunga cordata (194)<br />
254. Neocarya macrophylla (195) 255. Parinari argenteosericea (205)<br />
303
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
256. Parinari canarioides (205) 257. Parinari elmeri (206)<br />
258. Parinari parva (207)<br />
259. Parinari rodolphii (207)<br />
260. Parinari hypochrysea (209)<br />
304
261. Parinari alvimii (209) 262. Parinari campestris (211)<br />
264. Parinari capensis subsp. capensis (212)<br />
263. Parinari obtusifolia (211)<br />
305
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
265. Parinari capensis subsp. incohata (214)<br />
266. Parinari littoralis (214)<br />
267. Parinari maguirei (214) 268. Parinari leontopitheci (216)<br />
306
269. Parinari montana (216) 270. Parinari parvifolia (218)<br />
271. Parinari cardiophylla (218) 272. Parinari romeroi (219)<br />
307
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2004)<br />
273. Parinari congensis (219) 274. Parinari congolana (221)<br />
275. Parinari nonda (221) 276. Parinari papuana subsp. papuana (222)<br />
277. Parinari papuana subsp. salomonensis (222) 278. Parinari papuana subsp. whitei (223)<br />
308
279. Parinari oblongifolia (223)<br />
280. Parinari parilis (224)<br />
282. Parinari gigantea (224)<br />
281. Parinari chocoensis (224)<br />
309
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
284. Parinari metallica (225)<br />
283. Parinari brasiliensis (225)<br />
285. Parinari curatellifolia (226) 286. Parinari prancei (226)<br />
310
287. Parinari sumatrana (227) 288. Parinari anamensis (229)<br />
289. Parinari rigida (229) 290. Parinari occidentalis (230)<br />
311
SPECIES PLANTARUM — FLORA OF THE WORLD (2003)<br />
292. Parinari insularum (231)<br />
291. Parinari klugii (230)<br />
293. Parinari sprucei (231) 294. Parinari pachyphylla (232)<br />
312
295b. Parinari excelsa (232)<br />
295a. Parinari excelsa (232)<br />
297. Parinari costata subsp. rubiginosa (234)<br />
296. Parinari costata subsp. costata (234)<br />
298. Parinari costata subsp. polyneura (235)<br />
313
INDEX<br />
Accepted names are in roman, synonyms and doubtful names in italic.<br />
Principal page references are in bold, figures and plates in italic.<br />
Acioa Aubl. 3<br />
Afrolicania Mildbr. 3, 175<br />
elaeosperma Mildbr. 175, 176, 299<br />
Angelesia Korth. 98<br />
papuana Baker f. 192<br />
splendens Korth. 98<br />
Atuna Raf. 4<br />
nitida (Hook.f.) Panigrahi & K.M.Purohit 98<br />
Bafodeya Prance ex F.White 3, 180<br />
benna (Scott-Elliot) Prance 180, 181, 300<br />
Balantium Desv. ex Buch.-Ham. 198<br />
cordifolium Desv. ex Buch.-Ham. 198, 211<br />
Chrysobalanaceae R.Br. 1<br />
Chrysobalanus L. 1, 3, 4<br />
atacorensis A.Chev. 7<br />
chariensis A.Chev. 7<br />
cuspidatus Griseb. ex Duss 4, 8, 241<br />
cuspidatus Griseb. 8<br />
ellipticus Sol. ex Sabine 5<br />
guianensis Klotzsch 5<br />
humilis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze 87<br />
icaco L. 4, 5, 6, 239<br />
f. albus G.Klotz 5<br />
subsp. atacorensis (A.Chev.) F.White 5, 7, 241<br />
subsp. ellipticus (Sol. ex Sabine) Souza 5<br />
subsp. icaco 5, 241<br />
subsp. orbicularis (Schumach.) Souza 5<br />
subsp. pellocarpus (G.Mey.) E.Murray 5<br />
var. chariensis (A.Chev.) Souza 7<br />
var. ellipticus (Sol. ex Sabine) Hook.f. 5<br />
var. genuinus Stehlé, M.Stehlé & Quentin 5<br />
var. luteus (Sabine) Souza 5<br />
var. macrocarpus Souza 5<br />
var. pellocarpus (G.Mey.) Hook.f. 5<br />
var. roseus Souza 5<br />
incanus (Aubl.) M.Gómez 164<br />
incanus Raf. 35<br />
interior Small 5<br />
luteus Sabine 5<br />
montanus (Aubl.) M.Gómez 216<br />
oblongifolius Michx. 35<br />
orbicularis Schumach. 5<br />
pallidus (Small) L.B.Sm. 35<br />
pellocarpus G.Mey. 5<br />
purpureus Mill. 5<br />
retusus Raf. 35<br />
savannarum Britton 5<br />
splendens (Korth.) Miq. 98<br />
sublanatus Kuntze 87<br />
venezuelanus Prance 4, 8, 9, 242<br />
Coccomelia Ridl. 98<br />
nitida (Hook.f.) Ridl. 98<br />
Couepia Aubl. 4<br />
Dactyladenia Welw. 3<br />
Dahuronia Scop. 35<br />
Diemenia Korth. 177<br />
racemosa Korth. 177, 178<br />
Embelia<br />
urophylla Wall. 178<br />
urophylla Wall. ex A.DC. 177<br />
Exellodendron Prance 4, 182<br />
barbatum (Ducke) Prance 182, 184, 185, 301<br />
cordatum (Hook.f.) Prance 182, 183, 300<br />
coriaceum (Benth.) Prance 182, 183, 184, 300<br />
gardneri (Hook.f.) Prance 182, 183, 184, 185, 301<br />
gracile (Kuhlm.) Prance 183, 186, 301<br />
Ferolia<br />
amazonica (Mart. ex Hook.f.) Kuntze 233<br />
brasiliensis (Schott) Kuntze 225<br />
campestris (Aubl.) Kuntze 211<br />
capensis (Harv.) Kuntze 212<br />
cordata (Hook.f.) Kuntze 183<br />
costata (Korth.) Kuntze 233<br />
curatellifolia (Planch. ex Benth.) Kuntze 226<br />
excelsa (Sabine) Kuntze 232<br />
gardneri (Hook.f.) Kuntze 185<br />
macrophylla (Sabine) Kuntze 195<br />
mobola (Oliv.) Kuntze 226<br />
montana (Aubl.) Kuntze 216<br />
nitida (Hook.f.) Kuntze 98<br />
nonda (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Kuntze 221<br />
oblongifolia (Hook.f.) Kuntze 223<br />
obtusifolia (Hook.f.) Kuntze 211<br />
pohlii (Hook.f.) Kuntze 225<br />
polyneura (Miq.) Kuntze 235<br />
sprucei (Hook.f.) Kuntze 231<br />
subcordata (Oliv.) Kuntze 219<br />
sumatrana (Jack) Kuntze 227<br />
Geobalanus Small 35<br />
oblongifolius (Michx.) Small 35<br />
pallidus Small 35<br />
Grangeria Commers. ex Juss. 3, 9<br />
borbonica Lam. 9, 10, 11, 242<br />
buxifolia Sm. 11<br />
madagascariensis O.Hoffm. 11<br />
porosa Boivin ex Baill. 10, 11, 242<br />
Hedycrea Schreb. 12<br />
incana (Aubl.) J.F.Gmel. 164<br />
Hirtella L. 1, 3<br />
apetala E.Mey. 68<br />
octandra Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult. 88<br />
porosa (Boivin ex Baill.) Drake 11<br />
Hirtellaceae Horan. 1<br />
Hunga Pancher ex Prance 3, 186<br />
cordata Prance 186, 194, 303<br />
fusicarpa Kosterm. 100<br />
gerontogea (Schltr.) Prance 187, 188, 301<br />
314
INDEX<br />
Hunga continued<br />
guillauminii Prance 187, 194, 303<br />
lifouana (Däniker) Prance 187, 188, 189, 302<br />
longifolia Prance 187, 189, 191, 302<br />
mackeeana Prance 197, 189, 302<br />
minutiflora (Baker f.) Prance 187, 188, 190, 302<br />
myrsinoides (Schltr.) Prance 187, 194, 303<br />
novoguineensis Prance 187, 190, 193, 302<br />
papuana (Baker f.) Prance 187, 192, 193, 302<br />
rhamnoides (Guillaumin) Prance 186, 187, 191,<br />
192, 303<br />
rhamnoides Pancher ex Guillaumin 192<br />
Icaco Plum. ex Adans. 4<br />
Kostermanthus Prance 3<br />
Lepidocarpa Korth. 198<br />
costata Korth. 233<br />
ovalis Korth. 227<br />
Licania Aubl. 3, 12<br />
adolphoduckei Prance 23, 106, 107, 108, 269<br />
affinis Fritsch 28, 138, 282<br />
affinis Kuntze 70<br />
alba (Bernoulli) Cuatrec. 12, 29, 146, 286<br />
albiflora Fanshawe & Maguire 20, 85, 261<br />
amapaensis Prance 21, 92, 264<br />
angelesia Blume 98<br />
angustata Prance 16, 55, 250<br />
anisophylla Standl. 155<br />
anneae Prance 17, 56, 57, 250<br />
aperta Benth. 70<br />
apetala (E.Mey.) Fritsch 18, 20, 65, 68<br />
var. aperta (Benth.) Prance 68, 69, 70, 256<br />
var. apetala 68, 255<br />
var. pendula (Benth.) Fritsch 68<br />
apiculata Prance 31, 154, 290<br />
aracaensis Prance 31, 156, 157, 292<br />
arachnoidea Fanshawe & Maguire 12, 24, 108,<br />
269<br />
araneosa Taub. 21, 94, 265<br />
arborea Seem. 21, 91, 263<br />
arianeae Prance 26, 126, 277<br />
aspera Standl. 84<br />
axilliflora (Sagot) Hochr. 163<br />
bahiensis Prance 30, 33, 167, 295<br />
balansae Guillaumin 190<br />
belemii Prance 34, 174, 298<br />
bellingtonii Prance 30, 149, 288<br />
belloi Prance 15, 48, 49, 247<br />
benthamii Hook.f. 114<br />
biglandulosa Griseb. ex Urb. 114, 239<br />
blackii Prance 33, 169, 296<br />
boliviensis Prance 14, 38, 243<br />
bothynophylla Mart. 88<br />
boyanii Tutin 27, 134, 280<br />
bracteata Prance 32, 158, 292<br />
bracteosa Fritsch 96<br />
britteniana Fritsch 62, 63<br />
brittoniana Fritsch 18, 62, 63, 253<br />
bullata Prance 19, 73, 256<br />
bullatifolia Cuatrec. 91<br />
buxifolia Sandwith 27, 135, 281<br />
cabrerae Prance 15, 46, 246<br />
caldasiana Cuatrec. 30, 151<br />
calvescens Cuatrec. 22, 82, 260<br />
Licania continued<br />
canescens Benoist 28, 141, 283<br />
capinensis Huber 96<br />
caracasana Klotzsch ex Hook.f. 70<br />
cardiophylla Prance 20, 86, 261<br />
cariae A.Cardozo 14, 58, 251<br />
caudata Prance 24, 110, 270<br />
cecidiophora Prance 13, 63, 254<br />
celiae Prance 14, 15, 41, 245<br />
chiriquiensis Prance 18, 60, 252<br />
chocoensis Cuatrec. 21, 95, 265<br />
cidii Prance 33, 170, 297<br />
compacta Fritsch 30, 150, 288<br />
conferruminata Prance 24, 112, 271<br />
cordata Prance 28, 143, 284<br />
coriacea Benth. 27, 28, 134, 136, 281<br />
var. nitida (Hook.f.) Fritsch 156<br />
corniculata Prance 15, 39, 244<br />
costaricensis Standl. & Steyerm. 22, 101, 267<br />
costata Spruce ex Hook.f. 114<br />
couepiifolia Prance 28, 142, 284<br />
crassifolia Benth. 164<br />
crassivenia Spruce ex Hook.f. 29, 145, 286<br />
cruegeriana Urb. 35, 173, 298<br />
cuatrecasasii Prance 19, 78, 258<br />
cuprea Sandwith 26, 126, 277<br />
cuspidata (Rusby) Prance 19, 75, 257<br />
cuyabenensis Prance 27, 137, 282<br />
cyathodes Benoist 25, 123, 276<br />
cymosa Fritsch 26, 130, 279<br />
dahlgrenii Standl. 70<br />
davillifolia Benoist 28, 140, 289<br />
dealbata Hook.f. 12, 26, 127, 277<br />
densiflora Kleinhoonte 12, 26, 125, 276<br />
diegogomezii Prance 19, 79, 80, 259<br />
diemenia Blume 178<br />
discolor Pilg. 31, 153, 290<br />
divaricata Benth. 24, 105, 111, 271<br />
dodsonii Prance 16, 54, 53, 249<br />
duckei Maguire 129<br />
durifolia Cuatrec. 15, 39, 244<br />
egensis Fritsch 89<br />
egleri Prance 17, 59, 251<br />
elaeosperma (Mildbr.) Prance & F.White 175<br />
elata (Pilg.) Pilg. ex Ll.Williams 63<br />
elliptica Standl. 28, 140, 283<br />
emarginata Spruce ex Hook.f. 22, 25, 80, 81, 259<br />
espinae Prance 17, 51, 248<br />
fanshawei Prance 25, 122, 275<br />
fasciculata Prance 14, 46, 246<br />
ferreirae Prance 34, 173, 298<br />
filomenoi Prance 15, 41, 42, 244<br />
flavicans Klotzsch 150<br />
floribunda Benth. 68<br />
foldatsii Prance 28, 143, 285<br />
foveolata Prance 20, 87, 262<br />
fritschii Prance 18, 62, 253<br />
fuchsii Prance 20, 86, 262<br />
furfuracea Prance 27, 132, 133, 280<br />
fusicarpa (Kosterm.) Prance 22, 23, 100, 266<br />
galibica Benoist 131<br />
gardneri (Hook.f.) Fritsch 19, 74, 257<br />
gentryi Prance 14, 45, 246<br />
gerontogea Schltr. 187<br />
glabra Mart. ex Hook.f. 114<br />
glabriflora Prance 24, 112, 2271<br />
glauca Cuatrec. 28, 139, 283<br />
315
INDEX<br />
Licania continued<br />
glazioviana Warm. 25, 120, 274<br />
gonzalezii Miranda 17, 58, 251<br />
gracilipes Taub. 26, 129, 239, 278<br />
gracilis Kleinhoonte 148<br />
gracilis Taub. 129<br />
grandibracteata Prance 15, 43, 44, 245<br />
granvillei Prance 20, 70, 71, 256<br />
grisea Kleinhoonte 132<br />
guatemalensis Lundell 17, 61, 252<br />
guianensis (Aubl.) Griseb. 16, 35, 50, 248<br />
guianensis Klotzsch 113<br />
harlingii Prance 34, 171, 172, 298<br />
hebantha Mart. ex Hook.f. 29, 144, 285<br />
hedbergii Prance 14, 47, 247<br />
helvola Spruce ex Hook.f. 155<br />
heteromorpha Benth. 23, 25, 113<br />
var. divaricata (Benth.) Fritsch 111<br />
var. glabra (Mart. ex Hook.f.) Prance 114, 272<br />
var. grandifolia Benoist 113<br />
var. heteromorpha 114, 272<br />
var. perplexans Sandwith 114, 116, 273<br />
var. revoluta Prance 114, 116, 273<br />
var. subcordata Fritsch 114, 115, 272<br />
hirsuta Prance 22, 101, 267<br />
hispida Prance 22, 103, 104, 268<br />
hitchcockii Maguire 29, 147, 287<br />
hoehnei Pilg. 34, 171, 297<br />
hookeri Fritsch 89<br />
var. obtusa Huber 89<br />
hostmannii Fritsch 145<br />
huberiana Maguire 96<br />
humilis Cham. & Schltdl. 20, 87, 262<br />
hylaea Cuatrec. 70<br />
hypargyrea Malme 149<br />
hypoleuca Benth. 26, 27, 125, 132<br />
var. foveolata Prance 132, 134, 280<br />
var. hypoleuca 132, 280<br />
imbaimadaiensis Prance 17, 59, 251<br />
impressa Prance 26, 126, 277<br />
incana Aubl. 12, 32, 164, 294<br />
var. axilliflora Sagot 163<br />
indurata Pilg. 34, 171, 297<br />
intrapetiolaris Spruce ex Hook.f. 24, 113, 272<br />
var. brevis J.F.Macbr. 113<br />
irwinii Prance 25, 122, 275<br />
jaramilloi Prance 17, 62, 253<br />
jefensis Prance 19, 20, 75, 76, 258<br />
jimenezii Prance 29, 146, 286<br />
joseramosii Prance 22, 82, 260<br />
kallunkiae Prance 18, 61, 252<br />
kanukuensis Standl. 125<br />
klugii Prance 16, 50, 248<br />
krukovii Standl. 23, 102, 267<br />
kunthiana Hook.f. 29, 30, 34, 149, 288<br />
kuntzeana Urb. 70, 239<br />
laevigata Prance 24, 108, 115, 116, 273<br />
lamentanda Prance 34, 160, 161, 293<br />
lanceolata Prance 32, 33, 160, 293<br />
lasseri Maguire 23, 102, 267<br />
lata J.F.Macbr. 18, 19, 67, 255<br />
latifolia Benth. ex Hook.f. 23, 101, 103, 268<br />
latistipula Prance 24, 111, 271<br />
laurifolia Huber 124<br />
laxa Fanshawe & Maguire 124<br />
laxiflora Fritsch 30, 148, 287<br />
Licania continued<br />
leptostachya Benth. 32, 163, 294<br />
var. axilliflora (Sagot) Fritsch 163<br />
var. crassifolia (Benth.) Benoist 164<br />
leucosepala Griseb. 17, 53, 249<br />
licaniiflora (Sagot) S.F.Blake 12, 21, 36, 96, 266<br />
lifouana Däniker 189<br />
littoralis Warm. 25, 120, 121<br />
var. cuneata Kuhlm. 122, 275<br />
var. littoralis 122, 274<br />
longicuspidata Prance 14, 47, 247<br />
longifolia Benoist 146, 239<br />
longipedicellata Ducke 16, 51, 248<br />
longipetala Prance 18, 64, 254<br />
longistyla (Hook.f.) Fritsch 12, 20, 85, 261<br />
lucida J.F.Macbr. 168<br />
macrocarpa Cuatrec. 15, 45, 245<br />
macrophylla Benth. 12, 24, 109, 270<br />
macrophylla Klotzsch 148<br />
maguirei Prance 19, 74, 257<br />
majuscula Sagot 22, 29, 145, 286<br />
maranhensis Prance 17, 61, 253<br />
maritima Prance 15, 38, 243<br />
marleneae Prance 25, 123, 275<br />
mattogrossensis Pilg. 74, 239<br />
maxima Prance 33, 168, 298<br />
megalophylla Prance 16, 55, 250<br />
membranacea Sagot ex Laness. 27, 131, 279<br />
mexicana Lundell 13, 78, 259<br />
michauxii Prance 12, 14, 16, 35, 36, 242<br />
micrantha Miq. 31, 155<br />
subsp. atabapoensis Prance 155, 291<br />
subsp. micrantha 155, 290<br />
var. triandra (Mart. ex Hook.f.) Fritsch 152<br />
microcarpa Hook.f. 132<br />
microphylla Fanshawe & Maguire 31, 152, 289<br />
miltonii Prance 24, 110, 270<br />
minuscula Cuatrec. 23, 105, 268<br />
minutiflora (Sagot) Fritsch 18, 59, 105, 252<br />
minutiflora Cuatrec. 105<br />
mollis Benth. 22, 29, 33, 168, 296<br />
montana Prance 15, 47, 246<br />
morii Prance 19, 77, 258<br />
myristicoides Benth. 84<br />
myrsinoides (Schltr.) Kosterm. 194<br />
naviculistipula Prance 28, 142, 284<br />
nelsonii Prance 32, 164, 165, 295<br />
niloi Prance 27, 136, 281<br />
nitida Hook.f. 31, 156, 291<br />
oblongifolia Standl. 24, 109, 270<br />
obovata Benth. ex Hook.f. 103<br />
obovatifolia Maguire 96<br />
obtusifolia Fritsch 13, 141, 174<br />
occultans Prance 24, 116, 117, 273<br />
octandra (Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze<br />
12, 20, 65, 88<br />
subsp. grandifolia Prance 88, 90, 263<br />
subsp. octandra 88, 262<br />
subsp. pallida (Hook.f.) Prance 88, 89, 263<br />
octandra (Hoffmanns.) Pilg. 88<br />
oligantha A.C.Sm. 8<br />
operculipetala Standl. & L.O.Williams 23, 105,<br />
268<br />
orbicularis Spruce ex Hook.f. 27, 135, 281<br />
organensis (Miers) Fritsch 162<br />
ovalifolia Kleinhoonte 30, 150, 288<br />
316
INDEX<br />
Licania continued<br />
pachystachya Kleinhoonte 159<br />
pakaraimensis Prance 23, 108, 269<br />
palawanensis Prance 22, 23, 99, 100, 266<br />
pallida (Hook.f.) Kuntze 89<br />
pallida Britton 35, 62, 63<br />
pallida Spruce ex Hook.f. 128<br />
pallida Spruce ex Sagot 26, 32, 62, 89, 128, 278<br />
pallidula Standl. 136<br />
paniculata Fanshawe & Maguire 140<br />
papuana (Baker f.) Kosterm. 192<br />
paraensis Prance 33, 166, 167, 295<br />
parinarioides Huber 96<br />
var. latifolia Maguire 96<br />
parviflora Benth. 32, 33, 159, 292<br />
f. brevifolia Fritsch 159<br />
f. longifolia Fritsch 159<br />
var. conduplicata Maguire 134<br />
var. grandifolia Hook.f. 167<br />
var. pallida Hook.f. 128<br />
var. subfalcata Spruce ex Hook.f. 159<br />
var. submembranacea Maguire 149<br />
parviflora (Blume) Lemée 174<br />
parvifolia Huber 18, 73, 257<br />
parvifolia Pittier 134<br />
parvifructa Fanshawe & Maguire 26, 129, 278<br />
pendula Benth. 68<br />
persaudii Fanshawe & Maguire 20, 83, 260<br />
petrensis Prance 80<br />
piresii Prance 27, 131, 279<br />
pittieri Prance 32, 162, 293<br />
platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch 17, 57, 250<br />
poeppigii Fritsch 124<br />
polita Spruce ex Hook.f. 25, 124, 276<br />
f. angustifolia Fritsch 124, 239<br />
prismatocarpa Spruce ex Hook.f. 25, 119, 274<br />
pruinosa Benoist 31, 155, 291<br />
pubiflora Benth. 70<br />
pulchravenia Killip & Cautrec. 152<br />
pyrifolia Griseb. 16, 52, 249<br />
reticulata Prance 23, 107, 108, 269<br />
retifolia S.F.Blake 16, 37, 243<br />
retusa Pilg. 91<br />
rhamnoides Guillaumin 192<br />
riedelii Prance 31, 158, 292<br />
rigida Benth. 21, 90, 263<br />
riparia (Gleason) Standl. 60<br />
riverae Prance 16, 37, 243<br />
robusta Sagot 32, 159, 293<br />
rodriguesii Prance 34, 170, 297<br />
rondonii Pilg. 60<br />
roraimensis Standl. 13, 155, 291<br />
rufescens Klotzsch 148<br />
rufescens Klotzsch ex Fritsch 30, 34, 148, 287<br />
salicifolia Cuatrec. 21, 93, 265<br />
salzmannii (Hook.f.) Fritsch 16, 49, 247<br />
sandwithii Prance 29, 147, 287<br />
santosii Prance 26, 128, 278<br />
savannarum Prance 30, 151, 289<br />
scabra Benth. ex Hook.f. 84<br />
schomburgkiana Klotzsch 138<br />
sclerophylla (Hook.f.) Fritsch 20, 84, 261<br />
var. myristicoides (Hook.f.) Fritsch 84<br />
var. scabra (Hook.f.) Fritsch 84<br />
sect. Batheogyne Benth. 65<br />
sect. Cymosa Prance 13, 26, 28, 125<br />
sect. Hirsuta Prance 13, 22, 101<br />
Licania continued<br />
sect. Hymenopus Benth. 13, 22, 23, 25, 105, 108<br />
sect. Leptobalanus Benth. 13, 18, 22, 65<br />
sect. Licania 13, 22, 28, 141<br />
sect. Microdesmia Benth. 13, 21, 90<br />
sect. Moquilea (Aubl.) Prance 13, 14, 35<br />
sect. Pulverulenta Prance 13, 27, 134<br />
seleriana Loes. 91<br />
sellowiana Klotzsch ex Hook.f. 88<br />
silvae Prance 25, 124, 276<br />
silvatica Glaz. 95<br />
silvatica Glaz. ex Prance 21, 95, 265<br />
sothersiae Prance 25, 118, 119, 274<br />
sparsipilis S.F.Blake 19, 77, 258<br />
spicata Hook.f. 32, 34, 162, 294<br />
splendens (Korth.) Prance 98<br />
splendens (Korth.) Prance & Kosterm. 12, 22, 23,<br />
97, 98, 266<br />
sprucei (Hook.f.) Fritsch 12, 20, 83, 260<br />
stahelii Kleinhoonte 150<br />
stenocarpa Standl. 89<br />
stevensii Prance 19, 80, 259<br />
stewardii Prance 30, 151, 289<br />
steyermarkii Maguire 29, 30, 144, 285<br />
stricta Kleinhoonte 32, 163, 294<br />
subarachnophylla Cuatrec. 21, 92, 264<br />
subcordata Fritsch 115<br />
subg. Angelesia (Korth.) Prance & F.White 13,<br />
21, 23, 98<br />
subg. Licania 13, 100<br />
sect. Cymosa Prance 13, 26, 28, 125<br />
sect. Licania 13, 22, 28, 141<br />
sect. Hirsuta Prance 13, 22, 101<br />
sect. Hymenopus Benth. 13, 22, 23, 25, 105, 108<br />
sect. Pulverulenta Prance 13, 27, 134<br />
subg. Moquilea (Aubl.) Prance 13, 35<br />
sect. Leptobalanus Benth. 13, 18, 22, 65<br />
sect. Microdesmia Benth. 13, 21, 90<br />
sect. Moquilea (Aubl.) Prance 13, 14, 35<br />
subg. Parinariopsis Huber 12, 13, 96<br />
subrotundata Maguire 29, 30, 144, 285<br />
tachirensis Prance 17, 65, 66, 254<br />
takutuensis Standl. 89<br />
tambopatensis Prance 21, 93, 94, 264<br />
teixeirae Prance 27, 138, 139, 282<br />
tepuiensis Prance 13, 174, 299<br />
ternatensis Hook.f. 130<br />
ternatensis Hook.f. ex Duss 27, 130, 239, 279<br />
tocantina Prance 31, 153, 290<br />
tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch 16, 52, 249<br />
var. angustifolia Hook.f. 52<br />
var. latifolia Hook.f. 52<br />
tontoutensis (Guillaumin) Kosterm. 190<br />
triandra Mart. ex Hook.f. 31, 152, 289<br />
trigonioides J.F.Macbr. 28, 142, 284<br />
turbinata Benth. 18, 67, 255<br />
turiuva Cham. & Schldtl. 88<br />
ulei Taub. 87, 239<br />
undulata Prance 19, 72, 73, 256<br />
unguiculata Prance 18, 64, 254<br />
urceolaris Hook.f. 28, 137, 282<br />
utilis (Hook.f.) Fritsch 88<br />
vasquezii Prance 15, 43, 245<br />
vaupesiana Killip & Cuatrec. 33, 167, 295<br />
velata Cuatrec. 15, 21, 91, 264<br />
velutina Prance 33, 169, 296<br />
veneralensis Cuatrec. 15, 38, 40, 244<br />
317
INDEX<br />
Licania continued<br />
venosa Rusby 146<br />
wilson-brownei Maguire 96<br />
wurdackii Prance 18, 65, 255<br />
Maba<br />
sudanensis A.Chev. 7<br />
Magnistipula Engl. 3<br />
Mampata Adans. ex Steud. 198<br />
Maranthes Blume 3<br />
Moquilea Aubl. 35<br />
bothynophylla (Mart.) Hook.f. 88<br />
cuspidata Rusby 75<br />
elata Pilg. 63, 239<br />
floribunda (Benth.) Hook.f. 68<br />
gardneri Hook.f. 74<br />
guianensis Aubl. 35, 50<br />
humilis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Hook.f. 87<br />
kuntzeana (Urb.) R.O.Williams 70<br />
leucosepala (Griseb.) R.O.Williams 53<br />
licaniaeflora Sagot 96<br />
licaniiflora Sagot 96<br />
longistyla Hook.f. 85<br />
macrocarpa Pittier 52<br />
mattogrossensis (Pilg.) Malme 74<br />
minutiflora Sagot 59<br />
organensis Miers 162<br />
orinocensis Rusby 68<br />
pallida Hook.f. 89<br />
parviflora Blume 141, 174<br />
pendula (Benth.) Hook.f. 68<br />
platypus Hemsl. 57<br />
pyrifolia (Griseb.) R.O.Williams 52<br />
riparia Gleason 60<br />
salzmannii Hook.f. 49<br />
sclerophylla Hook.f. 84<br />
var. myristicoides Hook.f. 84, 239<br />
var. pohliana Hook.f. 84<br />
var. scabra Hook.f. 84, 239<br />
sprucei Hook.f. 83<br />
subg. Microbalanus Blume 141<br />
tomentosa Benth. 52<br />
turbinata (Benth.) Hook.f. 67<br />
turiuva (Cham. & Schldtl.) Hook.f. 88<br />
utilis Hook.f. 88<br />
Neocarya (DC.) Prance 3, 195<br />
macrophylla (Sabine) Prance 195, 196, 197, 303<br />
Neou Adans. ex Juss. 195<br />
Parastemon A.DC. 3, 177<br />
grandifructus Prance 177, 180, 303<br />
spicatus Ridl. 178<br />
urophyllus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.DC. 177, 179, 299<br />
versteeghii Merr. & L.M.Perry 177, 178, 299<br />
Parinari Aubl. 3, 198, 199<br />
albida Craib 229<br />
alvimii Prance 199, 202, 209, 210, 305<br />
amazonica Mart. ex Hook.f. 233<br />
anamensis Hance 201, 205, 229, 311<br />
argenteosericea Kosterm. 198, 199, 204, 205, 303<br />
ashtonii Kosterm. 229<br />
barbata Ducke 185<br />
benna Scott-Elliot 180<br />
bicolor Merr. 234<br />
borneensis Merr. 223<br />
Parinari continued<br />
brachystachya Benth. 232<br />
brasiliensis (Schott) Hook.f. 201, 203, 225, 310<br />
campestris Aubl. 198, 199, 202, 207, 211, 305<br />
canarioides Kosterm. 198, 199, 204, 205, 304<br />
capensis Harv. 200, 203, 212<br />
f. obtusifolia Cavaco 212<br />
subsp. capensis 212, 305<br />
subsp. incohata F.White 212, 214, 306<br />
subsp. latifolia (Oliv.) R.A.Graham 212<br />
var. latifolia Oliv. 212, 239<br />
cardiophylla Ducke 200, 202, 218, 307<br />
chapelieri Baill. 226<br />
chocoensis Prance 201, 203, 224, 309<br />
congensis Didr. 200, 203, 219, 220, 308<br />
congoensis Engl. 221<br />
congolana T.Durand & H.Durand 198, 200, 203,<br />
221, 308<br />
cordata Hook.f. 183<br />
coriacea Benth. 183<br />
costata (Korth.) Blume 201, 202, 204, 205, 233<br />
subsp. costata 234, 313<br />
subsp. polyneura (Miq.) Prance 234, 235, 313<br />
subsp. rubiginosa (Ridl.) Prance 234, 313<br />
var. rubiginosa Ridl. 234<br />
curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. 201, 203, 208,<br />
226, 310<br />
subsp. mobola (Oliv.) R.A.Graham 226<br />
var. fruticulosa R.E.Fr. 212, 239<br />
elliotii Engl. 232<br />
elmeri Merr. 198, 199, 204, 206, 304<br />
excelsa Sabine 202, 203, 209, 232, 313<br />
subsp. holstii (Engl.) R.A.Graham 232<br />
var. fulvescens Engl. 232<br />
fragilis Teijsm. & Binn. 98<br />
gardineri Hemsl. 226<br />
gardneri Hook.f. 185<br />
gigantea Kosterm. 201, 204, 224, 309<br />
glazioviana Warm. 232, 239<br />
gracilis Kuhlm. 186<br />
helferi Hook.f. 234<br />
holstii Engl. 232<br />
var. longifolia Engl. ex De Wild. 233<br />
hypochrysea Mildbr. ex Letouzey & F.White 199,<br />
203, 209, 304<br />
insularum A.Gray 201, 204, 231, 312<br />
klugii Prance 201, 203, 230, 312<br />
latifolia (Oliv.) Exell 212<br />
laxiflora Ducke 233, 239<br />
var. lata Ducke 233<br />
leontopitheci Prance 200, 202, 215, 216, 306<br />
littoralis Prance 200, 202, 214, 306<br />
lucidissima Standl. 207<br />
macrophylla Sabine 195<br />
maguirei Prance 200, 202, 214, 306<br />
metallica Kosterm. 201, 204, 225, 310<br />
mildbraedii Engl. 232<br />
minus Baill. ex Aubrév. 221<br />
minutiflora Baker f. 190<br />
mobola Oliv. 226<br />
montana Aubl. 200, 202, 216, 217, 307<br />
myrsinoides Schltr. 194<br />
nalaensis De Wild. 233<br />
neocaledonica Baker f. 187<br />
nitida Hook.f. 98, 239<br />
nonda F.Muell. ex Benth. 200, 204, 221, 308<br />
oblongifolia Hook.f. 200, 204, 223, 224, 309<br />
318
INDEX<br />
Parinari continued<br />
obtusifolia Hook.f. 199, 202, 211, 213, 305<br />
occidentalis Prance 201, 203, 230, 311<br />
ovalis (Korth.) Blume ex Miq. 227<br />
pachyphylla Rusby 202, 203, 232, 312<br />
pajura Benoist 216<br />
papuana C.T.White 200, 204, 222<br />
subsp. papuana 222, 308<br />
subsp. salomonensis (C.T.White) Prance 222,<br />
308<br />
subsp. whitei Prance 222, 223, 308<br />
parilis J.F.Macbr. 200, 203, 224, 309<br />
parva Kosterm. 198, 199, 204, 207, 304<br />
parvifolia Sandwith 200, 202, 218, 307<br />
philippinensis Elmer 98<br />
pohlii Hook.f. 225<br />
polyneura Miq. 235<br />
prancei Kosterm. 201, 204, 226, 310<br />
pumila Mildbr. 212<br />
rigida Kosterm. 201, 204, 229, 311<br />
riparia R.E.Fries 232<br />
rodolphii Huber 199, 202, 207, 208, 304<br />
romeroi Prance 200, 203, 219, 307<br />
rubiginosa (Ridl.) Ridl. 234<br />
salicifolia Engl. 232<br />
salomonensis C.T.White 222<br />
sect. Anareolata Kosterm. 199, 204, 205, 239<br />
sect. Neocarya DC. 195<br />
sect. Parinari 199, 204, 207<br />
sect. Petrocarya DC. 198<br />
senegalensis DC. 195<br />
senegalensis Perr. ex DC. 195<br />
sprucei Hook.f. 202, 203, 231, 312<br />
subcordata Oliv. 219<br />
subg. Neocarya (DC.) Blume 195<br />
subg. Petrocarya (DC.) Miq. 198<br />
subrotunda Rizzini 214<br />
sumatrana (Jack) Benth. 201, 205, 227, 228, 311<br />
sylvestris M.Kuhlm. 233<br />
tenuifolia A.Chev. 232<br />
tontoutensis Guillaumin 190<br />
verdickii De Wild. 232<br />
wallichiana R.Br. 223<br />
wallichiana R.Br. ex Hook.f. 223, 239<br />
whytei Engl. 232<br />
Parinarium Juss. 198, 199<br />
albidum Craib 229<br />
amazonicum Mart. ex Hook.f. 233<br />
barbatum Ducke 185<br />
benna Scott-Elliot 180<br />
bicolor Merr. 234<br />
borneense Merr. 223<br />
brachystachyum Benth. 232<br />
brasiliense (Schott) Hook.f. 225<br />
capense Harv. 212<br />
chapelieri Baill. 226<br />
congoense Engl. 221<br />
cordatum Hook.f. 183<br />
coriaceum Benth. 183<br />
costatum (Korth.) Blume 233<br />
var. rubiginosum Ridl. 234<br />
curatellifolium Planch. ex Benth. 226<br />
elliotii Engl. 232<br />
elmeri Merr. 206<br />
excelsum Sabine 232<br />
var. fulvescens Engl. 232<br />
fragile Teijsm. & Binn. 98<br />
Parinarium continued<br />
gardineri Hemsl. 226<br />
gardneri Hook.f.185<br />
glaziovianum Warm. 232<br />
gracile Kuhlm. 186<br />
helferi Hook.f. 234<br />
holstii Engl. 232<br />
var. longifolium Engl. ex De Wild. 233<br />
laxiflorum Ducke 233<br />
var. latum Ducke 233<br />
lucidissimum Standl. 207<br />
macrophyllum Sabine 195<br />
milbraedi Engl. 232<br />
minutiflorum Baker f. 190<br />
mobola Oliv. 226<br />
myrsinoides Schltr. 194<br />
nalaense De Wild. 233<br />
neocaledonicum Baker f. 187<br />
nitidum Hook.f. 98<br />
nonda F.Muell. ex Benth. 221<br />
oblongifolium Hook.f. 223<br />
ovale (Korth.) Blume ex Miq. 227<br />
pachyphyllum Rusby 232<br />
parile J.F.Macbr. 224<br />
philippinense Elmer 98<br />
pohlii Hook.f. 225<br />
polyneurum Miq. 235<br />
riparium R.E.Fries 232<br />
rodolphi Huber 207<br />
rubiginosum (Ridl.) Ridl. 234<br />
salicifolium Engl. 232<br />
sprucei Hook.f. 231<br />
subcordatum Oliv. 219<br />
sumatranum (Jack) Benth. 227<br />
tenuifolium A.Chev. 232<br />
tontoutense Guillaumin 190<br />
verdickii De Wild. 232<br />
wallichianum R.Br. ex Hook.f. 223, 224<br />
whytei Engl. 232<br />
Petrocarya Schreb. 198<br />
brasiliensis Schott 225<br />
campestris (Aubl.) Willd. 211<br />
excelsa (Sabine) Steud. 198, 232<br />
macrophylla (Sabine) Steud. 195<br />
montana (Aubl.) Willd. 216<br />
senegalensis (Perr. ex DC.) Steud. 195<br />
sumatrana Jack 227<br />
Pleragina<br />
odorata Arruda ex H.Kost. 52<br />
umbrosissima Arruda ex H.Kost. 90<br />
Rosaceae<br />
subfam. Chrysobalaneae Arn. 1<br />
trib. Chrysobalaneae DC. 1<br />
Theobroma<br />
alba Bernoulli 146<br />
Trichocarya Miq. 98<br />
racemosa (Korth.) Miq. 178<br />
splendens (Korth.) Miq. 98<br />
319