Notes#28/Periodic Trends/Variations in Chemical Properties/AP ...

C. GROUP 2A: ALKALINE EARTH METALS (ns 2 ):
1. Have ______ ionization energies (not quite as low as Group 1A) and therefore, lost their valence e - to make ____ ions.
2. Alkaline earth metals are not quite as reactive as the alkali metals but still are NEVER found in their ______________
____________________________state in nature.
3. Reactivity: REACTIVITY INCREASES AS YOU GO DOWN THE FAMILY.
- Alkaline earth metals (except for Be) react (not so vigorously) with water.
- Beryllium does NOT react with water. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- Magnesium reacts slowly with steam: Mg (s) + H2O (g) -------->
- Ca, Sr, and Ba react with water: M (s) + H2O (l) --------->
(M = Ca, Sr, Ba)
* As you can see, reactivity increases as you go DOWN and is less vigorous than seen in the alkali metals.
- Alkaline earth metals react with O2(g) to form regualar OXIDES (O 2- ).
- Be and Mg only form oxides at elevated temperatures: Be (s) + O2(g) ---------->
- CaO, SrO, and BaO all form at ______________ temperature.
Mg (s) + O2 (g) ----------->
D. GROUP 3A - BORON FAMILY (ns 2 np 1 ):
1. Boron is a _______________________. The other members of the family (Al, Ga, In, Tl) are _________________.
2. Boron makes mostly molecular compounds (does not make ionic compounds) and does not react with ____________
or ____________________________.
3. Aluminium ONLY makes a ____________ ion.
Aluminum reacts with O2(g) to make Aluminum Oxide. Al (s) + O2(g) ----------->
4. The rest of the family, Ga, In and Tl, make _________ ions, like Al, as well as _________ ions.
As you go down the family, the +1 ion becomes increasingly more stable.
E. GROUP 4A - CARBON FAMILY (ns 2 np 2 ):
1. This family includes nonmetals, semimetals, and metals. Carbon is a __________________, Silicon and Germanium
are ________________________, Tin and lead are ________________________.
2. C, Si, Ge do NOT form ionic compounds.
3. Sn and Pb are not “metallic” enough to react with water, they do react with acids, however, to liberate H2(g).
Sn (s) + HCl (aq) ---------> NET IONIC: Sn (s) + H + (aq) ------>
4. Group 4A elements form compounds in both the +2 and +4 oxidation states. As you go down the table, the +2 ox.
state becomes more stable.
EX: CO2 is _____________ stable than CO SiO2 is __________ stable than SiO
P 4+ is _____________ stable than P 2+
F. GROUP 5A - NITROGEN FAMILY (ns 2 np 3 ):
1. Nitrogen and Phosphorus are ______________________________, Arsenic and Antimony are _________________,
Bismuth is a ________________________.