Rice Seed Production Scenario in India.pdf - Rice Knowledge ...

Rice Seed Production Scenario in India 

Y. Yogeswara rao, 

Executive Director 

Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd. 

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For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in 

Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) 

Directorate of Rice Research, 

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com 

Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217

Abstract 

The growing population of India along with its changing food habits needs around 130 

million tonnes of rice by 2025. Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. The 

increase in rice production can be achieved through quality seed, hybrid seed and 

transgenic varieties tolerant to pests etc. The usage of farm saved seed is to be reduced 

and farmers are to be encouraged to use quality seed to increase productivity levels. 

Andhra Pradesh which is popular as “Seed Hub of India”, can produce required quantities 

of quality seed of varieties and hybrids on indents to various states, besides meeting its 

own requirements. Private sector is playing a key role in seed production in Andhra 

Pradesh. About 85 percent of the hybrid rice seed marketed in the country is produced in 

Andhra Pradesh. It is estimated that nearly 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was 

produced in Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2010-11. 

The public sector research organisations, ViZ., ICAR/SAUs to provide the seeds of latest 

varieties/hybrids of rice to public and private sector seed companies on liberalised terms of 

MOA. To popularize the usage of quality seed, the Government of India should allow 

subsidy under different schemes for all popular hybrids without insisting for notification and 

release. This will help particularly for increase of area under hybrid rice in the country. 

Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. In the absence of quality seed, the 

investments made on other agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides both under 

rainfed and irrigated conditions will not give desired yields. Thus, for raising the 

productivity levels in crops, “Quality seed is a must”. It is necessary to provide 

quality seed on time, in adequate quantities near the door steps of the farmers. 





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The current population of India is 121.02 (2011 Census) crores. It is estimated that the 

population is likely to increase to 138.89 crores by the year 2025. To meet the requirement 

of growing population and changing life style, about 300 million tonnes of foodgrains 

including 130 million tonnes of rice will be required by 2025, against the current production 

of 234.50 and 94.01 million tonnes of foodgrains and rice respectively during 2010-11. 

PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF FOODGRAINS AND RICE IN INDIA. 

The per capita availability of foodgrains increased from 144.1 to 162.1 kg per year during 

1951 to 2009 while the rice availability increased from 58.0 to 68.8 kg per person per year. 

In view of the increase in purchasing power and increase in population, the growth in rice 

and foodgrain production is needed (Table 1). 

Table 1: Per Capita Net Availability of Rice Vs Foodgrains (per annum) in India. 

(kg. per year) 

Percentage of Rice 

Year Rice Foodgrains 

to Foodgrains 

1951 58.0 144.1 40.24 

1961 73.4 171.1 42.89 

1971 70.3 171.1 41.08 

1981 72.2 166.0 43.49 

1991 80.9 186.2 43.44 

2001 69.5 151.9 45.75 

2009 68.8 162.1 42.44 

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, 

GOI 





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The targeted foodgrain production can be achieved by vertical growth in crop production 

particularly in crops like rice and wheat. 

Rice is the staple food for nearly 70% of the Indian population. During the year 2010-11, 

rice with 94.01 million tonnes of production contributed to 40.5% of the total foodgrain 

production of the country (Table 2). 

Table 2: India-Rice Production During 2006-07 to 2010-11 

Year 

Production 

(Million tonnes) 

Increase/Decrease in production 

over previous year (%) 

__ 

2006-07 93.36 

2007-08 96.69 +3.5 

2008-09 99.18 +2.5 

2009-10 89.13 -10.1 

2010-11* 94.01 +5.4 

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture & 

Cooperation, GOI 

*National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011, 

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI 

During the past five years, the growth in rice production ranged from 2.5 to 5.4% except in 

2009-10 which was -10.1%. Thus in general it shows the need for further increase in rice 

production and also stabilisation of production during aberrant weather conditions. 





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The rice productivity and production can be improved by using: 

1. Quality seed of location specific improved varieties released by ICAR/SAU’s/ 

Private sector. 

2. To encourage usage of short duration hybrids in Northern India (both Notified and 

Non-notified) to enable sowing of wheat and other crops on time in rabi season 

and long duration hybrids for kharif in coastal areas. 

3. Development and adoption of transgenic rice varieties/ hybrids tolerant to insect 

pests as in China. 

4. Promotion of best management practices in rice production. 

INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY 

Indian seed industry comprising of both Public and Private Sector companies is well 

poised to meet the specific seed demands of farmers, dealers and distributors. 

As per the demand projections of National Seed Plan (NSP), the country needs nearly 

258.87 lakh qtls. of seeds of all crop varieties / hybrids. During the year 2010-11, a total 

quantity of 321.36 lakh qtls of seeds of all crops was available in the country. 

Currently 25-30% of the total seed requirement of the country is being met from organized 

seed production while rest of the seed requirement is met from farm saved seed. Farmers 

are to be motivated to use quality seed obtained from organized seed production rather 

than using farm saved seed. 

Seed Requirement and Availability in India 

During 2010-2011, the quantities of seed produced in cereals, pulses, oil seeds, potato 

and other tubers were higher than the requirements proposed under National Seed Plan 

(Table 3) 





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Table 3. Seed Requirements of India as per National Seed Plan (NSP) 

and Seed Availability in 2010-11. 

Quantity: Lakh qtls 

Crop Group 

Seed requirement 

as per NSP 

Seed availability 

2010-11 

All Cereals 184.77 201.31 

All Pulses 23.26 25.90 

All Oil Seeds 41.60 66.82 

All Fibers 4.36 3.44 

Potato and others 4.88 20.57 

All Crops 258.87 321.36 

Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011, 

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI 

During kharif 2011, the rice seed availability was 64.05 lakh qtls. against the requirement 

of 62.75 lakh qtls. The seed production of required rice varieties / hybrids can be 

organised during rabi season in semi-arid areas of different states to get good quality 

seeds. 

Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice 

The Seed Replacement Rates in rice are comparatively low in the states of Madhya 

Pradesh, Chathisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal. 

The details of Seed Replacement Rates in rice during 2008-09 to 2010-11 are given in 

Table 4. 





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Table 4: Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice in Major Rice Growing States of 

India During 2008-09 to 2010-11 

(SRR in percentage) 

State Area (m.ha) * 

Seed Replacement Rates (2008-09 to 

2010-11) 

2006-07 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 

Karnataka 1.39 32.95 38.85 42.65 

Gujarat 0.73 22.76 37.32 36.44 

Madhya Pradesh 1.66 11.05 15.60 13.31 

Tamil Nadu 1.93 61.39 73.09 70.00 

Andhra Pradesh 3.98 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Maharashtra 1.53 42.07 42.02 44.13 

Chathisgarh 3.72 13.81 20.39 28.41 

Punjab 2.62 21.09 27.83 40.08 

Haryana 1.04 17.86 18.52 21.69 

Uttar Pradesh 5.92 28.92 28.40 37.77 

Bihar 3.36 19.51 26.39 31.27 

Orissa 4.45 15.05 19.07 20.79 

Jharkhand 1.62 14.61 23.42 25.13 

West Bengal 5.69 28.03 30.00 32.00 

Assam 2.19 22.70 32.42 46.45 

Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011, 

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI 

*Rice Almanac India, DRR 2010 

The states with comparatively low SRR can meet their requirements by entering into 

agreement for seed production with Public sector (State Seeds Corporations(SSCs)) / 

Governmental agencies / Cooperatives / Private sector organizations in the surplus seed 

producing states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, U.P. etc 





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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN SEED PRODUCTION 

The public sector research organizations (ICAR/SAU’s) need support of public and private 

sector seed companies for popularizing the high yielding varieties / hybrids of rice 

developed by them. To enable the farmers to have access for the latest varietal / hybrid 

seed of public sector research organisations (ICAR/SAU’s), the following changes are 

needed in the MOA being adopted by ICAR/SAU’s currently (Table 5). This goes a long 

way in making available the seeds of latest rice varieties/hybrids developed by public 

sector to the farming community which ultimately helps to increase farm incomes. 

All popular hybrids of public sector/ private sector for which there is demand from farmers, 

irrespective of their notification and release, to be made eligible for subsidies. In the 

absence of this, the farmers will be denied of getting the benefit of the popular hybrids. 

Table 5. Modifications Needed in MOA of ICAR/SAU’s 

Clause 

No. 

Existing clause 

Modification suggested 

4 The Licensee agrees that it would use 

the given parent line(s) only for the 

The parents of the hybrids particularly 

‘R’ lines to be permitted for marketing 

purpose of commercial seed as a variety, if desired by the company. 

production and sale of the said hybrid The royalty for such varieties is to be 

and its marketing as per this paid on par with Article 6.7 of SMTA of 

agreement 

CGIAR, which is about 1.1% or 1.0 

%.This goes a long way in 

commercializing public bred varieties. 

5 The Licensee agrees that it would 

market the seed under the same 

name as given by the licensor. 

In case the Licensee wants to use any 

exclusive denomination (brand name) 

to trade the licensed hybrid/variety, the 

seed packet should contain a visible 

statement “This hybrid is produced by 

using the parental lines licensed by 





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Clause 


No. 

9&10 The Licensee agrees not to sublicense 

to produce/multiply/market the 

seeds of the said variety/hybrid to any 

other company including its own 

subsidiaries/associate companies 

operating in India or abroad. 

In case the Licensee desires to 

further sub-license the seed 

multiplication and marketing or any 

other use, of the said variety/hybrid, 

the Licensee agrees that it shall be 

done only with specific written 

permission /agreement with the 

licensor. 

12 The Licensee agrees to be fully 

responsible for any complaint made 

/liability claimed by any affected party 

(i.es) including farmers/ farmers 

organization/court decisions etc. and 

the licensor will not be responsible for 

any complaints/litigation. 

14 The Licensee agrees to pay upfront 

payment of Rs……..lakhs at the time 

of signing the MOA. On payment of 

above mentioned amount by the 


ICAR/SAUs”. This will help to avoid 

unhealthy competition among 

companies. 

Licensee to be permitted to sub-license 

the product to its subsidiaries/associate 

companies operating in India. 

Some of the big national companies 

having share holding in other 

companies are selling popular products 

through all their associate companies. 

This will help for sale of large volumes 

of seed. 

Not to insist for specific permission 

from licensor, when marketed through 

its subsidiaries/ associates companies. 

The Licensor if required, to depute 

scientists to inspect the fields under 

complaint and to give the feedback to 

the company. 

Better to increase royalty instead of 

upfront payment and royalty. The 

middle level and small companies will 

be at a disadvantage, since they may 

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Clause 


No. 

Licensee; the Licensor will supply 30 

kg. seeds of the variety or The 

Licensee agrees to pay upfront 

payment of Rs……..lakhs at the time 

of signing the MOA and will pay 

royalty @4% on the total amount of 

net realization value [Net realization 

value =(Invoice price-Dealers 

discount)] of sale of hybrid seed 

produced subject to a minimum 

payment of Rs……lakhs every year 

starting from the third season (second 

year) during the period under which 

MOA is in force. On payment of the 

above mentioned royalty every year 

by the Licensee ,which is mandatory, 

the Licensor will supply the seeds of 

parental lines of the hybrid(10 kg. of A 

line,5 kg. of B line and 5 kg. of R line) 

17 The Licensor and the Licensee agree 

that this agreement is valid initially for 

a period of …….years from the date 

of signing the agreement, and 

thereafter, it is renewable for any 

further period on mutually agreed 

terms and conditions. 


not be able to pay upfront. 

To encourage the above two categories 

of companies, it is better to charge 

royalty only. 

Agreement period to be valid for five 

years uniformly. 

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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP IN RICE. 

With a view to make available the seeds of rice hybrids developed by public sector 

research originations (ICAR / SAU’s) to the farming community in different states, the 

private sector seed companies have entered into MOU/MOA with the following ICAR 

organizations / SAU’s (Table 6). 

Table 6. MOU / MOA in Rice with Private Seed Companies 

S.No. 

Public Sector 

Research 

Rice Hybrids 

under MOU/MOA 

Private Sector Seed Companies 

entered into MOU/MOA 

Organizations 

1 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-2 Sampoorna Seeds, Pratham 

Biotech Limited, Neo Seeds, Vikky’s 

Agrisciences Pvt.Ltd., Charoen 

Pokphand Seeds (INDIA) Private 

Limited., Bio seed Research India 

Pvt.Ltd., Shakthi Seeds Pvt Ltd. 

2 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-3 Devgen Seeds & Crop Techonology 

Pvt. Ltd., Kaveri Seeds, India 

Foundation Seed and Services 

Association, Ankur Seeds Pvt.Ltd, 

Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd 

3 IARI, New Delhi Pusa RH-10 India Foundation Seed and 

Services Association, J.K.Agri 

Genetics, Nath Biogene (I) Ltd., 

Devgen Seed & Crop Technology 

Pvt. Ltd., Zuari Seeds Limited, 

Advanta India Limited, Yashoda 

Seeds Pvt. Ltd., 

Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd., 

Amareshwara Agri. Tech Ltd., 





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Bhavani Seeds Pvt. Ltd. 

4 GBPUAT, Pantnagar PSD-1& PSD-3 Syngenta India Ltd., Pune. 

5 TNAU,Coimbatore CORH - 3 Rasi Seeds (P) ltd, Attur, T.N. 

6 

CRRI, Cuttack Ajaya, 

Rajalakshmi 

Annapurna Seeds, 

Vikky’s Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd., 

Hyderabad 

UAS, Mandya KRH-2 Namdhari Seeds Pvt., Bidadi, 

7 

Bangalore. 

8 BSKKV, Karjat Sahyadri-1 Syngenta India Ltd., Pune. 

JNKVV, Jabalpur JRH-4, JRH-5 Vikky’s Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd., 

9 

Hyderabad. 

Source: Viraktamath, B.C. et-al 2011 

RICE SEED PRODUCTION 

a) Varietal Rice Seed Production : 

Varietal seed production of rice is mainly concentrated in the states of Andhra Pradesh , 

Chathisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, 

Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. 

Where ever there is shortage of rice varietal seeds, the SSCs / Governmental 

organizations of these states can enter into agreements for seed production with their 

counter parts and Private companies of the states, which can produce more quantities of 

seed over and above their state requirements. 

b) Hybrid Rice Seed Production: The hybrid rice seed production is concentrated 

mainly in Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, Kurnool and Mahabubnagar districts of 

Andhra Pradesh. 

Andhra Pradesh share in hybrid rice seed production is around 85 %. Hybrid rice seed is 

also produced in Chathisgarh, Karnataka and other states. 





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RICE HYBRIDS RELEASED IN INDIA 

Till 2010 a total of 46 rice hybrids were released in the country both from public and 

private sector. Out of these hybrids, 27 are from public sector and 16 are from private 

sector. 

We have to concentrate on developing rice hybrids with synchronous flowering parents 

which are less sensitive to weather aberrations for getting higher seed yields. This will help 

to make hybrid rice seed production more profitable, which ultimately helps to make 

available hybrid rice seed at a reasonable price. So far, two hybrids in medium slender 

grain category were released viz., DRRH-3 (DRR) & 27P11 (Pioneer) on par with grain 

quality of BPT 5204 (Samba mashuri). However, there is a need to develop still more 

hybrids in this category for southern India. This will help to achieve the hybrid rice seed 

targets set under National Food Security Mission (NFSM). 

RICE SEED PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH. 

Andhra Pradesh is one of the important states for production of hybrid and varietal seeds 

of rice. The state in addition to meeting its own requirements, also supplies seeds to many 

other states through APSSDC & private seed companies functioning in the state. 

There is ample scope for producing required quantities of hybrid rice seed in Andhra 

Pradesh due to congenial climate prevailing during rabi season in northern Telangana 

region of the state. It is estimated that during 2010-11 rabi season an approximate quantity 

of 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was produced in the state. There are more than 

40 companies producing hybrid rice seeds in the state. 

The following are the major companies involved in production and marketing of hybrid rice 

seed in India (Table 7). 

Sl.No Name of the Company 

1 A.P. State Seeds Development Corporation 

2 Ankur Seeds Ltd 

3 Advanta India Ltd. 

4 Annapurna Seeds 





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5 Aadhaar Seeds Pvt.Ltd. 

Sl.No Name of the Company 

6 Bayer Bio Science Pvt.Ltd 

7 Bioseed Research India Pvt.Ltd. 

8 Delta Agri Genetics Pvt.Ltd. 

9 Devgen Seeds & Crop Technology 

10 Dhaanya Seeds 

11 Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt.Ltd. 

12 Indo American Hybrid Seeds-India Pvt Ltd. 

13 Karnataka Agricultural University 

14 J.K. Agri Genetics Ltd. 

15 Kaveri Seeds Company Ltd 

16 Krishidhan Seeds Ltd 

17 Maharashtra State Seeds Corp 

18 Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Ltd. 

19 Manisha Agri Bio Tech Pvt. Ltd 

20 M & M Seeds 

21 Nath Bio Gene(India) Ltd 

22 National Seeds Co-operation 

23 Nidhi Seeds Pvt.Ltd. 

24 Nirmal Seeds Pvt.Ltd. 

25 Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd 

26 PHI Seeds Ltd. 

27 Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd. 

28 Siri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd. 

29 Sriram Bioseed Genetics India Ltd. 

30 Super Seeds (P) Ltd 

31 Spriha Bio-Sciences Pvt.Ltd. 

32 Syngenta India Ltd. 

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33 U S Agri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd. 

34 Vibha Agritech Ltd. 

35 Victory Seeds 

36 Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt Ltd 

37 V.N.R Seeds Pvt. Ltd. 

38 Zuari Seeds Ltd. 

Source: Information collected from production centers 

CERTIFIED SEED PRODUCTION OF RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH. 

During the period from 2007-08 to 2009-10 the quantity of certified rice seed produced in 

the state ranged from 9.84 to 14.74 lakh qtls. (Table 8). 

Table 8: Agency wise Certified Rice Seed Production in Andhra Pradesh 

during 2009-10 

Quantity in qtls 

Sl.No. Agency Quantity Certified 

1 NSC Ltd 92615 

2 APSSDC Ltd 348027 

3 Seed Village Program 771 

4 Seeds Farms 159 

5 NAFED Ltd 37003 

6 MSSC Ltd 47802 

7 SFCI Ltd 1090 

8 Co-operatives 4345 

9 Private Companies 942948 

Total 14,74,760 

Source: APSSCA 2010 

From the above it is seen that National Seed Oraganisations Viz; NSC, SFCI and State 

Seed Corporations Viz; APSSDC, MSSC and Co-operatives and Private Seed Companies 

have taken up certified seed production of rice in Andhra Pradesh. During 2009-10 

certified seeds of 49 rice varieties were produced in the state. 





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This shows that there is ample scope for production of certified seed of required rice 

varieties in Andhra Pradesh to meet the seed requirements of various states and thereby 

increase their Seed Replacement Rates. 

During 2009-10, the share of private seed companies in certified seed production of rice in 

Andhra Pradesh was 63.9 percent. Thus the private sector seed companies are playing 

great role in seed production of high volume - low value crops also. 

VALUE OF INDIAN SEED MARKET: 

India with nearly 2000 USD million ranks 4 th along with Brazil in domestic seed market in 

the world. (Table 9).The domestic seed market of India had increased from 1500 USD 

million in 2008 to 2000 USD million (Rs.9400 crores) in 2011, registering an increase of 

33.3% in a span of three years. The share of India in commercial seed market is 4.76 

percent. The domestic seed market value of the country may easily reach Rs.15, 000 

crores by 2015. 

Table 9: Domestic Seed Market in Top Ten Countries (March 2011) 

Value: USD million 

Country 

Value 

USA 12000 

China 6000 

France 2400 

Brazil 2000 

India 2000 

Japan 1400 

Germany 1261 

Italy 780 

Argentina 600 

Canada 550 

Source: International Seed Federation (ISF), 2011 

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The varieties/hybrids of different crops developed in India will be suitable for the Agro 

Ecological zones situated between 30 0 North and South latitudes. 

The value of seed exports of field crops from India in 2009 was 15 USD million. The value 

of seed exports can be increased considerably by increasing export of hybrid seeds of rice 

and maize etc., to Vietnam, Philippines, Bangaladesh, Indonesia and other countries. 

References: 

1. Anonymous, 2010. Agricultural statistics at a glance: Directorate of Economics and 

statistics. Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of 

India, New Delhi, India. Tables 4.5(a), 4.6(a) &10.2. 

2. Anonymous, 2011. National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif Compaign-2011, 

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 

New Delhi, India. pp 1; 57-67. 

3. Viraktamath, B.C., Shaik N.Meera., and Hari Prasad, A.S. 2011. Public - Private- 

Partnership in Rice Sector: Present Status and Future Prospects.Indian Seeds and 

Planting Material. 4(2); National Seed Association of India, New Delhi. India. pp 49-55. 

4. Shobha Rani, N., Prasad, G.S.V., Prasad, A.S.R., Sailaja, B., Muthuraman P., 

Viraktamath, B.C., and Shaik N.Meera. 2010. Rice Almanac India. Directorate of Rice 

Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. 





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