The Anatomy of Bibliography - Illinois

THE ANATOMY OF BIBLIOGRAPHY

Frontispiece of the 1703 S. Eloi catalogue (see p. 2)

Title page (Sep. 14, 11)
The Anatomy of
Bibliography
An Anthology of Perspectives
D. W. KRUMMEL
[ IMPRINT ]

Sources (Sep. 14, 11)
Table of Contents
Sources ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii
F OREWORD: Boccaccio and the Angel ......................................................................... [1 ]
THE PREMISES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. Bibliographical Citations .......................................................................................................................................... [9]
Medium. Authority. Readers. Texture (The Rhetoric of
Citation. Unities of Scope). Structure. (Organizing the Elements.
Organizing the Entries.)
THE PRACTICES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
II. The Origins of Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... [39]
III. Bibliography as Reading Lists ................................................................................................................ [51]
Trade and National Bibliography (Commercial Lists. Trade Lists
and Current National Bibliography). Subject Lists (Bio-Bibliography.
Subject Lists. Universal and Subject Bibliography. Bibliography of
Bibliography). Prescriptive Lists (Lists of Forbidden Books. Selective
Bibliography). Catalogues of Collections (Library Catalogues.
Union Catalogues. Exhibition Catalogues. Other Copy-Specific Lists).
E NTR’ACTE: Citations as Comedy ..................................................... [85]
IV. Bibliography as Scholarship ......................................................................................................................... [91]
Affection and Trust. Analytical Bibliography. Descriptive
Bibliography. Textual Bibliography. Beyond the Booktrade.

Sources (Sep. 14, 11)
V. Bibliography as Cataloguing ........................................................................................................................ [121]
Communities of Bibliography. The Metastasis of
Bibliographical Practice (Texture. Structure).
Universal Bibliography.
VI. Bibliography as References .............................................................................................................................. [157]
Footnotes (Structure: Responsibility, Etiquette, and Legal Immunity.
Texture: Citation Practices). Implicit and Informal Citations
T UTORIAL: Bibliographical Searching ....................................................................... [173]
THE POLITICS OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
VII. The Dialectics of Bibliography ................................................................................................................ [187]
Bibliographies as Argument. Bibliographies as Catalysts
C ASE S TUDY: The Literature of Printing .......................................... [203]
VIII. Bibliography as Chronicle ............................................................................................................................... [213]
Iwinski Revisited (Bibliographies. Booktrade Statistics. Expertise.
National Summaries). Beyond Iwinski. (Continuations. Other
Genres. Variants. Lost Books). On Biblioprosopography.
IX. Morphologies of Bibliography ................................................................................ [259]
Conceptual Overviews. Historical Overviews.
Celestial Warfare.
A FTERWORD: The Consolations of Bibliography .................. [277]
Index of Subjects ..................................................................................................................................................................................... [282]
Index of Personal Names .......................................................................................................................................................... [286]

Title page (Sep. 14, 11)
Sources
A book about bibliography needs to be filled with citations: To bibliographers, they are the dogs
who take their masters for their morning walks. They are meant, here and most often, not as random
displays of authorial erudition, but as guidance for readers; and not all of them by any means, but
only those who want to probe. If I have omitted important titles, the very latest ones in particular, it
could be either that I have not yet become aware of them, or that I know them but do not know what
to make of them. Nor can I claim to have read all of what I have cited. (Some will argue that I have
misread what I have cited.) There are also writings that I once knew but forgot about, whether many
years or an hour ago; and much more will be written in the future. This selection desperately begs to
be expanded by those who know the specialties better than I do.
Citation Style.
The style designed to be concise but sufficient for readers who know and use printed and online
bibliographies and library catalogues. The citations are mainly for reading, secondarily for searching:
it is more important for readers to recognize them than for them to adhere strictly to cataloguing
rules. I have preferred personal names to corporate entries, for instance, which are often cumbersome,
unclear, and changeable, often pretentious. Imprint dates are of first editions and only major revisions.
Cities are named only when the publisher’s name is uncommon. No publishers before ca. 1900 are
cited: the endorsement of the publishers’ good names is rarely important today.
For the many online sources mentioned here, I do not cite URLs. They are soporific on paper, easy
to garble (they are for machines to read, not people), and changeable. URL’s became common only as
recently as the late 1990s, and by the time readers use this book, their formulations, perhaps even the
concept, may again have changed. (The recent term “linkrot” is suggestive, although it seems now to
be rotting and will likely be soon forgotten.) Online searching, however, is now wonderfully easy, and
should be even easier as search engines improve. I have fitted in words that may be useful in online
searches or will carry some special import to those who know the literature personally.
Major Sources.
The works identified in brief form are as follows:
ALA Guide: the ALA Guide to Reference, online,
also its precursors, the Guide to Reference Books
ALA, 1902–96, edited successively by Alice
Bertha Kroeger, Isidore Gilbert Mudge,
Constance Winchell, Eugene Sheehy, and
Robert Balay.
Balsamo: Luigi Balsamo, Bibliography: Story of a
Tradition (Bernard M. Rosenthal [Berkeley],
1990); Transl. by William A. Pettas of La
bibliografia: storia di una tradizione. Sansoni, 198).
BAM: D. W. Krummel, Bibliographies: Their Aims
& Methods. (Mansell, 1984). A guide for
compilers. Its concepts are developed in this
book, but many of its practices are obsolete,
thanks mostly to the use of personal computers
and the advent of the Internet.

Sources (Sep. 14, 11)
Besterman: Theodore Besterman, A World
Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Printed for the
Author, 1939–40; 4th ed., Societas
Bibliographica, 1965–66.) See pp. 151-52.
Breslauer-Folter: Bernard H. Breslauer and
Roland Folter, Bibliography: Its History and
Development: Catalogue of an Exhibition held at the
Grolier Club from April 21 to June 6, 1981, to Mark
the Completion of the National Union Catalog: Pre–
1956 Imprints. Bibliography: Its History and
Development. (Grolier Club, 1984).
Eco Infinity: Umberto Eco, The Infinity of Lists,
tr by Alastair McEwen (Rizzoli, 2009).
Petzholdt: Julius Petzholdt, Bibliotheca
Bibliographica (1866).
Schneider: Georg Schneider, Handbuch der
Bibliographie (Hiersemann, 1923) in two parts: a
“Theoretisch-Geschichtlicher Teil” (pp. 3-199
in the 1923 ed.), an extended essay on
bibliographical lists, and a “Verzeichnender
Teil,” a guide to reference bibliographies. The
former, omitted from most of the later editions,
was spun off as an Einführung (1936), and
revised by Friedrich Nestler (Bibliographisches
Institut, 1977; Hiersemann, 1999, 2005). The
latter has been also expanded and updated by
Nestler (7th ed., 2005). Ralph Robert Shaw’s
translated the “Theoretisch–Geschichtlicher
Teil” as Theory and History of Bibliography
(Columbia Univ. Pr., 1934).
Serrai Storia: Alfredo Serrai, Storia della Biblio
grafia (Bulzoni, 1988–2001), 11 vols. in 13, a vast
history in nearly 5,000 pages, organized by
topics rather than chronologically. Much of the
text appeared earlier in Il bibliotecario. Serrai has
also written a Guida alla biblioteconomia (Sansoni,
1981), Biblioteche e cataloghi (Sansoni, 1983), Dai
“loci communes” alla bibliometria (Bulzoni, 1984),
and the brief Il cimento della bibliografia (Ed.
Sylvestre Bonnard, 2001).
Tanselle Introduction: G. Thomas Tanselle,
Introduction to Bibliography seminar syllabus
(19th rev., Book Arts Press, 2002, and online)
with about 7,000 citations. An expansion of this
book, to the several thousand pages (which the
topic deserves) would begin with annotations of
its entries. Its complement is the seminar
syllabus, Introduction to Scholarly Editing.
____________
Other general sources include Roy Stokes, The
Function of Bibliography (Deutsch, 1969). His goals
are much the same as mine, and I rarely disagree
with him. Alfredo Serrai, Il Cimento della
Bibliografia (Ed. Sylvestre Bonnard, 2001) is less
specific. Other general sources include G.
Thomas Tanselle’s many bibliographical essays,
notably those in SB, especially “Bibliographical
History as a Field of Study,” 41 (1988), 33-63.
Among works on information theory from a
bibliographical perspective, I greatly respect
Elaine Svenonius’s The Intellectual Foundation of
Information Organization (MIT Pr., 2000). I have
usually tried to reconcile my history with the
writings of Anthony Grafton.
Jorge Luis Borges, “The Library of Babel,” may
not cure the library world of positivism, but it
may come as close as anything ever will. I quote
from the translations by James E. Irby in
Labyrinths (New Directions, 1962), pp. 51-59, and
Anthony Kerrigan in Ficciones (Grove Press,
1963), pp. 79-88.
My “Bibliography” article in the Encyclopedia of
Library and Information Science (3rd ed., compiled
by Marcia J. Bates and Mary Niles Maack, Taylor
& Francis, 2010 and online) grew out of early
drafts of this book.
________________

Sources (Sep. 14, 11)
Other Background Sources.
I have built many of my arguments out of other sources, among them (a) landmark writings on their
topic; (b) bibliographies of the topic; (c) peripheral writings that have helped define my perspectives;
and (d) earlier works now superseded but important in the historia litteraria of the topic. These are
deployed throughout the book at the ends of Chapters, as follows:
After the Preface (p. ): §1. The Boccaccio Legend. §2. The Angel of St. Eloi.
After Chapter 1: (p. 000): §3. Medium. §4. Authority. §5. Readers. §6. Texture and Style.
§7. Scope and Structure.
After Chapter 2 (p. 000) §7. General Histories of Bibliography. §8. Antiquity. §9. Middle Ages.
After Chapter 3 (p. 000): §10. Bibliography Since Gutenberg. §11. Booktrade Bibliography.
§12. Personal Bibliography. §13. Subject Bibliography. §14. Bibliographies of
Bibliographies. §15. Subject Bibliographies. §16. Lists of Forbidden Books.
§17. Library Catalogues.
After the Entr’acte (p. 000) §18. Visionary Libraries.
After Chapter 4 (p. 000): §18. Book Collecting. §19. Bibliographical Forensics. §20. Analytical
Bibliography. §21. Descriptive Bibliography. §22. Textual Bibliography. §23. Other
Printed Genres. §24. Other Media.
After Chapter 5 (p. 000) §25. Literacy. §26. Scholarship. §27. Societies of the Book.
§28. Glossaries. §29. Library Cooperation. §30. Cataloguing Codes and Citation
Styles. §31. Library Classification.
After Chapter 6 (p. 000) §32. Internal References.
After the Tutorial (p. 000): §33. Searching and Verification.
After Chapter 8 (p. 000): §34. National Bibliography. §35. Book Statistics.
After Chapter 9 (p. 000): §36. Textbooks on Bibliography.
Abbreviations.
Journals
BkCol The Book Collector (London, 1952- )
JASIS Journal of the American Society of Information Science (1950-69, 1970- )
JLH Journal of Library History (Libraries & Culture) (Austin, &c., 1966- )
JPHS Journal of the Printing Historical Society (London, 1965- )
Library The Library [and] Transactions of the Bibliographical Society (London, 1889- )
Lib Qtly Library Quarterly (Chicago, 1931- )
PBSA Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America (New York, &c., 1907- )
SB Studies in Bibliography (Charlottesville, 1948- )
In citations
AAS
ALA
BibSoc
Ed.; ed.
GSLIS
LA
American Antiquarian Society
American Library Association;
Bibliographical Society London)
Edition; edited by
Univ. of Illinois, Graduate School of
Library and Information Science
Library Association (London)
Lib.:
p., pp.
Pr.
pseud.
Univ.
vol.
Library (or derivatives)
page, pages
Press
pseudonym (of)
University
volume, volumes

1. (Apr. 9, 10)
G
Boccaccio and the Angel
FOREWORD
IOVANNI BOCCACCIO, teller of delightful tales and advisor to the
powerful, often found himself with time to do what he loved to do: visit
libraries. His student Benvenuto of Imola tells of Boccaccio’s visit to Monte
Cassino around 1350: 1
Being eager to see the library, . . . he sought out one of the monks to do him the favor of
opening it. Pointing to a lofty staircase, the monk answered stiffly, “Go up, it is already
open.” He stepped up the staircase with delight, only to find the treasurehouse of
learning destitute of door of any kind of fastening, while the grass was growing on the
window sills and the dust reposing on the books and bookshelves. Turning over the
manuscripts, he found many rare and ancient works with whole sheets torn out, or with
the margins ruthlessly clipped. As he left the room, he burst into tears, and, on asking a
monk . . . to explain the neglect, was told that some of the inmates of the monastery . . .
had torn out whole handfulls of pages and made them into psalters, which they sold to
the boys, and had cut off strips of parchment which they turned into amulets to sell to
women.
Out of this romantic account emerge the agenda of bibliography. How did
Boccaccio learn about the library: what “bibliographical sources” told him that
he might find the visit worthwhile? Did he, living at one of those legendary
times when the Renaissance was being born, that day uncover several books of
Tacitus that had been lost for a millenium? My sources are Longfellow and
Sandys; how did Longfellow and Sandys learn about Benvenuto? What is the
best source on Benvenuto’s account? Can one trust Benvenuto, or Boccaccio, or
Longfellow, or Sandys? How did I learn about them? Answers to these
questions call for the use of bibliographical records – statements that index the
===============
1 Adapted from John Edwin Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1908), vol.
2, p. 13. See further p. 7.
1

2. (Apr. 9, 10)
written contract that, as Edmund Burke proposed, ties together “those who are
living, those who are dead, and those who are yet to be born.”
Boccaccio and his successors, it may be argued, were guided by the angel
who, in the Barnabite library of St. Eloi in Paris, sat for the portrait seen in the
frontispiece of this book. 2 (Admitted: this portrait was done many years later,
well after Boccaccio visited Monte Cassino. For angels, time is irrelevant.) The
angels’ diligent scribal work is an act of faith: readers will exist some day. Their
duty is to cite God’s evidence, convincing and dubious, for readers credulous
and questioning, scrupulous and casual. The metaphors of Boccaccio – the
prototypical reader – and the angel of St. Eloi – the prototypical compiler –
watch over this essay on bibliography.
______________________
What exactly is bibliography? Those who ask the question – the audience for
this book – usually also ask, what all is it, and how do its parts fit together? It is
lists, study, catalogues, references, and history, in fact all of them. All deal with
books, as defined either narrowly – physical objects in folded sheets, the kind
that have been produced by and have guided our civilization since the 1450s –
or broadly – objects of all kinds that are meant to be read. There are millions of
books, and countless readers who have used them and will continue to use them
in countless ways. Many practices have been devised to help the readers find
and use the books. This book, as its subtitle says, is an anthology of perspectives
on those practices. It is meant mostly to describe and celebrate bibliography in
all its parts. Its original contributions to any one of its parts, most of which are
already well developed, are implicit.
My title pays tribute to Holbrook Jackson’s The Anatomy of Bibliomania, in all
its breadth of scope and joyous profusion of specifics, which in turn honors
Robert Burton’s The Anatomy of Melancholy (which Jackson had earlier edited for
Everyman’s Library). Burton and Jackson, to be sure, deal mainly with the
body’s “humours,” not its organs, which are the main concern here. Both are
inquisitive and self-consciously curious, like this book, although they deal with
what thoughtful people feel rather than with bibliographers do.
===============
2 Reproduced from copies of the catalogue, ca. 1703, of the Barnabite library of Saint-Eloi in Paris,
which survives in the Bibliothèque Mazarine. See further p. 7.
2

3. (Apr. 9, 10)
In the Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye proposes that anatomy is a
literary genre. I am grateful to Daniel Traister for telling me that I was writing
the kind of book that Philip Stevick had in mind when he spoke of the genre
called “anatomy” as encyclopedic in impulse; willfully perverse; and “a
minority genre . . . carried out on the fringes of its culture.” 3 To Stevick, an
anatomy is also, among other things, musical. This anthology is for readers who
are not intimidated by such odd notions.
My original plan, for a chronological account of the history of bibliography,
was never meant to work. The events are too independent. The grand narrative
has too many holes. Too many threads dangle for centuries before reappearing
in much different forms. Some events and trends call for chapters, others for a
single sentence. Instead, I have proceeded by topic, with Chapter I setting forth
my premises: the terms and purposes of bibliography, and its five “presences” –
medium (oral, written, or electronic), authority (persons or organizations),
readers, texture, and structure – necessary conditions, around which the
perspectives of the book are organized.
The heart of bibliography lies in the practices described in Chapters II-VI.
Chapter II surveys the events before Gutenberg, all too easily passed off as
“pre-history.” Chapter III is on enumerative bibliography (lists), Chapter IV on
analytical, descriptive, and textual bibliography (the study of physical
evidence), Chapter V on library cataloguing, Chapter VI on footnotes and other
references. Each of these four has a rather different function from the others in
the world of learning; each has developed its own practices appropriate to its
functions; each has its own autonomy and credibility; and each is today
expanding and redefining itself, thanks to the growth of its learning and
technology in general. After Chapter III, an entr’acte discusses disingenuous
bibliography, and after Chapter VI, a tutorial covers searching and verification.
The last three chapters look at bibliography in its political settings. Chapter
VII, on the dialectics of enumerative lists, is followed by a third digression, a
brief “case study” on the bibliography of printing, a topic close to the hearts of
most bibliographers. Chapter VIII, on historical bibliography, is a census of the
printed record as informed by bibliography, while Chapter IX looks at some of
===============
3 “Novel and Anatomy: Notes Toward an Amplification of Frye,” Criticism, 10 (1968) 153-65.
3

4. (Apr. 9, 10)
the ways in which the practices of bibliography have been explained
structurally and historically.
Each of the major specialties discussed in Chapters III, IV, V, and VI sees
itself as the central focus of all bibliography: the others are peripheral. 4 Each
has developed and flourished through its own canonical practices. This book
proposes instead that there is totality to bibliography that subsumes its
specialties. Its canon is the sum of the canons of its specialties. My goal is to
suggest the interrelationships. I have attempted to do this with a lambent
brevity that I hope may be seen as provocative rather than superficial.
Bones and muscles allow bodies to move, flesh and blood bring them to life.
The bones and muscle in this anatomy book are the overarching arguments of
the main text, which outlines the functions of bibliography. The flesh and
blood are the digressions and citations. I hope the digressions may work a bit
like the repertory of anecdotes a lecturer uses in hopes of questions from the
class; brief asides and hints on dissertations for someone to pursue someday. It
is out of them, in all their discursive abundance, that bibliographical practice
emerges. As for the citations, in all their profusion, I see them as a bibliographer
would: all citations are superficial until one reads what they are citing.
In Burton’s day, anatomy was a very different subject. Literature was too.
Burton’s Anatomy would have been far less perceptive if he had read Henry
Gray’s Human Anatomy, or used footnotes. Nor would Jackson have been as
delightful if it were not so clearly a parody of Burton. My choice of a title owes
much to Terry Belanger, who on reading an earlier draft of this book (and with
his legendary devastating candor) described it as “Shandean.” Sterne’s debt in
Tristram Shandy to Burton may lie behind my title, but I am neither Burton,
Sterne, nor Jackson, and my perspectives rather different.
===============
4 Neil Harris comments thus: “most extant definitions of bibliography have been produced by the
simple device of having bibliographers sit in front of a mirror” and describe themselves. (See the
syllabus for his course, “Introduction à la bibliographic matérielle,” syllabus, 2004, on the website of
the Institut d’histoire du livre in Lyons.) He continues by quoting A. E. Housman: “everybody has
his favourite study, and he is therefore disposed to lay down, as the aim of learning in general, the aim
which his favourite study seems specially fitted to achieve, and the recognition of which as the aim of
learning in general would increase the popularity of that study and the importance of those who
profess it.”
4

5. (Apr. 9, 10)
The story of bibliography began in oral references. Later citations were
written, based on oral practices. In recent years electronic forms have been
developed, based on written practices. Might the book then better have been
conceived as hypertext? The interplay of the premises would have been
impossible to bring out in any meaningful way. Their music may seem
aleatoric, but its dense counterpoint makes better sense when it is organized
symphonically. By recalling the main themes of the premises, and by calling
attention to their counterpoint, I hope to bring out perspectives and arguments
that readers can explore as they redefine the practices and in turn affect the
politics of bibliography.
But will the future of bibliography involve printed books at all? Electronic
media are now widely used present texts, to cite those texts and paper copies as
well, also to print books themselve. The world has been both oral and written
for several thousand years now, however and the prospects of dispensing with
directly accessible forms of writing, let alone orality, seems as undesirable as
they are unlikely. We may be on the cusp of a biblioapocalyptic age (all ages are
apocalyptic), but bibliography is certainly anything but atavistic. Its guidance is
necessarily oriented to the future.
The future of this book – not editions so much as manifestations of its ideas
and concepts, the collective property of the bibliography world – involves both
ideas, which grow out of reading, with its ideal on paper, and citations, the
consulting of which is easier the ever-changing electronic world. Those who
foresee the disappearance of paper can still benefit from historical perspectives,
but those who foresee their coexistence face the even greater challenge: working
to see that each of the media are used to its best advantage. Fredson Bowers’
classic adage, “bibliographies meant to be both read and consulted,” pervades
the book. (In fact, all reading is consulting, and all consulting is done either by
reading or through oral sources.)
For those who never read, bibliography is the height of dullness. For those
who read, it is a necessity, in any or several of its forms. It guides our reading
and our thinking, and leads us to more places to look; it can often help us figure
out what we were after in the first place. When all sources fail us, we often
blame not our bibliographies but ourselves: our faith in the written word
extends to the sources that lead us to the written word. Bibliography enjoys a
5

6. (Apr. 9, 10)
credibility that makes us patient with its systems; its arcane erudition can be a
bully. Some bibliographers may be left in tears, not always rightly. (Others
learn not to care, not always rightly.) Their works often become eponymous,
but their motives and decisions are most often known only in their works. In
whatever form their work takes, they will always attract readers who delight in
discovering new things to read. I hope they will be stimulated.
SOURCES
§1. BOCCACCIO AT MONTE CASSINO. The
legend was largely forgotten until the nineteenth
century, and has rarely been cited in the
twentieth. Did these events ever happen? Luigi
Tosti, in his Storia della Badia di Monte-Cassino
(1853; vol. 3, pp. 97-99), has doubts. (But does his
love for his monastery undermine his credibility?)
Benvenuto, was a devoted student of Boccaccio,
but Boccaccio himself is not known to have either
confirmed or denied the legend.
Browsing turned up this story: many years ago,
I stumbled onto Sandys, who led to Longfellow,
with no clues that I would ever wish to remember
the story. Boccaccio’s role in preserving Tacitus is
well known, and scholars agree: he did not that
day filch what may be the greatest of all Tacitus
manuscripts and take it to Florence, where it is
now Mediceo-Laurenziana 68,2.
§2. THE ANGEL OF ST. ELOI. The only
known copy is in the Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms
4056, as cited in Auguste Molinier, Catalogue des
manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Mazarine (1890), vol. 3,
p. 267. It is reproduced in Alfred Franklin, Les
anciennes bibliothèques de Paris (1873), vol. 3, facing
p. 7; in Giuseppe Boffito, Scrittori barnabiti
(Olschki, 1934), vol. 3, p. 49; and in the Histoire de
l’édition française, vol. 2: Les Bibliothèques sous l’ancien
régime, 1530–1789 (Promodis, 1988), p. 348.
This Barnabite congregation was of the order of
Saint Eloi (patron saint of goldsmiths, thus
perhaps of engravers and punch cutters as well),
founded in Milan in 1629. Suppressed during the
Revolution, the Paris congregation was
reconstituted in 1865. It is pleasant to imagine
this library as the working collection for a noted
Barnabite, Jean-Pierre Nicéron, author of a
bibliographical landmark of the Enlightenment,
the Mémoirs pour servir à l’'histoire des hommes
illustres dans la république des lettres, avec un catalogue
raisonné de leurs ouvrages (1727–45).
But are we really looking at an angel (where are
the wings), or a muse (or an angel with wings
hidden so as to look like a muse), or perhaps only
a scribe? And what is he or she doing: copying a
text, citing it, annotating it? Is the library not in
fact merely an allegory of the world of
knowledge: did the library in St. Eloi actually
look like this, with those exact titles on the
shelves? Angels, like God, move in mysterious
ways. My case for an angel copying a citation
must rest on two facts: (1) the scene appears in
the catalogue of a religious library, and (2)
catalogues are the work of angels who do what is
pleasing in the sight of God. Not a strong case in
general, except to those with a strong faith in
bibliography.
6