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Appendix B: Technical Notes and Sources for the Global Competitiveness Index Arab World Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 30 Institutions 1.01 Property rights How would you rate the protection of property rights, including financial assets, in your country? [1 = very weak; 7 = very strong] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.02 Intellectual property protection How would you rate intellectual property protection, including anti-counterfeiting measures, in your country? [1 = very weak; 7 = very strong] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.03 Diversion of public funds In your country, how common is diversion of public funds to companies, individuals, or groups due to corruption? [1 = very common; 7 = never occurs] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.04 Public trust of politicians How would you rate the level of public trust in the ethical standards of politicians in your country? [1 = very low; 7 = very high] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.05 Irregular payments and bribes Average score across the five components of the following Survey questions: In your country, how common is it for firms to make undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with (a) imports and exports; (b) public utilities; (c) annual tax payments; (d) awarding of public contracts and licenses; (e) obtaining favorable judicial decisions? In each case, the answer ranges from 1 (very common) to 7 (never occurs). | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.06 Judicial independence To what extent is the judiciary in your country independent from influences of members of government, citizens, or firms? [1 = heavily influenced; 7 = entirely independent] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials To what extent do government officials in your country show favoritism to well-connected firms and individuals when deciding upon policies and contracts? [1 = always show favoritism; 7 = never show favoritism] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.08 Wastefulness of government spending How would you rate the composition of public spending in your country? [1 = extremely wasteful; 7 = highly efficient in providing necessary goods and services] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.09 Burden of government regulation How burdensome is it for businesses in your country to comply with governmental administrative requirements (e.g. permits, regulations, reporting)? [1 = extremely burdensome; 7 = not burdensome at all] | 2010- 11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.1 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes How efficient is the legal framework in your country for private businesses in settling disputes? [1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = highly efficient] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.11 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations How efficient is the legal framework in your country for private businesses in challenging the legality of government actions and/or regulations? [1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = highly efficient] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.12 Transparency of government policy-making How easy is it for businesses in your country to obtain information about changes in government policies and regulations affecting their activities? [1 = impossible; 7 = extremely easy] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
1.13 Business costs of terrorism To what extent does the threat of terrorism impose costs on businesses in your country? [1 = to a great extent; 7 = not at all] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.14 Business costs of crime and violence To what extent does the incidence of crime and violence impose costs on businesses in your country? [1 = to a great extent; 7 = not at all] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.15 Organized crime To what extent does organized crime (mafiaoriented racketeering, extortion) impose costs on businesses in your country? [1 = to a great extent; 7 = not at all] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.16 Reliability of police services To what extent can police services be relied upon to enforce law and order in your country? [1 = cannot be relied upon at all; 7 = can be completely relied upon] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.17 Ethical behavior of firms How would you compare the corporate ethics (ethical behavior in interactions with public officials, politicians, and other enterprises) of firms in your country with those of other countries in the world? [1 = among the worst in the world; 7 = among the best in the world] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.18 Strength of auditing and reporting standards In your country, how would you assess financial auditing and reporting standards regarding company financial performance? [1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.19 Efficacy of corporate boards How would you characterize corporate governance by investors and boards of directors in your country? [1 = management has little accountability to investors and boards; 7 = investors and boards exert strong supervision of management decisions] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.2 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests In your country, to what extent are the interests of minority shareholders protected by the legal system? [1 = not protected at all; 7 = fully protected] | 2010-11 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 1.21 Strength of investor protection Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0-10 (best) scale | 2010 This variable is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index (transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability index (liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct). Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs World Economic Forum 31
Page 1 and 2: Arab World Competitiveness Report 2
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Preface 4 Partner
Page 5 and 6: Partner Institutes Algeria Centre d
Page 7 and 8: The successful implementation of an
Page 9 and 10: 1. A Time of Opportunities: The Com
Page 11 and 12: When benchmarked against the EU, mo
Page 13 and 14: Although taken into account separat
Page 15 and 16: Box 2: The Impact of the Arab Sprin
Page 17 and 18: Table 3: Gulf economies in the GCI
Page 19 and 20: Despite these important advantages,
Page 21 and 22: Despite its undeniable potential, A
Page 23 and 24: Competitiveness of Levantine Countr
Page 25 and 26: Notes 1 For a more detailed discuss
Page 27 and 28: Efficiency Enhancers Pillar 5: High
Page 29: Notes a. Formally, for a category i
Page 33 and 34: Macroeconomic environment 3.01 Gove
Page 35 and 36: Higher education and training 5.01
Page 37 and 38: 6.15 Degree of customer orientation
Page 39 and 40: 9.05 Broadband Internet subscriptio
Page 41 and 42: Innovation 12.01 Capacity for innov
Page 43 and 44: Key Challenges for the MENA Region
Page 45 and 46: Unemployment is particularly acute
Page 47 and 48: A bloated public sector has distort
Page 49 and 50: Food and fuel price volatility have
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5. GDP growth in the region
Page 53 and 54: Egypt and Tunisia are expected to r
Page 55 and 56: Trade diversification and intra-reg
Page 57 and 58: Figure 11. Resource-poor countries
Page 59 and 60: Figure 13. Most FDI outside the ene
Page 61 and 62: There are significant development o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Tourism is a key economi
Page 65 and 66: 12 OECD estimates based on ILO data
Page 67 and 68: IOM (International Organisation for
Page 69 and 70: I. The Link between FDI and Job Cre
Page 71 and 72: 2. Characteristics of FDI and Job C
Page 73 and 74: The objectives of the investor also
Page 75 and 76: Figure 9. Expenditure on education
Page 77 and 78: Figure 12. VET and CET systems are
Page 79 and 80: Policies to Involve the Private Sec
Page 81 and 82:
Box 6. Higher Education in Egypt: O
Page 83 and 84:
Box 7. Flexicurity: The Example of
Page 85 and 86:
2. Women’s Integration in the MEN
Page 87 and 88:
In the MENA region, SMEs must impro
Page 89 and 90:
Box 10. Economic Zones in the MENA
Page 91 and 92:
The renewable energy sector's direc
Page 93 and 94:
Tradable business services have sig
Page 95 and 96:
To tap the full potential of the se
Page 97 and 98:
Agosin, M. and R. Mayer. 2000. “F
Page 99 and 100:
Messerlin, P. A. 1995. “The Impac
Page 101 and 102:
———. 2008. “The Road Not Tr
Page 103 and 104:
countries to assess how well their
Page 105 and 106:
About the Authors Iman Al-Ayouty Im
Page 107 and 108:
Acknowledgements The Arab World Com
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